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Osmond M, Korthals E, Zimmermann CJ, Roth EJ, Marr DW, Neeves KB. Magnetically Powered Chitosan Milliwheels for Rapid Translation, Barrier Function Rescue, and Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins to the Inflamed Gut Epithelium. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:11614-11622. [PMID: 37008083 PMCID: PMC10061643 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mediated by an overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) by mononuclear cells in the intestinal mucosa. Intravenous delivery of neutralizing anti-TNF antibodies can cause systemic immunosuppression, and up to one-third of people are non-responsive to treatment. Oral delivery of anti-TNF could reduce adverse effects; however, it is hampered by antibody degradation in the harsh gut environment during transit and poor bioavailability. To overcome these shortcomings, we demonstrate magnetically powered hydrogel particles that roll along mucosal surfaces, provide protection from degradation, and sustain the local release of anti-TNF. Iron oxide particles are embedded into a cross-linked chitosan hydrogel and sieved to produce 100-200 μm particles called milliwheels (m-wheels). Once loaded with anti-TNF, these m-wheels release 10 to 80% of their payload over 1 week at a rate that depends on the cross-linking density and pH. A rotating magnetic field induces a torque on the m-wheels that results in rolling velocities greater than 500 μm/s on glass and mucus-secreting cells. The permeability of the TNF-challenged gut epithelial cell monolayers was rescued in the presence of anti-TNF carrying m-wheels, which both neutralized the TNF and created an impermeable patch over leaky cell junctions. With the ability to translate over mucosal surfaces at high speed, provide sustained release directly to the inflamed epithelium, and provide barrier rescue, m-wheels demonstrate a potential strategy to deliver therapeutic proteins for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
J. Osmond
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Colorado
Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Elizabeth Korthals
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Colorado
Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Coy J. Zimmermann
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Eric J. Roth
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Colorado
Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - David W.M. Marr
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Keith B. Neeves
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Colorado
Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Components from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031954. [PMID: 36768278 PMCID: PMC9916177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG), an herbal medicine with various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities, is effective in treatment of colitis, hepatitis, pneumonia, respiratory infections, and allergic diseases. This herbal medicine consists of major active substances, such as baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, and wogonin. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis being the main types. IBD can lead to serious complications, such as increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common cancers worldwide. Currently, there is no cure for IBD, and its incidence has been increasing over the past few decades. This review comprehensively summarizes the efficacy of SBG in IBD and CRC and may serve as a reference for future research and development of drugs for IBD and cancer treatment.
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Elzinga J, Grouls M, Hooiveld GJEJ, van der Zande M, Smidt H, Bouwmeester H. Systematic comparison of transcriptomes of Caco-2 cells cultured under different cellular and physiological conditions. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:737-753. [PMID: 36680592 PMCID: PMC9862247 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for standardized in vitro models emulating the functionalities of the human intestinal tract to study human intestinal health without the use of laboratory animals. The Caco-2 cell line is a well-accepted and highly characterized intestinal barrier model, which has been intensively used to study intestinal (drug) transport, host-microbe interactions and chemical or drug toxicity. This cell line has been cultured in different in vitro models, ranging from simple static to complex dynamic microfluidic models. We aimed to investigate the effect of these different in vitro experimental variables on gene expression. To this end, we systematically collected and extracted data from studies in which transcriptome analyses were performed on Caco-2 cells grown on permeable membranes. A collection of 13 studies comprising 100 samples revealed a weak association of experimental variables with overall as well as individual gene expression. This can be explained by the large heterogeneity in cell culture practice, or the lack of adequate reporting thereof, as suggested by our systematic analysis of experimental parameters not included in the main analysis. Given the rapidly increasing use of in vitro cell culture models, including more advanced (micro) fluidic models, our analysis reinforces the need for improved, standardized reporting protocols. Additionally, our systematic analysis serves as a template for future comparative studies on in vitro transcriptome and other experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Elzinga
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Menno Grouls
