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Cooper RK, Mahoney MC, Tiffany ST, Colder CR, Tyndale RF, Hawk LW. Relationships Between the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Laboratory Assessments of Smoking Reinforcement and Craving Among Adults in a Smoking Cessation Trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:604-611. [PMID: 37996099 PMCID: PMC11033563 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People who metabolize nicotine more quickly are generally less successful at quitting smoking. However, the mechanisms that link individual differences in the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a phenotypic biomarker of the rate of nicotine clearance, to smoking outcomes are unclear. We tested the hypotheses that higher NMR is associated with greater smoking reinforcement, general craving, and cue-induced cigarette craving in a treatment-seeking sample. METHODS Participants were 252 adults who smoke cigarettes enrolled in a randomized controlled smoking cessation trial (NCT03262662) conducted in Buffalo, New York, USA. Participants completed the Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions (CBUCC) paradigm, a laboratory choice procedure, ~1 week before the first cessation treatment visit, at which time a saliva sample was collected for NMR assessment. On each CBUCC trial, participants reported cigarette craving during cue presentation (cigarette, water) and spent $0.01-$0.25 for a chance (5%-95%) to sample the cue (one puff, sip), providing measures of smoking reinforcement (spending for cigarettes vs. water), general cigarette craving (averaged across cigarette and water cues), and cue-specific craving (cigarette craving during cigarette vs. water cues). RESULTS As observed in prior work, the NMR was significantly higher among White and female participants. As expected, both spending and cigarette craving were significantly greater on cigarette compared to water trials. However, contrary to our hypotheses, higher NMR was not associated with greater smoking reinforcement, general craving, or cue-specific craving. CONCLUSIONS The present data do not support that smoking reinforcement or craving is related to nicotine metabolism among individuals seeking to quit smoking. IMPLICATIONS Though greater smoking reinforcement, general craving, and cue-specific craving are hypothesized to be linked to faster nicotine metabolism, there was no evidence of such relationships in the present sample of adults seeking to quit smoking. Further research, including replication and consideration of alternate hypotheses, is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms by which the NMR is related to smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Craig R Colder
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Liu M, Wang H, Fu Y, Li X, Wu P, Liu G, Wang R, Zhang Y, Chen H, Hou H, Hu Q. The Role of Nicotine Metabolic Rate on Nicotine Dependence and Rewarding: Nicotine Metabolism in Chinese Male Smokers and Male Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04040-8. [PMID: 38427211 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The exact relationship between nicotine metabolism and dependence is not fully understood but is known to be influenced at a molecular level by genetic factors. A sample comprising 274 Chinese adult male smokers was categorized into groups based on their metabolic rates, namely fast, intermediate, and slow metabolizers. We then measured their smoking topography, evaluated their nicotine dependence, and assessed the rewarding effects. Based on these findings, we proposed the hypothesis that the rate of nicotine metabolism could influence the level of dopamine release which in turn had repercussions on the pleasurable and rewarding effects. To test this hypothesis, male mice were selected with different nicotine metabolic rates that closely resembled in the smoker group. We evaluated their nicotine dependence and rewarding effects through conditioned place preference and withdrawal symptom tests, supplemented with dopamine release measurements. In both animal and human, the slow metabolism group (SMG) required less nicotine to maintain a comparable level of dependence than the fast metabolism group (FMG). The SMG could achieve similar rewarding effects to FMG despite consuming less nicotine. Comparable dopamine levels released were therefore critical in setting the nicotine acquisition behavior in this animal model and also for the smokers tested. Our findings suggested that even within the same ethnicity of established smokers (Chinese Han), differences in nicotine metabolism were an important parameter to modulate the degree of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Yaning Fu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute On Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Beijing, China
| | - Guanglin Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Ruiyan Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
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3
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Lee SS, Chang Y, Rigotti NA, Singer DE, Levy DE, Tyndale RF, Davis EM, Freiberg MS, King S, Wells QS, Tindle HA. Can Treatment Support Mitigate Nicotine Metabolism-Based Disparities in Smoking Abstinence? Secondary Analysis of the Helping HAND 4 Trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1575-1584. [PMID: 37209421 PMCID: PMC10439488 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a biomarker of CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism, predicts the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), with fast metabolizers benefiting less than slow metabolizers. Whether treatment support to optimize NRT use (henceforth "treatment support") modifies this pharmacogenetic relationship is unknown. METHODS Hospitalized adult daily smokers were assigned to one of two post-discharge smoking cessation interventions offering NRT and counseling: (1) Transitional Tobacco Care Management, which delivered enhanced treatment support via free combination NRT at discharge and automated counseling, and (2) a quitline-based approach representing usual care (UC). The primary outcome was biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence 6 months after discharge. Secondary outcomes were the use of NRT and counseling during the 3-month intervention period. Logistic regression models tested for interactions between NMR and intervention, controlling for sex, race, alcohol use, and BMI. RESULTS Participants (N = 321) were classified as slow (n = 80) or fast (n = 241) metabolizers relative to the first quartile of NMR (0.012-0.219 vs. 0.221-3.455, respectively). Under UC, fast (vs. slow) metabolizers had lower odds of abstinence at 6 months (aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13-0.95) and similar odds of NRT and counseling use. Compared to UC, enhanced treatment support increased abstinence (aOR 2.13, 95% CI 0.98-4.64) and use of combination NRT (aOR 4.62, 95% CI 2.57-8.31) in fast metabolizers, while reducing abstinence in slow metabolizers (aOR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05-0.87; NMR-by-intervention interaction p = .004). CONCLUSIONS Treatment support increased abstinence and optimal use of NRT among fast nicotine metabolizers, thereby mitigating the gap in abstinence between fast and slow metabolizers. IMPLICATIONS In this secondary analysis of two smoking cessation interventions for recently hospitalized smokers, fast nicotine metabolizers quit at lower rates than slow metabolizers, but providing fast metabolizers with enhanced treatment support doubled the odds of quitting in this group and mitigated the disparity in abstinence between fast and slow metabolizers. If validated, these findings could lead to personalized approaches to smoking cessation treatment that improve outcomes by targeting treatment support to those who need it most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Lee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuchiao Chang
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy A Rigotti
