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Paul Robinson J, Rajwa B. Spectral flow cytometry: Fundamentals and future impact. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 186:311-332. [PMID: 38705605 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Spectral flow cytometry has emerged as a significant player in the cytometry marketplace, with the potential for rapid growth. Despite a slow start, the technology has made significant strides in advancing various areas of single-cell analysis utilized by the scientific community. The integration of spectral cytometry into clinical laboratories and diagnostic processes is currently underway and is expected to garner a significant level of widespread acceptance in the near future. However, incorporating a new methodological approach into existing research programs can lead to misunderstandings or even misuse. This chapter offers an introductory yet comprehensive explanation of the scientific principles that form the foundation of spectral cytometry. Specifically, it delves into the unmixing processes that are utilized for data analysis. This overview is designed for those who are new to the field and seeking an informative guide to this exciting emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Robinson
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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2
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Ishida M, Kuroki Y, Agata K. Establishment of a new method to isolate viable x-ray-sensitive cells from planarian by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:577-590. [PMID: 37596847 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Planarians show outstanding regenerative ability due to the proliferation of neoblasts. Hence the method to isolate planarian neoblasts is important to understand the regeneration process. In our previous study, we reported a method to isolate planarian neoblasts of Dugesia japonica using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). However, we have not yet succeeded in cultivating these cells even under in vivo conditions after transplantation into x-ray-irradiated planarians. This suggests that dissociated cells might enter apoptotic or necrotic states in the process of fluorescent dye staining and sorting. Here, we developed a new method to isolate viable neoblasts, which can proliferate in the x-ray-irradiated planarians. First, the toxicity of various fluorescence dyes was investigated. All nuclear fluorescent dyes such as Hoechst 33342, DRAQ5, and DyeCycle, showed, more or less, toxicity to mammalian culture cells. In contrast, cytoplasmic fluorescent dye for live cells, calcein AM, was less toxic on these cells. Next, we stained the dissociated planarian cells with only calcein AM, and then collected the x-ray-sensitive fraction. Although the purity of neoblasts was slightly lower than that of the original staining method (ca. 97% → ca. 89%), the sorted cells could actively proliferate when they were injected into x-ray-irradiated planarians. This simple staining and sorting method will provide new opportunities to isolate viable neoblasts and understand regenerating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Ishida
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kuroki
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
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3
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Fuchs H, Jahn K, Hu X, Meister R, Binter M, Framme C. Breaking a Dogma: High-Throughput Live-Cell Imaging in Real-Time with Hoechst 33342. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300230. [PMID: 36934382 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Automated high-throughput live cell imaging (LCI) enables investigation of substance effects on cells in vitro. Usually, cell number is analyzed by phase-contrast imaging, which is reliable only for a few cell types. Therefore, an accurate cell counting method, such as staining the nuclei with Hoechst 33342 before LCI, will be desirable. However, since the mid-1980s, the dogma exists that Hoechst can only be used for endpoint analyses because of its cytotoxic properties and the potentially phototoxic effects of the excitation light. Since microscopic camera sensitivity has significantly improved, this study investigates whether this dogma is still justified. Therefore, exposure parameters are optimized using a 4× objective, and the minimum required Hoechst concentration is evaluated, allowing LCI at 30-min intervals over 5 days. Remarkably, a Hoechst concentration of only 57 × 10-9 m significantly inhibits proliferation and thus impairs cell viability. However, Hoechst concentrations between 7 × 10-9 and 28 × 10-9 m can be determined, which are neither cytotoxic nor impacting cell viability, proliferation, or signaling pathways. The method can be adapted to regular inverted fluorescence microscopes and allows, for example, to determine the cytotoxicity of a substance or the transduction efficiency, with the advantage that the analysis can be repeated at any desired time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Fuchs
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaonan Hu
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Meister
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Binter
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Framme
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Ugawa M, Kawamura Y, Toda K, Teranishi K, Morita H, Adachi H, Tamoto R, Nomaru H, Nakagawa K, Sugimoto K, Borisova E, An Y, Konishi Y, Tabata S, Morishita S, Imai M, Takaku T, Araki M, Komatsu N, Hayashi Y, Sato I, Horisaki R, Noji H, Ota S. In silico-labeled ghost cytometry. eLife 2021; 10:e67660. [PMID: 34930522 PMCID: PMC8691837 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization and isolation of a large population of cells are indispensable procedures in biological sciences. Flow cytometry is one of the standards that offers a method to characterize and isolate cells at high throughput. When performing flow cytometry, cells are molecularly stained with fluorescent labels to adopt biomolecular specificity which is essential for characterizing cells. However, molecular staining is costly and its chemical toxicity can cause side effects to the cells which becomes a critical issue when the cells are used downstream as medical products or for further analysis. Here, we introduce a high-throughput stain-free flow cytometry called in silico-labeled ghost cytometry which characterizes and sorts cells using machine-predicted labels. Instead of detecting molecular stains, we use machine learning to derive the molecular labels from compressive data obtained with diffractive and scattering imaging methods. By directly using the compressive 'imaging' data, our system can accurately assign the designated label to each cell in real time and perform sorting based on this judgment. With this method, we were able to distinguish different cell states, cell types derived from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and subtypes of peripheral white blood cells using only stain-free modalities. Our method will find applications in cell manufacturing for regenerative medicine as well as in cell-based medical diagnostic assays in which fluorescence labeling of the cells is undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ugawa
- Thinkcyte IncTokyoJapan
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKENTokyoJapan
- The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuri An
