1
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Phelps A, Pazos-Castro D, Urselli F, Grydziuszko E, Mann-Delany O, Fang A, Walker TD, Guruge RT, Tome-Amat J, Diaz-Perales A, Waserman S, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Jordana M, Taylor JJ, Koenig JFE. Production and use of antigen tetramers to study antigen-specific B cells. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:727-751. [PMID: 38243093 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
B cells generate antibodies that provide protection from infection, but also cause pathology in autoimmune and allergic conditions. Antigen-specific B cells can be detected by binding their surface antibody receptors with native antigens conjugated to fluorescent probes, a technique that has revealed substantial insight into B cell activation and function. This protocol describes the process of generating fluorescent antigen tetramer probes and delineates a process of enriching large samples based on antigen-specificity for high-resolution analyses of the antigen-specific B cell repertoire. Enrichment of tetramer-binding cells allows for detection of antigen-specific B cells as rare as 1 in 100 million cells, providing sufficient resolution to study naive B cells and IgE-expressing cells by flow cytometry. The generation of antigen tetramers involves antigen biotinylation, assessment of biotin:antigen ratio for optimal tetramer loading and polymerization around a streptavidin-fluorophore backbone. We also describe the construction of a control tetramer to exclude B cells binding to the tetramer backbone. We provide a framework to validate whether tetramer probes are detecting true antigen-specific B cells and discuss considerations for experimental design. This protocol can be performed by researchers trained in basic biomedical/immunological research techniques, using instrumentation commonly found in most laboratories. Constructing the antigen and control tetramers takes 9 h, though their specificity should be assessed before experimentation and may take weeks to months depending on the method of validation. Sample enrichment requires ~2 h but is generally time and cost neutral as fewer cells are run through the flow cytometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyssa Phelps
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diego Pazos-Castro
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Urselli
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily Grydziuszko
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivia Mann-Delany
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison Fang
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina D Walker
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rangana Talpe Guruge
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaime Tome-Amat
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli Diaz-Perales
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan Waserman
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Joshua F E Koenig
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Israeli S, Louzoun Y. Single-residue linear and conformational B cell epitopes prediction using random and ESM-2 based projections. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae084. [PMID: 38487845 PMCID: PMC10940830 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
B cell epitope prediction methods are separated into linear sequence-based predictors and conformational epitope predictions that typically use the measured or predicted protein structure. Most linear predictions rely on the translation of the sequence to biologically based representations and the applications of machine learning on these representations. We here present CALIBER 'Conformational And LInear B cell Epitopes pRediction', and show that a bidirectional long short-term memory with random projection produces a more accurate prediction (test set AUC=0.789) than all current linear methods. The same predictor when combined with an Evolutionary Scale Modeling-2 projection also improves on the state of the art in conformational epitopes (AUC = 0.776). The inclusion of the graph of the 3D distances between residues did not increase the prediction accuracy. However, the long-range sequence information was essential for high accuracy. While the same model structure was applicable for linear and conformational epitopes, separate training was required for each. Combining the two slightly increased the linear accuracy (AUC 0.775 versus 0.768) and reduced the conformational accuracy (AUC = 0.769).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapir Israeli
- Department of Mathematics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yoram Louzoun
- Department of Mathematics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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3
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Fitzpatrick KS, Degefu HN, Poljakov K, Bibby MG, Remington AJ, Searles TG, Gray MD, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Rosato PC, Taylor JJ. Validation of Ligand Tetramers for the Detection of Antigen-Specific Lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1156-1165. [PMID: 36883850 PMCID: PMC10073333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of Ag-specific lymphocytes has been a key advancement in immunology over the past few decades. The development of multimerized probes containing Ags, peptide:MHC complexes, or other ligands was one innovation allowing the direct study of Ag-specific lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Although these types of study are now common and performed by thousands of laboratories, quality control and assessment of probe quality are often minimal. In fact, many of these types of probe are made in-house, and protocols vary between laboratories. Although peptide:MHC multimers can often be obtained from commercial sources or core facilities, few such services exist for Ag multimers. To ensure high quality and consistency with ligand probes, we have developed an easy and robust multiplexed approach using commercially available beads able to bind Abs specific for the ligand of interest. Using this assay, we have sensitively assessed the performance of peptide:MHC and Ag tetramers and have found considerable batch-to-batch variability in performance and stability over time more easily than using murine or human cell-based assays. This bead-based assay can also reveal common production errors such as miscalculation of Ag concentration. This work could set the stage for the development of standardized assays for all commonly used ligand probes to limit laboratory-to-laboratory technical variation and experimental failure caused by probe underperformance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin S Fitzpatrick
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease PhD Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Hanna N Degefu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Katrina Poljakov
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Madeleine G Bibby
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Allison J Remington
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Tyler G Searles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Matthew D Gray