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E Singer
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas E Levy
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Departments of Psychiatry, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Esa M Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew S Freiberg
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen King
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Quinn S Wells
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Schwartz EKC, Palmisano AN, Gueorguieva R, DeVito EE, Sofuoglu M. Examining racial differences in smoking outcomes among smokers enrolled in an intravenous nicotine infusion study. Addict Behav 2023; 140:107615. [PMID: 36640662 PMCID: PMC9911383 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Large racial disparities exist in the prevention and treatment of smoking-related diseases, and minoritized populations carry a heavier burden of smoking-related morbidity and mortality. To date, most studies investigating smoking-related illnesses have been conducted in samples in which the majority, or totality, self-identified as White or Caucasian. While Black individuals who smoke tend to have a lower rate of nicotine clearance, in part due to the use of mentholated cigarettes, less is known about how slower clearance affects their acute subjective and physiologic responses in response to either overnight abstinence or subsequent nicotine administration. This study aimed to investigate differences between the experiences of Black and White individuals who smoke across these outcomes after a period of short-term abstinence and after IV nicotine infusion. METHODS The study included 206 smokers (N = 103 Black, N = 103 White, by self-report). The study investigated self-report, physiological, and biochemical smoking-related outcomes following confirmed overnight abstinence followed by IV nicotine infusion. The outcome measures were separately analyzed with repeated-measures mixed-models. RESULTS Black individuals had lower rates of nicotine clearance and were more likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes than White individuals. Despite these differences, no differences in withdrawal, cravings, or physiological outcomes were observed between the two groups. There were some trends toward differences in subjective experiences, in that an interaction with trend level significance between race and dose was observed for negative subjective drug effects, with White smokers trending towards endorsing higher levels of negative affect after abstinence and nicotine infusion. We also observed that Black individuals trended towards experiencing more negative drug effects in response to initial nicotine delivery than to saline, whereas White individuals had no differences in negative drug effects across saline or nicotine doses. CONCLUSIONS Despite slower nicotine clearance, Black participants exhibited withdrawal and urges to smoke as severe as White participants, and did not have blunted physiological responses to overnight abstinence or administration of nicotine, which were contrary to our hypotheses. Our findings suggest minimal differences across races in the acute pharmacologic effects of nicotine. We observed trend-level differences in subjective and affective responses to nicotine. Greater insight into these differences may lead to improved prevention and treatment strategies for smoking-related illnesses for Black individuals who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K C Schwartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Alexandra N Palmisano
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elise E DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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Montes de Oca M, Laucho-Contreras ME. Smoking cessation and vaccination. Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:32/167/220187. [PMID: 36948500 PMCID: PMC10032588 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0187-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of COPD patients (∼40%) continue smoking despite knowing that they have the disease. Smokers with COPD exhibit higher levels of nicotine dependence, and have lower self-efficacy and self-esteem, which affects their ability to quit smoking. Treatment should be adapted to the needs of individual patients with different levels of tobacco dependence. The combination of counselling plus pharmacotherapy is the most effective cessation treatment for COPD. In patients with severe COPD, varenicline and bupropion have been shown to have the highest abstinence rates compared with nicotine replacement therapy. There is a lack of evidence to support that smoking cessation reduction or harm reduction strategies have benefits in COPD patients. The long-term efficacy and safety of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation need to be evaluated in high-risk populations; therefore, it is not possible to recommend their use for smoking cessation in COPD. Future studies with the new generation of nicotine vaccines are necessary to determine their effectiveness in smokers in general and in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Montes de Oca
- School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela and Hospital Centro Médico de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
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6
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Neurobiology and Mechanisms of Nicotine Addiction. Respir Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-24914-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Ali D, Kuyunov I, Baskaradoss JK, Mikami T. Comparison of periodontal status and salivary IL-15 and -18 levels in cigarette-smokers and individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:655. [PMID: 36585711 PMCID: PMC9801525 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesized that periodontal status is compromised and whole salivary (WS) interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-18 levels are higher among cigarette-smokers and electronic-nicotine-delivery-systems (ENDS)-users than never-smokers. The aim of the present case-control study was to compare the periodontal status and WS IL-15 and -18 levels among cigarette-smokers, ENDS-users and controls (never-smokers). METHODS Participants were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group-1:Current cigarette-smokers; Group-2:ENDS-users; Group-3:Never-smokers with periodontitis; and Group-4: Never-smokers without periodontitis. Demographic data was collected and plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing-depth (PD), clinical attachment-loss (AL), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured. Number of missing teeth were recorded and WS IL-15 and IL-18 levels were determined. Group-comparisons were done and P < 0.01 was selected as an indicator of statistical analysis. RESULTS Nineteen, 18, 19 and 19 individuals were enrolled in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Scores of PI, clinical AL, PD, and number of missing-teeth were elevated in groups 1(P < 0.001), 2 (P < 0.001) and 3 (P < 0.001) than -4. Scores of PI, clinical AL, PD, MBL and missing teeth were comparable among patients in groups 1, 2 and 3. Levels of IL-15 and IL-18 were elevated in groups 1 (P < 0.001) and 2 (P < 0.001) than groups 3 and 4. The levels of IL-15 and -18 were higher in Group-3 than in Group-4 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Clinically, cigarette-smokers and never-smokers demonstrate similar periodontal statuses; however, WS immunoinflammatory biomarkers (IL-15 and -18) are elevated in these individuals than non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Ali
- grid.411196.a0000 0001 1240 3921Department of General Dental Practice, Kuwait University, Safat, P. O. Box 24923, 13110 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Isaac Kuyunov
- Specialist in Prosthodontics, Dental Prosthodontics of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618 USA
