1
|
Torres-Castro K, Jarmoshti J, Xiao L, Rane A, Salahi A, Jin L, Li X, Caselli F, Honrado C, Swami NS. Multichannel impedance cytometry downstream of cell separation by deterministic lateral displacement to quantify macrophage enrichment in heterogeneous samples. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201463. [PMID: 37706194 PMCID: PMC10497222 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The integration of on-chip biophysical cytometry downstream of microfluidic enrichment for inline monitoring of phenotypic and separation metrics at single-cell sensitivity can allow for active control of separation and its application to versatile sample sets. We present integration of impedance cytometry downstream of cell separation by deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) for enrichment of activated macrophages from a heterogeneous sample, without the problems of biased sample loss and sample dilution caused by off-chip analysis. This required designs to match cell/particle flow rates from DLD separation into the confined single-cell impedance cytometry stage, the balancing of flow resistances across the separation array width to maintain unidirectionality, and the utilization of co-flowing beads as calibrated internal standards for inline assessment of DLD separation and for impedance data normalization. Using a heterogeneous sample with un-activated and activated macrophages, wherein macrophage polarization during activation causes cell size enlargement, on-chip impedance cytometry is used to validate DLD enrichment of the activated subpopulation at the displaced outlet, based on the multiparametric characteristics of cell size distribution and impedance phase metrics. This hybrid platform can monitor separation of specific subpopulations from cellular samples with wide size distributions, for active operational control and enhanced sample versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Torres-Castro
- Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Javad Jarmoshti
- Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Aditya Rane
- Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Armita Salahi
- Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Li Jin
- Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Xudong Li
- Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Virginia-22904, USA
| | | | - Carlos Honrado
- Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Nathan S. Swami
- Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
- Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wlodkowic D, Jansen M. High-throughput screening paradigms in ecotoxicity testing: Emerging prospects and ongoing challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135929. [PMID: 35944679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing number of new production chemicals coupled with stringent implementation of global chemical management programs necessities a paradigm shift towards boarder uses of low-cost and high-throughput ecotoxicity testing strategies as well as deeper understanding of cellular and sub-cellular mechanisms of ecotoxicity that can be used in effective risk assessment. The latter will require automated acquisition of biological data, new capabilities for big data analysis as well as computational simulations capable of translating new data into in vivo relevance. However, very few efforts have been so far devoted into the development of automated bioanalytical systems in ecotoxicology. This is in stark contrast to standardized and high-throughput chemical screening and prioritization routines found in modern drug discovery pipelines. As a result, the high-throughput and high-content data acquisition in ecotoxicology is still in its infancy with limited examples focused on cell-free and cell-based assays. In this work we outline recent developments and emerging prospects of high-throughput bioanalytical approaches in ecotoxicology that reach beyond in vitro biotests. We discuss future importance of automated quantitative data acquisition for cell-free, cell-based as well as developments in phytotoxicity and in vivo biotests utilizing small aquatic model organisms. We also discuss recent innovations such as organs-on-a-chip technologies and existing challenges for emerging high-throughput ecotoxicity testing strategies. Lastly, we provide seminal examples of the small number of successful high-throughput implementations that have been employed in prioritization of chemicals and accelerated environmental risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Marcus Jansen
- LemnaTec GmbH, Nerscheider Weg 170, 52076, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Metronomic doses and drug schematic combination response tested within chambered coverslips for the treatment of breast cancer cells (JIMT-1). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274911. [PMID: 36174026 PMCID: PMC9522273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy is an alternative to conventional chemotherapy and is the most frequently used approach in low dose chemotherapy regimens. The selection of patients, drug dosages, and dosing intervals in LDM is empirical. In this study, we systematically examined the schedule-dependent interaction of drugs on a breast cancer cell line (BCC) cultured in chambered coverslips. The LDM studies were combined with cell staining in order to better characterize different cell states and cell death modes, including caspase-dependent apoptosis, caspase-independent cell death and autophagy-dependent cell death. Microscope images were examined using the Fiji Trainable Weka Segmentation plugin to analyse cell area in 7500 images showing different modes of cell death. Paclitaxel combined with LDM chemotherapy demonstrated a reduction in the area covered by live cells. In contrast, there was an induction of high levels of cell death due to caspase-dependent apoptosis.
Collapse
|
4
|
El-Naggar DA, El-Zalabany LMA, Shahin DA, Attia AM, El-Mosallamy SA. Testicular Toxicity of Chloroxylenol in Rats: Biochemical, Pathological and Flow Cytometric Study. J Exp Pharmacol 2022; 14:213-220. [PMID: 35859813 PMCID: PMC9289274 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s358571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chloroxylenol (para-chloro-meta-xylenol, PCMX) is claimed to be highly harmful both to humans and the environment. Toxic effects of PCMX on testicular functions are scarcely discussed in the literature. Aim of Study To study testicular toxic effects of PCMX on male Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials and Methods Forty animals were randomly distributed into three groups: negative control (G I), vehicle group (G II) and PCMX group (G III). PCMX group was subdivided into three subgroups: GIIIa: received PCMX 100 mg/kg, GIIIb: received PCMX 200 mg/kg and G IIIc: received PCMX 500 mg/kg. Hormonal assay included assessment of serum testosterone and estradiol levels. Histopathological examination of testicular tissue, analysis of cellular viability, necrosis and apoptosis in testicular tissue by flow cytometry, analysis of cellular DNA content and phases of cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry were also performed. Results Rats in the groups exposed to PCMX (G IIIa, G IIIb and G IIIc) had significantly lower estradiol and testosterone levels in comparison to control groups (G I and GII). Histopathological examination of testicular tissue of PCMX-exposed rats showed irregular crossly sectioned seminiferous tubules with their lumina containing scanty spermatids and spermatozoa. G IIIc animals showed eosinophilic proteinaceous material and vacuolated and necrotic interstitial cells of Leydig. Rats in PCMX-exposed groups (G IIIa, G IIIb and G IIIc) showed significantly lower testicular tissue viability in comparison to control groups (G I and G II). Rats in PCMX-exposed groups (G IIIa, G IIIb and G IIIc) showed significantly lower percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase in comparison to control groups (G I and G II). Conclusion Rats exposed to PCMX had significant reduction in testosterone and estradiol levels with marked histopathological alterations affecting testicular tissues. These effects are dose-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Abdallah El-Naggar