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kiernozek E, Maslak P, Kozlowska E, Jarzyna I, Średnicka-Tober D, Hallmann E, Kazimierczak R, Drela N, Rembiałkowska E. Biological Activity of Extracts from Differently Produced Blueberry Fruits in Inhibiting Proliferation and Inducing Apoptosis of HT-29 Cells. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193011. [PMID: 36230087 PMCID: PMC9563960 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, people have been searching for natural substances of plant origin that, when introduced into the diet, could strengthen immunity, have anticancer properties, and support conventional therapy. The development of agriculture with the implementation of various plant cultivation systems, apart from the economic aspect, results in the search for such cultivation conditions that would contribute to obtaining the most beneficial product for health. Therefore, the aim of our research is as follows: (a) to compare the antiproliferative activity and the ability to induce apoptosis of HT-29 cells by extracts from blueberry fruits deriving from different types of cultivation systems (conventional, organic, and biodynamic); (b) to examine whether the interaction of extracts with anticancer drugs used in the treatment of colorectal cancer is influenced by the type of cultivation, and (c) to investigate whether extracts obtained from fruits from subsequent years of cultivation retain the same biological activity. The results of our study are promising but inconclusive. A statistically significant difference occurred in only one of the two years of the study. The greatest inhibition of proliferation is observed for biodynamic cultivation compared to organic cultivation, while the highest levels of apoptosis and necrosis of HT-29 cells are induced by blueberry fruit extracts obtained from organic cultivation. The complementary effect of the extracts on the inhibition of HT-29 cell proliferation by anticancer drugs (5-FU and Erbitux) is not demonstrated. The induction of apoptosis by 5-FU is not enhanced by blueberry extracts, in contrast to necrosis. The level of apoptosis and necrosis induced by Erbitux is potentiated, but no dependence on crop type is shown. Blueberry fruit extracts from two consecutive years of cultivation did not maintain the same activity. A plausible reason for the variability in the composition and biological activity of fruit extracts obtained from two years of cultivation is the varying environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kiernozek
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Maslak
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozlowska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ingeborga Jarzyna
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Średnicka-Tober
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Hallmann
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Kazimierczak
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nadzieja Drela
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-55-41-126
| | - Ewa Rembiałkowska
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Joshi A, Soni A, Acharya S. In vitro models and ex vivo systems used in inflammatory bowel disease. IN VITRO MODELS 2022. [PMID: 37519330 PMCID: PMC9036838 DOI: 10.1007/s44164-022-00017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing gastrointestinal condition. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are types of inflammatory bowel disease. Over many decades, the disease has been a topic of study, with experts still trying to figure out its cause and pathology. Researchers have established many in vivo animal models, in vitro cell lines, and ex vivo systems to understand its cause ultimately and adequately identify a therapy. However, in vivo animal models cannot be regarded as good models for studying IBD since they cannot completely simulate the disease. Furthermore, because species differences are a crucial subject of concern, in vitro cell lines and ex vivo systems can be employed to recreate the condition properly. In vitro models serve as the starting point for biological and medical research. Ex vivo and in vitro models for replicating gut physiology have been developed. This review aims to present a clear understanding of several in vitro and ex vivo models of IBD and provide insights into their benefits and limits and their value in understanding intestinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SSR College of Pharmacy, Union Territory of Dadra 396230 Sayli, Silvassa, India
| | - Arun Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, SSR College of Pharmacy, Union Territory of Dadra 396230 Sayli, Silvassa, India
| | - Sanjeev Acharya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, SSR College of Pharmacy, Union Territory of Dadra 396230 Sayli, Silvassa, India
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α-Bisabolol Mitigates Colon Inflammation by Stimulating Colon PPAR-γ Transcription Factor: In Vivo and In Vitro Study. PPAR Res 2022; 2022:5498115. [PMID: 35465355 PMCID: PMC9020997 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5498115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis) are increasing worldwide. The etiology of IBD is multifactorial, including genetic predisposition, dysregulated immune response, microbial dysbiosis, and environmental factors. However, many of the existing therapies are associated with marked side effects. Therefore, the development of new drugs for IBD treatment is an important area of investigation. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of α-bisabolol, a naturally occurring monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol present in many aromatic plants, in colonic inflammation. To address this, we used molecular docking and dynamic studies to understand how α-bisabolol interacts with PPAR-γ, which is highly expressed in the colonic epithelium: in vivo (mice) and in vitro (RAW264.7 macrophages and HT-29 colonic adenocarcinoma cells) models. The molecular docking and dynamic analysis revealed that α-bisabolol interacts with PPAR-γ, a nuclear receptor protein that is highly expressed in the colon epithelium. Treatment with α-bisabolol in DSS-administered mice significantly reduced Disease Activity Index (DAI), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and colonic length and protected the microarchitecture of the colon. α-Bisabolol treatment also reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL1β, TNF-α, and IL-17A) at the protein and mRNA levels. The expression of COX-2 and iNOS inflammatory mediators were reduced along with tissue nitrite levels. Furthermore, α-bisabolol decreased the phosphorylation of activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) proteins and enhanced colon epithelial PPAR-γ transcription factor expression. However, the PPAR-α and β/δ expression was not altered, indicating α-bisabolol is a specific stimulator of PPAR-γ. α-Bisabolol also increased the PPAR-γ transcription factor expression but not PPAR-α and β/δ in pretreated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. α-Bisabolol significantly decreased the expression of proinflammatory chemokines (CXCL-1 and IL-8) mRNA in HT-29 cells treated with TNF-α and HT-29 PPAR-γ promoter activity. These results demonstrate that α-bisabolol mitigates colonic inflammation by inhibiting MAPK signaling and stimulating PPAR-γ expression.