| | - Jagan Kumar Baskaradoss
- grid.411196.a0000 0001 1240 3921Department of Developmental and Preventive Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Toshinari Mikami
- Pax Creation Medical Lab, Morioka, Japan ,grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Lab Central College of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Kim GH, Kim JM, Jee SH, Jung KJ. Associations of biomarkers for exposure to tobacco smoke with lung cancer risk in Korea. Cancer Biomark 2022; 35:409-417. [PMID: 36373307 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-220023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) can be used to predict total nicotine clearance. However, it is unknown whether NMR could be used as a marker of lung cancer risk. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the blood metabolites of nicotine relating to the risk of developing lung cancer and investigate the combined effects of NMR and cigarette per day on the risk of lung cancer. METHODS Among the 1,054 eligible subjects from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II biobank cohort, those with cotinine values below 0 ng/ml were excluded. Slow and fast metabolizer groups were defined using the median value of the NMR, calculated with the control group data, as the cut-point. RESULTS The multivariable Cox proportional hazard models demonstrated that, the fast metabolizer group had a significantly higher risk of lung cancer than the slow metabolizer group (Adjusted HR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.32-3.10). Fast metabolizers who smoked more than 15 cigarettes per day had an even higher risk of lung cancer (Adjusted HR: 3.51, 95% CI: 1.96-6.29) than the slow metabolizers who smoked less than 15 cigarettes per day. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the NMR may be an effective marker for estimating tobacco-related disease risks such as lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guen Hui Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion and Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joyce Mary Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion and Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keum Ji Jung
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion and Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Parnarouskis L, Leventhal AM, Ferguson SG, Gearhardt AN. Withdrawal: A key consideration in evaluating whether highly processed foods are addictive. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13507. [PMID: 36196649 PMCID: PMC9786266 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Researchers are currently debating whether theories of addiction explain compulsive overeating of highly processed (HP) foods (i.e., industrially created foods high in refined carbohydrates and/or fat), which contributes to obesity and diet-related disease. A subset of individuals consumes HP foods with behavioral phenotypes that mirror substance use disorders. Withdrawal, the emergence of aversive physical and psychological symptoms upon reduction or cessation of substance use, is a core component of addiction that was central to historical debates about other substances' addictive potential (e.g., nicotine and cocaine). However, no one has systematically considered evidence for whether HP foods cause withdrawal, which represents a key knowledge gap regarding the utility of addiction models for understanding compulsive overeating. Thus, we reviewed evidence for whether animals and humans exhibit withdrawal when reducing or eliminating HP food intake. Controlled experimental evidence indicates animals experience HP food withdrawal marked by neural reward changes and behaviors consistent with withdrawal from other addictive substances. In humans, preliminary evidence supports subjective withdrawal-like experiences. However, most current human research is limited to retrospective recall. Further experimental research is needed to evaluate this construct. We outline future research directions to investigate HP food withdrawal in humans and consider potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stuart G Ferguson
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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King LM, Barnett TE, Allen AC, Maizel JL, Wilson RE. Tobacco-related health inequalities among Black Americans: A narrative review of structural and historical influences. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2022:1-31. [PMID: 35839212 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2022.2093812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a narrative literature review to examine contributing factors of disparities in tobacco usage and outcomes affecting Black Americans. We propose potential solutions that can be used to effectively address these disparities. We identified historical factors; socioeconomic factors; targeted marketing/advertising; the influence of racism/discrimination; neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage; and mass incarceration. We call for more thorough examinations of these factors as a key element of tobacco-focused research and interventions to eliminate the disproportionate burdens faced by Black Americans. We advocate for greater emphases on the impacts of personal and structural racism on tobacco usage and outcomes affecting Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey E Barnett
- University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas
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11
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Vogel EA, Benowitz NL, Skan J, Schnellbaecher M, Prochaska JJ. Correlates of the nicotine metabolite ratio in Alaska Native people who smoke cigarettes. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:359-364. [PMID: 33856821 PMCID: PMC8517031 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research on nicotine metabolism has primarily focused on white adults. This study examined associations between nicotine metabolism, tobacco use, and demographic characteristics among Alaska Native adults who smoke cigarettes. Participants (N = 244) were Alaska Native adults who smoked and who provided a plasma sample at baseline (70.1%) or follow-up (29.9%) of a randomized controlled trial of a cardiovascular risk behavior intervention. At baseline, participants self-reported age, sex, Alaska Native heritage, cigarettes per day, time to first cigarette upon wakening, menthol use, perceived difficulty staying quit, tobacco withdrawal symptoms, and past-month tobacco product use, binge drinking, and cannabis use. At 3-, 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-ups, participants self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Participants' nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), calculated as the ratio of plasma cotinine and trans-3' hydroxycotinine, was log-transformed. The sample (52.0% male, age M = 47.0 years [SD = 13.8], 60.3% of Inupiaq heritage) averaged 12.5 cigarettes per day (SD = 10.5); 64.0% smoked within 30 min of wakening. NMR was not significantly associated with age, sex, Alaska Native heritage, BMI, cigarettes per day, time to first cigarette upon wakening, menthol use, perceived difficulty staying quit, past-month dual tobacco product use, withdrawal symptoms, past-month binge drinking, past-month cannabis use, or abstinence from smoking (all p-values > .050). Characteristics that relate to NMR in Alaska Native adults may differ from those typically identified among white adults. Specifically, results may suggest that Alaska Native adults with slower nicotine metabolism do not titrate their nicotine intake when smoking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Vogel
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jordan Skan
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Cardiology Department, Anchorage, AK
| | | | - Judith J. Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University
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12
