1
|
Handley S, Anwer AG, Knab A, Bhargava A, Goldys EM. AutoMitoNetwork: Software for analyzing mitochondrial networks in autofluorescence images to enable label-free cell classification. Cytometry A 2024. [PMID: 39078083 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
High-resolution mitochondria imaging in combination with image analysis tools have significantly advanced our understanding of cellular function in health and disease. However, most image analysis tools for mitochondrial studies have been designed to work with fluorescently labeled images only. Additionally, efforts to integrate features describing mitochondrial networks with machine learning techniques for the differentiation of cell types have been limited. Herein, we present AutoMitoNetwork software for image-based assessment of mitochondrial networks in label-free autofluorescence images using a range of interpretable morphological, intensity, and textural features. To demonstrate its utility, we characterized unstained mitochondrial networks in healthy retinal cells and in retinal cells exposed to two types of treatments: rotenone, which directly inhibited mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, and iodoacetic acid, which had a milder impact on mitochondrial networks via the inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis. For both cases, our multi-dimensional feature analysis combined with a support vector machine classifier distinguished between healthy cells and those treated with rotenone or iodoacetic acid. Subtle changes in morphological features were measured including increased fragmentation in the treated retinal cells, pointing to an association with metabolic mechanisms. AutoMitoNetwork opens new options for image-based machine learning in label-free imaging, diagnostics, and mitochondrial disease drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Handley
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ayad G Anwer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aline Knab
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Akanksha Bhargava
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hindle MS, Cheah LT, Yates DM, Naseem KM. Preanalytical conditions for multiparameter platelet flow cytometry. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:102205. [PMID: 37854456 PMCID: PMC10579537 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flow cytometry is an important technique for understanding multiple aspects of blood platelet biology. Despite the widespread use of the platform for assessing platelet function, the optimization and careful consideration of preanalytical conditions, sample processing techniques, and data analysis strategies should be regularly assessed. When set up and designed with optimal conditions, it can ensure the acquisition of robust and reproducible flow cytometry data. However, these parameters are rarely described despite their importance. Objectives We aimed to characterize the effects of several preanalytical variables on the analysis of blood platelets by multiparameter fluorescent flow cytometry. Methods We assessed anticoagulant choice, sample material, sample processing, and storage times on 4 distinct and commonly used markers of platelet activation, including fibrinogen binding, expression of CD62P and CD42b, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Results The use of suboptimal conditions led to increases in basal platelet activity and reduced sensitivities to stimulation; however, the use of optimal conditions protected the platelets from artifactual stimulation and preserved basal activity and sensitivity to activation. Conclusion The optimal preanalytical conditions identified here for the measurement of platelet phenotype by flow cytometry suggest a framework for future development of multiparameter platelet assays for high-quality data sets and advanced analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Hindle
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
- Centre for Biomedical Science Research, School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - Lih T. Cheah
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Daisie M. Yates
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Khalid M. Naseem
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Robinson JP, Ostafe R, Iyengar SN, Rajwa B, Fischer R. Flow Cytometry: The Next Revolution. Cells 2023; 12:1875. [PMID: 37508539 PMCID: PMC10378642 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Unmasking the subtleties of the immune system requires both a comprehensive knowledge base and the ability to interrogate that system with intimate sensitivity. That task, to a considerable extent, has been handled by an iterative expansion in flow cytometry methods, both in technological capability and also in accompanying advances in informatics. As the field of fluorescence-based cytomics matured, it reached a technological barrier at around 30 parameter analyses, which stalled the field until spectral flow cytometry created a fundamental transformation that will likely lead to the potential of 100 simultaneous parameter analyses within a few years. The simultaneous advance in informatics has now become a watershed moment for the field as it competes with mature systematic approaches such as genomics and proteomics, allowing cytomics to take a seat at the multi-omics table. In addition, recent technological advances try to combine the speed of flow systems with other detection methods, in addition to fluorescence alone, which will make flow-based instruments even more indispensable in any biological laboratory. This paper outlines current approaches in cell analysis and detection methods, discusses traditional and microfluidic sorting approaches as well as next-generation instruments, and provides an early look at future opportunities that are likely to arise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Robinson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Raluca Ostafe
- Molecular Evolution, Protein Engineering and Production Facility (PI4D), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Spurgeon BEJ, Frelinger AL. Platelet Phenotyping by Full Spectrum Flow Cytometry. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e687. [PMID: 36779850 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Platelets play key roles in hemostasis, immunity, and inflammation, and tests of platelet phenotype and function are useful in studies of disease biology and pathology. Full spectrum flow cytometry offers distinct advantages over standard tests and enables the sensitive and simultaneous detection of many biomarkers. A typical assay provides a wealth of information on platelet biology and allows the assessment of in vivo activation and in vitro reactivity, as well as the discovery of novel phenotypes. Here, we describe the analysis of platelets by full spectrum flow cytometry and discuss a range of controls and methods for interpreting results. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Platelet phenotyping by full spectrum flow cytometry Support Protocol 1: Spectral unmixing Support Protocol 2: Data preprocessing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E J Spurgeon
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L Frelinger
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Comparative flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes before and after fixation with paraformaldehyde. J Immunol Methods 2022; 511:113379. [PMID: 36279962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry based immunophenotyping provides prime insight into cellular population composition and characteristics, and is widely used in basic and clinical research. Challenges in processing peripheral blood samples in a timely manner necessitate protocol adaptations and utilization of fixatives. Fixation, however, may introduce artifacts to the flow cytometry readout. We performed a comparative flow cytometry immunophenotyping analysis of 13 immune cell populations in the whole blood using a staining protocol with and without fixation step. Freshly procured human peripheral blood samples were stained with a panel of 33 fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies. Samples were processed using a protocol with or without a paraformaldehyde-based fixation step, and matching sample pairs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results show that paraformaldehyde-based fixation, in comparison to matched unfixed samples, did not significantly affect population distribution and frequency for: B cells, Plasmablasts, Dendritic cells, NK cells, Granulocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, or Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells. However, fixation led to significant marker shifts in the subpopulation distribution in CD4, T regulatory, CD8, Monocytes, and Basophils. These results indicate the importance of pre-experimental assessment of fixation-introduced artifacts in the flow cytometry output when considering the feasibility of fresh processing. This is especially important for samples analyzed using comprehensive exploratory immunoprofiling panels.