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Pamela C Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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4
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Hurtado J, Flynn C, Lee JH, Salcedo EC, Cottrell CA, Skog PD, Burton DR, Nemazee D, Schief WR, Landais E, Sok D, Briney B. Efficient isolation of rare B cells using next-generation antigen barcoding. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:962945. [PMID: 36968243 PMCID: PMC10036767 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.962945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to efficiently isolate antigen-specific B cells in high throughput will greatly accelerate the discovery of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and catalyze rational vaccine development. Traditional mAb discovery is a costly and labor-intensive process, although recent advances in single-cell genomics using emulsion microfluidics allow simultaneous processing of thousands of individual cells. Here we present a streamlined method for isolation and analysis of large numbers of antigen-specific B cells, including next generation antigen barcoding and an integrated computational framework for B cell multi-omics. We demonstrate the power of this approach by recovering thousands of antigen-specific mAbs, including the efficient isolation of extremely rare precursors of VRC01-class and IOMA-class broadly neutralizing HIV mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hurtado
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Viral Systems Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Claudia Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eugenia C. Salcedo
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, United States
| | - Patrick D. Skog
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - William R. Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Elise Landais
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, United States
| | - Devin Sok
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Viral Systems Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
- San Diego Center for AIDS Research, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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De Biasi S, Paolini A, Lo Tartaro D, Gibellini L, Cossarizza A. Analysis of Antigen-Specific T and B Cells for Monitoring Immune Protection Against SARS-CoV-2. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e636. [PMID: 36598346 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is the basis of protection against most pathogens. Long-living memory T and B cells able to respond to specific stimuli, as well as persistent antibodies in plasma and in other body fluids, are crucial for determining the efficacy of vaccination and for protecting from a second infection by a previously encountered pathogen. Antigen-specific cells are represented at a very low frequency in the blood, and indeed, they can be considered "rare events" present in the memory T-cell pool. Therefore, such events should be analyzed with careful attention. In the last 20 years, different methods, mostly based upon flow cytometry, have been developed to identify such rare antigen-specific cells, and the COVID-19 pandemic has given a dramatic impetus to characterize the immune response against the virus. In this regard, we know that the identification, enumeration, and characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells following infection and/or vaccination require i) the use of specific peptides and adequate co-stimuli, ii) the use of appropriate inhibitors to avoid nonspecific activation, iii) the setting of appropriate timing for stimulation, and iv) the choice of adequate markers and reagents to identify antigen-specific cells. Optimization of these procedures allows not only determination of the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific responses but also a comparison of the effects of different combinations of vaccines or determination of the response provided by so-called "hybrid immunity," resulting from a combination of natural immunity and vaccine-generated immunity. Here, we present two methods that are largely used to monitor the response magnitude and phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells by polychromatic flow cytometry, along with some tips that can be useful for the quantification of these rare events. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Identification of antigen-specific T cells Basic Protocol 2: Identification of antigen-specific B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Paolini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico Lo Tartaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari - INRC, via Irnerio, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Hartley GE, Edwards ESJ, O’Hehir RE, van Zelm MC. New insights into human immune memory from SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Allergy 2022; 77:3553-3566. [PMID: 36048132 PMCID: PMC9538469 DOI: 10.1111/all.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Since early 2020, the world has been embroiled in an ongoing viral pandemic with SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants resulting in mass morbidity and an estimated 6 million deaths globally. The scientific community pivoted rapidly, providing unique and innovative means to identify infected individuals, technologies to evaluate immune responses to infection and vaccination, and new therapeutic strategies to treat infected individuals. Never before has immunology been so critically at the forefront of combatting a global pandemic. It has now become evident that not just antibody responses, but formation and durability of immune memory cells following vaccination are associated with protection against severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the emergence of variants of concern (VoC) highlight the need for immunological markers to quantify the protective capacity of Wuhan-based vaccines. Thus, harnessing and modulating the immune response is key to successful vaccination and treatment of disease. We here review the latest knowledge about immune memory generation and durability following natural infection and vaccination, and provide insights into the attributes of immune memory that may protect from emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E. Hartley
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Emily S. J. Edwards
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robyn E. O’Hehir
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology ServiceAlfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology ServiceAlfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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7