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Deng L, Tan KSW. Interactions between Blastocystis subtype ST4 and gut microbiota in vitro. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:80. [PMID: 35260166 PMCID: PMC8902775 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis ST4 is a common protistan parasite of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and a wide range of animals. While it has been suggested that colonization with ST4 is associated with healthy gut microbiota, how ST4 influences the gut microbiota remains poorly studied. This study aimed to examine the interactions between ST4 and several intestinal bacteria using in vitro co-culture systems, and to further investigate the mechanism of interaction and its effect on the epithelial barrier integrity of HT-29 cells. METHODS Seven intestinal bacteria Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Lactobacillus brevis were co-cultured with Blastocystis ST4 in vitro. Flow cytometry and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to determine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bacteria oxidoreductase genes, respectively, in response to Blastocystis co-incubation. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and flux assays were performed to assess the effect of microbiota representatives on the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. RESULTS Co-incubation with Blastocystis ST4 showed a beneficial influence on most intestinal bacteria, while ST4 significantly inhibited the growth of B. vulgatus, a common pathogen in the genus Bacteroides. The decrease in B. vulgatus when co-incubated with Blastocystis ST4 was associated with high levels of ROS and the upregulation of oxidative stress-related genes. Furthermore, co-incubation with Blastocystis ST4 was able to protect the intestinal epithelial barrier from damage by B. vulgatus. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated, for the first time, that Blastocystis ST4 has beneficial effects on intestinal commensal bacteria in vitro, and can inhibit the growth of pathogenic B. vulgatus. Combined with previous microbiome research on ST4, our data suggest that ST4 may be a beneficial commensal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Kevin S W Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
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Rahman S, Ghiboub M, Donkers JM, van de Steeg E, van Tol EAF, Hakvoort TBM, de Jonge WJ. The Progress of Intestinal Epithelial Models from Cell Lines to Gut-On-Chip. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413472. [PMID: 34948271 PMCID: PMC8709104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, several preclinical in vitro and ex vivo models have been developed that helped to understand some of the critical aspects of intestinal functions in health and disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the translation to the human in vivo situation remains problematic. The main reason for this is that these approaches fail to fully reflect the multifactorial and complex in vivo environment (e.g., including microbiota, nutrition, and immune response) in the gut system. Although conventional models such as cell lines, Ussing chamber, and the everted sac are still used, increasingly more sophisticated intestinal models have been developed over the past years including organoids, InTESTine™ and microfluidic gut-on-chip. In this review, we gathered the most recent insights on the setup, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of most frequently used in vitro and ex vivo models to study intestinal physiology and functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafaque Rahman
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
| | - Mohammed Ghiboub
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Emma Children’s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Donkers
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Eric A. F. van Tol
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Theodorus B. M. Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
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High Concentrations of Aspartame Induce Pro-Angiogenic Effects in Ovo and Cytotoxic Effects in HT-29 Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123600. [PMID: 33255204 PMCID: PMC7760274 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame (ASP), an artificial sweetener abundantly consumed in recent years in an array of dietary products, has raised some concerns in terms of toxicity, and it was even suggested a link with the risk of carcinogenesis (colorectal cancer), though the present scientific data are rather inconclusive. This study aims at investigating the potential role of aspartame in colorectal cancer by suggesting two experimental approaches: (i) an in vitro cytotoxicity screening in HT-29 human colorectal carcinoma cells based on cell viability (Alamar blue assay), cell morphology and cell migration (scratch assay) assessment and (ii) an in ovo evaluation in terms of angiogenic and irritant potential by means of the chorioallantoic membrane method (CAM). The in vitro results showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, with a significant decrease of viable cells at the highest concentrations tested (15, 30 and 50 mM) and morphological cellular changes. In ovo, aspartame (15 and 30 mM) proved to have a pro-angiogenic effect and a weak irritant potential at the vascular level. These data suggest new directions of research regarding aspartame’s role in colorectal cancer.
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Ponce de León-Rodríguez MDC, Guyot JP, Laurent-Babot C. Intestinal in vitro cell culture models and their potential to study the effect of food components on intestinal inflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3648-3666. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1506734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Pierre Guyot
- NUTRIPASS—University of Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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Bottani M, Cornaghi L, Donetti E, Ferraretto A. Excess of nutrient-induced morphofunctional adaptation and inflammation degree in a Caco2/HT-29 in vitro intestinal co-culture. Nutrition 2018; 58:156-166. [PMID: 30419477 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The intestinal cell function can be modulated by the type and quantity of nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an excess of nutrients on intestinal morphofunctional features and a possible association of inflammation in a 70/30 Caco2/HT-29 intestinal in vitro co-culture. METHODS An excess of nutrients (EX) was obtained by progressively increasing the medium change frequency with respect to standard cell growth conditions (ST) from confluence (T0) to 15 d after confluence (T15). RESULTS In comparison with the ST group, the EX group revealed a maintenance in the number of microvilli, an increase in follicle like-structures and mucus production, and a decrease in the number of tight junction. The specific activity of markers of intestinal differentiation, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N, and of the enterocyte differentiation specific marker, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, were progressively raised. The transepithelial electrical resistance, indicative of the co-culture barrier properties, decreased, whereas Lucifer yellow Papp evaluation, an index of the paracellular permeability to large molecules, showed an increase. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production, indicative of an oxidative status, together with interleukin-6, interleukin-8, indicative of a low-grade inflammation, and peptide YY secretion were higher in the EX group than in the ST group. The differences between ST and EX were particularly evident at T15. CONCLUSION These data support the suitability of our in vitro gut model for obesity studies at the molecular level and the necessity to standardize the medium frequency change in intestinal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bottani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Cornaghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Donetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anita Ferraretto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Centro Ricerca Metabolismi, San Donato Milanese, Italy.