Collapse
|
6
|
Alcántara-Hernández M, Idoyaga J. Mass cytometry profiling of human dendritic cells in blood and tissues. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4855-4877. [PMID: 34480131 PMCID: PMC10538357 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system comprises distinct functionally specialized cell populations, which can be characterized in depth by mass cytometry protein profiling. Unfortunately, the low-throughput nature of mass cytometry has made it challenging to analyze minor cell populations. This is the case for dendritic cells, which represent 0.2-2% of all immune cells in tissues and yet perform the critical task of initiating and modulating immune responses. Here, we provide an optimized step-by-step protocol for the characterization of well-known and emerging human dendritic cell populations in blood and tissues using mass cytometry. We provide detailed instructions for the generation of single-cell suspensions, sample enrichment, staining, acquisition and data analysis. We also include a barcoding option that reduces acquisition variability and allows the analysis of low numbers of dendritic cells, i.e., ~20,000. In contrast to other protocols, we emphasize the use of negative selection approaches to enrich for minor populations of immune cells while avoiding their activation. The entire procedure can be completed in 2-3 d and can be conveniently paused at several stages. The procedure described in this robust and reliable protocol allows the analysis of human dendritic cells in health and disease and during vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Alcántara-Hernández
- Microbiology & Immunology Department and Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Microbiology & Immunology Department and Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Isozaki Y, Tsumoto K, Tomita M. Conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies recognizing the native structure of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107872. [PMID: 34182241 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is quite difficult to generate monoclonal antibodies that recognize the three-dimensional structures of the antigens of interest. To address this limitation, we developed a new hybridoma technology termed "optimized stereospecific targeting (SST)". Here we aimed at generating stereospecific monoclonal antibodies against a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The optimized SST technique enabled the efficient production of conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies against human corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (huCRHR1). Hybridoma cells secreting stereospecific monoclonal antibodies were selectively cloned by a limiting dilution method and the target monoclonal antibodies were purified by protein A column chromatography. They specifically cross-reacted with native huCRHR1 expressed on the surface of CHO cells, whereas they showed no affinity for MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, which abundantly express EphA2 on the cell surface. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that treatment of huCRHR1-expressing CHO cells with 4% paraformaldehyde led to a decrease in the affinity of purified monoclonal antibodies for intact huCRHR1 on the cell surface. In addition, purified monoclonal antibodies showed no cross-reactivity with huCRHR1 expressed on Sf9 insect cells. These results strongly suggest that monoclonal antibodies generated by the optimized SST technique feature specific binding to the intact form of the target GPCR on mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Isozaki
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Kanta Tsumoto
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomita
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baczewska M, Eder K, Ketelhut S, Kemper B, Kujawińska M. Refractive Index Changes of Cells and Cellular Compartments Upon Paraformaldehyde Fixation Acquired by Tomographic Phase Microscopy. Cytometry A 2021; 99:388-398. [PMID: 32959478 PMCID: PMC8048569 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative phase imaging is an emerging method, which provides the 3D distribution of the refractive index (RI) and the dry mass in live and fixed cells as well as in tissues. However, an insufficiently answered question is the influence of chemical cell fixation procedures on the results of RI reconstructions. Therefore, this work is devoted to systematic investigations on the RI in cellular organelles of live and fixed cells including nucleus, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm. The research was carried out on four different cell lines using a common paraformaldehyde (PFA)-based fixation protocol. The selected cell types represent the diversity of mammalian cells and therefore the results presented provide a picture of fixation caused RI changes in a broader context. A commercial Tomocube HT-1S device was used for 3D RI acquisition. The changes in the RI values after the fixation process are detected in the reconstructed phase distributions and amount to the order of 10-3 . The RI values decrease and the observed RI changes are found to be different between various cell lines; however, all of them show the most significant loss in the nucleolus. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the evident need for standardized preparation procedures in phase tomographic measurements. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Baczewska
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Sw. Boboli 8 St.Warsaw02‐525Poland
| | - Kai Eder
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster Mendelstr 17MuensterD‐48149Germany
| | - Steffi Ketelhut
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster Mendelstr 17MuensterD‐48149Germany
| | - Björn Kemper
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster Mendelstr 17MuensterD‐48149Germany
| | - Małgorzata Kujawińska