- BioResource Research Center, RIKENTsukubaJapan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Issei Sato
- Thinkcyte IncTokyoJapan
- The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Ryoichi Horisaki
- Thinkcyte IncTokyoJapan
- The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology AgencyKawaguchiJapan
| | | | - Sadao Ota
- Thinkcyte IncTokyoJapan
- The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology AgencyKawaguchiJapan
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Vitelli M, Budman H, Pritzker M, Tamer M. Applications of flow cytometry sorting in the pharmaceutical industry: A review. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3146. [PMID: 33749147 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The article reviews applications of flow cytometry sorting in manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. Flow cytometry sorting is an extremely powerful tool for monitoring, screening and separating single cells based on any property that can be measured by flow cytometry. Different applications of flow cytometry sorting are classified into groups and discussed in separate sections as follows: (a) isolation of cell types, (b) high throughput screening, (c) cell surface display, (d) droplet fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). Future opportunities are identified including: (a) sorting of particular fractions of the cell population based on a property of interest for generating inoculum that will result in improved outcomes of cell cultures and (b) the use of population balance models in combination with FACS to design and optimize cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vitelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Hector Budman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mark Pritzker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Melih Tamer
- Department of Manufacturing Technology, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Canada
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Application of an open-chamber multi-channel microfluidic device to test chemotherapy drugs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20343. [PMID: 33230163 PMCID: PMC7683738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of precision medicine for chemotherapy requires the individualization of the therapeutic regimen for each patient. This approach improves treatment efficacy and reduces the probability of administering ineffective drugs. To ensure accurate decision-making in a timely manner, anticancer drug efficacy tests must be performed within a short timeframe using a small number of cancer cells. These requirements can be satisfied via microfluidics-based drug screening platforms, which are composed of complex fluidic channels and closed systems. Owing to their complexity, skilled manipulation is required. In this study, we developed a microfluidic platform, to accurately perform multiple drug efficacy tests using a small number of cells, which can be conducted via simple manipulation. As it is a small, open-chamber system, a minimal number of cells could be loaded through simple pipetting. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix gel inside the chamber provides an in vivo-like environment that enables the localized delivery of the drugs to spontaneously diffuse from the channels underneath the chamber without a pump, thereby efficiently and robustly testing the efficacy and resistance of multiple drugs. We demonstrated that this platform enabled the rapid and facile testing of multiple drugs using a small number of cells (~ 10,000) over a short period of time (~ 2 days). These results provide the possibility of using this powerful platform for selecting therapeutic medication, developing new drugs, and delivering personalized medicine to patients.
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Liu YL, Perillo EP, Ang P, Kim M, Nguyen DT, Blocher K, Chen YA, Liu C, Hassan AM, Vu HT, Chen YI, Dunn AK, Yeh HC. Three-Dimensional Two-Color Dual-Particle Tracking Microscope for Monitoring DNA Conformational Changes and Nanoparticle Landings on Live Cells. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7927-7939. [PMID: 32668152 PMCID: PMC7456512 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a three-dimensional two-color dual-particle tracking (3D-2C-DPT) technique that can simultaneously localize two spectrally distinct targets in three dimensions with a time resolution down to 5 ms. The dual-targets can be tracked with separation distances from 33 to 250 nm with tracking precisions of ∼15 nm (for static targets) and ∼35 nm (for freely diffusing targets). Since each target is individually localized, a wealth of data can be extracted, such as the relative 3D position, the 2D rotation, and the separation distance between the two targets. Using this technique, we turn a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-linked dumbbell-like dimer into a nanoscopic optical ruler to quantify the bending dynamics of nicked or gapped dsDNA molecules in free solution by manipulating the design of dsDNA linkers (1-nick, 3-nt, 6-nt, or 9-nt single-strand gap), and the results show the increase of kon (linear to bent) from 3.2 to 10.7 s-1. The 3D-2C-DPT is then applied to observe translational and rotational motions of the landing of an antibody-conjugated nanoparticle on the plasma membrane of living cells, revealing the reduction of rotations possibly due to interactions with membrane receptors. This study demonstrates that this 3D-2C-DPT technique is a new tool to shed light on the conformational changes of biomolecules and the intermolecular interactions on plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Liang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Evan P Perillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Nanostring Technologies, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Phyllis Ang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
| | - Mirae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Duc Trung Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Katherine Blocher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Huong T Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuan-I Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Andrew K Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hsin-Chih Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, BME Building, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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8