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12
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He B, Gao SQ, Huang LD, Huang YH, Zhang QY, Zhou MT, Shi HQ, Song QT, Shan YF. MicroRNA-155 promotes the proliferation and invasion abilities of colon cancer cells by targeting quaking. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2355-9. [PMID: 25420938 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing expression of microRNA‑155 (miR‑155) and decreasing expression of RNA‑binding protein quaking (QKI) in colon cells have been observed previously. In this study, we attempted to establish the correlation between miR‑155 and QKI. In addition, we assessed whether the expression of miR‑155 and QKI is linked to the proliferation and invasion capabilities of colon cells. Firstly, nineteen tumor samples, divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of lymphatic metastasis, were obtained from colon cancer patients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China. The expression level of miR‑155 and QKI was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Secondly, the GES‑1, SW480 and COLO205 cell lines were cultured and the expression level of QKI and miR‑155 was also assessed by qPCR. Thirdly, a luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to detect the association between miR‑155 and QKI, and qPCR and western blot analysis were performed to confirm the effects of miR‑155 on the expression of QKI at the mRNA and protein level. Subsequently, the SW480 cells were used in the following experiments. Following treatment with miR‑155 inhibitor and QKI overexpression vector, western blot analysis, propidium iodide (PI) staining and a cell scratch assay were carried out to assess the effects of miR‑155 on the proliferation and invasion potential of colon cancer cells. qPCR findings revealed higher miR‑155 expression and lower QKI expression in colon cancer tissues as well as the colon cancer cell lines SW480 and COLO205. The relative luciferase activity of the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) was decreased by approximately 45% when SW480 cells stimulated by mimic‑miR‑155 were combined with the wild‑type 3'UTR constructs. In addition, when the cells were treated with mimic‑miR‑155, QKI expression was significantly decreased at the mRNA and protein level. These outcomes revealed that miR‑155 decreased the production of QKI by acting on the 3'UTR of the QKI gene. Furthermore, PI staining and the cell scratch assay revealed that miR‑155 influenced the cell cycle and invasion abilities of colon cancer cells by directly targeting QKI and decreased the production of QKI by acting on the 3'UTR of the QKI gene. This study has demonstrated the correlation between miR‑155 and QKI, in which miR‑155 regulates the cell cycle and invasion ability of colon cancer cells via the modulation of QKI expression. Our study provides novel therapeutic strategies for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Dong Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Han Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Yu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Tao Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Qi Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Tong Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Feng Shan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Simon-Assmann P, Turck N, Sidhoum-Jenny M, Gradwohl G, Kedinger M. In vitro models of intestinal epithelial cell differentiation. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 23:241-56. [PMID: 17171431 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a particularly interesting tissue as (1) it is in a constant cell renewal from a stem cell pool located in the crypts which form, with the underlying fibroblasts, a stem cell niche and (2) the pluripotent stem cells give rise to four main cell types: enterocytes, mucus, endocrine, and Paneth cells. The mechanisms leading to the determination of phenotype commitment and cell-specific expressions are still poorly understood. Although transgenic mouse models are powerful tools for elucidating the molecular cascades implicated in these processes, cell culture approaches bring easy and elegant ways to study cellular behavior, cell interactions, and cell signaling pathways for example. In the present review, we will describe the major tissue culture technologies that allow differentiation of epithelial cells from undifferentiated embryonic or crypt cells. We will point to the necessity of the re-creation of a complex microenvironment that allows full differentiation process to occur. We will also summarize the characteristics and interesting properties of the cell lines established from human colorectal tumors.
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14
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Servin AL. Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004; 28:405-40. [PMID: 15374659 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex ecosystem that associates a resident microbiota and cells of various phenotypes lining the epithelial wall expressing complex metabolic activities. The resident microbiota in the digestive tract is a heterogeneous microbial ecosystem containing up to 1 x 10(14) colony-forming units (CFUs) of bacteria. The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in normal gut function and maintaining host health. The host is protected from attack by potentially harmful microbial microorganisms by the physical and chemical barriers created by the gastrointestinal epithelium. The cells lining the gastrointestinal epithelium and the resident microbiota are two partners that properly and/or synergistically function to promote an efficient host system of defence. The gastrointestinal cells that make up the epithelium, provide a physical barrier that protects the host against the unwanted intrusion of microorganisms into the gastrointestinal microbiota, and against the penetration of harmful microorganisms which usurp the cellular molecules and signalling pathways of the host to become pathogenic. One of the basic physiological functions of the resident microbiota is that it functions as a microbial barrier against microbial pathogens. The mechanisms by which the species of the microbiota exert this barrier effect remain largely to be determined. There is increasing evidence that lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which inhabit the gastrointestinal microbiota, develop antimicrobial activities that participate in the host's gastrointestinal system of defence. The objective of this review is to analyze the in vitro and in vivo experimental and clinical studies in which the antimicrobial activities of selected lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain L Servin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 510, Pathogénes et Fonctions des Cellules Epithéliales Polarisées, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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15