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Sw. Boboli 8 St.Warsaw02‐525Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Difference between mitogen-stimulated B and T cells in nonspecific binding of R-phycoerythrin-conjugated antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2021; 493:113013. [PMID: 33689808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific binding of conjugated antibodies represents a critical step which could significantly influence the results of immunostaining or flow cytometry. In this respect, various staining procedures and distinct cell types can alter the results obtained with different fluorochromes. In this study, we analysed nonspecific binding of R-phycoerythrin (R-PE)-conjugated antibodies to mouse mitogen-stimulated B and T lymphocytes. The cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained using isotype control antibodies conjugated with different fluorochromes and assessed by flow cytometry. R-PE-conjugated antibodies bound to LPS-stimulated B cells, in contrast to Con A-stimulated T cells, independently of their specificity. The percentage of R-PE positive B cells varied, according to the used antibodies or the fixation/permeabilization kit. Nevertheless, up to 30% of R-PE+ B cells after staining with R-PE-conjugated isotype control antibodies was detected. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated B cells bound nonspecifically, in a dose-dependent manner, unconjugated R-PE molecules. Con A-stimulated T cells slightly bound R-PE only in high concentrations. Similarly, the antibodies conjugated with other fluorochromes showed less than 1% of nonspecific binding independently of the manufacturer of antibodies or fixation/permeabilization kits. The data demonstrated that LPS-stimulated B cells, in contrast to Con A-stimulated T cells, bind R-PE nonspecifically following formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde fixation. Therefore, the results based on the use of R-PE-conjugated antibodies should be taken with a precaution.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jin Y, Jones L, Gorbet M. Investigation of the response of tear-film neutrophils to interleukin 8 and their sensitivity to centrifugation, fixation, and incubation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19690. [PMID: 33184318 PMCID: PMC7665065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During eye closure, a large number of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils, PMNs) invade the ocular surface and are often referred to as tear-film PMNs. While immunophenotyping experiments have been performed on tear-film PMNs, the impact of commonly used experimental procedures on their phenotype as well as their response to interleukin-8 (IL-8), a physiological inflammatory mediator, have not yet been investigated. A gentle eye wash method was used to collect cells at home. In the morning upon awaking, participants washed their eyes with sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and collected the runoff into a sterile polypropylene tube. The cell collection was then delivered to the lab within two hours. The effects of centrifugation, incubation and fixation with paraformaldehyde (PFA) before (pre-fixed staining) or after (post-fixed staining) incubation with antibodies were characterized. Tear-film PMNs as well as blood PMNs (used for comparison) were also stimulated with IL-8. To assess the reproducibility of cell collection and variability in receptor expression over time, participants were also asked to collect cells three times over a period of a month. The change in expression of surface receptors, CD11b, CD16, CD55, CD66b, important inflammatory and activation markers, and CD45 (PAN leukocyte marker) was assessed by flow cytometry. Fixing tear-film PMNs prior to the staining with antibodies resulted in a significant (fivefold or more) reduction in the expression of CD11b, CD16 and CD45 when compared to unfixed samples, while CD16 was the only receptor to undergo significant downregulation upon post-staining fixation. Furthermore, additional centrifugation step prior to antibody incubation as well as long (4 h) incubation at 37 °C resulted in significant reductions in expression of CD11b, CD16 and CD55 when compared to control samples. As opposed to blood PMNs, stimulating tear-film PMNs with IL-8 did not induce any significant changes in expression of CD11b, CD16, CD55 and CD66b. When working with collected tear-film PMNs, our results suggest that any additional centrifugation and incubation step should be avoided, or at least limited, and post fixation staining is recommended in order to preserve cell phenotype and cell integrity of tear film PMNs. Our study also adds further information on the reproducibility of the gentle eye wash as well as the inability of tear-film PMNs to modulate their surface receptors upon stimulation with IL-8. The latter may be due to prior exposure to IL-8, activation in the closed-eye environment, or a reduced ability to respond to inflammatory stimulus. Further mechanistic studies will be needed to gain a better understanding of the tear-film neutrophil phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Jin
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Maud Gorbet
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yaw HP, Van Den Helm S, Linden M, Monagle P, Ignjatovic V. Whole blood flow cytometry protocol for the assessment of platelet phenotype, function, and cellular interactions. Platelets 2020; 32:786-793. [PMID: 32881599 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1810222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are a key component of the hemostatic system and their roles in inflammation via interactions with leukocytes have also gained attention in recent years. Changes in platelet phenotype and function can cause bleeding and/or thrombosis and, as such, monitoring platelet-specific changes is crucial to assessing hemostasis in the clinical setting. Currently, available platelet function tests such as platelet aggregometry and thromboelastography require a large volume of blood, which is a major limitation for the pediatric population. Whole blood flow cytometric analysis of platelets is increasingly utilized in recent years, primarily due to the sensitivity of this method, but also because it only requires a small amount of blood with minimal sample manipulation. We have developed a whole blood flow cytometry methodological approach that enables the assessment of platelet phenotype, function, and their interactions with monocytes and neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ping Yaw
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suelyn Van Den Helm
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Linden
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Haematology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eidhof HHM, Gratama JW, Mulder AHL. Comparison of three methods to stabilize
bronchoalveolar
lavage cells for flowcytometric analysis. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 100:377-383. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harrie H. M. Eidhof
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Medlon BV Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Jan W. Gratama
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. H. Leontine Mulder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Medlon BV Enschede The Netherlands