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | | | - Doaa Abdelhalim Shahin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - Afaf Mahmoud Attia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wlodkowic D, Bownik A, Leitner C, Stengel D, Braunbeck T. Beyond the behavioural phenotype: Uncovering mechanistic foundations in aquatic eco-neurotoxicology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154584. [PMID: 35306067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, there has been an increase in awareness of how anthropogenic pollution can alter behavioural traits of diverse aquatic organisms. Apart from understanding profound ecological implications, alterations in neuro-behavioural indices have emerged as sensitive and physiologically integrative endpoints in chemical risk assessment. Accordingly, behavioural ecotoxicology and broader eco-neurotoxicology are becoming increasingly popular fields of research that span a plethora of fundamental laboratory experimentations as well as applied field-based studies. Despite mounting interest in aquatic behavioural ecotoxicology studies, there is, however, a considerable paucity in deciphering the mechanistic foundations underlying behavioural alterations upon exposure to pollutants. The behavioural phenotype is indeed the highest-level integrative neurobiological phenomenon, but at its core lie myriads of intertwined biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes. Therefore, the mechanisms that underlie changes in behavioural phenotypes can stem among others from dysregulation of neurotransmitter pathways, electrical signalling, and cell death of discrete cell populations in the central and peripheral nervous systems. They can, however, also be a result of toxicity to sensory organs and even metabolic dysfunctions. In this critical review, we outline why behavioural phenotyping should be the starting point that leads to actual discovery of fundamental mechanisms underlying actions of neurotoxic and neuromodulating contaminants. We highlight potential applications of the currently existing and emerging neurobiology and neurophysiology analytical strategies that should be embraced and more broadly adopted in behavioural ecotoxicology. Such strategies can provide new mechanistic discoveries instead of only observing the end sum phenotypic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Carola Leitner
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Stengel
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang X, Torres‐Castro K, Varhue W, Rane A, Rasin A, Swami NS. On‐chip microfluidic buffer swap of biological samples in‐line with downstream dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1275-1282. [PMID: 35286736 PMCID: PMC9203925 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic cell enrichment by dielectrophoresis, based on biophysical and electrophysiology phenotypes, requires that cells be resuspended from their physiological media into a lower conductivity buffer for enhancing force fields and enabling the dielectric contrast needed for separation. To ensure that sensitive cells are not subject to centrifugation for resuspension and spend minimal time outside of their culture media, we present an on‐chip microfluidic strategy for swapping cells into media tailored for dielectrophoresis. This strategy transfers cells from physiological media into a 100‐fold lower conductivity media by using tangential flows of low media conductivity at 200‐fold higher flow rate versus sample flow to promote ion diffusion over the length of a straight channel architecture that maintains laminarity of the flow‐focused sample and minimizes cell dispersion across streamlines. Serpentine channels are used downstream from the flow‐focusing region to modulate hydrodynamic resistance of the central sample outlet versus flanking outlets that remove excess buffer, so that cell streamlines are collected in the exchanged buffer with minimal dilution in cell numbers and at flow rates that support dielectrophoresis. We envision integration of this on‐chip sample preparation platform prior to or post‐dielectrophoresis, in‐line with on‐chip monitoring of the outlet sample for metrics of media conductivity, cell velocity, cell viability, cell position, and collected cell numbers, so that the cell flow rate and streamlines can be tailored for enabling dielectrophoretic separations from heterogeneous samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhai Huang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Karina Torres‐Castro
- Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Walter Varhue
- Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Aditya Rane
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Ahmed Rasin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Nathan S. Swami
- Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salahi A, Honrado C, Rane A, Caselli F, Swami NS. Modified Red Blood Cells as Multimodal Standards for Benchmarking Single-Cell Cytometry and Separation Based on Electrical Physiology. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2865-2872. [PMID: 35107262 PMCID: PMC8852356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical cellular information at single-cell sensitivity is becoming increasingly important within analytical and separation platforms that associate the cell phenotype with markers of disease, infection, and immunity. Frequency-modulated electrically driven microfluidic measurement and separation systems offer the ability to sensitively identify single cells based on biophysical information, such as their size and shape, as well as their subcellular membrane morphology and cytoplasmic organization. However, there is a lack of reliable and reproducible model particles with well-tuned subcellular electrical phenotypes that can be used as standards to benchmark the electrical physiology of unknown cell types or to benchmark dielectrophoretic separation metrics of novel device strategies. Herein, the application of red blood cells (RBCs) as multimodal standard particles with systematically modulated subcellular electrophysiology and associated fluorescence level is presented. Using glutaraldehyde fixation to vary membrane capacitance and by membrane resealing after electrolyte penetration to vary interior cytoplasmic conductivity and fluorescence in a correlated manner, each modified RBC type can be identified at single-cell sensitivity based on phenomenological impedance metrics and fitted to dielectric models to compute biophysical information. In this manner, single-cell impedance data from unknown RBC types can be mapped versus these model RBC types for facile determination of subcellular biophysical information and their dielectrophoretic separation conditions, without the need for time-consuming algorithms that often require unknown fitting parameters. Such internal standards for biophysical cytometry can advance in-line phenotypic recognition strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armita Salahi
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Carlos Honrado
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Aditya Rane
- Chemistry, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Federica Caselli
- Civil
Engineering and Computer Science, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nathan S. Swami