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Le Foll B, Piper ME, Fowler CD, Tonstad S, Bierut L, Lu L, Jha P, Hall WD. Tobacco and nicotine use. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:19. [PMID: 35332148 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00346-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major determinant of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide. More than a billion people smoke, and without major increases in cessation, at least half will die prematurely from tobacco-related complications. In addition, people who smoke have a significant reduction in their quality of life. Neurobiological findings have identified the mechanisms by which nicotine in tobacco affects the brain reward system and causes addiction. These brain changes contribute to the maintenance of nicotine or tobacco use despite knowledge of its negative consequences, a hallmark of addiction. Effective approaches to screen, prevent and treat tobacco use can be widely implemented to limit tobacco's effect on individuals and society. The effectiveness of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions in helping people quit smoking has been demonstrated. As the majority of people who smoke ultimately relapse, it is important to enhance the reach of available interventions and to continue to develop novel interventions. These efforts associated with innovative policy regulations (aimed at reducing nicotine content or eliminating tobacco products) have the potential to reduce the prevalence of tobacco and nicotine use and their enormous adverse impact on population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Megan E Piper
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lin Lu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Prabhat Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wayne D Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Alrefaie RM, John J, Alsiwat AJ, Ibraheem WI, Preethanath RS, Divakar DD. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing oral yeasts carriage among individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 37:102724. [PMID: 35051663 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing oral yeasts carriage among individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). METHODS Self-reported ENDS users and non-users (individuals that reported to have never used any nicotinic product) were included. Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Patients were divided into 2 subgroups: (a) aPDT group; and (b) sham aPDT group. aPDT was performed using a curcumin-based photosensitizer that was exposed to a central wavelength of 660 nm and an estimated average fluency of 200 J/cm2. The system delivered light by uniform diffusion for 5 minutes. Sham aPDT was performed using a non-activated laser tip. Oral yeasts colony forming units were determined using standard techniques. Oral yeasts were assessed at baseline and at 3-months of follow-up. Level of significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS Twenty-three ENDS-users (19 males and 4 females) and 23 controls (17 males and 6 females) were included. ENDS-users were vaping for 8.3 ± 0.6 years and were using their ENDS devices 13.6 ± 2.7 times daily. Toothbrushing twice daily was reported by 8.7% and 21.7% of ENDS-users and controls, respectively. Tongue brushing was reported by none of the individuals. At baseline, oral yeasts CFU/ml were significantly higher among ENDS-users in the PDT (P<0.05) and sham PDT (P<0.05) groups compared with controls (Table 2; Figure 1). At 3-months of follow-up, CFU/ml were significantly higher among ENDS-users in the PDT (P<0.05) and sham PDT (P<0.05) groups compared with controls CONCLUSION: : A single session of aPDT is ineffective in reducing the oral yeasts CFU/ml in ENDS-users. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of multiple sessions of aPDT in reducing the oral yeasts CFU/ml in ENDS-users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob John
- Department of Dentistry, DM Wayanad Institute of Medical Sciences (DM WIMS), Meppadi, Kerala, India
| | - Areej Jaber Alsiwat
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Ibraheem Ibraheem
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reghunathan S Preethanath
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577204, India
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577204, India.; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University (LMMU), Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.
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14
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Al-Shatnawi SF, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF. Withdrawal Symptoms among Cigarette and Waterpipe Smokers: A Study in Natural Setting. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2021; 17:114-120. [PMID: 34733350 PMCID: PMC8493827 DOI: 10.2174/1745017902117010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: The rates of tobacco use, including cigarette and waterpipe smoking, are surging in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The use of these products causes nicotine dependence that makes even short-term tobacco abstinence difficult due to aversive symptoms. During the daytime fasting of the month of “Ramadan”, people accept significant disruption in regular activities, including tobacco smoking. Thus, daytime during Ramadan (before sunset) is likely associated with abstinence symptoms emerging among tobacco smokers. We assessed this hypothesis by measuring tobacco/nicotine abstinence symptoms and craving among smokers of cigarettes or waterpipes during Ramadan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted on a convenience sample of adults. Participants were assessed for general information about tobacco smoking, dependence, and nicotine desire or craving, and withdrawal symptoms using the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS) and the Tiffany-Drobes Questionnaire on Smoking Urges. Results: The study sample included 632 exclusive cigarette smokers and 161 exclusive waterpipe tobacco smokers. After fasting and abstaining from tobacco during the day, approximately 75% of cigarette smokers and 20% of waterpipe smokers reported smoking within the first 30 minutes. In addition, 10% of cigarette smokers and 30% of waterpipe smokers reported smoking within the first 60 minutes. Regarding smoking urge, no significant difference was found between cigarette and waterpipe smokers. For nicotine craving and withdrawal, significant differences between cigarette and waterpipe smokers were found when comparing mean scores for each of the following items: (i) urge to smoke, (ii) craving nicotine, (iii) hunger, (iv) desire for sweets, and (v) depression/feeling blue (P-values < 0.05). Conclusion: This study provided evidence from the month of Ramadan that waterpipe smoking is associated with abstinence-induced smoking urge and withdrawal symptoms that are comparable to cigarette smoking. More interdisciplinary research must be focused on developing interventions to reduce tobacco smoking, including waterpipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah F Al-Shatnawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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15