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Newell KL, Waldran MJ, Thomas SJ, Endy TP, Waickman AT. Simultaneous analysis of antigen-specific B and T cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cytometry A 2022; 101:474-482. [PMID: 35468250 PMCID: PMC9087145 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for quantifying and phenotyping antigen‐specific lymphocytes can rapidly deplete irreplaceable specimens. This is due to the fact that antigen‐specific T and B cells have historically been analyzed in independent assays each requiring millions of cells. A technique that facilitates the simultaneous detection of antigen‐specific T and B cells would allow for more thorough immune profiling with significantly reduced sample requirements. To this end, we developed the B and T cell tandem lymphocyte evaluation (BATTLE) assay, which allows for the simultaneous identification of SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike reactive T and B cells using an activation induced marker (AIM) T cell assay and dual‐color B cell antigen probes. Using this assay, we demonstrate that antigen‐specific B and T cell subsets can be identified simultaneously using conventional flow cytometry platforms and provide insight into the differential effects of mRNA vaccination on B and T cell populations following natural SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Newell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Mitchell J Waldran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America.,Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam T Waickman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America.,Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
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8
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Pedrioli A, Oxenius A. Single B cell technologies for monoclonal antibody discovery. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1143-1158. [PMID: 34743921 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often selected from antigen-specific single B cells derived from different hosts, which are notably short-lived in ex vivo culture conditions and hence, arduous to interrogate. The development of several new techniques and protocols has facilitated the isolation and retrieval of antibody-coding sequences of antigen-specific B cells by also leveraging miniaturization of reaction volumes. Alternatively, mAbs can be generated independently of antigen-specific B cells, comprising display technologies and, more recently, artificial intelligence-driven algorithms. Consequently, a considerable variety of techniques are used, raising the demand for better consolidation. In this review, we present and discuss the major techniques available to interrogate antigen-specific single B cells to isolate antigen-specific mAbs, including their main advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pedrioli
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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9
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Horta S, Neumann F, Yeh SH, Langseth CM, Kangro K, Breukers J, Madaboosi N, Geukens N, Vanhoorelbeke K, Nilsson M, Lammertyn J. Evaluation of Immuno-Rolling Circle Amplification for Multiplex Detection and Profiling of Antigen-Specific Antibody Isotypes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6169-6177. [PMID: 33823582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibody characterization is essential for understanding the immune system and development of diagnostics and therapeutics. Current technologies are mainly focusing on the detection of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) using bulk singleplex measurements, which lack information on other isotypes and specificity of individual antibodies. Digital immunoassays based on nucleic acid amplification have demonstrated superior performance by allowing the detection of single molecules in a multiplex and sensitive manner. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time an immuno-rolling circle amplification (immuno-RCA) assay for the multiplex detection of three antigen-specific antibody isotypes (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and its integration with microengraving. To validate this approach, we used the autoimmune disease immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) as the model disease with anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies as the diagnostic target molecules. To identify the anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibody isotypes, we designed a pool of three unique antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates for identification and subsequent amplification and visualization via RCA. To validate this approach, we first confirmed an assay specificity of >88% and a low limit of detection of 0.3 ng/mL in the spiked buffer. Subsequently, we performed a dilution series of an iTTP plasma sample for the multiplex detection of the three isotypes with higher sensitivity compared to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, we demonstrated single-cell analysis of human B cells and hybridoma cells for the detection of secreted antibodies using microengraving and achieved a detection of 23.3 pg/mL secreted antibodies per hour. This approach could help to improve the understanding of antibody isotype distributions and their roles in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Horta
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium.,Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
| | - Felix Neumann
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 23B, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Shu-Hao Yeh
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
| | - Christoffer Mattsson Langseth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 23B, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Kadri Kangro
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium.,Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Kambja vald, Tartumaa 61713, Estonia
| | - Jolien Breukers
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
| | - Narayanan Madaboosi
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 23B, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Nick Geukens
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 23B, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
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10
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Apley KD, Griffin JD, Johnson SN, Berkland CJ, DeKosky BJ. Tetrameric Fluorescent Antigen Arrays for Single-Step Identification of Antigen-Specific B Cells. J Vis Exp 2020:10.3791/61827. [PMID: 33165322 PMCID: PMC10604357 DOI: 10.3791/61827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent antigen production is a critical step in the identification of antigen-specific B cells. Here, we detailed the preparation, purification, and the use of four-arm, fluorescent PEG-antigen conjugates to selectively identify antigen-specific B cells through avid engagement with cognate B cell receptors. Using modular click chemistry and commercially available fluorophore kit chemistries, we demonstrated the versatility of preparing customized fluorescent PEG-conjugates by creating distinct arrays for proteolipid protein (PLP139-151) and insulin, which are important autoantigens in murine models of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, respectively. Assays were developed for each fluorescent conjugate in its respective disease model using flow cytometry. Antigen arrays were compared to monovalent autoantigen to quantify the benefit of multimerization onto PEG backbones. Finally, we illustrated the utility of this platform by isolating and assessing anti-insulin B cell responses after antigen stimulation ex vivo. Labeling insulin-specific B cells enabled the amplified detection of changes to co-stimulation (CD86) that were otherwise dampened in aggregate B cell analysis. Together, this report enables the production and use of fluorescent antigen arrays as a robust tool for probing B cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Apley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas
| | | | | | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas;
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Sharma S, Pettus J, Gottschalk M, Abe B, Gottlieb P, Teyton L. Single-Cell Analysis of CD4 T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes: From Mouse to Man, How to Perform Mechanistic Studies. Diabetes 2019; 68:1886-1891. [PMID: 31540941 PMCID: PMC6754240 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is the prototypical CD4 T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Its genetic linkage to a single polymorphism at position 57 of the HLA class II DQβ chain makes it unique to study the molecular link between HLA and disease. However, investigating this relationship has been limited by a series of anatomical barriers, the small size and dispersion of the insulin-producing organ, and the scarcity of appropriate techniques and reagents to interrogate antigen-specific CD4 T cells both in man and rodent models. Over the past few years, single-cell technologies, paired with new biostatistical methods, have changed this landscape. Using these tools, we have identified the first molecular link between MHC class II and the onset of type 1 diabetes. The translation of these observations to man is within reach using similar approaches and the lessons learned from rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeremy Pettus
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Brian Abe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Peter Gottlieb
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Denver, CO
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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12
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Boonyaratanakornkit J, Taylor JJ. Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1694. [PMID: 31396218 PMCID: PMC6667631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. Since the experimental delineation of a distinct B cell lineage in 1965, various methods have been developed to understand antigen-specific B cell responses in the context of autoimmune diseases, primary immunodeficiencies, infection, and vaccination. In this review, we summarize the established techniques and discuss new and emerging technologies for probing the B cell response in vitro and in vivo by taking advantage of the specificity of B cell receptor (BCR)-associated and secreted antibodies. These include ELISPOT, flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy to identify and/or isolate primary antigen-specific B cells. We also present our approach to identify rare antigen-specific B cells using magnetic enrichment followed by flow cytometry. Once these cells are isolated, in vitro proliferation assays and adoptive transfer experiments in mice can be used to further characterize antigen-specific B cell activation, function, and fate. Transgenic mouse models of B cells targeting model antigens and of B cell signaling have also significantly advanced our understanding of antigen-specific B cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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13
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Wu BR, Eltahla AA, Keoshkerian E, Walker MR, Underwood A, Brasher NA, Agapiou D, Lloyd AR, Bull RA. A method for detecting hepatitis C envelope specific memory B cells from multiple genotypes using cocktail E2 tetramers. J Immunol Methods 2019; 472:65-74. [PMID: 31226262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C (HCV) is a rapidly mutating RNA virus, with a strong propensity to cause chronic infection and progressive liver disease. Recent evidence has shown that early appearance of neutralizing antibodies in primary infection is associated with clearance. Little is known about the characteristics of HCV-specific B cells and their correlation with outcomes in primary infection, as there is a lack of sensitive tools for HCV-specific B cells which are present at very low frequency. We describe the development and optimisation of tetramer staining for flow cytometric detection of HCV-specific B cells using a cocktail of two recombinant HCV Envelope-2 (rE2) glycoproteins (from genotype 1a and 3a; Gt1a and Gt3a) and streptavidin dyes. The optimal weight to weight (w/w) ratio of streptavidin-phycoerythrin (PE) and rE2 proteins were determined for sensitive detection using HCV E2-specific hybridoma cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HCV-infected individuals. In a cross-sectional set of PBMC samples collected from 33 subjects with either chronic infection or previous clearance, HCV E2-specific B cells (CD19+CD20+CD10-IgD-tetramer+) were detected in 29 subjects (87.8%), with a mean frequency of 0.45% (0.012-2.20%). To validate the specificity of tetramer staining, 367 HCV E2-specific B cells were single cell sorted from 9 PBMC samples before monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were synthesised, with 87.5% being reactive to E2 via ELISA. Of these mAbs, 284 and 246 clones were reactive to either Gt1a or Gt3a E2 proteins, respectively. This is a sensitive and robust method for future studies investigating B cell responses against the HCV Envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Ru Wu
- School of Medical Sciences and the Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Auda A Eltahla
- School of Medical Sciences and the Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Keoshkerian
- School of Medical Sciences and the Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Melanie R Walker
- School of Medical Sciences and the Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alex Underwood
- School of Medical Sciences and the Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Brasher
- School of Medical Sciences and the Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David Agapiou
- School of Medical Sciences and the Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- School of Medical Sciences and the Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- School of Medical Sciences and the Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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14