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van Beest GS, Villar-Torres M, Raga JA, Montero FE, Born-Torrijos A. In vivo fluorescent cercariae reveal the entry portals of Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Dubois, 1982 (Strigeidae) into the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:92. [PMID: 30867029 PMCID: PMC6417200 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their complex life-cycles involving various types of hosts and free-living stages, digenean trematodes are becoming recurrent model systems. The infection and penetration strategy of the larval stages, i.e. cercariae, into the fish host is poorly understood and information regarding their entry portals is not well-known for most species. Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Dubois, 1982 (Digenea, Strigeidae) uses the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), an important marine fish in Mediterranean aquaculture, as a second intermediate host, where they encyst in the brain as metacercariae. Labelling the cercariae with in vivo fluorescent dyes helped us to track their entry into the fish, revealing the penetration pattern that C. longicollis uses to infect S. aurata. Methods Two different fluorescent dyes were used: carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and Hoechst 33342 (NB). Three ascending concentrations of each dye were tested to detect any effect on labelled cercarial performance, by recording their survival for the first 5 h post-labelling (hpl) and 24 hpl, as well as their activity for 5 hpl. Labelled cercariae were used to track the penetration points into fish, and cercarial infectivity and later encystment were analysed by recording brain-encysted metacercariae in fish infected with labelled and control cercariae after 20 days of infection. Results Although the different dye concentrations showed diverse effects on both survival and activity, intermediate doses of CFSE did not show any short-term effect on survival, permitting a brighter and longer recognition of cercariae on the host body surface. Therefore, CFSE helped to determine the penetration points of C. longicollis into the fish, denoting their aggregation on the head, eye and gills region, as well as on the dorsal fin and the lower side. Only CFSE-labelled cercariae showed a decreased number of encysted metacercariae when compared to control. Conclusions Our study suggests that CFSE is an adequate labelling method for short-term in vivo studies, whereas NB would better suit in vivo studies on long-term performance. Cardiocephaloides longicollis cercariae seem to be attracted to areas near to the brain or those that are likely to be connected to migration routes to neuronal canals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3351-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle S van Beest
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain. .,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Mar Villar-Torres
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Raga
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Esteban Montero
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Kilgore JA, Dolman NJ, Davidson MW. A review of reagents for fluorescence microscopy of cellular compartments and structures, Part II: reagents for non-vesicular organelles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 66:12.31.1-12.31.24. [PMID: 24510724 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy1231s66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of fluorescent dyes and reagents exist for labeling organelles in live and fixed cells. Choosing between them can sometimes be confusing, and optimization for many of them can be challenging. Presented here is a discussion on the commercially-available reagents that have shown the most promise for each organelle of interest, including endoplasmic reticulum/nuclear membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleoli, and nuclei, with an emphasis on localization of these structures for microscopy. Included is a featured reagent for each structure with a recommended protocol, troubleshooting guide, and example image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Kilgore
- Molecular Probes Labeling and Detection, Life Technologies, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Nick J Dolman
- Molecular Probes Labeling and Detection, Life Technologies, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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10
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Sandstedt J, Jonsson M, Kajic K, Sandstedt M, Lindahl A, Dellgren G, Jeppsson A, Asp J. Left atrium of the human adult heart contains a population of side population cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:255. [PMID: 22361742 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac "side population" (SP) cells have previously been found to differentiate into both endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes in mice and rats, but there are no data on SP cells in the human adult heart. Therefore, human cardiac atrial biopsies were dissociated, stained for SP cells and analyzed with FACS. Identified cell populations were analyzed for gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR and subjected to in vitro differentiation. Only biopsies from the left atrium contained a clearly distinguishable population of SP cells (0.22 ± 0.08%). The SP population was reduced by co-incubation with MDR1 inhibitor Verapamil, while the ABCG2 inhibitor FTC failed to decrease the number of SP cells. When the gene expression was analyzed, SP cells were found to express significantly more MDR1 than non-SP cells. For ABCG2, there was no detectable difference. SP cells also expressed more of the stem cell-associated markers C-KIT and OCT-4 than non-SP cells. On the other hand, no significant difference in the expression of endothelial and cardiac genes could be detected. SP cells were further subdivided based on CD45 expression. The CD45-SP population showed evidence of endothelial commitment at gene expression level. In conclusion, the results show that a SP population of cells is present also in the human adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Sandstedt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345, Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
A cell undergoing apoptosis demonstrates multitude of characteristic morphological and biochemical features, which vary depending on the inducer of apoptosis, cell type and the "time window" at which the process of apoptosis is observed. Because the gross majority of apoptotic hallmarks can be revealed by flow and image cytometry, the cytometric methods become a technology of choice in diverse studies of cellular demise. Variety of cytometric methods designed to identify apoptotic cells, detect particular events of apoptosis and probe mechanisms associated with this mode of cell death have been developed during the past two decades. In the present review, we outline commonly used methods that are based on the assessment of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and plasma membrane alterations. We also present novel developments in the field such as the use of cyanine SYTO and TO-PRO family of probes. Strategies of selecting the optimal multiparameter approaches, as well as potential difficulties in the experimental procedures, are thoroughly summarized.
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Blacking TM, Waterfall M, Samuel K, Argyle DJ. Flow cytometric techniques for detection of candidate cancer stem cell subpopulations in canine tumour models. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 10:252-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Christgen M, Geffers R, Ballmaier M, Christgen H, Poczkaj J, Krech T, Kreipe H, Lehmann U. Down-regulation of the fetal stem cell factor SOX17 by H33342: a mechanism responsible for differential gene expression in breast cancer side population cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:6412-8. [PMID: 20040597 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.082941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human solid tumors contain rare cancer side population (SP) cells, which expel the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342 (H33342) and display cancer stem cell characteristics. Transcriptional profiling of cancer SP cells isolated by H33342 fluorescence analysis is a newly emerging approach to discover cancer stem cell markers and aberrant differentiation pathways. Using Affymetrix expression microarrays and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we investigated differential gene expression between SP and non-SP (NSP) cells isolated from human mammary carcinoma cell lines. A total of 136 genes were up-regulated in breast cancer SP relative to NSP cells, one of which was the fetal stem cell factor and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway target SOX17. Strikingly, we discovered that SOX17 was down-regulated by H33342 in a dose-dependent manner. In SP cells, which expel H33342, down-regulation of SOX17 was less pronounced than in NSP cells, which retain H33342. As a result of this, SOX17 displayed a 10-20-fold overexpression in cancer SP relative to NSP cells. Similar results were obtained for further stemness-related genes, namely EPC1 and SPRY1. These findings establish a previously unidentified gene-regulatory impact of H33342 as a novel mechanism responsible for differential gene expression in cancer SP cells. This has significant implications for the future interpretation of cancer SP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Christgen