- Ziekenhuis Groep Twente Almelo The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Circulating adult stem and progenitor cell numbers-can results be trusted? Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:305. [PMID: 31623690 PMCID: PMC6798345 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the last years, the interest in physical exercise as non-invasive stimulus influencing circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (CPC) concentrations has constantly grown. Cell estimates are often derived by determining the subgroup of CPC as percent lymphocytes (LYM) or mononuclear cells (MNC) via flow cytometry and back calculation over whole blood (WB) cell counts. However, results might depend on the used cell isolation technique and/or gating strategy. We aimed to investigate MNC loss and apoptosis during the flow cytometry sample preparation process preceded by either density gradient centrifugation (DGC) or red blood cell lysis (RBCL) and the potential difference between results derived from back calculation at different stages of cell isolation and from WB. METHODS Human blood was subjected to DGC and RBCL. Samples were stained for flow cytometry analysis of CPC (CD34+/CD45dim) and apoptosis analysis (Annexin V) of MNC and CPC subsets. MNC and LYM gating strategies were compared. RESULTS Both DGC as well as RBCL yielded comparable CPC concentrations independent of the gating strategy when back calculated over WB values. However, cell loss and apoptosis differed between techniques, where after DGC LYM, and monocyte (MONO) concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), while after RBCL LYM concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and MONO concentrations increased (p < 0.001). LYM apoptosis was comparable between techniques, but MONO apoptosis was higher after DGC than RBCL (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Investigated MNC counts (LYM/MONO ratio) after cell isolation and staining did not always mimic WB conditions. Thus, final CPC results should be corrected accordingly, especially when reporting live CPC concentrations after DGC; otherwise, the CPC regenerative potential in circulation could be biased. This is of high importance in the context of non-invasively induced CPC mobilization such as by acute physical exercise, since these cell changes are small and conclusions drawn from published results might affect further applications of physical exercise as non-invasive therapy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fauré S, Van Agthoven A, Bernot D, Altié A, Grino M, Alessi MC, Malergue F, Canault M. A Novel Rapid Method of Red Blood Cell and Platelet Permeabilization and Staining for Flow Cytometry Analysis. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2019; 96:426-435. [PMID: 31301165 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow cytometry essentially focuses on surface-expressed proteins, with few protocols being devoted to intracellular components. We evaluated a two-step procedure using new formaldehyde-free permeabilization and staining reagents that allow the staining of platelets and red blood cells (RBCs) from whole blood. METHODS Citrated blood was treated with the new staining protocol (NSP) or control reagent (phosphate-buffered solution bovine serum albumin) and stained with antibodies against surface or intracellular markers. The effects of the NSP on cell integrity, morphology, and content were evaluated. RESULTS The NSP slightly reduced the cell count (~20%) and changed the RBC morphology with a 42% mean diameter reduction. Conversely, the NSP did not affect platelet discoid morphology and led to a minor size decrease (11%). These morphological changes neither impelled a gating strategy modification nor interfered with the discrimination among populations based on surface markers. The NSP provided intracellular access to all the tested antigens: CD62P, FXIII, and CD63 in platelets and glycated and fetal hemoglobin (HbA1c and HbF) and nucleic acid in RBCs. The NSP gave excellent intra-assay precision with minimal impact on cell morphology and fluorescence labelling over time (up to 24 h). CONCLUSIONS With the ability to detect surface and intracellular antigens through a rapid preparation protocol without washing steps or toxic formaldehyde treatment, this NSP designed for research offers a marked improvement in the analysis of platelets and RBCs isolated directly from whole blood. Consequently, the NSP opens new avenues to investigate platelet degranulation and erythrocyte subpopulations. © 2019 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixtine Fauré
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Beckman Coulter Life Sciences Immunotech, Marseille, France
| | | | - Denis Bernot
- Centre de référence sur les pathologies plaquettaires (CRPP), CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Michel Grino
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Alessi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Centre de référence sur les pathologies plaquettaires (CRPP), CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Cell surface proteins are widely studied in the search for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets, but there is little information available about the surfaceome of individual cells, and this is difficult to obtain experimentally, especially in heterogeneous samples. Flow cytometry is a simple and robust tool for assessing cell surface protein expression on a single-cell level in a wide variety of cell types. However, due to the cost and relative scarcity of reagents, it is typically limited to interrogating known markers, screening small curated subsets of likely candidates, or validating targets obtained via other high throughput methods such as transcriptional profiling. Given recent advances in our understanding of stem cells, tumor-initiating cells, and other rare populations in seemingly homogenous samples, and the relative lack of correlation between the transcriptome and the surfaceome, large-scale flow cytometry screens have become an appealing option. A relatively exhaustive microarray-like flow cytometry screening platform can reveal unexpected markers or sub-populations that are not readily detected by other methods. The single-cell resolution, reliability, and simplicity of flow cytometry and the additional benefit of sub-population/heterogeneity discrimination with the addition of functional and/or phenotypic co-stains allow for the rapid generation of very reliable data from a wide variety of samples at a low cost per sample. These larger datasets can be used for more elaborate bioinformatics, such as hierarchical clustering. Here we describe a method for high throughput cell surface profiling using conventional single or multicolor flow cytometry, which can be adapted to an antibody panel of any size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Paterson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Laurie E Ailles