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Lyski ZL, Messer WB. Approaches to Interrogating the Human Memory B-Cell and Memory-Derived Antibody Repertoire Following Dengue Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1276. [PMID: 31244836 PMCID: PMC6562360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B-cells (MBCs) are potential antibody secreting immune cells that differentiate and mature following host exposure to a pathogen. Following differentiation, MBCs remain in peripheral circulation after recovery and are poised to secrete antigen-specific antibodies if and when they are re-exposed to their cognate antigen. Consequently, MBCs form the founder population and provide one of the first lines of pathogen-specific defense against reinfection. The role MBCs play is complicated for viruses that are heterologous, such as dengue virus (DENV), which exist as antigenically different serotypes. On second infection with a different serotype, MBCs from initial dengue infection rapidly proliferate and secrete antibodies: many of these MBC derived antibodies will be cross-reactive and weakly neutralizing, while some antibodies may recognize epitopes conserved across serotypes and have the capacity to broadly neutralize 2 or more serotypes. It is also possible that a new population of MBCs and antibodies specific for the second virus serotype need to arise for long-term broader immunity to develop. Methods to interrogate and track memory B cell responses are important for evaluating both natural immunity and vaccine response. However, the low abundance of MBCs for any specific pathogen makes it challenging to interrogate frequency, specificity, and breadth for the pathogen of interest. This review discusses current approaches that have been used to interrogate the memory B cell immune response against viral pathogens in general and DENV specifically. Including strengths, limitations, and future directions. Single-cell approaches could help uncover the DENV specific MBC antibody repertoire, and improved methods for isolating DENV specific monoclonal antibodies from human peripheral blood cells would allow for a functional analysis of the anti-DENV repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe L Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
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15
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Roh KH, Song HW, Pradhan P, Bai K, Bohannon CD, Dale G, Leleux J, Jacob J, Roy K. A synthetic stroma-free germinal center niche for efficient generation of humoral immunity ex vivo. Biomaterials 2018; 164:106-120. [PMID: 29500990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a major role in the adaptive immune response by producing antigen-specific antibodies against pathogens and imparting immunological memory. Following infection or vaccination, antibody-secreting B cells and memory B cells are generated in specialized regions of lymph nodes and spleens, called germinal centers. Here, we report a fully synthetic ex-vivo system that recapitulates the generation of antigen-specific germinal-center (GC) like B cells using material-surface driven polyvalent signaling. This synthetic germinal center (sGC) reaction was effectively induced using biomaterial-based artificial "follicular T helper cells (TFH)" that provided both natural CD40-CD40L ligation as well as crosslinking of CD40 and by mimicking artificial "follicular dendritic cells (FDC)" to provide efficient, polyvalent antigen presentation. The artificial sGC reaction resulted in efficient B cell expansion, immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching, and expression of germinal center phenotypes. Antigen presentation during sGC reaction selectively enhanced the antigen-specific B cell population and induced somatic hyper-mutations for potential affinity maturation. The resulting B cell population consisted primarily of GC-like B cells (centrocytes) as well as some plasma-like B cells expressing CD138. With concurrent cell sorting, we successfully created highly enriched populations of antigen-specific B cells. Adoptive transfer of these GC-like B cells into non-irradiated isogeneic or non-lethally irradiated congenic recipient mice showed successful engraftment and survival of the donor cells for the 4 week test period. We show that this material-surface driven sGC reaction can be successfully applied to not only splenic B cells but also B cells isolated from more therapeutically relevant sources such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), thus making our current work an exciting prospect in the new era of personalized medicine and custom-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Roh
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hannah W Song
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Pallab Pradhan
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Kevin Bai
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Caitlin D Bohannon
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gordon Dale
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jardin Leleux
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Joshy Jacob
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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16
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Friberg H, Mathew A. Detection, phenotyping and quantification of dengue virus-specific B cells using fluorescent probes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2780-2784. [PMID: 28604254 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1322747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses are some of the most important mosquito-borne pathogens worldwide. They cause illness in 50-100 million individuals per year and have a significant global health impact in low- and middle-income countries. It is important to improve our understanding of the humoral response to dengue virus, as antibodies (Abs) are associated with protection from or susceptibility to severe dengue disease. In recent years, significant advances have been made toward identifying Ab targets and evaluating the functional properties of Abs. However, much less is known about the cellular source of Abs, B cells, in part because the reagents to phenotype and characterize antigen-specific B cells have been challenging to develop. Here, we discuss our recent experience with developing and using fluorescent viruses to probe the B cell response to dengue virus. We present the strengths and weaknesses of flow cytometric analysis of antigen-specific B cells and discuss the use of these probes to phenotype and characterize specific B cells during and after natural infection and in ongoing dengue vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Friberg
- a Viral Diseases Branch , Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Anuja Mathew
- b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
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17
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Muir L, McKay PF, Petrova VN, Klymenko OV, Kratochvil S, Pinder CL, Kellam P, Shattock RJ. Optimisation of ex vivo memory B cell expansion/differentiation for interrogation of rare peripheral memory B cell subset responses. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:97. [PMID: 29588920 PMCID: PMC5843844 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11386.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human memory B cells play a vital role in the long-term protection of the host from pathogenic re-challenge. In recent years the importance of a number of different memory B cell subsets that can be formed in response to vaccination or infection has started to become clear. To study memory B cell responses, cells can be cultured ex vivo, allowing for an increase in cell number and activation of these quiescent cells, providing sufficient quantities of each memory subset to enable full investigation of functionality. However, despite numerous papers being published demonstrating bulk memory B cell culture, we could find no literature on optimised conditions for the study of memory B cell subsets, such as IgM + memory B cells. Methods: Following a literature review, we carried out a large screen of memory B cell expansion conditions to identify the combination that induced the highest levels of memory B cell expansion. We subsequently used a novel Design of Experiments approach to finely tune the optimal memory B cell expansion and differentiation conditions for human memory B cell subsets. Finally, we characterised the resultant memory B cell subpopulations by IgH sequencing and flow cytometry. Results: The application of specific optimised conditions induce multiple rounds of memory B cell proliferation equally across Ig isotypes, differentiation of memory B cells to antibody secreting cells, and importantly do not alter the Ig genotype of the stimulated cells. Conclusions: Overall, our data identify a memory B cell culture system that offers a robust platform for investigating the functionality of rare memory B cell subsets to infection and/or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Muir