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Mayol JF, Loeuillet C, Hérodin F, Wion D. Characterisation of normal and cancer stem cells: one experimental paradigm for two kinds of stem cells. Bioessays 2009; 31:993-1001. [PMID: 19644922 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The characterisation of normal stem cells and cancer stem cells uses the same paradigm. These cells are isolated by a fluorescence-activated cell sorting step and their stemness is assayed following implantation into animals. However, differences exist between these two kinds of stem cells. Therefore, the translation of the experimental procedures used for normal stem cell isolation into the research field of cancer stem cells is a potential source of artefacts. In addition, normal stem cell therapy has the objective of regenerating a tissue, while cancer stem cell-centred therapy seeks the destruction of the cancer tissue. Taking these differences into account is critical for anticipating problems that might arise in cancer stem cell-centred therapy and for upgrading the cancer stem cell paradigm accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Mayol
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, P.O. Box 87, 38702 La Tronche, France
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Imle A, Polzer B, Alexander S, Klein CA, Friedl P. Genomic instability of micronucleated cells revealed by single-cell comparative genomic hybridization. Cytometry A 2009; 75:562-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Garner D. Hoechst 33342: The dye that enabled differentiation of living X-and Y-chromosome bearing mammalian sperm. Theriogenology 2009; 71:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Kruhlak MJ, Celeste A, Nussenzweig A. Monitoring DNA breaks in optically highlighted chromatin in living cells by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 523:125-40. [PMID: 19381917 PMCID: PMC6993211 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-190-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The recognition and repair of DNA lesions occurs within a chromatin environment. Genetically tagging fluorescent proteins to DNA damage response proteins has provided spatial and temporal details concerning the establishment of biochemical subnuclear regions geared toward metabolizing genomic lesions. A specific marker for chromatin regions containing DNA breaks is required to study the initial dynamic structural changes in chromatin when DNA breaks occur. Here we present the experimental protocols used to investigate the dynamics of chromatin structure immediately after the simultaneous photoactivation of PAGFP-tagged core histone H2B and introduction of DNA breaks using UVA laser microirradiation on a laser scanning confocal microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kruhlak
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Darzynkiewicz Z. SYTO probes in the cytometry of tumor cell death. Cytometry A 2008; 73:496-507. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Most MCF7 and SK-OV3 cells were deprived of their stem nature by Hoechst 33342. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:338-43. [PMID: 17950249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using clonal and population analysis, we found that the MCF7 and SK-OV3 were composed mainly of cancer stem cells. Together with SP analysis, we found that both SP and NSP cells of MCF7 and SK-OV3 contained different proportions of cancer stem cells. In addition, we discovered that MCF7 SP cells were able to generate non-SP cells, and conversely non-SP cells generated SP cells; Moreover, we showed that Hoechst 33342 and FACS were harmful to the clonogenicity of MCF7 and SK-OV3 cells.
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20
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Adamski D, Mayol JF, Platet N, Berger F, Hérodin F, Wion D. Effects of Hoechst 33342 on C2C12 and PC12 cell differentiation. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3076-80. [PMID: 17560574 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulative evidence demonstrates that normal as well as cancer stem cells can be identified as a side population following Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometric analysis. This popular method is based on the ability of stem cells to efflux this fluorescent vital dye. We demonstrate that Hoechst 33342 can affect cell differentiation, suggesting potential complications in the interpretation of data.
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21
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Giangreco A, Shen H, Reynolds SD, Stripp BR. Molecular phenotype of airway side population cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L624-30. [PMID: 12909587 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00149.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial-specific stem cells have been localized to discrete microenvironments throughout the adult conducting airway. Properties of these cells include pollutant resistance, multipotent differentiation, and infrequent proliferation. Goals of the present study were to use Hoechst 33342 efflux, a property of stem cells in other tissues, to purify and further characterize airway stem cells. Hoechst 33342 effluxing lung cells were identified as a verapamil-sensitive side population by flow cytometry. Lung side population cells were further subdivided on the basis of hematopoietic (CD45 positive) or nonhematopoietic (CD45 negative) origin. Nonhematopoietic side population cells were enriched for stem cell antigen-1 reactivity and expressed molecular markers specific to both airway and mesenchymal lineages. Analysis of the molecular phenotype of airway-derived side population cells indicates that they are similar to neuroepithelial body-associated variant Clara cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the nonhematopoietic side population isolated from lung is enriched for previously identified airway stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Giangreco
- Univ. of Pittsburgh, FORBL Rm. 314, 3343 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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22
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Schmid I, Sakamoto KM. Analysis of DNA Content and Green Fluorescent Protein Expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; Chapter 7:Unit 7.16. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0716s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Durand RE, Olive PL. Resistance of tumor cells to chemo- and radiotherapy modulated by the three-dimensional architecture of solid tumors and spheroids. Methods Cell Biol 2001; 64:211-33. [PMID: 11070841 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(01)64015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Durand