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Rehman K, Haider K, Akash MSH. Cigarette smoking and nicotine exposure contributes for aberrant insulin signaling and cardiometabolic disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174410. [PMID: 34375672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking- and nicotine-mediated dysregulation in insulin-signaling pathways are becoming leading health issues associated with morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many cardiometabolic disorders particularly insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), central obesity and cardiovascular diseases are initiated from exposure of exogenous substances which augment by disturbances in insulin signaling cascade. Among these exogenous substances, nicotine and cigarette smoking are potential triggers for impairment of insulin-signaling pathways. Further, this aberrant insulin signaling is associated with many metabolic complications, which consequently give rise to initiation as well as progression of these metabolic syndromes. Hence, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for cigarette smoking- and nicotine-induced altered insulin signaling pathways and subsequent participation in several health hazards are quite essential for prophylaxis and combating these complications. In this article, we have focused on the role of nicotine and cigarette smoking mediated pathological signaling; for instance, nicotine-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and oxidative damage, elevated cortisol that may promote central obesity, association PCOS and oxidative stress via diminished nitric oxide which may lead to endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation. Pathological underlying molecular mechanisms involved in mediating these metabolic syndromes via alteration of insulin signaling cascade and possible molecular mechanism responsible for these consequences on nicotine exposure have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Haider
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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16
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Schlagintweit HE, Tyndale RF, Hendershot CS. Acute effects of a very low nicotine content cigarette on laboratory smoking lapse: Impacts of nicotine metabolism and nicotine dependence. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12930. [PMID: 32573054 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reducing cigarette nicotine content to nonaddictive levels facilitates smoking cessation; however, very low nicotine content cigarettes (VLNCs) may not be equally effective across heterogeneous smokers. We evaluated the impact of acute VLNC smoking versus control (sham puffs) on craving, withdrawal and smoking lapse behaviour and whether genetically influenced differences in nicotine metabolism and individual differences in nicotine dependence moderate observed effects. Thirty-three overnight-abstinent smokers (15 slow vs. 17 normal nicotine metabolizers; 17 low vs. 16 high nicotine dependence) smoked a 0.05-mg nicotine VLNC during one session and took sham VLNC puffs during another session, in a counterbalanced order. Craving and withdrawal were assessed before and after smoking and sham puffing. Next, participants completed the McKee Smoking Lapse Task, which measures ability to resist smoking and quantity of ad libitum smoking. VLNC (vs. sham) reduced craving and withdrawal, increased ability to resist smoking and reduced ad libitum smoking. VLNC-induced reduction in craving for positive reinforcement was greater in slow (vs. normal) metabolizers. Nicotine metabolism did not moderate any other VLNC responses. High-dependence (vs. low-dependence) participants engaged in greater ad lib smoking across VLNC and sham conditions. Nicotine dependence did not moderate VLNC responses. VLNC reduced craving, withdrawal and smoking lapse behaviour. Individual differences in nicotine metabolism and dependence had a minimal impact on VLNC responses; however, VLNCs were less effective at reducing craving for positive reinforcement among normal (vs. slow) metabolizers. These findings suggest that desirable VLNC effects may extend across heterogeneous groups of smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hera E. Schlagintweit
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Christian S. Hendershot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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17
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Butler K, Chenoweth MJ, El-Boraie A, Giratallah H, Kowalczyk WJ, Heishman SJ, Tyndale RF, Le Foll B. Impact of CYP2A6 Activity on Nicotine Reinforcement and Cue-Reactivity in Daily Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1735-1743. [PMID: 33823003 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Variation in CYP2A6, the primary enzyme responsible for nicotine metabolism, is associated with nicotine dependence, cigarette consumption, and abstinence outcomes in smokers. The impact of CYP2A6 activity on nicotine reinforcement and tobacco cue-reactivity, mechanisms that may contribute to these previous associations, has not been fully evaluated. AIMS AND METHODS CYP2A6 activity was indexed using 3 genetic approaches in 104 daily smokers completing forced-choice and cue-induced craving tasks assessing nicotine reinforcement and tobacco cue-reactivity, respectively. First, smokers were stratified by the presence or absence of reduced/loss-of-function CYP2A6 gene variants (normal vs. reduced metabolizers). As nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) is a reliable biomarker of CYP2A6 activity, our second and third approaches used additional genetic variants identified in genome-wide association studies of NMR to create a weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) to stratify smokers (fast vs. slow metabolizers) and calculate a wGRS-derived NMR. RESULTS Controlling for race and sex, normal metabolizers (vs. reduced) selected a greater proportion of puffs from nicotine-containing cigarettes (vs. denicotinized) on the forced-choice task (p = .031). In confirmatory analyses, wGRS-based stratification (fast vs. slow metabolizers) produced similar findings. Additionally, wGRS-derived NMR, which correlated with actual NMR assessed in a subset of participants (n = 55), was positively associated with the proportion of puffs from nicotine-containing cigarettes controlling for race and sex (p = .015). None of the CYP2A6 indices were associated with tobacco cue-reactivity in minimally deprived smokers. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest increased nicotine reinforcement is exhibited by smokers with high CYP2A6 activity, which may contribute to heavier smoking and poorer cessation outcomes previously reported in faster metabolizers. IMPLICATIONS CYP2A6 activity is a key determinant of smoking behavior and outcomes. Therefore, these findings support the targeting of CYP2A6 activity, either therapeutically or as a clinically relevant biomarker in a precision medicine approach, for tobacco use disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Butler
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meghan J Chenoweth
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Boraie
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haidy Giratallah
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William J Kowalczyk
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychology, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY, USA
| | - Stephen J Heishman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Acute Care Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Liakoni E, Nardone N, St Helen G, Dempsey DA, Tyndale RF, Benowitz NL. Effects of Nicotine Metabolic Rate on Cigarette Reinforcement. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1419-1423. [PMID: 31725872 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rate of nicotine metabolism, estimated by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), is an important determinant of tobacco dependence. This study investigated the effect of NMR on smoking behavior due to nicotine reinforcement during ad libitum smoking. AIMS AND METHODS As part of a larger study, participants were stratified based on saliva NMR as fast and slow metabolizers. After smoking a cigarette and measuring nicotine blood concentrations, participants smoked as desired over a 90-minute period. Analysis included time to first cigarette, total number of cigarettes, total number of puffs, and weight of tobacco consumed. RESULTS Sixty-one (48%) participants were fast metabolizers and 66 (52%) slow metabolizers by NMR. No significant differences were found regarding the smoking topography variables by NMR. Normal metabolizers by genotype (n = 79) had a shorter time to first cigarette than reduced metabolizers (n = 39; p = .032). Blacks smoked fewer cigarettes (p = .008) and took fewer total puffs (p = .002) compared with Whites. Among Whites, fast metabolizers by NMR had a shorter time to first cigarette compared with slow metabolizers (p = .014). Among fast metabolizers, Whites had, compared with Blacks, shorter latency to first cigarette (p = .003) and higher number of total puffs (p = .014) and cigarettes smoked (p = .014). Baseline cigarettes per day and nicotine elimination half-life significantly predicted topography outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Saliva NMR did not predict cigarette reinforcement during a relatively brief period of ad libitum smoking. Differences were seen by race, with White fast metabolizers by NMR having shorter time to first cigarettes compared with slow metabolizers. IMPLICATIONS After a 90-minute period of nicotine abstinence, NMR was not significantly associated with smoking reinforcement. Slow and fast metabolizers had similar time to first cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked, total number of puffs, and tobacco consumed; however, within-race differences show that within Whites, fast metabolizers had a faster time to first cigarette than slow metabolizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Liakoni
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Fransisco, San Francisco, CA
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Nardone
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Fransisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Fransisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (CTCRE), University of California San Fransisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Delia A Dempsey
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Fransisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Fransisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (CTCRE), University of California San Fransisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Fransisco, San Francisco, CA
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19
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Yang J, Hashemi S, Han W, Lee C, Kang Y, Lim Y. Korean male active smokers: quantifying their smoking habits and the transformation factor among biomarkers in urine and blood. Biomarkers 2020; 25:659-669. [PMID: 32912026 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1797879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the correlations within the levels of biomarkers in different biological matrices, along with smoking topography variables, among active male smokers in Korea. Accordingly, we defined a transformation factor to convert level of tobacco smoke exposure and impact biomarkers from different biometrics. METHODS We examined smoking topography of recruited volunteers using a self-reporting survey. The level of tobacco smoke exposure and impact biomarkers in subjects' urine and blood were analysed. Results were used to assess the correlations between the topography survey items with biomarkers in biological matrices. The relationship between the biomarkers in urine and blood was analysed. Accordingly, we defined a transformation factor as the ratio of different biomarkers in urine and blood matrices. RESULTS Significant correlations among smoking topography variables and biomarkers were found. Besides, a strong significant association was found among urine and blood cotinine (ρ = 0.817) and NMR (ρ = 0.905). Urine vs blood cotinine and NMR transformation factors were calculated to be 6.17 L-Blood/g-Creatinine and 10.2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The validated transformation factor connects epidemiological cohort studies with tobacco smoking exposure risk assessment. Hence, this study might be beneficial for further habit-based smoking risk assessments to obtain successful regional cession policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yang
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shervin Hashemi
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Han
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaelin Lee
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younseok Kang
- Environment Testing Division, Eurofins Korea Analytic Service Co., Ltd, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwook Lim
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Allen S, Petersen A, Harrison K, Tosun N, Cameron J. Response to nicotine following overnight smoking abstinence during short-term progesterone treatment in women. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:306-316. [PMID: 31464476 PMCID: PMC7048655 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical literature suggest that sex hormones impact tobacco use behaviors in women. The goal of this double-blind crossover laboratory study was to examine the effect of oral exogenous progesterone (200 mg twice per day) versus placebo on nicotine response using measures of motor speed and cognitive function in women following overnight smoking abstinence. We hypothesized that increased progesterone would blunt the nicotine response whereby producing less change in motor speed and cognition in response to nicotine exposure. Female smokers, age 18-35, were randomized to participate in two 9-day crossover testing weeks. Participants completed a lab session following overnight abstinence where they were administered nicotine nasal spray and asked to complete measures of immediate memory (IMT), delayed memory (DMT), word recall (WR), and finger tapping speed (FT). After the first 9-day testing week, participants resumed smoking and returned the following month to complete the identical lab session in the crossover condition. Forty-seven women were included in this analysis (n = 47). We found no differences in the magnitude of response for IMT, DMT, and WR between conditions. For FT, women had a blunted response to nicotine during the placebo condition. When examining the association between hormone levels and relative performance, we found increases in DMT, WR, and FT but decreases in IMT during the progesterone condition. We observed differences between progesterone versus placebo in relative change in some measures of nicotine response following overnight abstinence. Future studies are needed to further characterize this response. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Allen
- Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, University of Minnesota 516 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ashley Petersen
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Katherine Harrison
- Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, University of Minnesota 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414
| | - Nicole Tosun
- Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, University of Minnesota 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414
| | - Jacquelyn Cameron
- William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University 586 Pioneer Dr, Rochester, MI 48309
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21
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McGrath-Morrow SA, Gorzkowski J, Groner JA, Rule AM, Wilson K, Tanski SE, Collaco JM, Klein JD. The Effects of Nicotine on Development. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-1346. [PMID: 32047098 PMCID: PMC7049940 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of noncombustible nicotine-containing products, including electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Of increasing popularity are e-cigarettes that can deliver high doses of nicotine over short periods of time. These devices have led to a rise in nicotine addiction in adolescent users who were nonsmokers. Use of noncombustible nicotine products by pregnant mothers is also increasing and can expose the developing fetus to nicotine, a known teratogen. In addition, young children are frequently exposed to secondhand and thirdhand nicotine aerosols generated by e-cigarettes, with little understanding of the effects these exposures can have on health. With the advent of these new nicotine-delivery systems, many concerns have arisen regarding the short- and long-term health effects of nicotine on childhood health during all stages of development. Although health studies on nicotine exposure alone are limited, educating policy makers and health care providers on the potential health effects of noncombustible nicotine is needed because public acceptance of these products has become so widespread. Most studies evaluating the effects of nicotine on health have been undertaken in the context of smoke exposure. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies strongly indicate that nicotine exposure alone can adversely affect the nervous, respiratory, immune, and cardiovascular systems, particularly when exposure occurs during critical developmental periods. In this review, we have included both preclinical and clinical studies to identify age-related health effects of nicotine exposure alone, examining the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and