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Oleksiy V Klymenko
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Christopher L Pinder
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Kymab Ltd., Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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18
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19
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Gilman MSA, Castellanos CA, Chen M, Ngwuta JO, Goodwin E, Moin SM, Mas V, Melero JA, Wright PF, Graham BS, McLellan JS, Walker LM. Rapid profiling of RSV antibody repertoires from the memory B cells of naturally infected adult donors. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:eaaj1879. [PMID: 28111638 PMCID: PMC5244814 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaj1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in young children and the elderly. There are currently no licensed RSV vaccines, and passive prophylaxis with the monoclonal antibody palivizumab is restricted to high-risk infants in part due to its modest efficacy. Although it is widely agreed that an effective RSV vaccine will require the induction of a potent neutralizing antibody response against the RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein, little is known about the specificities and functional activities of RSV F-specific antibodies induced by natural infection. Here, we have comprehensively profiled the human antibody response to RSV F by isolating and characterizing 364 RSV F-specific monoclonal antibodies from the memory B cells of three healthy adult donors. In all donors, the antibody response to RSV F is comprised of a broad diversity of clones that target several antigenic sites. Nearly half of the most potent antibodies target a previously undefined site of vulnerability near the apex of the prefusion conformation of RSV F (preF), providing strong support for the development of RSV vaccine candidates that preserve the membrane-distal hemisphere of the preF protein. Additionally, the antibodies targeting this new site display convergent sequence features, thus providing a future means to rapidly detect the presence of these antibodies in human vaccine samples. Many of the antibodies that bind preF-specific surfaces are over 100 times more potent than palivizumab, and several cross-neutralize human metapneumovirus (HMPV). Taken together, the results have implications for the design and evaluation of RSV vaccine candidates and offer new options for passive prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S. A. Gilman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joan O. Ngwuta
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Syed M. Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vicente Mas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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20
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Pone EJ. Analysis by Flow Cytometry of B-Cell Activation and Antibody Responses Induced by Toll-Like Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1390:229-48. [PMID: 26803633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in B lymphocytes and contribute to B-cell activation, antibody responses, and their maturation. TLR stimulation of mouse B cells induces class switch DNA recombination (CSR) to isotypes specified by cytokines, and also induces formation of IgM(+) as well as class-switched plasma cells. B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, while on its own inducing limited B-cell proliferation and no CSR, can enhance CSR driven by TLRs. Particular synergistic or antagonistic interactions among TLR pathways, BCR, and cytokine signaling can have important consequences for B-cell activation, CSR, and plasma cell formation. This chapter outlines protocols for the induction and analysis of B-cell activation and antibody production by TLRs with or without other stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egest J Pone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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21
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Pejoski D, Tchitchek N, Rodriguez Pozo A, Elhmouzi-Younes J, Yousfi-Bogniaho R, Rogez-Kreuz C, Clayette P, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Lévy Y, Cosma A, Le Grand R, Beignon AS. Identification of Vaccine-Altered Circulating B Cell Phenotypes Using Mass Cytometry and a Two-Step Clustering Analysis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4814-31. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Hoh RA, Joshi SA, Liu Y, Wang C, Roskin KM, Lee JY, Pham T, Looney TJ, Jackson KJL, Dixit VP, King J, Lyu SC, Jenks J, Hamilton RG, Nadeau KC, Boyd SD. Single B-cell deconvolution of peanut-specific antibody responses in allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:157-167. [PMID: 26152318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequencies, cellular phenotypes, epitope specificity, and clonal diversity of allergen-specific B cells in patients with food allergy are not fully understood but are of major pathogenic and therapeutic significance. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize peanut allergen-specific B-cell populations and the sequences and binding activities of their antibodies before and during immunotherapy. METHODS B cells binding fluorescently labeled Ara h 1 or Ara h 2 were phenotyped and isolated by means of flow cytometric sorting from 18 patients at baseline and 13 patients during therapy. Fifty-seven mAbs derived from allergen-binding single B cells were evaluated by using ELISA, Western blotting, and peptide epitope mapping. Deep sequencing of the B-cell repertoires identified additional members of the allergen-specific B-cell clones. RESULTS Median allergen-binding B-cell frequencies were 0.0097% (Ara h 1) or 0.029% (Ara h 2) of B cells in baseline blood from allergic patients and approximately 3-fold higher during immunotherapy. Five of 57 allergen-specific cells belonged to clones containing IgE-expressing members. Almost all allergen-specific antibodies were mutated, and binding to both conformational and linear allergen epitopes was detected. Increasing somatic mutation of IgG4 members of a clone was seen in immunotherapy, whereas IgE mutation levels in the clone did not increase. CONCLUSION Most peanut allergen-binding B cells isolated by means of antigen-specific flow sorting express mutated and isotype-switched antibodies. Immunotherapy increases their frequency in the blood, and even narrowly defined allergen epitopes are recognized by numerous distinct B-cell clones in a patient. The results also suggest that oral immunotherapy can stimulate somatic mutation of allergen-specific IgG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Shilpa A Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | | | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Tho Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Tim J Looney