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Chemistry, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wlodkowic D, Czerw A, Karakiewicz B, Deptała A. Recent progress in cytometric technologies and their applications in ecotoxicology and environmental risk assessment. Cytometry A 2021; 101:203-219. [PMID: 34652065 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxicology focuses on identifying and predicting impact of potentially toxic anthropogenic chemicals on biosphere at various levels of biological organization. Presently there is a significant drive to gain deeper understanding of cellular and sub-cellular mechanisms of ecotoxicity. Most notable is increased focus on elucidation of cellular-response networks, interactomes, and greater implementation of cell-based biotests using high-throughput procedures, while at the same time decreasing the reliance on standard animal models used in ecotoxicity testing. This is aimed at discovery and interpretation of molecular pathways of ecotoxicity at large scale. In this regard, the applications of cytometry are perhaps one of the most fundamental prospective analytical tools for the next generation and high-throughput ecotoxicology research. The diversity of this modern technology spans flow, laser-scanning, imaging, and more recently, Raman as well as mass cytometry. The cornerstone advantages of cytometry include the possibility of multi-parameter measurements, gating and rapid analysis. Cytometry overcomes, thus, limitations of traditional bulk techniques such as spectrophotometry or gel-based techniques that average the results from pooled cell populations or small model organisms. Novel technologies such as cell imaging in flow, laser scanning cytometry, as well as mass cytometry provide innovative and tremendously powerful capabilities to analyze cells, tissues as well as to perform in situ analysis of small model organisms. In this review, we outline cytometry as a tremendously diverse field that is still vastly underutilized and often largely unknown in environmental sciences. The main motivation of this work is to highlight the potential and wide-reaching applications of cytometry in ecotoxicology, guide environmental scientists in the technological aspects as well as popularize its broader adoption in environmental risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Czerw
- Department of Health Economics and Medical Law, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Karakiewicz
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Deptała
- Department of Cancer Prevention. Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang X, Torres-Castro K, Varhue W, Salahi A, Rasin A, Honrado C, Brown A, Guler J, Swami NS. Self-aligned sequential lateral field non-uniformities over channel depth for high throughput dielectrophoretic cell deflection. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:835-843. [PMID: 33532812 PMCID: PMC8019514 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) enables the separation of cells based on subtle subcellular phenotypic differences by controlling the frequency of the applied field. However, current electrode-based geometries extend over a limited depth of the sample channel, thereby reducing the throughput of the manipulated sample (sub-μL min-1 flow rates and <105 cells per mL). We present a flow through device with self-aligned sequential field non-uniformities extending laterally across the sample channel width (100 μm) that are created by metal patterned over the entire depth (50 μm) of the sample channel sidewall using a single lithography step. This enables single-cell streamlines to undergo progressive DEP deflection with minimal dependence on the cell starting position, its orientation versus the field and intercellular interactions. Phenotype-specific cell separation is validated (>μL min-1 flow and >106 cells per mL) using heterogeneous samples of healthy and glutaraldehyde-fixed red blood cells, with single-cell impedance cytometry showing that the DEP collected fractions are intact and exhibit electrical opacity differences consistent with their capacitance-based DEP crossover frequency. This geometry can address the vision of an "all electric" selective cell isolation and cytometry system for quantifying phenotypic heterogeneity of cellular systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XuHai Huang
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Karina Torres-Castro
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Walter Varhue
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Armita Salahi
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Ahmed Rasin
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Carlos Honrado
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Audrey Brown
- Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA. and Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bonilla DL, Reinin G, Chua E. Full Spectrum Flow Cytometry as a Powerful Technology for Cancer Immunotherapy Research. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:612801. [PMID: 33585561 PMCID: PMC7878389 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.612801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nobel Prize-deserving concept of blocking inhibitory pathways in T cells, to unleash their anti-tumoral capacity, became one of the pillars of cancer treatment in the last decade and has resulted in durable clinical responses for multiple cancer types. Currently, two of the most important goals in cancer immunotherapy are to understand the mechanisms resulting in failure to checkpoint blockade and to identify predictive immunological biomarkers that correlate to treatment response, disease progression or adverse effects. The identification and validation of biomarkers for routine clinical use is not only critical to monitor disease or treatment progression, but also to personalize and develop new therapies. To achieve these goals, powerful research tools are needed. Flow cytometry stands as one of the most successful single-cell analytical tools used to characterize immune cell phenotypes to monitor solid tumors, hematological malignancies, minimal residual disease or metastatic progression. This technology has been fundamental in diagnosis, treatment and translational research in cancer clinical trials. Most recently, the need to evaluate simultaneously more features in each cell has pushed the field to implement more powerful adaptations beyond conventional flow cytometry, including Full Spectrum Flow Cytometry (FSFC). FSFC captures the full emission spectrum of fluorescent molecules using arrays of highly sensitive light detectors, and to date has enabled characterization of 40 parameters in a single sample. We will summarize the contributions of this technology to the advancement of research in immunotherapy studies and discuss best practices to obtain reliable, robust and reproducible FSFC results.
Collapse
|
11
|
Khaliullin TO, Kisin ER, Guppi S, Yanamala N, Zhernovkov V, Shvedova AA. Differential responses of murine alveolar macrophages to elongate mineral particles of asbestiform and non-asbestiform varieties: Cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion and transcriptional changes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115302. [PMID: 33148505 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human exposures to asbestiform elongate mineral particles (EMP) may lead to diffuse fibrosis, lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma and autoimmune diseases. Cleavage fragments (CF) are chemically identical to asbestiform varieties (or habits) of the parent mineral, but no consensus exists on whether to treat them as asbestos from toxicological and regulatory standpoints. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the first responders to inhaled particulates, participating in clearance and activating other resident and recruited immunocompetent cells, impacting the long-term outcomes. In this study we address how EMP of asbestiform versus non-asbestiform habit affect AM responses. Max Planck Institute (MPI) cells, a non-transformed mouse line that has an AM phenotype and genotype, were treated with mass-, surface area- (s.a.), and particle number- (p.n.) equivalent concentrations of respirable asbestiform and non-asbestiform riebeckite/tremolite EMP for 24 h. Cytotoxicity, cytokines secretion and transcriptional changes were evaluated. At the equal mass, asbestiform EMP were more cytotoxic, however EMP of both habits induced similar LDH leakage and decrease in viability at s.a. and p.n. equivalent doses. DNA damage assessment and cell cycle analysis revealed differences in the modes of cell death between asbestos and respective CF. There was an increase in chemokines, but not pro-inflammatory cytokines after all EMP treatments. Principal component analysis of the cytokine secretion showed close clustering for the s.a. and p.n. equivalent treatments. There were mineral- and habit-specific patterns of gene expression dysregulation at s.a. equivalent doses. Our study reveals the critical nature of EMP morphometric parameters for exposure assessment and dosing approaches used in toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T O Khaliullin
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America; HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, United States of America.
| | - E R Kisin
- HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, United States of America.
| | - S Guppi
- HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, United States of America.