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Hänel I, Müller J, Müller W, Schulze F. Correlation between invasion of Caco-2 eukaryotic cells and colonization ability in the chick gut in Campylobacter jejuni. Vet Microbiol 2004; 101:75-82. [PMID: 15172689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2003] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In an in vitro cell culture model using Caco-2 cells the adhesion and invasion properties of 11 Campylobacter (C.) jejuni isolates of different origin were studied. Additionally, we investigated the colonization ability of the strains in a chick model. Virtually, all C. jejuni showed cell adherence in the in vitro assay, but there were large differences in the invasion frequencies among the Campylobacter isolates. The colonization ability in the chick gut also differed markedly and enabled the formation of three groups: non-colonizing, weak or delayed colonization and strong colonization ability. On this occasion, we found a putative correlation between invasion of Caco-2 cells and colonization in the chick gut. Non-colonizers are not invasive or only have small invasion indexes. Strains which colonize weakly or exhibit delayed colonization have a medium invasion index and strong colonizers show markedly higher values of this parameter. The characterization of the flagellin gene of the used C. jejuni strains resulted in eight flaA types. There was no association between flaA type and invasion or colonization ability in the chick gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hänel
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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16
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Cerquetti M, Serafino A, Sebastianelli A, Mastrantonio P. Binding of Clostridium difficile to Caco-2 epithelial cell line and to extracellular matrix proteins. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 32:211-8. [PMID: 11934566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of Clostridium difficile to Caco-2 was examined as a function of monolayers polarization and differentiation. The number of adherent C. difficile C253 bacteria per cell strongly decreased when postconfluent 15-day-old monolayers were used (1.7 bacteria per cell versus 17.3 with 3-day-old monolayers). Following disruption of intercellular junctions by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N',-tetraacetic acid, a significant rise in the level of bacterial adhesion was observed, above all in postconfluent monolayers. Immunofluorescence studies of bacteria and transferrin receptor, a marker of basolateral pole of polarized monolayers, showed that C. difficile C253 adheres mainly to the basolateral surface of differentiated and undifferentiated polarized Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, binding of C. difficile C253 to several extracellular matrix proteins in vitro was demonstrated by an ELISA-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cerquetti
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Peiffer I, Guignot J, Barbat A, Carnoy C, Moseley SL, Nowicki BJ, Servin AL, Bernet-Camard MF. Structural and functional lesions in brush border of human polarized intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells infected by members of the Afa/Dr diffusely adhering family of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5979-90. [PMID: 10992510 PMCID: PMC101562 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.10.5979-5990.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusely adhering Escherichia coli (DAEC) strains expressing F1845 fimbrial adhesin or Dr hemagglutinin belonging to the Afa/Dr family of adhesins infect cultured polarized human intestinal cells through recognition of the brush border-associated decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) as a receptor. The wild-type Afa/Dr DAEC strain C1845 has been shown to induce brush border lesions by an adhesin-dependent mechanism triggering apical F-actin rearrangements. In the present study, we undertook to further characterize cell injuries following the interaction of wild-type Afa/Dr DAEC strains C1845 and IH11128 expressing fimbrial F1845 adhesin and Dr hemagglutinin, respectively, with polarized, fully differentiated Caco-2/TC7 cells. In both cases, bacterium-cell interaction was followed by rearrangement of the major brush border-associated cytoskeletal proteins F-actin, villin, and fimbrin, proteins which play a pivotal role in brush border assembly. In contrast, distribution of G-actin, actin-depolymerizing factor, and tubulin was not modified. Using draE mutants, we found that a mutant in which cysteine replaces aspartic acid at position 54 conserved binding capacity but failed to induce F-actin disassembly. Accompanying the cytoskeleton injuries, we found that the distribution of brush border-associated functional proteins sucrase-isomaltase (SI), dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV), glucose transporter SGLT1, and fructose transporter GLUT5 was dramatically altered. In parallel, SI and DPPIV enzyme activity decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Peiffer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 510, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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18
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Peiffer I, Blanc-Potard AB, Bernet-Camard MF, Guignot J, Barbat A, Servin AL. Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli C1845 infection promotes selective injuries in the junctional domain of polarized human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3431-42. [PMID: 10816495 PMCID: PMC97619 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3431-3442.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli (DAEC) C1845 strain harboring the F1845 fimbrial adhesin interacts with the brush border-associated CD55 molecule and promotes elongation of brush border microvilli resulting from rearrangement of the F-actin network. This phenomenon involves the activation of a cascade of signaling coupled to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptor of the F1845 adhesin. We provide evidence that infection of the polarized human intestinal cell line Caco-2/TC7 by strain C1845 is followed by an increase in the paracellular permeability for [(3)H]mannitol without a decrease of the transepithelial resistance of the monolayers. Alterations in the distribution of tight-junction (TJ)-associated occludin and ZO-1 protein are observed, whereas the distribution of the zonula adherens-associated E-cadherin is not affected. Using the recombinant E. coli strains HB101(pSSS1) and -(pSSS1C) expressing the F1845 fimbrial adhesin, we demonstrate that the adhesin-CD55 interaction is not sufficient for the induction of structural and functional TJ lesions. Moreover, using the actin filament-stabilizing agent Jasplakinolide, we demonstrate that the C1845-induced functional alterations in TJs are independent of the C1845-induced apical cytoskeleton rearrangements. The results indicated that pathogenic factor(s) other than F1845 adhesin may be operant in Afa/Dr DAEC C1845.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Peiffer
- Unité 510, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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19