- Medical Biophysics Department, British Colombia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
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24
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Mosahebi A, Woodward B, Green C, Martin R, Terenghi G. Long-term effect of vital labelling on mixed Schwann cell cultures. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2000; 32:337-43. [PMID: 10943847 DOI: 10.1023/a:1004009512884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell transplantation following neuronal injury could encourage regeneration of spinal cord as well as improving peripheral nerve gap repair. In order to gain a better understanding of the role of transplanted Schwann cells in vivo, it is essential to be able to follow their behaviour after transplantation. Our aim was to evaluate the suitability of two vital fluorescent labels on the proliferation rate and phenotypic stability of Schwann cells, in either pure culture or mixed co-culture. Primary cultures of Schwann cells were obtained from Dark Agouti and Lewis neonatal rats and labelled with H33342 and PKH26, respectively. In mixed cultures, a 50: 50 mixture of Dark Agouti and Lewis Schwann cells was present. Labelled cultured cells were examined at 1, 2 and 4 weeks for viability and phenotypic marker expression of S100, GFAP, p75, MHC I, MHC II and compared with corresponding unlabelled cells. The results showed that although there was no deleterious interaction in the mixed cultures, the viability was reduced by the labelling after 2 weeks. Labelled cells could be distinguished up to 4 weeks, but there was leakage of H33342 label after 2 weeks. Labelled Schwann cells showed reduced expression of phenotypic markers, especially p75 when labelled with H33342. In conclusion, H33342 and PKH26 can be used as fluorescent markers of Schwann cells for short-term studies, for a maximum of 2 weeks, but different markers may be needed for longer experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mosahebi
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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25
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Keij JF, Jansen JTM, Schultz FW, Visser JWM. REDUCED PHOTOINACTIVATION OF 10-DODECYL ACRIDINE ORANGE-SENSITIZED YEAST CELLS AT HIGH FLUENCE RATES MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTER SIMULATIONS. Photochem Photobiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Crissman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545
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27
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Kamo KK, Griesbach RJ. Evaluation of DAPI as a fluorescent probe for DNA in viable Petunia protoplasts. Biotech Histochem 1993; 68:350-9. [PMID: 7507357 DOI: 10.3109/10520299309105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
4',6-Diamidino-2-phenyl-indole (DAPI), is a fluorescent probe that specifically and quantitatively stains DNA. Electroporation of viable Petunia protoplasts in the presence of DAPI revealed integral fluorescence that was similar for both the electroporated and fixed protoplasts, indicating quantitative staining of DNA. DAPI fluorescence was localized in the nuclei of viable protoplasts of Petunia. Protoplasts had a short term viability of 56-65% of the control (non-electroporated, unstained) protoplasts as determined by fluorescein diacetate staining 24 hr following electroporation in the presence of DAPI. The majority (84% of the number originally cultured) of these protoplasts subjected to electroporation were able to form a cell wall, but most did not form microcalli because they were blocked in cell division. The three week plating efficiency for protoplasts exposed to DAPI was 4% of the original number of protoplasts initially cultured compared to 30% for the control. DAPI should not be used as a fluorescent probe for plant protoplasts when the protoplasts are cultured for sustained growth because the levels of DAPI required to obtain quantitative staining of the DNA resulted in inhibition of the cell cycle. DAPI may, however, be used as a fluorescent DNA probe for short term (24 hr) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Kamo
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
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28
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The DNA content of mouse two-cell embryos can be measured by microfluorimetric image analysis under conditions of cell viability. J Fluoresc 1992; 2:181-90. [PMID: 24241629 DOI: 10.1007/bf00866933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/1992] [Revised: 10/07/1992] [Accepted: 10/15/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Video-enhanced fluorescence imaging was used to quantify the DNA content in live two-cell mouse embryos. DNA was stained with the vital fluorophore Hoechst 33342. Conditions of dye concentration and irradiation were such that two-cell embryos could be kept in the constant presence of the dye for about 24 h without a major effect on their furtherin vitro viability. Total nuclear fluorescence intensity of stained two-cell embryos was measured twice under these conditions, i.e., in G1 (1 h after cleavage) and in G2 (15-18 h after cleavage), by image analysis. After correcting for the fluctuations in excitation intensity and for the spatial nonhomogeneities of the optical system (lenses and sensor), the mean total nuclear fluorescence intensity was about twofold higher in G2 than in G1 ([Symbol: see text]R[Symbol: see text]=1.99 to 2.25), and this increase was abolished by the addition of aphidicolin, an inhibitor of replication. The fluorescence increase did not depend on the Hoechst concentration in the range of 10-40 ng/ml, i.e., in the range of embryo viability. The coefficient of variation of the total nuclear fluorescence intensity measured under these conditions was rather large (10 to 20%). Nevertheless, the mean value of fluorescence intensity in G1 of nuclei of a given pool represents an appropriate reference to measure the increase in fluorescence intensity between G1 and G2.
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29
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Shen RN, Crabtree WN, Wu B, Young P, Sandison GA, Hornback NB, Shidnia H. A reliable method for quantitating chromatin fragments by flow cytometry to predict the effect of total body irradiation and hyperthermia on mice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 24:139-43. [PMID: 1512150 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(92)91033-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The frequencies of chromatin fragments, including micronuclei, in murine thymus cells, spleen cells and bone marrow cells have been used as a quantitative indicator of gamma-ray induced chromosome damage and could be used to screen potential radioprotective agents as well. The yield of chromatin fragments induced in mice receiving different dosage levels of total body irradiation alone and in mice also given whole body hyperthermia as a potent radioprotector were assessed by flow cytometric analysis. Our results demonstrated that chromatin fragments induced by irradiation in vivo was clearly dose-dependent and that chromatin fragments could potentially serve as a biological indicator of radiation damage. One hour of whole body hyperthermia at 40 degrees C (+/- 0.2 degree C) given 20 hours before a lethal dosage (900 cGy) of total body irradiation protects 100% of DBA/2 mice from an LD 100/16 irradiation dose (dose of irradiation that killed 100% of the mice in 16 days). This is in good agreement with the percent of chromatin fragments formed in the cells of the protected animals, which showed no significant difference from those observed in the normal mice. The results indicate that whole body hyperthermia protected the thymus and bone marrow from irradiation damage. This study provides further evidence which supports that whole body hyperthermia can act as a potent radioprotector in vivo. Measurement of the frequencies of chromatin fragments by flow cytometry is simple and reliable. The method can be applied to screen radioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Shen