| | - N Yanamala
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
| | | | - A A Shvedova
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America; HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Flow-Cytometric Method for Viability Analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Other Cell-Culture-Contaminant Mollicutes. Curr Microbiol 2020; 78:67-77. [PMID: 33159562 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma is the smallest self-replicating bacteria, figuring as common contaminant of eukaryotic cell cultures. Production inputs and operator's manipulation seem to be the main sources of such contamination. Many analytical approaches have been applied for mycoplasma detection in cell cultures and also in biological products. However, unless they were validated, only indicator cell culture and bacteriological culture are considered as compendial methods for quality control of biological products. Nano-flow cytometry has been pointed out as an alternative technique for addressing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell viability being a substantial tool for reference material production. In this study, a viability-flow-cytometry assay was standardized for M. gallisepticum and then applied to other cell-culture-contaminant mycoplasmas. For this, M. galliseticum's growth rate was observed and different treatments were evaluated to establish low viability cultures (cell death-induced control). Distinct viability markers and their ideal concentrations (titration) were appraised. Ethanol treatment showed to be the best death-inducing control. CFDA and TOPRO markers revealed to be the best choice for detecting live and dead mycoplasma frequencies, respectively. The standardized methodology was applied to Mycoplasma arginini, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, Spiroplasma citri and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Significant statistical difference was observed in the percentage of viable cells in comparison to ethanol treatment for A. laidlawii in CFDA and in both markers for M. gallisepticum, M. hyorhinis and S. citri. In summary, we standardized a flow cytometry assay for assessing M. gallisepticum - and potentially other species - viability and ultimately applied for reference material production improving the quality control of biological products.
Collapse
|
13
|
Torres-Castro K, Honrado C, Varhue WB, Farmehini V, Swami NS. High-throughput dynamical analysis of dielectrophoretic frequency dispersion of single cells based on deflected flow streamlines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3847-3857. [PMID: 32128645 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic quantification of cells based on their plasma membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity, as determined by their dielectrophoretic frequency dispersion, is often used as a marker for their biological function. However, due to the prevalence of phenotypic heterogeneity in many biological systems of interest, there is a need for methods capable of determining the dielectrophoretic dispersion of single cells at high throughput and without the need for sample dilution. We present a microfluidic device methodology wherein localized constrictions in the microchannel are used to enhance the field delivered by adjoining planar electrodes, so that the dielectrophoresis level and direction on flow-focused cells can be determined on each traversing cell in a high-throughput manner based on their deflected flow streamlines. Using a sample of human red blood cells diluted to 2.25 × 108 cells/mL, the dielectrophoretic translation of single cells traversing at a flow rate of 1.68 μL/min is measured at a throughput of 1.1 × 105 cells/min, to distinguish positive versus negative dielectrophoresis and determine their crossover frequency in media of differing conductivity for validation of the computed membrane capacitance to that from prior methods. We envision application of this dynamic dielectrophoresis (Dy-DEP) method towards high-throughput measurement of the dielectric dispersion of single cells to stratify phenotypic heterogeneity of a particular sample based on their DEP crossover frequency, without the need for significant sample dilution. Grapical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Torres-Castro
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Carlos Honrado
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Walter B Varhue
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Vahid Farmehini
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
- Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
High-throughput label-free characterization of viable, necrotic and apoptotic human lymphoma cells in a coplanar-electrode microfluidic impedance chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 150:111887. [PMID: 31780405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study and the characterization of cell death mechanisms are fundamental in cell biology research. Traditional death/viability assays usually involve laborious sample preparation and expensive equipment or reagents. In this work, we use electrical impedance spectroscopy as a label-free methodology to characterize viable, necrotic and apoptotic human lymphoma U937 cells. A simple three-electrode coplanar layout is used in a differential measurement scheme and thousands of cells are measured at high-throughput (≈200 cell/s). Tailored signal processing enables accurate and robust cell characterization without the need for cell focusing systems. The results suggest that, at low frequency (0.5 MHz), signal magnitude enables the discrimination between viable/necrotic cells and cell fragments, whereas phase information allows discriminating between viable cells and necrotic cells. At higher frequency (10 MHz) two subpopulations of cell fragments are distinguished. This work substantiates the prominent role of electrical impedance spectroscopy for the development of next-generation cell viability assays.
Collapse
|
15
|
Vossenkamper A, Warnes G. Flow Cytometry Reveals the Nature of Oncotic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184379. [PMID: 31489916 PMCID: PMC6769836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The term necrosis is commonly applied to cells that have died via a non-specific pathway or mechanism but strictly is the description of the degradation processes involved once the plasma membrane of the cell has lost integrity. The signalling pathways potentially involved in accidental cell death (ACD) or oncosis are under-studied. In this study, the flow cytometric analysis of the intracellular antigens involved in regulated cell death (RCD) revealed the phenotypic nature of cells undergoing oncosis or necrosis. Sodium azide induced oncosis but also classic apoptosis, which was blocked by zVAD (z-Vla-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone). Oncotic cells were found to be viability+ve/caspase-3–ve/RIP3+ve/–ve (Receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3). These two cell populations also displayed a DNA damage response (DDR) phenotype pH2AX+ve/PARP–ve, cleaved PARP induced caspase independent apoptosis H2AX–ve/PARP+ve and hyper-activation or parthanatos H2AX+ve/PARP+ve. Oncotic cells with phenotype cell viability+ve/RIP3–ve/caspase-3–ve showed increased DDR and parthanatos. Necrostatin-1 down-regulated DDR in oncotic cells and increased sodium azide induced apoptosis. This flow cytometric approach to cell death research highlights the link between ACD and the RCD processes of programmed apoptosis and necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vossenkamper
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary London University, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Gary Warnes
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary London University, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Reale R, De Ninno A, Businaro L, Bisegna P, Caselli F. High-throughput electrical position detection of single flowing particles/cells with non-spherical shape. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1818-1827. [PMID: 30997463 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an innovative impedance cytometer for the measurement of the cross-sectional position of single particles or cells flowing in a microchannel. As predicted by numerical simulations and experimentally validated, the proposed approach is applicable to particles/cells with either spherical or non-spherical shape. In particular, the optics-free high-throughput position detection of individual flowing red blood cells (RBCs) is demonstrated and applied to monitor RBCs hydrodynamic focusing under different sheath flow conditions. Moreover, the device provides multiparametric information useful for lab-on-a-chip applications, including particle inter-arrival times and velocity profile, as well as RBCs mean corpuscular volume, distribution width and electrical opacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Reale