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Brunet JP, Cotte-Laffitte J, Linxe C, Quero AM, Géniteau-Legendre M, Servin A. Rotavirus infection induces an increase in intracellular calcium concentration in human intestinal epithelial cells: role in microvillar actin alteration. J Virol 2000; 74:2323-32. [PMID: 10666263 PMCID: PMC111714 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.5.2323-2332.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses, which infect mature enterocytes of the small intestine, are recognized as the most important cause of viral gastroenteritis in young children. We have previously reported that rotavirus infection induces microvillar F-actin disassembly in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells (N. Jourdan, J. P. Brunet, C. Sapin, A. Blais, J. Cotte-Laffitte, F. Forestier, A. M. Quero, G. Trugnan, and A. L. Servin, J. Virol. 72:7228-7236, 1998). In this study, to determine the mechanism responsible for rotavirus-induced F-actin alteration, we investigated the effect of infection on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in Caco-2 cells, since Ca(2+) is known to be a determinant factor for actin cytoskeleton regulation. As measured by quin2 fluorescence, viral replication induced a progressive increase in [Ca(2+)](i) from 7 h postinfection, which was shown to be necessary and sufficient for microvillar F-actin disassembly. During the first hours of infection, the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was related only to an increase in Ca(2+) permeability of plasmalemma. At a late stage of infection, [Ca(2+)](i) elevation was due to both extracellular Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+) release from the intracellular organelles, mainly the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We noted that at this time the [Ca(2+)](i) increase was partially related to a phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent mechanism, which probably explains the Ca(2+) release from the ER. We also demonstrated for the first time that viral proteins or peptides, released into culture supernatants of rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells, induced a transient increase in [Ca(2+)](i) of uninfected Caco-2 cells, by a PLC-dependent efflux of Ca(2+) from the ER and by extracellular Ca(2+) influx. These supernatants induced a Ca(2+)-dependent microvillar F-actin alteration in uninfected Caco-2 cells, thus participating in rotavirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Brunet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 510, Pathogènes et Fonctions des Cellules Epithéliales Polarisées, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris XI, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
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20
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Esclatine A, Lemullois M, Servin AL, Quero AM, Geniteau-Legendre M. Human cytomegalovirus infects Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells basolaterally regardless of the differentiation state. J Virol 2000; 74:513-7. [PMID: 10590141 PMCID: PMC111563 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.1.513-517.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes severe disease in immunosuppressed patients and notably infects the gastrointestinal tract. To understand the interaction of CMV with intestinal epithelial cells, which are highly susceptible to CMV infection in vivo, we used the intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 and demonstrated that CMV enters predominantly through the basolateral surface of polarized Caco-2 cells. As shown by expression of all three classes of CMV proteins and by visualization of nucleocapsids by transmission electron microscopy, both poorly and fully differentiated Caco-2 cells were permissive to CMV replication. However, infection failed to produce infectious particles in Caco-2 cells, irrespective of the state of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Esclatine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 510, Pathogènes et Fonctions des Cellules Epithéliales Polarisées, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris XI, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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21
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Andoh A, Bamba T, Sasaki M. Physiological and anti-inflammatory roles of dietary fiber and butyrate in intestinal functions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999; 23:S70-3. [PMID: 10483900 DOI: 10.1177/014860719902300518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effects of pectin, a soluble dietary fiber, on the morphological parameters of the small intestine. In addition, we tested the effects of butyrate enemas on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed an elemental diet containing 2.5% pectin for 14 days, and several parameters were then determined. DSS-induced colitis was evoked by the oral administration of water containing 3% DSS for 10 days. The butyrate enema (3 mL of 100 mmol/L butyrate per day) was begun 7 days before the DSS treatment. Interleukin (IL)-8 secretion in the human intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Pectin feeding induced a significant increase in the villus height and crypt depth in the small intestine. These effects correlated with a significant increase in plasma enteroglucagon levels. Pretreatment with a butyrate enema significantly blocked the development of DSS-induced experimental colitis. In the in vitro experiment, sodium butyrate dose-dependently inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced IL-8 secretion in HT-29 cells. CONCLUSIONS A trophic effect due to dietary fiber was directly observed. The generation of short-chain fatty acids and the induction of enteroglucagon release might play an important role in this process. Butyrate, one of the major metabolites of dietary fiber, exerted a potent anti-inflammatory effect both in vivo and in vitro. Dietary fiber may therefore play important roles in the regulation of normal and pathological conditions in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Andoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan
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22
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Weiss MD, DeMarco V, Strauss DM, Samuelson DA, Lane ME, Neu J. Glutamine synthetase: a key enzyme for intestinal epithelial differentiation? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999; 23:140-6. [PMID: 10338221 DOI: 10.1177/0148607199023003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that glutamine synthetase protein and mRNA are concentrated in the crypt region of the rat small intestine and that the activity of this enzyme is highest around the time of weaning. This anatomical location and time of peak activity are sites and periods of active enterocyte differentiation. This led to our current hypothesis that glutamine synthetase is important in the differentiation of enterocytes. METHODS To test our hypothesis, we treated Caco-2 cells with physiologic (0.6 mM) glutamine concentrations in cell culture medium. The experimental group was treated with methionine sulfoximine, an irreversible glutamine synthetase inhibitor, and the control group with phosphate buffered saline. Three standard and well-defined markers of intestinal differentiation-sucrase-isomaltase activity, microvillus formation, and electrical impedance in transwell plates-were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The methionine-sulfoximine-inhibited group was found to have lower sucrase-isomaltase activity, a lower density of microvilli, and lower electrical impedance values over time compared with the control group. CONCLUSION The experimental group was found to be less differentiated by all three markers of differentiation. Therefore, glutamine synthetase is important for Caco-2 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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23