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5289
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30
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Sizeland A, Bol S, Burgess AW. The action of epidermal growth factor (EGF) is limited to specific phases of the cell cycle in an EGF dependent colonic cell line. Growth Factors 1991; 4:129-43. [PMID: 2049180 DOI: 10.3109/08977199109000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) a human colon cell line, LIM 1215, proliferates in serum-free medium. Under these culture conditions the cells are dependent on the presence of EGF for both proliferation and survival. In order to study the action of growth factors at different stages of the LIM 1215 cell cycle, pure populations of G1, S and G2/M cells were obtained by cell sorting after supravital staining of the DNA with Hoechst 33342. Conditions were established for Hoechst 33342 staining which produced satisfactory DNA histograms and greater than 80% survival of cells. The kinetics of passage for sorted S or G2/M cells into G1 were not affected by EGF or fetal calf serum. After sorting there appeared to be a 4 h delay before the cells proceeded in the cell cycle. Sorted S cells entered G2 over an 8 h period and maintained this same transition period from G2 into G1. If EGF or serum was present, these cells then re-entered the cell cycle after a variable delay and in an asynchronous manner. EGF was applied to S phase and G2/M phase LIM 1215 cells for periods of 2-10 h at various times after replating in serum-free conditions. Cells in S phase only responded to EGF as they passed from G2/M into G1. Exposure to EGF in S phase resulted in little growth stimulus once the cells returned to G1. For cells in G2/M phase, EGF was required immediately to give the maximum stimulus for re-entering the cell cycle. If the EGF was delayed for more than 8 h, the cells did not re-enter the cycle within the following 20 h. Exposure to EGF for less than 2 h failed to stimulate proliferation. These results indicate that EGF must be present as cells enter G1 from mitosis. Once the cells have entered G1, EGF is required for a 10 h period for a large number of cells to re-enter the cycle from G1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sizeland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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31
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Karawajew L, Rudchenko S, Wlasik T, Trakht I, Rakitskaya V. Flow sorting of hybrid hybridomas using the DNA stain Hoechst 33342. J Immunol Methods 1990; 129:277-82. [PMID: 2191045 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(90)90448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A two-step sorting procedure with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) is described for the selection of hybrid hybridomas producing bispecific monoclonal antibodies. Parental hybridoma cells were first labelled before fusion with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC); heterofluorescent cells were recovered after fusion. After a period of growth in culture, the cells were then stained with the DNA-specific dye bis-benzimidazole Hoechst 33342 and sorted on the basis of their DNA content. The staining conditions (10 micrograms/ml of Hoechst 33342, 90 min incubation time at 37 degrees C) were found to be optimal for obtaining a well resolved DNA histogram with minimal effect on the growth properties of cells from different mouse hybridoma lines. Employing this method we have isolated hybrid hybridomas synthesizing bispecific monoclonal antibodies reacting with human low density lipoprotein and alkaline phosphatase from calf intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Karawajew
- Central Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the G.D.R., Berlin-Buch
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32
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Crissman HA, Hofland MH, Stevenson AP, Wilder ME, Tobey RA. Supravital cell staining with Hoechst 33342 and DiOC5(3). Methods Cell Biol 1990; 33:89-95. [PMID: 1707495 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H A Crissman
- Cell Biology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Arndt-Jovin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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34
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Freyer JP, Schor PL. Automated selective dissociation of cells from different regions of multicellular spheroids. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1989; 25:9-19. [PMID: 2914820 DOI: 10.1007/bf02624405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this report we describe a new apparatus which has been developed for the automated selective dissociation of multicellular spheroids into fractions of viable cells from different locations in the spheroid. This device is based on the exposure of spheroids to a 0.25% solution of trypsin under carefully controlled conditions, such that the cells are released from the outer spheroid surface in successive layers. Study of the spheroid size, number of cells per spheroid, and sections through the spheroid with increasing exposure to trypsin demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique. The technique has been successfully used on spheroids from five different cell lines over a wide range of spheroid diameters. We also present data detailing the effect of varying the dissociation temperature, the mixing speed, the trypsin concentration, and the number of spheroids being dissociated. The new apparatus has several advantages over previous selective dissociation methods and other techniques for isolating cells from different regions in spheroids, including: a) precise control over dissociation conditions, improving reproducibility; b) short time to recover cell fractions; c) ability to isolate large numbers of cells from many different spheroid locations; d) use of common, inexpensive laboratory equipment; and e) easy adaptability to new cell lines or various spheroid sizes. Applications of this method are demonstrated, including the measurement of nutrient consumption rates, regrowth kinetics, and radiation survivals of cells from different spheroid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Freyer
- Life Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545
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35