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dynamic in vitro models for tumor tissue engineering. Cancer Lett 2019; 449:178-185. [PMID: 30763717 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer research uses in vitro studies for controllable analysis of tumor behavior and preclinical testing of therapeutics. Shortcomings of basic cell culture systems in recreating in vivo interactions have driven the development of more efficient and biomimetic in vitro environments for cancer research. Assimilation of certain developments in tissue engineering will accelerate and improve the design of these environments. With the continual improvement of the tumor engineering field, the next step is towards macroscopic systems such as scaffold-supported, flow-perfused macroscale tumor bioreactors. Surface modifications of synthetic scaffolds allow for targeted cell adhesion and improved ECM development. Flow perfusion has emerged as means to expose cancerous tissues to critical biomechanical forces for tumor progression while simultaneously improving nutrient and waste transport. Macroscale perfusable systems allow for non-destructive real-time monitoring using biosensors capable of improving understanding of in vitro tumor development at reduced cost and waste. The combination of macroscale perfusable systems, surface-modified synthetic scaffolds, and non-destructive real-time monitoring will provide advanced platforms for in vitro modeling of tumor development, with broad applications in basic tumor research and preclinical drug development.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gu H, Li N, Dai J, Xi Y, Wang S, Wang J. Synthesis and In Vitro Antitumor Activity of Novel Bivalent β-Carboline-3-carboxylic Acid Derivatives with DNA as a Potential Target. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3179. [PMID: 30326662 PMCID: PMC6214108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel bivalent β-carboline derivatives were designed and synthesized, and in vitro cytotoxicity, cell apoptosis, and DNA-binding affinity were evaluated. The cytotoxic results demonstrated that most bivalent β-carboline derivatives exhibited stronger cytotoxicity than the corresponding monomer against the five selected tumor cell lines (A549, SGC-7901, Hela, SMMC-7721, and MCF-7), indicating that the dimerization at the C³ position could enhance the antitumor activity of β-carbolines. Among the derivatives tested, 4B, 6i, 4D, and 6u displayed considerable cytotoxicity against A549 cell line. Furthermore, 4B, 6i, 4D, and 6u induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, and caused cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases. Moreover, the levels of cytochrome C in mitochondria, and the expressions of bcl-2 protein, decreased after treatment with β-carbolines, which indicated that 6i and 6u could induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In addition, the results of UV-visible spectral, thermal denaturation, and molecular docking studies revealed that 4B, 6i, 4D, and 6u could bind to DNA mainly by intercalation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Gu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jiangkun Dai
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yaxi Xi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shijun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China.
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sathish M, Chetan Dushantrao S, Nekkanti S, Tokala R, Thatikonda S, Tangella Y, Srinivas G, Cherukommu S, Hari Krishna N, Shankaraiah N, Nagesh N, Kamal A. Synthesis of DNA interactive C3-trans-cinnamide linked β-carboline conjugates as potential cytotoxic and DNA topoisomerase I inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4916-4929. [PMID: 30172625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of new C3-trans-cinnamide linked β-carboline conjugates has been synthesized by coupling between various β-carboline amines and substituted cinnamic acids. Evaluation of their anti-proliferative activity against a panel of selected human cancer cell lines such as A549 (lung cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), B16 (melanoma), HeLa (cervical cancer) and a normal cell line NIH3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line), suggested that the newly designed conjugates are considerably active against all the tested cancer cell lines with IC50 values 13-45 nM. Moreover, the conjugates 8v and 8x were the most active against MCF-7 cells (14.05 nM and 13.84 nM respectively) and also even potent on other cell lines tested. Further, detailed investigations such as cell cycle analysis, apoptosis induction study, topoisomerase I inhibition assay, DNA binding affinity and docking studies revealed that these new conjugates are DNA interactive topoisomerase I inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manda Sathish
- Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Sabanis Chetan Dushantrao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Shalini Nekkanti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Ramya Tokala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Soujanya Thatikonda
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Yellaiah Tangella
- Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Gunda Srinivas
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | | | - Namballa Hari Krishna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India.
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Salama MM, El-Naggar DA, Abdel-Rahman RH, Elhak SAG. Toxic Effects of Trichloroethylene on Rat Neuroprogenitor Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:741. [PMID: 30042680 PMCID: PMC6048252 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a common volatile organic solvent which is considered as an ubiquitous environmental pollutant. It is claimed to be a developmental neurotoxicant. Our group evaluated previously its impact on three-dimensional neurospheres in vitro. The current work aims to investigate the neurotoxic effects of a lower concentration of TCE on the same system. To perform the experiment, neural progenitor cells were obtained from the brains of nine newborn rats. Afterward, these cells were cultured in both growth and differentiation media to get the neurospheres. Cell cultures were divided into two groups: group 1 (control), group 2 (exposed to 0.25 μM TCE). Neurospheres were photographed at different durations and assessment of the morphological changes such as proliferation and differentiation of neurospheres was done. In addition, cell viability, apoptosis, and necrosis were analyzed using flow cytometry to clarify the mechanism of involved cytotoxicity. The results revealed that TCE-treated neurospheres showed significantly decreased proliferation on days 7 and 14. These cells failed to show the neurogenic differentiation seen in the neurospheres of the control group. Furthermore, a highly significant decrease in viability and a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells were observed in the treated cells in comparison to the control group. The present work confirmed that TCE, at very low doses relevant to daily life exposure in humans, caused neurotoxic effects in 3D neurosphere model through the affection of neural proliferation and differentiation as well as disturbance of cell viability and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Salama
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa A El-Naggar
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rania H Abdel-Rahman
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Seham A G Elhak