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Gao X, Sedgwick T, Shi YB, Evans T. Distinct functions are implicated for the GATA-4, -5, and -6 transcription factors in the regulation of intestine epithelial cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:2901-11. [PMID: 9566909 PMCID: PMC110669 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.5.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on conserved expression patterns, three members of the GATA family of transcriptional regulatory proteins, GATA-4, -5, and -6, are thought to be involved in the regulation of cardiogenesis and gut development. Functions for these factors are known in the heart, but relatively little is understood regarding their possible roles in the regulation of gut-specific gene expression. In this study, we analyze the expression and function of GATA-4, -5, and -6 using three separate but complementary vertebrate systems, and the results support a function for these proteins in regulating the terminal-differentiation program of intestinal epithelial cells. We show that xGATA-4, -5, and -6 can stimulate directly activity of the promoter for the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (xIFABP) gene, which is a marker for differentiated enterocytes. This is the first direct demonstration of a target for GATA factors in the vertebrate intestinal epithelium. Transactivation by xGATA-4, -5, and -6 is mediated at least in part by a defined proximal IFABP promoter element. The expression patterns for cGATA-4, -5, and -6 are markedly distinct along the proximal-distal villus axis. Transcript levels for cGATA-4 increase along the axis toward the villus tip; likewise, cGATA-5 transcripts are largely restricted to the distal tip containing differentiated cells. In contrast, the pattern of cGATA-6 transcripts is complementary to cGATA-5, with highest levels detected in the region of proliferating progenitor cells. Undifferentiated and proliferating human HT-29 cells express hGATA-6 but not hGATA-4 or hGATA-5. Upon stimulation to differentiate, the transcript levels for hGATA-5 increase, and this occurs prior to increased transcription of the terminal differentiation marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase. At the same time, hGATA-6 steady-state transcript levels decline appreciably. All of the data are consistent with evolutionarily conserved but distinct roles for these factors in regulating the differentiation program of intestinal epithelium. Based on this data, we suggest that GATA-6 might function primarily within the proliferating progenitor population, while GATA-4 and GATA-5 function during differentiation to activate terminal-differentiation genes including IFABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Gao
- Department of Development and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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24
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Bernet-Camard MF, Coconnier MH, Hudault S, Servin AL. Pathogenicity of the diffusely adhering strain Escherichia coli C1845: F1845 adhesin-decay accelerating factor interaction, brush border microvillus injury, and actin disassembly in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1918-28. [PMID: 8675288 PMCID: PMC174017 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.6.1918-1928.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The diffusely adhering Escherichia coli strain C1845 harboring the fimbrial F1845 adhesin can infect cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. The mechanism by which E. coli C1845 induces diarrheal illness remains unknown. This study investigated the injuries of cultured human intestinal cells promoted by E. coli C1845. Membrane-associated decay accelerating factor was identified as the intestinal receptor for the F1845 fimbrial adhesin of the E. coli C1845 strain by using purified F1845 adhesin, antibody directed against the F1845 adhesin, and monoclonal antibodies directed against the decay accelerating factor. Using monolayers of Caco-2 cells apically infected with E. coli C1845 and examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, we observed that strain C1845 induced injury to microvilli (MV) characterized by elongation and nucleation of the MV. We observed that infection of T84 and Caco-2 cells by E. coli C1845 was followed by disassembly of the actin network in the apical and basal cell domains. MV injury was differentiation related: E. coli C1845 promoted MV injury only when the cells were fully differentiated. The disassembly of the actin network occurred in poorly differentiated and fully differentiated Caco-2 cells but not in undifferentiated cells. Moreover, apical actin disassembly was observed in fully differentiated Caco-2 cells infected with the laboratory strain E. coli HB101(pSSS1) expressing the F1845 adhesin. In conclusion, E. coli C1845 promotes MV lesion in human epithelial intestinal cells, resulting from disassembly of the actin network.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bernet-Camard
- UPS Faculté de Pharmacie Paris, XI, CJF 94-07 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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25
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Gaillard JL, Finlay BB. Effect of cell polarization and differentiation on entry of Listeria monocytogenes into the enterocyte-like Caco-2 cell line. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1299-308. [PMID: 8606093 PMCID: PMC173918 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.4.1299-1308.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of Listeria monocytogenes into the enterocyte-like Caco-2 cell line was studied as a function of cell polarization and differentiation. L. monocytogenes entered through the entire surface of nonpolarized cells and, predominantly, through the basolateral surface of polarized cells based on the following observations: (i) sites of L. monocytogenes invasion paralleled the distribution of the transferrin receptor, a well-known basolateral marker of polarization; (ii) numbers of internalized bacteria decreased dramatically when Caco-2 monolayers cultured beyond confluency were used (about 0.1% of the inoculated bacteria versus 1 to 2% with nonconfluent monolayers); and (iii) L. monocytogenes entry into postconfluent monolayers was greatly enhanced by treating cells with Ca(2)+ -free medium, a procedure that disrupts intercellular junctions and thus exposes the basolateral surface to bacteria. Ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N',N' -tetraacetic acid (EGTA) had contradictory effects on L. monocytogenes entry as this reagent opened intercellular junctions but inhibited binding and internalization of bacteria. Finally, the role of the inlAB locus in L. monocytogenes entry was confirmed because and inlAB mutant was 50- to 100-fold less invasive than the parental strain regardless of the monolayer's age. However, the inlAB mutant was still able to enter cells and to induce intracellular actin polymerization. Entry of inlAB bacteria into Caco-2 cells was not inhibited by EGTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, INSERM U 411, Faculte de Medecine Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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26