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stradleigh TW, Ishida AT. Fixation strategies for retinal immunohistochemistry. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48:181-202. [PMID: 25892361 PMCID: PMC4543575 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical and ex vivo anatomical studies have provided many glimpses of the variety, distribution, and signaling components of vertebrate retinal neurons. The beauty of numerous images published to date, and the qualitative and quantitative information they provide, indicate that these approaches are fundamentally useful. However, obtaining these images entailed tissue handling and exposure to chemical solutions that differ from normal extracellular fluid in composition, temperature, and osmolarity. Because the differences are large enough to alter intercellular and intracellular signaling in neurons, and because retinae are susceptible to crush, shear, and fray, it is natural to wonder if immunohistochemical and anatomical methods disturb or damage the cells they are designed to examine. Tissue fixation is typically incorporated to guard against this damage and is therefore critically important to the quality and significance of the harvested data. Here, we describe mechanisms of fixation; advantages and disadvantages of using formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde as fixatives during immunohistochemistry; and modifications of widely used protocols that have recently been found to improve cell shape preservation and immunostaining patterns, especially in proximal retinal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Stradleigh
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew T Ishida
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pachynski RK, Scholz A, Monnier J, Butcher EC, Zabel BA. Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model. J Vis Exp 2015:52657. [PMID: 25938949 PMCID: PMC4541547 DOI: 10.3791/52657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized immune cells that infiltrate the tumor microenvironment regulate the growth and survival of neoplasia. Malignant cells must elude or subvert anti-tumor immune responses in order to survive and flourish. Tumors take advantage of a number of different mechanisms of immune "escape," including the recruitment of tolerogenic DC, immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that inhibit cytotoxic anti-tumor responses. Conversely, anti-tumor effector immune cells can slow the growth and expansion of malignancies: immunostimulatory dendritic cells, natural killer cells which harbor innate anti-tumor immunity, and cytotoxic T cells all can participate in tumor suppression. The balance between pro- and anti-tumor leukocytes ultimately determines the behavior and fate of transformed cells; a multitude of human clinical studies have borne this out. Thus, detailed analysis of leukocyte subsets within the tumor microenvironment has become increasingly important. Here, we describe a method for analyzing infiltrating leukocyte subsets present in the tumor microenvironment in a mouse tumor model. Mouse B16 melanoma tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice. At a specified time, tumors and surrounding skin were resected en bloc and processed into single cell suspensions, which were then stained for multi-color flow cytometry. Using a variety of leukocyte subset markers, we were able to compare the relative percentages of infiltrating leukocyte subsets between control and chemerin-expressing tumors. Investigators may use such a tool to study the immune presence in the tumor microenvironment and when combined with traditional caliper size measurements of tumor growth, will potentially allow them to elucidate the impact of changes in immune composition on tumor growth. Such a technique can be applied to any tumor model in which the tumor and its microenvironment can be resected and processed.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell K Pachynski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine;
| | - Alexander Scholz
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Justin Monnier
- Palo Alto Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System; Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Brian A Zabel
- Palo Alto Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Freeman CM, Crudgington S, Stolberg VR, Brown JP, Sonstein J, Alexis NE, Doerschuk CM, Basta PV, Carretta EE, Couper DJ, Hastie AT, Kaner RJ, O'Neal WK, Paine R, Rennard SI, Shimbo D, Woodruff PG, Zeidler M, Curtis JL. Design of a multi-center immunophenotyping analysis of peripheral blood, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS). J Transl Med 2015; 13:19. [PMID: 25622723 PMCID: PMC4314767 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcomes in COPD Study (SPIROMICS) is a multi-center longitudinal, observational study to identify novel phenotypes and biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In a subset of 300 subjects enrolled at six clinical centers, we are performing flow cytometric analyses of leukocytes from induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and peripheral blood. To minimize several sources of variability, we use a "just-in-time" design that permits immediate staining without pre-fixation of samples, followed by centralized analysis on a single instrument. METHODS The Immunophenotyping Core prepares 12-color antibody panels, which are shipped to the six Clinical Centers shortly before study visits. Sputum induction occurs at least two weeks before a bronchoscopy visit, at which time peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage are collected. Immunostaining is performed at each clinical site on the day that the samples are collected. Samples are fixed and express shipped to the Immunophenotyping Core for data acquisition on a single modified LSR II flow cytometer. Results are analyzed using FACS Diva and FloJo software and cross-checked by Core scientists who are blinded to subject data. RESULTS Thus far, a total of 152 sputum samples and 117 samples of blood and BAL have been returned to the Immunophenotyping Core. Initial quality checks indicate useable data from 126 sputum samples (83%), 106 blood samples (91%) and 91 BAL samples (78%). In all three sample types, we are able to identify and characterize the activation state or subset of multiple leukocyte cell populations (including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils), thereby demonstrating the validity of the antibody panel. CONCLUSIONS Our study design, which relies on bi-directional communication between clinical centers and the Core according to a pre-specified protocol, appears to reduce several sources of variability often seen in flow cytometric studies involving multiple clinical sites. Because leukocytes contribute to lung pathology in COPD, these analyses will help achieve SPIROMICS aims of identifying subgroups of patients with specific COPD phenotypes. Future analyses will correlate cell-surface markers on a given cell type with smoking history, spirometry, airway measurements, and other parameters. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01969344 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Freeman
- Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Sean Crudgington
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Valerie R Stolberg
- Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Jeanette P Brown
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Joanne Sonstein
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Neil E Alexis
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Center for Airways Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Patricia V Basta
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Elizabeth E Carretta
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - David J Couper
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Annette T Hastie
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Robert J Kaner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Wanda K O'Neal
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Robert Paine
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Stephen I Rennard
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Prescott G Woodruff
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Michelle Zeidler
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Section, Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section (506/111G), Department of Veterans Affairs Healthsystem, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-2303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ertürk A, Lafkas D, Chalouni C. Imaging cleared intact biological systems at a cellular level by 3DISCO. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 25046566 PMCID: PMC4212806 DOI: 10.3791/51382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue clearing and subsequent imaging of transparent organs is a powerful method to analyze fluorescently labeled cells and molecules in 3D, in intact organs. Unlike traditional histological methods, where the tissue of interest is sectioned for fluorescent imaging, 3D imaging of cleared tissue allows examination of labeled cells and molecules in the entire specimen. To this end, optically opaque tissues should be rendered transparent by matching the refractory indices throughout the tissue. Subsequently, the tissue can be imaged at once using laser-scanning microscopes to obtain a complete high-resolution 3D image of the specimen. A growing list of tissue clearing protocols including 3DISCO, CLARITY, Sca/e, ClearT2, and SeeDB provide new ways for researchers to image their tissue of interest as a whole. Among them, 3DISCO is a highly reproducible and straightforward method, which can clear different types of tissues and can be utilized with various microscopy techniques. This protocol describes this straightforward procedure and presents its various applications. It also discusses the limitations and possible difficulties and how to overcome them.
Collapse
|
20
|
Johansson U, Bloxham D, Couzens S, Jesson J, Morilla R, Erber W, Macey M. Guidelines on the use of multicolour flow cytometry in the diagnosis of haematological neoplasms. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:455-88. [PMID: 24620735 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
21
|
Bester J, Buys AV, Lipinski B, Kell DB, Pretorius E. High ferritin levels have major effects on the morphology of erythrocytes in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:88. [PMID: 24367334 PMCID: PMC3853801 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Unliganded iron both contributes to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and also changes the morphology of erythrocytes (RBCs). We tested the hypothesis that these two facts might be linked, i.e., that the RBCs of AD individuals have a variant morphology, that might have diagnostic or prognostic value. Methods: We included a literature survey of AD and its relationships to the vascular system, followed by a laboratory study. Four different microscopy techniques were used and results statistically compared to analyze trends between high and normal serum ferritin (SF) AD individuals. Results: Light and scanning electron microscopies showed little difference between the morphologies of RBCs taken from healthy individuals and from normal SF AD individuals. By contrast, there were substantial changes in the morphology of RBCs taken from high SF AD individuals. These differences were also observed using confocal microscopy and as a significantly greater membrane stiffness (measured using force-distance curves). Conclusion: We argue that high ferritin levels may contribute to an accelerated pathology in AD. Our findings reinforce the importance of (unliganded) iron in AD, and suggest the possibility both of an early diagnosis and some means of treating or slowing down the progress of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Antoinette V Buys
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of Pretoria Arcadia, South Africa
| | | | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester Lancs, UK
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Arcadia, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Streitz M, Miloud T, Kapinsky M, Reed MR, Magari R, Geissler EK, Hutchinson JA, Vogt K, Schlickeiser S, Kverneland AH, Meisel C, Volk HD, Sawitzki B. Standardization of whole blood immune phenotype monitoring for clinical trials: panels and methods from the ONE study. Transplant Res 2013; 2:17. [PMID: 24160259 PMCID: PMC3827923 DOI: 10.1186/2047-1440-2-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune monitoring by flow cytometry is a fast and highly informative way of studying the effects of novel therapeutics aimed at reducing transplant rejection or treating autoimmune diseases. The ONE Study consortium has recently initiated a series of clinical trials aimed at using different cell therapies to promote tolerance to renal allografts. To compare the effectiveness of different cell therapies, the consortium developed a robust immune monitoring strategy, including procedures for whole blood (WB) leukocyte subset profiling by flow cytometry. Methods Six leukocyte profiling panels computing 7- to 9-surface marker antigens for monitoring the major leukocyte subsets as well as characteristics of T cell, B