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Halicka HD, Garcia J, Li J, Zhao H, Darzynkiewicz Z. Synergy of 2-deoxy-D-glucose combined with berberine in inducing the lysosome/autophagy and transglutaminase activation-facilitated apoptosis. Apoptosis 2018; 22:229-238. [PMID: 27796611 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing a variety of flow cytometric methods evidence was obtained indicating that a combination of the glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG) and the plant alkaloid berberine (BRB) produces synergistic effect in the induction of apoptosis in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. The synergistic effect is seen at concentrations of the drugs at which each of them alone shows no cytotoxicity at all. The data suggest that the combination of these drugs, which are known in terms of their overall toxicity, side effects and pharmacokinetics may be considered for further studies as chemopreventive and cancer treatment modalities. Of interest are results indicating that rapamycin, which similarly to BRB, suppresses mTOR signaling, when combined with 2-dG shows no synergistic properties. Metformin, on other hand, requires much higher concentration to show the synergy with 2-dG. Also of interest are the findings pertaining to the methodology of the present study. Specifically, dynamic assessment of cellular viability was performed by using the DRAQ7 cell exclusion fluorochrome present in cultures from 0 to 72 h. Concurrent measurement of lysosomal proton pump using acridine orange as the probe shows activation of lysosomes in the cells treated with 2-dG or BRB alone as well as with the drugs combined. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring DNA fragmentation, cell cycle, activation of caspase-3 and tissue transglutaminase (Tgase). A novel cytometric method was developed based on analysis of lysosomal (acidic vesicles) proton pump in live cells followed by cell lysis with detergent and fluorochrome labeling of proteins and DNA to analyze Tgase activation concurrently with cell cycle, in same population of cells. The data show that the cell subpopulation undergoing apoptosis has increased side (right-angle) light scatter likely due to the presence of the crosslinked (solid state) proteins, the consequence Tgase activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Dorota Halicka
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, BSB 438, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Jorge Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, BSB 438, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Jiangwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, BSB 438, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, BSB 438, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, BSB 438, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee H, Pike R, Chong M, Vossenkamper A, Warnes G. Simultaneous flow cytometric immunophenotyping of necroptosis, apoptosis and RIP1-dependent apoptosis. Methods 2018; 134-135:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
23
|
Real-time viability and apoptosis kinetic detection method of 3D multicellular tumor spheroids using the Celigo Image Cytometer. Cytometry A 2017; 91:883-892. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
24
|
Holton AB, Sinatra FL, Kreahling J, Conway AJ, Landis DA, Altiok S. Microfluidic Biopsy Trapping Device for the Real-Time Monitoring of Tumor Microenvironment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169797. [PMID: 28085924 PMCID: PMC5235371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of cellular and stromal components such as tumor cells, mesenchymal cells, immune cells, cancer associated fibroblasts and the supporting extracellular matrix. The tumor microenvironment provides crucial support for growth and progression of tumor cells and affects tumor response to therapeutic interventions. To better understand tumor biology and to develop effective cancer therapeutic agents it is important to develop preclinical platforms that can faithfully recapitulate the tumor microenvironment and the complex interaction between the tumor and its surrounding stromal elements. Drug studies performed in vitro with conventional two-dimensional cancer cell line models do not optimally represent clinical drug response as they lack true tumor heterogeneity and are often performed in static culture conditions lacking stromal tumor components that significantly influence the metabolic activity and proliferation of cells. Recent microfluidic approaches aim to overcome such obstacles with the use of cell lines derived in artificial three-dimensional supportive gels or micro-chambers. However, absence of a true tumor microenvironment and full interstitial flow, leads to less than optimal evaluation of tumor response to drug treatment. Here we report a continuous perfusion microfluidic device coupled with microscopy and image analysis for the assessment of drug effects on intact fresh tumor tissue. We have demonstrated that fine needle aspirate biopsies obtained from patient-derived xenograft models of adenocarcinoma of the lung can successfully be analyzed for their response to ex vivo drug treatment within this biopsy trapping microfluidic device, wherein a protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine, was used to assess tumor cell death as a proof of principle. This approach has the potential to study tumor tissue within its intact microenvironment to better understand tumor response to drug treatments and eventually to choose the most effective drug and drug combination for individual patients in a cost effective and timely manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Babetski Holton
- Draper, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Jenny Kreahling
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Conway
- Draper, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Soner Altiok
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Multi-parametric imaging of cell heterogeneity in apoptosis analysis. Methods 2017; 112:105-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
26
|
Telford W, Tamul K, Bradford J. Measurement and Characterization of Apoptosis by Flow Cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 77:9.49.1-9.49.28. [PMID: 27367289 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important mechanism in cell biology, playing a critical regulatory role in virtually every organ system. It has been particularly well characterized in the immune system, with roles ranging from immature immune cell development and selection to down-regulation of the mature immune response. Apoptosis is also the primary mechanism of action of anti-cancer drugs. Flow cytometry has been the method of choice for analyzing apoptosis in suspension cells for more than 25 years. Numerous assays have been devised to measure both the earliest and latest steps in the apoptotic process, from the earliest signal-transduction events to the late morphological changes in cell shape and granularity, proteolysis, and chromatin condensation. These assays are particularly powerful when combined into multicolor assays determining several apoptotic characteristics simultaneously. The multiparametric nature of flow cytometry makes this technology particularly suited to measuring apoptosis. In this unit, we will describe the four main techniques for analyzing caspase activity in apoptotic cells, combined with annexin V and cell permeability analysis. These relatively simple multiparametric assays are powerful techniques for assessing cell death. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Telford
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karen Tamul
- EMD Millipore, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Coutinho LM, Vieira EL, Dela Cruz C, Casalechi M, Teixeira AL, Del Puerto HL, Reis FM. Apoptosis modulation by activin A and follistatin in human endometrial stromal cells. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:161-5. [PMID: 26494397 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1103222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin A is a growth factor that stimulates decidualization and is abundantly expressed in endometrial proliferative disorders. Nevertheless, whether it directly affects endometrial cell survival is still unknown. This study investigated the effects of activin A on total death and apoptosis rates and on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release by human endometrial stromal cells (HESC). We performed a controlled prospective in vitro study using primary HESC cultures obtained from healthy reproductive age women (n = 11). Cells were treated with medium alone (control) or activin A (25 ng/mL) or activin A (25 ng/mL) and its antagonist follistatin (250 ng/mL). Apoptosis and total cell death were measured by flow cytometry, while TNF concentrations in culture media were quantified by ELISA. Activin A decreased the percentage of apoptotic/dead cells from 31% to 22% (p < 0.05, paired t-test) and reduced TNF levels in culture medium by 14%, but there was no linear correlation between TNF release and apoptotic rates. Both effects of activin A were reversed by follistatin. These findings indicate that activin A promotes HESC survival, possibly by a TNF-independent pathway. This mechanism may be critical to the actions of activin A upon stromal cell growth and differentiation in physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M Coutinho
- a Division of Human Reproduction , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil and
| | - Erica L Vieira
- b Neuroscience Branch, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Cynthia Dela Cruz
- a Division of Human Reproduction , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil and
| | - Maíra Casalechi
- a Division of Human Reproduction , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil and
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- b Neuroscience Branch, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Helen L Del Puerto