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van Belzen N, Diesveld MP, van der Made AC, Nozawa Y, Dinjens WN, Vlietstra R, Trapman J, Bosman FT. Identification of mRNAs that show modulated expression during colon carcinoma cell differentiation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 234:843-8. [PMID: 8575443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.843_a.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the working hypotheses that stem cells or their early descendants are prime targets for neoplastic transformation, and that the degree to which a neoplasm retains the immature phenotype is an important determinant of tumor aggressiveness, we have identified several mRNAs that are downregulated during the in vitro differentiation of HT29-D4 colon carcinoma cells. These genes include heat-shock cognate protein Hsc70, adenylosuccinate lyase, B23/nucleophosmin, alpha-tubulin, and a novel gene designated DS-1. The DS-1 mRNA has a length of approximately 0.9 kb and is downregulated 4.7-fold upon differentiation. From the DS-1 cDNA, a protein of 206 amino acids with a molecular mass of 24 kDa and an isoelectric point of 10.9 can be deduced. An antiserum directed against a synthetic peptide detected a minor band of the expected size in Western blots, as well as a major band of lower size that may represent a processed form of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N van Belzen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Hauri HP, Sander B, Naim H. Induction of lactase biosynthesis in the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 219:539-46. [PMID: 7508390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 forms monolayers of differentiated enterocyte-like cells when cultured on permeable supports. After confluency, Caco-2 cells express a number of brush-border enzymes including lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, sucrase-isomaltase and dipeptidylpeptidase IV. We have studied, with particular emphasis on lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, the modulation of biosynthesis of these enzymes by stimulating second messenger systems. Forskolin induced lactase-phlorizin hydrolase synthesis approximately fourfold within 7 h, suppressed sucrase-isomaltase synthesis, and had little effect on dipeptidylpeptidase IV. Dibutyryl-cAMP, 8-bromo-cAMP and vasoactive intestinal peptide also increased lactase-phlorizin hydrolase biosynthesis, indicating c-AMP dependent regulation. The induction of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase biosynthesis could be inhibited by actinomycin D and was preceded by a fourfold increase in lactase-phlorizin hydrolase mRNA levels, suggesting transcriptional control. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate had an inhibitory effect on brush-border enzyme synthesis, in particular on sucrase-isomaltase, and blocked the forskolin-induced biosynthesis of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase. Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase synthesis was also inducible by hydrocortisone, but maximal induction required at least 3 days during which time sucrase-isomaltase synthesis diminished. The results indicate opposite regulation of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase and sucrase-isomaltase via cAMP and corticosteroids, and suggest that the Caco-2 cell line can serve as a model system to study aspects of the humoral regulation of human intestinal brush-border enzymes in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Hauri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Kernéis S, Chauvière G, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Aubel D, Coconnier MH, Joly B, Servin AL. Expression of receptors for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli during enterocytic differentiation of human polarized intestinal epithelial cells in culture. Infect Immun 1992; 60:2572-80. [PMID: 1319401 PMCID: PMC257205 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.7.2572-2580.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the expression of human intestinal receptors for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), the human polarized intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 in culture and several subpopulations of HT-29 cells in culture--parental (mainly undifferentiated) HT-29 cells (HT-29 Std), an enterocytelike subpopulation obtained by selection through glucose deprivation (HT-29 Glc-), and an enterocytelike subpopulation obtained by selection through glucose deprivation which maintains its differentiation characteristics when switched back to standard glucose-containing medium (HT-29 Glc-/+)--were used. Since Caco-2 spontaneously differentiated in culture under standard culture conditions (in the presence of glucose) and HT-29 cells were undifferentiated when cultured under standard conditions (HT-29 Std) and differentiated when grown in a glucose-free medium (HT-29 Glc-), we studied the expression of the receptors for colonization factor antigens (CFA) I, II, and III and the 2230 antigen of ETEC in relation to enterocytic differentiation. We provide evidence that expression of ETEC CFA receptors develops in parallel with other differentiation functions of the cultured cells. The expression of ETEC-specific brush border receptors was studied by indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies raised against purified ETEC CFA. No ETEC receptors were detected in HT-29 Std or short-term-cultured Caco-2 cells. However, among the population of HT-29 Std cells, 2 to 4% of the cells were found to bind ETEC, and these cells expressed positive carcinoembryonic antigen immunoreactivity. This indicated that among the population of undifferentiated HT-29 cells, clusters of differentiated cells were present. ETEC CFA receptors were expressed in the apical and basolateral domains of differentiated HT-29 cells, whereas in differentiated Caco-2 cells only apical expression was observed. Both in HT-29 cells (HT-29 Glc-/+) and in Caco-2 cells cultured under standard conditions, ETEC CFA receptors develop as a function of day in culture. This indicated that the expression of the ETEC CFA receptors was a growth-related event. Indeed, ETEC CFA receptors developed in step with the apical expression of differentiation-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kernéis
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques Paris XI, France
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Polak-Charcon S, Hekmati M, Ben-Shaul Y. The effect of modifying the culture medium on cell polarity in a human colon carcinoma cell line. CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISTS 1989; 26:119-29. [PMID: 2706566 DOI: 10.1016/0922-3371(89)90014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The human colonic cancer cell line HT29, when grown in DMEM, forms a morphologically unpolarized cell culture in which the cells are covered with irregular microvilli and devoid of belt zonula occludens type tight junctions. However, by modifying the culture medium and growing the cells in RPMI, a different morphology was obtained. A large number of intracellular luminae appeared and at late confluency 90-95% of cells exhibited an apical brush border after four subsequent passages. Junctional complexes and a well developed zonula occludens were revealed under the apical brush border. Immuno-electron microscopical localization of specific markers, sucrase isomaltase (SI), secretory components (SC) and beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2M) showed that SI was limited to the apical surface, whereas 2M and SC were located at the basolateral surfaces. These results indicate that modification of culture conditions affects the ability of HT29 cells to express epithelial cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Polak-Charcon
- Eshkenazy Institute for Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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