cell, and dendritic cell (DC) subsets were designed. The precision and variability of these panels were estimated. The assay was standardized within eight international laboratories using Flow-Set Pro beads for mean fluorescence intensity target definition and the flow cytometer setup procedure. Standardization was demonstrated by performing inter-site comparisons. Results Optimized methods for sample collection, storage, preparation, and analysis were established, including protocols for gating target subsets. WB specimen age testing demonstrated that staining must be performed within 4 hours of sample collection to keep variability low, meaning less than or equal to 10% for the majority of defined leukocyte subsets. Inter-site comparisons between all participating centers testing shipped normal WB revealed good precision, with a variability of 0.05% to 30% between sites. Intra-assay analyses revealed a variability of 0.05% to 20% for the majority of subpopulations. This was dependent on the frequency of the particular subset, with smaller subsets showing higher variability. The intra-assay variability performance defined limits of quantitation (LoQ) for subsets, which will be the basis for assessing statistically significant differences achieved by the different cell therapies. Conclusions Local performance and central analysis of the ONE Study flow cytometry panel yields acceptable variability in a standardized assay at multiple international sites. These panels and procedures with WB allow unmanipulated analysis of changes in absolute cell numbers of leukocyte subsets in single- or multicenter clinical trials. Accordingly, we propose the ONE Study panel may be adopted as a standardized method for monitoring patients in clinical trials enrolling transplant patients, particularly trials of novel tolerance promoting therapies, to facilitate fair and meaningful comparisons between trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun Y, Sun Y, Lin G, Zhang R, Zhang K, Xie J, Wang L, Li J. Multicolor flow cytometry analysis of the proliferations of T-lymphocyte subsets in vitro by EdU incorporation. Cytometry A 2012; 81:901-9. [PMID: 22930591 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) incorporation has proved advantageous in the studies of cell kinetics, DNA synthesis, and cellular proliferation in vitro and in vivo compared to [(3) H]thymidine incorporation and BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) incorporation. Here, we describe a method that combines EdU incorporation and immunostaining with flow cytometric analysis to detect the proliferations of T lymphocyte subsets in vitro and optimized the assay's conditions. We found that the number of EdU(+) cells were associated with EdU concentration, incubation time, and the volume of Click reaction solution, the best EdU concentration 10-50 μM, the optimal incubation time 8-12 h and the proper volume of Click volume 100 μl for labeling 1 × 10(6) lymphocytes. Fixation was better to be performed before permeabilization, not together with. Furthermore, the permeabilization detergent reagent, PBS with 0.05% saponin was better than Tris buffer saline (TBS) with 0.1% Triton X-100. In addition, sufficient wash with PBS with 0.05% saponin has no influence on the staining of EdU(+) cells. Also, the lymphocytes incorporating EdU could be stored at 4°C, -80°C, and in liquid nitrogen up to 21 days. The present study will aid in optimization of flow cytometry assay to detect the proliferations of T cell subsets by EdU incorporation and the labeling of cell surface antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Sun
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wauters J, Franck T, Pille F, Martens A, Demeyere K, Sys S, Serteyn D, Gasthuys F, Meyer E. Flow cytometric detection of myeloperoxidase in horse neutrophils: a novel technique in equine diagnostic research. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:417-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
25
|
Lay JC, Peden DB, Alexis NE. Flow cytometry of sputum: assessing inflammation and immune response elements in the bronchial airways. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:392-406. [PMID: 21639708 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.575568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evaluation of sputum leukocytes by flow cytometry (FCM) is an opportunity to assess characteristics of cells residing in the central airways, yet it is hampered by certain inherent properties of sputum including mucus and large amounts of contaminating cells and debris. OBJECTIVE To develop a gating strategy based on specific antibody panels in combination with light scatter properties for flow cytometric evaluation of sputum cells. METHODS Healthy and mild asthmatic volunteers underwent sputum induction. Manually selected mucus "plug" material was treated with dithiothreitol, filtered and total leukocytes acquired. Multicolor FCM was performed using specific gating strategies based on light scatter properties, differential expression of CD45 and cell lineage markers to discriminate leukocytes from squamous epithelial cells and debris. RESULTS The combination of forward scatter and CD45 expression reliably segregated sputum leukocytes from contaminating squamous epithelial cells and debris. Overlap of major leukocyte populations (neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes) required the use of specific antibodies (e.g. CD16, CD64, CD14, HLA-DR) that differentiated granulocytes from monocytes and macrophages. These gating strategies allowed identification of small populations of eosinophils, CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells, B-cells and natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS Multicolor FCM can be successfully applied to sputum samples to identify and characterize leukocyte populations residing on the surfaces of the central airways. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This research describes detailed methods to overcome difficulties associated with FCM of sputum samples, which previously has been lacking in the literature. FCM of sputum samples can provide valuable information on inflammation and immunological response elements in the bronchial airways for both clinical diagnostic and research applications and can be a useful tool in inhalation toxicology for assessing health effects of inhaled environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Lay