- a Division of Human Reproduction , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil and
| | - Fernando M Reis
- a Division of Human Reproduction , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil and
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Design and synthesis of dithiocarbamate linked β-carboline derivatives: DNA topoisomerase II inhibition with DNA binding and apoptosis inducing ability. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5511-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
29
|
Multimodal holographic microscopy: distinction between apoptosis and oncosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121674. [PMID: 25803711 PMCID: PMC4372376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of specific cell death is of a great value for many scientists. Predominant types of cell death can be detected by flow-cytometry (FCM). Nevertheless, the absence of cellular morphology analysis leads to the misclassification of cell death type due to underestimated oncosis. However, the definition of the oncosis is important because of its potential reversibility. Therefore, FCM analysis of cell death using annexin V/propidium iodide assay was compared with holographic microscopy coupled with fluorescence detection - “Multimodal holographic microscopy (MHM)”. The aim was to highlight FCM limitations and to point out MHM advantages. It was shown that the annexin V+/PI− phenotype is not specific of early apoptotic cells, as previously believed, and that morphological criteria have to be necessarily combined with annexin V/PI for the cell death type to be ascertained precisely. MHM makes it possible to distinguish oncosis clearly from apoptosis and to stratify the progression of oncosis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Atale N, Gupta S, Yadav UCS, Rani V. Cell-death assessment by fluorescent and nonfluorescent cytosolic and nuclear staining techniques. J Microsc 2014; 255:7-19. [PMID: 24831993 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, a genetically programmed cellular event leads to biochemical and morphological changes in cells. Alterations in DNA caused by several factors affect nucleus and ultimately the entire cell leading to compromised function of the organ and organism. DNA, a master regulator of the cellular events, is an important biomolecule with regards to cell growth, cell death, cell migration and cell differentiation. It is therefore imperative to develop the staining techniques that may lead to visualize the changes in nucleus where DNA is housed, to comprehend the cellular pathophysiology. Over the years a number of nuclear staining techniques such as propidium iodide, Hoechst-33342, 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Acridine orange-Ethidium bromide staining, among others have been developed to assess the changes in DNA. Some nonnuclear staining techniques such as Annexin-V staining, which although does not stain DNA, but helps to identify the events that result from DNA alteration and leads to initiation of apoptotic cell death. In this review, we have briefly discussed some of the most commonly used fluorescent and nonfluorescent staining techniques that identify apoptotic changes in cell, DNA and the nucleus. These techniques help in differentiating several cellular and nuclear phenotypes that result from DNA damage and have been identified as specific to necrosis or early and late apoptosis as well as scores of other nuclear deformities occurring inside the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Atale
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
More than two decades ago, microfluidics began to show its impact in biological research. Since then, the field of microfluidics has evolving rapidly. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Microfluidics holds great promise in cancer diagnosis and also serves as an emerging tool for understanding cancer biology. Microfluidics can be valuable for cancer investigation due to its high sensitivity, high throughput, less material-consumption, low cost, and enhanced spatio-temporal control. The physical laws on microscale offer an advantage enabling the control of physics, biology, chemistry and physiology at cellular level. Furthermore, microfluidic based platforms are portable and can be easily designed for point-of-care diagnostics. Developing and applying the state of the art microfluidic technologies to address the unmet challenges in cancer can expand the horizons of not only fundamental biology but also the management of disease and patient care. Despite the various microfluidic technologies available in the field, few have been tested clinically, which can be attributed to the various challenges existing in bridging the gap between the emerging technology and real world applications. We present a review of role of microfluidics in cancer research, including the history, recent advances and future directions to explore where the field stand currently in addressing complex clinical challenges and future of it. This review identifies four critical areas in cancer research, in which microfluidics can change the current paradigm. These include cancer cell isolation, molecular diagnostics, tumor biology and high-throughput screening for therapeutics. In addition, some of our lab's current research is presented in the corresponding sections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wlodkowic D, Akagi J, Dobrucki J, Errington R, Smith PJ, Takeda K, Darzynkiewicz Z. Kinetic viability assays using DRAQ7 probe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; Chapter 9:9.41.1-9.41.8. [PMID: 23835805 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0941s65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell death within cell populations is a stochastic process where cell-to-cell variation in temporal progression through the various stages of cell death arises from asynchrony of subtle fluctuations in the signaling pathways. Most cell death assays rely on detection of the specific marker of cell demise at the end-point of cell culturing. Such an approach cannot account for the asynchrony and the stochastic nature of cell response to the death-inducing signal. There is a need therefore for rapid and high-throughput bioassays capable of continuously tracking viability of individual cells from the time of encountering a stress signal up to final stages of their demise. In this context, a new anthracycline derivative, DRAQ7, is gaining increasing interest as an easy-to-use marker capable of long-term monitoring of cell death in real-time. This novel probe neither penetrates the plasma membrane of living cells nor does it affect the cells' susceptibility to the death-inducing agents. However, when the membrane integrity is compromised, DRAQ7 enters cells undergoing demise and binds readily to nuclear DNA to report cell death. Here, we provide three sets of protocols for viability assays using DRAQ7 probe. The first protocol describes the innovative use of single-color DRAQ7 real-time assay to dynamically track cell viability. The second protocol outlines a simplified end-point DRAQ7 staining approach. The final protocol highlights the real-time and multiparametric apoptosis assay utilizing DRAQ7 dye concurrently with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM), the mitochondrial trans-membrane electrochemical potential (ΔΨm) sensing probe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kamal A, Srinivasulu V, Nayak VL, Sathish M, Shankaraiah N, Bagul C, Reddy NVS, Rangaraj N, Nagesh N. Design and synthesis of C3-pyrazole/chalcone-linked beta-carboline hybrids: antitopoisomerase I, DNA-interactive, and apoptosis-inducing anticancer agents. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2084-98. [PMID: 24470122 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of β-carboline hybrids bearing a substituted phenyl and a chalcone/(N-acetyl)-pyrazole moiety at the C1 and C3 positions, respectively, was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anticancer activity. These new hybrid molecules showed significant cytotoxic activity, with IC50 values ranging from <2.0 μM to 80 μM, and the structure-activity relationships (SAR) associated with substitutions at positions 1 and 3 of these hybrids was clearly addressed. Further, induction of apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC, Hoechst staining, and DNA fragmentation analysis. In addition, DNA photocleavage studies proved that two of the hybrids, (E)-1-(furan-2-yl)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (7 d) and 1-(3-(furan-2-yl)-5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanone (8 d) could effectively cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA upon irradiation with UV light. Active hybrid 8 d inhibited DNA topoisomerase I activity efficiently and preserved DNA in the supercoiled form. To further corroborate the biological activities, as well as to understand the nature of the interaction of these hybrids with DNA, spectroscopic studies were also performed. Unlike simple β-carboline alkaloids, the binding mode of these new hybrid molecules with DNA was not similar, and both biophysical as well as molecular docking studies speculated a combilexin-type of interaction with DNA. Further, an in silico study of these β-carboline hybrids revealed their drug-like properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007 (India); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037 (India).