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Crissman HA, Hofland MH, Stevenson AP, Wilder ME, Tobey RA. Use of DiO-C5-3 to improve Hoechst 33342 uptake, resolution of DNA content, and survival of CHO cells. Exp Cell Res 1988; 174:388-96. [PMID: 2448153 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(88)90309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster cells (line CHO) stained with either 9 microM Hoechst 33342 (HO) alone or in combination with the membrane potential fluorochrome DiO-C5-3 (DiO) were analyzed using uv laser powers between 25 and 500 mW and sorted for determination of survival by a colony formation assay. The combination of HO-DiO increased fluorescence twofold and provided coefficients of variation (CVs) as low as 3.0% under conditions where viability of cells, even at 500 mW excitation, was unaffected. HO-stained cells yielded CVs of about 8.5% and survivals of approximately 90% under similar analytical conditions. At laser powers of 25 mW, CV values for HO-DiO-stained populations were 4.0% compared to 9.4% for HO-stained cells. Results with another membrane potential dye, rhodamine 123 (R 123), in combination with HO showed no improvement compared to HO-stained cells. No preferential, cell cycle phase-specific killing was observed in either the HO- or HO-DiO-stained populations. CVs of human skin diploid fibroblasts stained with HO or with HO-DiO were comparable over the entire laser power range; however, percentage survival was slightly higher for the HO-DiO-stained populations when analyzed and sorted at the higher power (400-500 mW) range. Long-term cultures of sorted CHO-K1 subpopulations, differing in DNA ploidy, were established from HO-DiO-stained cells. Advantages of this new staining procedure include improved DNA content resolution (low CV values) and the potential use of less expensive FCM uv laser systems coupled with less perturbing excitation powers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Crissman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, National Flow Cytometry Resource, New Mexico 87545
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36
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Hasthorpe S, Akinci M, Bartelmez S. The kinetics of S phase entry by FMP2.1: effect of IL-3 and GM-CSF receptor expression and ligand affinity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CELL CLONING 1988; 6:30-44. [PMID: 2828483 DOI: 10.1002/stem.5530060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
FMP2.1, a cloned cell line which has morphological characteristics of mast/basophil cells, requires either interleukin 3 (IL-3) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for both survival and proliferation. IL-3 and GM-CSF were equally effective as proliferative stimuli. FMP2.1 cells were sensitive to growth factor stimulation in the G1 phase, which has a duration of 9.5 h. G1 cells were selected from FMP2.1 in log phase growth on the basis of Hoechst 33324 staining using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). It was found that G1 phase cells had to be exposed to either IL-3 or GM-CSF for approximately 1 h for cells to enter S (greater than 20%); without growth factor, FMP2.1 remained in G1 unable to progress into S. Receptor expression was analyzed to further understand this rapid activation of FMP2.1 into cycle. Autoradiography using either 125I-IL-3 or 125I-GM-CSF showed that most cells express both receptor types. In the presence of saturating concentrations of IL-3, FMP2.1 have a relatively high number of IL-3 receptors (42,000/cell) compared to other cell lines (e.g., 32D cl23; 13,000 receptors/cell), and far outnumber GM-CSF receptors on the same cells (600 receptors/cell). Although average IL-3 receptor expression differed for FMP2.1- and IL-3-dependent 32D cl23, the concentration-dependent proliferative response to IL-3 was essentially identical for both cell types. Scatchard plot analysis for 125I-IL-3 and 125I-GM-CSF binding to FMP2.1 cells at 4 degrees C revealed a single type of binding site for both ligands, with dissociation constants (Kd) of approximately 1 nM for GM-CSF and 8 pM for IL-3. The relatively high affinity IL-3 binding to a large number of available IL-3 receptors was associated with a shallow dose response of the FMP2.1 cells to IL-3, compared to the steep GM-CSF dose response which was mediated through fewer receptor sites of relatively low affinity. Mitogenic stimulation of G1 phase cells was observed with either IL-3 or GM-CSF, and appeared to be unaffected by differences in receptor number or binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hasthorpe
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Cell Biology Group, Melbourne, Australia
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37
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Erba E, Ubezio P, Broggini M, Ponti M, D'Incalci M. DNA damage, cytotoxic effect and cell-cycle perturbation of Hoechst 33342 on L1210 cells in vitro. CYTOMETRY 1988; 9:1-6. [PMID: 3409781 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990090102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of vital dye Hoechst 33342 (HO 33342), at concentrations used to obtain a good DNA histogram resolution, on DNA integrity, cell growth, and cell-cycle phase distribution of L1210 cells. HO 33342 exposure for 2 h, at 37 degrees C produced DNA single-strand breaks as assessed by the method of alkaline elution. DNA single-strand breaks were concentration dependent (in the range .5-5 micrograms/ml) and increased significantly when HO 33342 (0.5-1.5 micrograms/ml) was associated with exposure in a flow cytometer to U.V. laser beam illumination. HO 33342 produced a cytotoxic effect on cell growth even at the concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml--a concentration ten-fold smaller than those required to obtain a good DNA histogram resolution. HO 33342 produced a severe block of the cells in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle already evident 24 h after stain exposure and continuing up to 144 h after start of recovery. A new polyploid cell population (with a 4 c DNA content) not present in the unstained cells was already evident 24 h after dye exposure. The data shown in the present paper would imply caution in using sorted cells stained with HO 33342 dye for biological, biomedical, and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Erba
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
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38
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Krishan A. Effect of drug efflux blockers on vital staining of cellular DNA with Hoechst 33342. CYTOMETRY 1987; 8:642-5. [PMID: 2448094 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990080618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study shows that staining of certain live cells, e.g., adriamycin-resistant P388 cells, by Hoechst 33342 is difficult because of the presence of a rapid efflux pump, which reduces intracellular dye concentration. Coincubation of these refractory cells in the presence of efflux blockers such as phenothiazines (trifluoperazine) or Ca++ channel blockers (verapamil) enhances dye retention and thus leads to generation of normal DNA distribution histograms. Laser flow cytometric data is confirmed by fluorometric assays, which show that P388/R cells retain one-third the amount of Hoechst 33342, and coincubation with efflux blockers increases Hoechst retention to values similar to those of drug-sensitive P388 cells. DNA histograms of mouse splenocytes incubated with Hoechst 33342 alone have a bimodal distribution possibly because of the presence of subpopulations that do not retain the fluorochrome owing to rapid efflux. Coincubation with an efflux blocker results in the generation of unimodal DNA histograms from these cells. These preliminary studies suggest that reduced retention of Hoechst 33342 in certain cell types (because of rapid efflux) can be blocked by efflux blockers, thus leading to generation of typical DNA distribution histograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krishan