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | | | | | - Jasmine King
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Shu-Chen Lyu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jennifer Jenks
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Robert G Hamilton
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
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23
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Woda M, Mathew A. Fluorescently labeled dengue viruses as probes to identify antigen-specific memory B cells by multiparametric flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2014; 416:167-77. [PMID: 25497702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Low frequencies of memory B cells in the peripheral blood make it challenging to measure the functional and phenotypic characteristics of this antigen experienced subset of B cells without in vitro culture. To date, reagents are lacking to measure ex vivo frequencies of dengue virus (DENV)-specific memory B cells. We wanted to explore the possibility of using fluorescently labeled DENV as probes to detect antigen-specific memory B cells in the peripheral blood of DENV immune individuals. Alexa Fluor dye-labeled DENV yielded viable virus that could be stored at -80°C for long periods of time. Using a careful gating strategy and methods to decrease non-specific binding, we were able to identify a small frequency of B cells from dengue immune individuals that bound labeled DENV. Sorted DENV(+) B cells from immune, but not naïve donors secreted antibodies that bound DENV after in vitro stimulation. Overall, Alexa Fluor dye-labeled DENVs are useful reagents to enable the detection and characterization of memory B cells in DENV immune individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Woda
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Scholzen A, Nahrendorf W, Langhorne J, Sauerwein RW. Expansion of IgG+ B-cells during mitogen stimulation for memory B-cell ELISpot analysis is influenced by size and composition of the B-cell pool. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102885. [PMID: 25050555 PMCID: PMC4106867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The memory B-cell (MBC) ELISpot assay is the main technique used to measure antigen-specific MBCs as a readout of humoral immune memory. This assay relies on the ability of MBCs to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (ASC) upon polyclonal stimulation. The total number of IgG+ ASCs generated by mitogen-stimulation is often used as a reference point; alternatively antigen-specific MBCs are expressed as a frequency of post-culture peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as a surrogate for absolute frequencies. Therefore, it is important to know whether IgG+ B-cells are uniformly expanded during the preceding mitogen-culture as a true reflection of MBC frequencies ex vivo. We systematically compared B-cell phenotype and proportions before and after mitogen stimulation in cultures of 269 peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from 62 volunteers by flow cytometry and analyzed the number of resulting ASCs. Our data show that the number of total IgG+ ASCs detected by ELISpot after mitogen stimulation correlates with the proportion of IgG+ MBCs ex vivo, highlighting its general robustness for comparisons of study cohorts at group level. The expansion of total and IgG+ B-cells during mitogen-stimulation, however, was not identical in all cultures, but influenced by size and composition of the ex vivo B-cell compartment. The uncorrected readout of antigen-specific MBCs per million post-culture PBMCs therefore only preserves the quality, but not the magnitude of differences in the ex vivo MBC response between groups or time points, particularly when comparing samples where the B-cell compartment substantially differs between cohorts or over time. Therefore, expressing antigen-specific cells per total IgG+ ASCs is currently the best measure to correct for mitogen-culture effects. Additionally, baseline information on the size and composition of the ex vivo B-cell compartment should be supplied to additionally inform about differences or changes in the size and composition of the ex vivo MBC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Scholzen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AS); (RWS)
| | - Wiebke Nahrendorf
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AS); (RWS)
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Generation, characterization and in vivo biological activity of two distinct monoclonal anti-PEG IgMs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 277:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Immunopathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in nonhuman primates. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2013; 8:273-9. [PMID: 23615117 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328361cf5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Soon after the discovery of HIV-infected humans, rhesus macaques in a colony at the New England Primate Research Center showed similar signs of a progressive immune suppression. The discovery of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-associated disease opened the door to study an AIDS-like illness in nonhuman primates (NHP). Even after 3 decades, this animal model remains an invaluable tool to provide a greater insight into HIV immunopathogenesis. In this review, recent progress in deciphering pathways of immunopathogenesis in SIV-infected NHP is discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The immense diversity of mutations in SIV stocks prepared at different laboratories has recently been realized. The massive expansion of the enteric virome is a key finding in SIV-induced immunopathogenesis. Defining the function of host restriction factors, like the recently discovered SAMHD1, helps to evaluate the impact of the innate immune responses on virus replication. Utilization of pyrosequencing and defining molecular mechanisms of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restriction helps to understand how the virus evades CD8 T-cell responses. The definition of MHC class I molecules in different NHP species provides new animal models to study SIV immunopathogenesis. T follicular helper cells have gained major interest in characterizing humoral immune responses in SIV infection and AIDS vaccine strategies. The ability of natural hosts to remain disease-free despite ongoing replication of SIV is continuing to puzzle the field. SUMMARY The HIV research field continues to realize the immense complexity of the host virus interaction. NHP present an invaluable tool to make progress towards an effective AIDS vaccine.