| | - Julie Gorzkowski
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
| | - Judith A. Groner
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ana M. Rule
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Wilson
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Kravis Children’s Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Susanne E. Tanski
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
| | - Joseph M. Collaco
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and
| | - Jonathan D. Klein
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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22
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Siegel SD, Lerman C, Flitter A, Schnoll RA. The Use of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio as a Biomarker to Personalize Smoking Cessation Treatment: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:261-272. [PMID: 32132120 PMCID: PMC7080293 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a genetically informed biomarker of rate of nicotine metabolism, has been validated as a tool to select the optimal treatment for individual smokers, thereby improving treatment outcomes. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the development of the NMR as a biomarker of individual differences in nicotine metabolism, the relationship between the NMR and smoking behavior, the clinical utility of using the NMR to personalize treatments for smoking cessation, and the potential mechanisms that underlie the relationship between NMR and smoking cessation. We conclude with a call for additional research necessary to determine the ultimate benefits of using the NMR to personalize treatments for smoking cessation. These future directions include measurement and other methodologic considerations, disseminating this approach to at-risk subpopulations, expanding the NMR to evaluate its efficacy in predicting treatment responses to e-cigarettes and other noncigarette forms of nicotine, and implementation science including cost-effectiveness analyses.See all articles in this Special Collection Honoring Paul F. Engstrom, MD, Champion of Cancer Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Siegel
- Value Institute and Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware.
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alex Flitter
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert A Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Nardone N, Shahid M, Strasser AA, Dempsey DA, Benowitz NL. The influence of nicotine metabolic rate on working memory over 6 hours of abstinence from nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 188:172836. [PMID: 31812759 PMCID: PMC7009742 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A faster rate of nicotine metabolism has been associated with smoking more cigarettes, greater nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and lower smoking quit rates. However, the association between nicotine metabolic rate (NMR) and cognitive functioning during withdrawal has not been determined. METHODS We compared cognitive function in 121 fast or slow nicotine metabolizers after smoking, and at 3 and 6 h of nicotine abstinence. Cognitive functioning was assessed using N-back working memory tests with outcomes of accuracy and processing speed. Participants smoked two cigarettes and then abstained from smoking for 6 h. N-back tests were administered after smoking (0 h) and at 3 and 6 h of nicotine abstinence. RESULTS An effect of processing speed was found over time on the 2-back, in that participants had significantly longer average reaction times when the stimuli presented did not match the target letter. NMR was not significantly associated with the processing speed change over time. Within-race differences in working memory were evident in that Caucasian fast metabolizers had significantly poorer accuracy and processing speed. CONCLUSIONS Minimal change in working memory over 6 h of nicotine abstinence was observed. Overall, NMR was not significantly associated with the change in processing speed, however Caucasian fast metabolizers displayed poorer accuracy and processing speed at discrete time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Nardone
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 3130 20(th) Street Suite 308, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Marian Shahid
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr. Room H3144, MC 5235, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Delia A Dempsey
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 3130 20(th) Street Suite 308, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16(th) Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experiment Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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Liakoni E, St Helen G, Dempsey DA, Jacob P, Tyndale RF, Benowitz NL. Relationship between skin melanin index and nicotine pharmacokinetics in African American smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107474. [PMID: 31521954 PMCID: PMC7272190 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blacks bear a disproportionate burden of smoking-related diseases and experience greater difficulty quitting smoking than Whites. Nicotine has a high affinity for melanin, and it has been hypothesized that melanin levels might influence nicotine pharmacokinetics and enhance dependence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that melanin affects nicotine disposition kinetics in humans. METHODS Forty-four Black participants were administered intravenous infusions of deuterium-labeled nicotine and cotinine. Plasma concentrations of nicotine and cotinine were measured, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. The constitutive and facultative melanin indexes were measured using a dermaspectrophotometer. RESULTS The median constitutive melanin index was 60.7 (32.8-134.7) and the median facultative melanin index 68.1 (38.6-127.1). The mean (±SD) nicotine elimination half-life was 136 min (±33.5), clearance was 1237 mL/min (±331), and Vss was 204 L (±66), or 2.6 L/kg (±0.7). No evidence of significant differences was found in nicotine pharmacokinetic parameters by comparing participants in different melanin index quartiles (outliers with very high melanin index had similar pharmacokinetic values to others). Differences were not statistically significant when adjusted for age, BMI, sex and CYP2A6 genotype or the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), and no evidence of significant correlations were found between melanin (facultative or constitutive) and the pharmacokinetic parameters of nicotine or cotinine or tobacco dependence measures. CONCLUSIONS Based on our finding in this group of Black smokers, we could not confirm the hypothesis that melanin significantly affects nicotine disposition kinetics or measures of tobacco dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Liakoni
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA; Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA.