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pyzik M, Charbonneau B, Gendron-Pontbriand EM, Babić M, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S, Vidal SM. Distinct MHC class I-dependent NK cell-activating receptors control cytomegalovirus infection in different mouse strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1105-17. [PMID: 21518798 PMCID: PMC3092355 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MCMV-infected cells are recognized by multiple MHC class I–restricted Ly49-activating receptors in genetically distinct mouse strains. Recognition of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)–infected cells by activating NK cell receptors was first described in the context of Ly49H, which confers resistance to C57BL/6 mice. We investigated the ability of other activating Ly49 receptors to recognize MCMV-infected cells in mice from various H-2 backgrounds. We observed that Ly49P1 from NOD/Ltj mice, Ly49L from BALB mice, and Ly49D2 from PWK/Pas mice respond to MCMV-infected cells in the context of H-2Dk and the viral protein m04/gp34. Recognition was also seen in the H-2d and/or H-2f contexts, depending on the Ly49 receptor examined, but never in H-2b. Furthermore, BALB.K (H-2k) mice showed reduced viral loads compared with their H-2d or H-2b congenic partners, a reduction which was dependent on interferon γ secretion by Ly49L+ NK cells early after infection. Adoptive transfer of Ly49L+, but not Ly49L−, NK cells significantly increased resistance against MCMV infection in neonate BALB.K mice. These results suggest that multiple activating Ly49 receptors participate in H-2–dependent recognition of MCMV infection, providing a common mechanism of NK cell–mediated resistance against viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Pyzik
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T5, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Expression of four canine leukocyte adhesion factors in fresh and stored whole blood samples evaluated using a no-lyse, no-wash method. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 139:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
Tölle A, Abdallah Z, Jung K, Bäumler H. Measurement conditions for flow cytometry analyses of cell lines from urological carcinomas. J Fluoresc 2010; 20:779-86. [PMID: 20186472 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prerequisites for successful flow cytometry investigations are specific antibodies labeled with appropriate fluorochromes and negligible autofluorescence of the untreated cells at the wavelength of interest. The aim of this study was (a) to characterize frequently used urological carcinoma cell lines with regard to their autofluorescence properties, (b) to demonstrate the autofluorescence as a serious interfering factor on FACS analysis of urological carcinoma cell lines and (c) to suggest an alternative to avoid interfering autofluorescence. Twenty-one cell lines originating from prostate carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer were included in this study. The various cell lines were read on a flow cytometer in comparison to human erythrocytes as cells with low fluorescence intensity. Urological cell lines show a high autofluorescence when flow cytometry analyses are performed at the frequently used excitation wavelengths at 405 and 488 nm. At excitation wavelength of 633 nm, this problem was reduced and most of the cell lines (14/21) were without autofluorescence at the emission wavelength of 785 nm. In addition, with a spectrofluorometer three exemplary cell lysates were investigated. The above observations were confirmed. The dye APC-Cy7 is one suitable fluorochrome for successful investigation under these measurement conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Tölle
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Luquin E, Pérez-Lorenzo E, Aymerich MS, Mengual E. Two-color fluorescence labeling in acrolein-fixed brain tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:359-68. [PMID: 20051381 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.954495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrolein is a potent fixative that provides both excellent preservation of ultrastructural morphology and retention of antigenicity, thus it is frequently used for immunocytochemical detection of antigens at the electron microscopic level. However, acrolein is not commonly used for fluorescence microscopy because of concerns about possible autofluorescence and destruction of the luminosity of fluorescent dyes. Here we describe a simple protocol that allows fine visualization of two fluorescent markers in 40-mum sections from acrolein-perfused rat brain. Autofluorescence was removed by pretreatment with 1% sodium borohydride for 30 min, and subsequent incubation in a 50% ethanol solution containing 0.3% hydrogen peroxide enhanced fluorescence labeling. Thus, fluorescence labeling can be used for high-quality detection of markers in tissue perfused with acrolein. Furthermore, adjacent acrolein-fixed sections from a single experiment can be processed to produce high-quality results for electron microscopy or fluorescence labeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Luquin
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Area de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hennig C, Adams N, Hansen G. A versatile platform for comprehensive chip-based explorative cytometry. Cytometry A 2009; 75:362-70. [PMID: 19006067 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the immense complexity of the immune system is increasingly hampered by technical limitations of current methodologies, especially for multiparameter- and functional analysis of samples containing small numbers of cells. We here present a method, which is based on the stepwise functional manipulation and analysis of living immune cells that are self-immobilized within microfluidic chips using automated epifluorescence microscopy overcoming current limitations for comprehensive immunophenotyping. Crossvalidation with flow cytometry revealed a 10-fold increased sensitivity and a comparable specificity. By using small sample volumes and cell numbers (2-10 microl, down to 20,000 cells), we were able to analyze a virtually unlimited number of intracellular and surface markers even on living immune cells. We exemplify the scientific and diagnostic potential of this method by (1) identification and phenotyping of rare cells, (2) comprehensive analysis of very limited sample volume, and (3) deep immunophenotyping of human B-cells after in vitro differentiation. Finally, we propose an informatic model for annotation and comparison of cytometric data by using an ontology-based approach. The chip-based cytometry introduced here turned out to be a very useful tool to enable a stepwise exploration of precious, small cell-containing samples with an virtually unlimited number of surface- and intracellular markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hennig
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|