- Papanicolaou Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Medical School, Florida 33136
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Makler MT, Lee LG, Recktenwald D. Thiazole orange: a new dye for Plasmodium species analysis. CYTOMETRY 1987; 8:568-70. [PMID: 3322722 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A rapid sensitive method for the determination of Plasmodium falciparum in in vitro culture is presented. The technique employs a fluorescent flow cytometer equipped with a 15-mwatt argon laser that emits light at 488 nm and a membrane-permeable fluorochrome thiazole orange (TO) that stains RNA. Parasitized red cells are stained by suspending them in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 10(-5) M of TO and incubating this mixture for 15 min in the dark at room temperature. The stained cells may be analyzed fresh or after fixation with 1% paraformaldehyde/PBS or 0.25% glutaraldehyde/PBS. Alternatively the cells may be fixed first and then stained. There is excellent correspondence between the number of fluorescent-labeled parasitized red cells and Giemsa-stained cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Makler
- Laboratory Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201
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40
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Bigler RD. A comparison of low-power helium-cadmium and argon ultraviolet lasers in commercial flow cytometers. CYTOMETRY 1987; 8:441-4. [PMID: 2444396 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of installing a low power ultraviolet (UV) laser in a commercial flow cytometer was evaluated by testing an Ortho Cytofluorograf 50HH and a Coulter Epics V. Both instruments were equipped with two argon ion lasers, one emitting at 488 nm and the other in the UV region and were tested by measuring the DNA content of cells stained with Hoechst 33342 or DAPI. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the G0/G1 peak of the DNA histograms produced by each instrument did not deteriorate markedly when results obtained at 100-125 mW were compared to those obtained at 10 mW. These tests indicated that a helium-cadmium laser (He-Cd) which can produce 10 mW at 325 nm should work well as a UV laser in these instruments. An Ortho Cytofluorograf IIs was purchased with a 10 mW He-Cd laser installed in the forward position. Studies of DNA content have confirmed that this low power UV laser can produce CVs of 2.2% with DAPI stained fixed cells and 3.6% with Hoechst 33342 stained viable lymphocytes. Thus, the He-Cd laser should provide a reasonable alternative as a UV source for flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Bigler
- Department of Neoplastic Diseases, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102
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41
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Rice GC, Dean PN, Gray JW, Dewey WC. An ultra-pure in vitro phase synchrony method employing centrifugal elutriation and viable flow cytometric cell sorting. CYTOMETRY 1984; 5:289-98. [PMID: 6539665 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990050312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a method of synchronizing cells in G1-, S-, and G2M-phases employing sequential centrifugal elutriation and viable flow cytometric cell sorting of Hoechst-33342 stained Chinese hamster ovary cells. G1- and S-phase cells can be separated to greater than 99% homogeneity and G2-M to 70% purity. Most of the 30% contamination in the G2-M fraction was due to S-phase cells, whose reproductive integrity could be eliminated through the use of high specific activity 3H-TdR. There were minimal toxic effects or perturbations to growth following the selection procedures. The most significant limitation of this technique appears to be the rate of cell sorting, which, with current equipment, is approximately 3,000 cells per second.
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Gregoire M, Hernandez-Verdun D, Bouteille M. Visualization of chromatin distribution in living PTO cells by Hoechst 33342 fluorescent staining. Exp Cell Res 1984; 152:38-46. [PMID: 6201374 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(84)90228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin distribution was visualized in living cells with the selective DNA fluorochrome Hoechst 33342. This dye was shown to be non-toxic on the rat kangaroo PTO cell line by measuring the labelled cell growth rate. The aim of this work was firstly to visualize chromatin distribution without fixation or dehydration and secondly to demonstrate that quantitative determination of DNA content was possible under these non-toxic labelling conditions. During interphase, condensed, decondensed and thin network chromatin configurations were visualized. In nucleolar regions the fluorochrome revealed well-defined chromocentres. During mitosis, fluorescent chromosome banding was observed in vital conditions and chromocentres on fixed chromosomes. Chromatin segregation was visualized after micronucleation, which induced chromosomal set distribution in individual micronuclei. By this means, we demonstrated that the chromocentres observed in interphase nuclei were part of nuclear organizer region (NOR)-bearing chromosomes. This vital staining of chromatin was shown to be compatible with the quantitative determination of DNA content, both in living PTO cells and in isolated nuclei.
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Applications of Flow Cytometry to Tissue Culture Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-007903-2.50009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Van Zant G, Fry CG. Hoechst 33342 staining of mouse bone marrow: effects on colony-forming cells. CYTOMETRY 1983; 4:40-6. [PMID: 6193930 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have systematically studied the effect on hemopoietic colony-forming cells of staining cellular DNA with the bisbenzimidazole dye, Hoechst 33342. Mouse bone marrow cells could be adequately stained in a 30-60 min incubation with a 5 microM concentration of stain. Flow-cytometric analysis of stained cells provided cell distributions with coefficients of variation for the G1 peaks of 6% or less under these conditions. We found considerable heterogeneity among hemopoietic colony-forming cells with respect to the toxicity of the dye. Toxicity in the proliferatively quiescent stem cell population was not changed when the population became proliferatively active. In the sequence of most sensitive to least sensitive, the five progenitors studied could be arranged as follows: CFU-M, a megakaryocyte colony-forming cell; CFU-E, a relatively differentiated erythroid precursor; BFU-E, a primitive erythroid precursor; CFU-GM, a granulocyte-macrophage precursor; and CFU-S, the spleen colony-forming cell or hemopoietic stem cell. A staining procedure involving a 30-min exposure to 5 microM Hoechst 33342 provided optimal staining and no loss in four of the five progenitor populations; the CFU-M population was diminished by about 50%. We conclude that Hoechst can be regarded as a vital DNA stain for most bone marrow precursor populations, including the hemopoietic stem cell.
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