| | - Delia A Dempsey
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0482, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 4326-1 Kings College Circle, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA
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Chen YC, Fowler JP, Wang J, Watson CJW, Sherafat Y, Staben A, Lazarus P, Denton TT, Fowler CD. The Novel CYP2A6 Inhibitor, DLCI-1, Decreases Nicotine Self-Administration in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 372:21-29. [PMID: 31628204 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During tobacco and e-cigarette use, nicotine is mainly metabolized in the human liver by cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). Given that a slower CYP2A6 metabolism has been associated with less vulnerability to develop nicotine dependence, the current studies sought to validate a novel CYP2A6 inhibitor, (5-(4-ethylpyridin-3-yl)thiophen-2-yl)methanamine (DLCI-1), for its effects on intravenous nicotine self-administration. Male and female mice were trained to self-administer nicotine across daily sessions. Once stable responding was achieved, DLCI-1 or vehicle control was administered prior to nicotine sessions. We found that the lower 25 mg/kg and moderate 50 mg/kg doses of DLCI-1 induced a significant decrease in nicotine intake for both males and females. DLCI-1 was further shown to be more effective than a moderate 1 mg/kg dose of bupropion on reducing nicotine intake and did not exert the adverse behavioral effects found with a high 75 mg/kg dose of bupropion. Although mice treated with DLCI-1 self-administered significantly less nicotine, similar nicotine-mediated behavioral effects on locomotion were observed. Together, along with the analysis of nicotine metabolites during self-administration, these findings support the contention that blocking hepatic nicotine metabolism would allow for similar activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at lower nicotine doses. Moreover, these effects of DLCI-1 were specific to nicotine self-administration, as DLCI-1 did not result in any behavioral changes during food self-administration. Taken together, these studies validate DLCI-1 as a novel compound to decrease nicotine consumption, which may thereby promote tobacco and nicotine product cessation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Current pharmacological approaches for nicotine and tobacco cessation have only been able to achieve limited efficaciousness in promoting long-term abstinence. In this work, we characterize the effects of a novel compound, (5-(4-ethylpyridin-3-yl)thiophen-2-yl)methanamine (DLCI-1), which inhibits the main enzyme that metabolizes nicotine, and we report a significant decrease in intravenous nicotine self-administration in male and female mice, supporting the potential of DLCI-1 as a novel tobacco cessation pharmacotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California (Y.-C.C., J.P.F., Y.S., A.S., C.D.F.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.W., C.J.W.W., P.L., T.T.D.)
| | - James P Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California (Y.-C.C., J.P.F., Y.S., A.S., C.D.F.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.W., C.J.W.W., P.L., T.T.D.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California (Y.-C.C., J.P.F., Y.S., A.S., C.D.F.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.W., C.J.W.W., P.L., T.T.D.)
| | - Christy J W Watson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California (Y.-C.C., J.P.F., Y.S., A.S., C.D.F.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.W., C.J.W.W., P.L., T.T.D.)
| | - Yasmine Sherafat
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California (Y.-C.C., J.P.F., Y.S., A.S., C.D.F.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.W., C.J.W.W., P.L., T.T.D.)
| | - Andres Staben
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California (Y.-C.C., J.P.F., Y.S., A.S., C.D.F.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.W., C.J.W.W., P.L., T.T.D.)
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California (Y.-C.C., J.P.F., Y.S., A.S., C.D.F.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.W., C.J.W.W., P.L., T.T.D.)
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California (Y.-C.C., J.P.F., Y.S., A.S., C.D.F.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.W., C.J.W.W., P.L., T.T.D.)
| | - Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California (Y.-C.C., J.P.F., Y.S., A.S., C.D.F.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.W., C.J.W.W., P.L., T.T.D.)
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Prochaska JJ, Benowitz NL. Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: Nicotine addiction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay9763. [PMID: 31663029 PMCID: PMC6795520 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The health harms of combusted tobacco use are undeniable. With market and regulatory pressures to reduce the harms of nicotine delivery by combustion, the tobacco product landscape has diversified to include smokeless, heated, and electronic nicotine vaping products. Products of tobacco combustion are the main cause of smoking-induced disease, and nicotine addiction sustains tobacco use. An understanding of the biology and clinical features of nicotine addiction and the conditioning of behavior that occurs via stimuli paired with frequent nicotine dosing, as with a smoked cigarette, is important for informing pharmacologic and behavioral treatment targets. We review current advances in research on nicotine addiction treatment and recovery, with a focus on conventional combustible cigarette use. Our review covers evidence-based methods to treat smoking in adults and policy approaches to prevent nicotine product initiation in youth. In closing, we discuss emerging areas of evidence and consider new directions for advancing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith J. Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, and the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Germovsek E, Hansson A, Kjellsson MC, Perez Ruixo JJ, Westin Å, Soons PA, Vermeulen A, Karlsson MO. Relating Nicotine Plasma Concentration to Momentary Craving Across Four Nicotine Replacement Therapy Formulations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 107:238-245. [PMID: 31355455 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is a major health concern. To assist smoking cessation, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is used to reduce nicotine craving. We quantitatively described the relationship between nicotine pharmacokinetics (PKs) from NRTs and momentary craving, linking two different pharmacodynamic (PD) scales for measuring craving. The dataset comprised retrospective data from 17 clinical studies and included 1,077 adult smokers with 39,802 craving observations from four formulations: lozenge, gum, mouth spray, and patch. A PK/PD model was developed that linked individual predicted nicotine concentrations with the categorical and visual analogue PD scales through a joint bounded integer model. A maximum effect model, accounting for acute tolerance development, successfully related nicotine concentrations to momentary craving. Results showed that all formulations were similarly effective in reducing craving, albeit with a fourfold lower potency for the patch. Women were found to have a higher maximal effect of nicotine to reduce craving, compared with men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Germovsek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Maria C Kjellsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Paul A Soons
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - An Vermeulen
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mats O Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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