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Freiwald A, Weidner C, Witzke A, Huang SY, Meierhofer D, Sauer S. Comprehensive proteomic datasets for studying adipocyte-macrophage cell-cell communication. Proteomics 2013; 13:3424-8. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Freiwald
- Otto Warburg Laboratory; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Christopher Weidner
- Otto Warburg Laboratory; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Annabell Witzke
- Otto Warburg Laboratory; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Sheng-Yu Huang
- Otto Warburg Laboratory; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - David Meierhofer
- Otto Warburg Laboratory; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Otto Warburg Laboratory; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
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28
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Nair N, Buti L, Faenzi E, Buricchi F, Nuti S, Sammicheli C, Tavarini S, Popp MW, Ploegh H, Berti F, Pizza M, Castellino F, Finco O, Rappuoli R, Del Giudice G, Galli G, Bardelli M. Optimized fluorescent labeling to identify memory B cells specific for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B vaccine antigens ex vivo. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2013; 1:3-13. [PMID: 25400913 PMCID: PMC4217542 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific memory B cells generate anamnestic responses and high affinity antibodies upon re-exposure to pathogens. Attempts to isolate rare antigen-specific memory B cells for in-depth functional analysis at the single-cell level have been hindered by the lack of tools with adequate sensitivity. We applied two independent methods of protein labeling to sensitive and specific ex vivo identification of antigen-specific memory B cells by flow cytometry: stringently controlled amine labeling, and sortagging, a novel method whereby a single nucleophilic fluorochrome molecule is added onto an LPETG motif carried by the target protein. We show that sortagged NadA, a major antigen in the meningococcal serogroup B vaccine, identifies NadA-specific memory B cells with high sensitivity and specificity, comparable to NadA amine-labeled under stringent reaction parameters in a mouse model of vaccination. We distinguish NadA-specific switched MBC induced by vaccination from the background signal contributed by splenic transitional and marginal zone B cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that protein structural data coupled with sortag technology allows the development of engineered antigens that are as sensitive and specific as conventional chemically labeled antigens in detecting rare MBC, and minimize the possibility of disrupting conformational B cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Nair
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics Siena, Italy
| | - Ludovico Buti
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics Siena, Italy ; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Sandra Nuti
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Maximilian Wl Popp
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge, Massachusetts ; University of Rochester, School of Medicine & Dentistry Rochester, New York ; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hidde Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge, Massachusetts ; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Harp CT, Ireland S, Davis LS, Remington G, Cassidy B, Cravens PD, Stuve O, Lovett-Racke AE, Eagar TN, Greenberg BM, Racke MK, Cowell LG, Karandikar NJ, Frohman EM, Monson NL. Memory B cells from a subset of treatment-naïve relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients elicit CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in response to myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2942-56. [PMID: 20812237 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that B- and T-cell interactions may be paramount in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) disease pathogenesis. We hypothesized that memory B-cell pools from RRMS patients may specifically harbor a subset of potent neuro-APC that support neuro-Ag reactive T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. To test this hypothesis, we compared CD80 and HLA-DR expression, IL-10 and lymphotoxin-α secretion, neuro-Ag binding capacity, and neuro-Ag presentation by memory B cells from RRMS patients to naïve B cells from RRMS patients and to memory and naïve B cells from healthy donors (HD). We identified memory B cells from some RRMS patients that elicited CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion in response to myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Notwithstanding the fact that the phenotypic parameters that promote efficient Ag presentation were observed to be similar between RRMS and HD memory B cells, a corresponding capability to elicit CD4(+) T-cell proliferation in response to myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein was not observed in HD memory B cells. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the memory B-cell pool in RRMS harbors neuro-Ag specific B cells that can activate T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Harp
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Effective vaccine-elicited immunity against HIV-1 infection will likely require broadly neutralizing antibodies to interrupt the fusion-promoting functions of the viral envelope glycoprotein spikes. Efforts in this area have, however, been fraught with challenges. The handful of existing broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies has provided information on some of the virus' sites of vulnerability, fueling a decade of structure-informed vaccine design. The fact that very few bnmAbs have been recovered to date illustrates the poor immunogenicity of these epitopes. Recognizing that progress may require more basic information, there has been a notable shift in the field toward identifying new chinks in HIV-1's armor. These efforts are based on the observation that some infected patients develop exceptionally broad serum neutralizing antibodies responses, a better understanding of which would be valuable for vaccine efforts aimed at eliciting similar specificities. RECENT FINDINGS New mapping methodologies are now providing an appreciation of the incidence of specificities similar to the existing known bnmAbs as well as some intriguing insights into novel specificities. SUMMARY The new information emerging from mapping efforts should help to sharpen efforts to isolate new bnmAbs and moreover, may provide crucial information for the rational design of novel vaccine candidates.
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Bolton DL, Roederer M. Flow cytometry and the future of vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:779-89. [PMID: 19485757 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine research increasingly aims to understand the fundamental mechanisms of protection afforded by licensed and candidate vaccines. Historically, nearly all licensed vaccines have relied on measures of humoral immunity to provide correlates of protection, but cellular immunity is important for protection afforded by some vaccines and will be required for vaccines against TB and malaria. Common means of assessing vaccine-induced immune responses include measuring the frequency and functions of antigen-specific lymphocytes. While diverse assays can provide this information, flow cytometry is unique in its ability to simultaneously report other features of antigen-specific cellular responses. Here, we review the application of flow cytometry to characterizing three areas of immune responses to vaccines or diseases. First, analysis of cellular (T-cell) responses is more mature: polychromatic flow cytometric analysis of T-cell function has already yielded important insight into correlates of protection. Second, antibody and antigen-specific B-cell detection by flow cytometry are being actively developed; to date, these assays are not yet widely used. Finally, flow cytometry can also be used to analyze the contribution of innate immunity to vaccine efficacy and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Bolton
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gratama JW, Kern F, Manca F, Roederer M. Measuring antigen-specific immune responses, 2008 update. Cytometry A 2008; 73:971-4. [PMID: 18942721 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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