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Siewert B, Wiemann J, Köwitsch A, Csuk R. The chemical and biological potential of C ring modified triterpenoids. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 72:84-101. [PMID: 24361521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and elegant route has been developed to separate the natural regioisomers triterpenoids ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) as well as derivatives thereof. Eleven unknown derivatives of OA were designed, synthesized, and their cytotoxicity was investigated. Further sixteen compounds were prepared to correlate all compounds in a SAR study. It could be shown that C-ring modifications of OA and UA have only a moderate influence onto the cytotoxic activity of the compounds but a significant impact onto the ability to trigger apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells (cell line A2780).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Siewert
- Bereich Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Jana Wiemann
- Bereich Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Alexander Köwitsch
- Bereich Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Bereich Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle, Saale, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Towards cytotoxic and selective derivatives of maslinic acid. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:594-615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
36
|
Doerner A, Rhiel L, Zielonka S, Kolmar H. Therapeutic antibody engineering by high efficiency cell screening. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:278-87. [PMID: 24291259 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several cell-based screening technologies for the isolation of antibodies with prescribed properties emerged. They rely on the multi-copy display of antibodies or antibody fragments on a cell surface in functional form followed by high through put screening and isolation of cell clones that carry an antibody variant with the desired affinity, specificity, and stability. Particularly yeast surface display in combination with high-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting has proven successful in the last fifteen years as a very powerful technology that has some advantages over classical generation of monoclonals using the hybridoma technology or bacteriophage-based antibody display and screening. Cell-based screening harbours the benefit of single-cell online and real-time analysis and characterisation of individual library candidates. Moreover, when using eukaryotic expression hosts, intrinsic quality control machineries for proper protein folding and stability exist that allow for co-selection of high-level expression and stability simultaneously to the binding functionality. Recently, promising technologies emerged that directly rely on antibody display on higher eukaryotic cell lines using lentiviral transfection or direct screening on B-cells. The combination of immunisation, B-cell screening and next generation sequencing may open new avenues for the isolation of therapeutic antibodies with prescribed physicochemical and functional characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Doerner
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Serono, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Rhiel
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Serono, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Siewert B, Pianowski E, Csuk R. Esters and amides of maslinic acid trigger apoptosis in human tumor cells and alter their mode of action with respect to the substitution pattern at C-28. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:259-72. [PMID: 24161703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed diseases worldwide; its mortality rate is high, and there is still a demand for the development of antitumor active drugs. Triterpenoic acids show many pharmacological effects, among them antitumor activity. One of these, maslinic acid-1 is of interest because of its antitumor profile. It is not only cytotoxic but also triggers apoptosis in various human tumor cell lines. To improve the cytotoxicity of parent 1 we set out to synthesize a series of esters and amides differing in structure and lipophilicity. These compounds were tested in a sulforhodamine B assay for cytotoxicity, and screened for their ability to induce apoptosis using an acridine orange/propidium iodide assay, DNA laddering and cell cycle experiments. Esters containing small-chain, lipophilic residues increased the cytotoxicity whereas amides as well long-chain esters led to a decrease in activity. The antitumor activity seems to be independent from the substitution pattern at position C-28 for esters and amides but alters their mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Siewert
- Bereich Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Akagi J, Fujimura Y, Takeda K. Multiparameter analysis of apoptosis using lab-on-a-chip flow cytometry. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2013; 66:9.42.1-9.42.15. [PMID: 24510726 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0942s66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The age of microfluidic flow cytometry (µFCM) is fast becoming a reality. One of the most exciting applications of miniaturized chip-based cytometers is multivariate analysis using sampling volumes as small as 10 µl while matching the multiparameter data collection of conventional flow cytometers. We outline several innovative protocols for analyzing caspase-dependent cell death and cell cycle (DNA-content) profile using a fully integrated microfluidic flow cytometry system, Fishman-R. The first protocol describes the use of a new plasma membrane-permeability marker, DRAQ7, and the fluorogenic caspase substrate PhiPhiLux to track caspase activation during programmed cell death. Also outlined is the use of DRAQ7 fluorochrome in conjunction with the mitochondrial membrane potential-sensitive probe TMRM to track dissipation of inner mitochondrial cross-membrane potential. Another protocol adds the ability to measure dissipation of mitochondrial inner membrane potential (using TMRM probe) in relation to the cell cycle profile (using DRAQ5 probe) in living leukemic cells. Finally, we describe the combined use of fluorogenic caspases substrate PhiPhiLux with DRAQ5 probe to measure caspase activation in relation to the cell cycle profile in living tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanna Skommer
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jin Akagi
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yoo Fujimura
- R&D Division, On-chip Biotechnologies, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takeda
- R&D Division, On-chip Biotechnologies, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhao H, Halicka HD, Li J, Biela E, Berniak K, Dobrucki J, Darzynkiewicz Z. DNA damage signaling, impairment of cell cycle progression, and apoptosis triggered by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporated into DNA. Cytometry A 2013; 83:979-88. [PMID: 24115313 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The "click chemistry" approach utilizing 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) as a DNA precursor was recently introduced to assess DNA replication and adapted to flow- and imaging-cytometry. In the present study, we observed that EdU, once incorporated into DNA, induces DNA damage signaling (DDS) such as phosphorylation of ATM on Ser1981, of histone H2AX on Ser139, of p53 on Ser15, and of Chk2 on Thr68. It also perturbs progression of cells through the cell cycle and subsequently induces apoptosis. These effects were observed in non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma A549 as well as in B-cell human lymphoblastoid TK6 and WTK1 cells, differing in the status of p53 (wt versus mutated). After 1 h EdU pulse-labeling, the most affected was cells progression through the S phase subsequent to that at which they had incorporated EdU. This indicates that DNA replication using the template containing incorporated EdU is protracted and triggers DDS. Furthermore, progression of cells having DNA pulse-labeled with EdU led to accumulation of cells in G2 , likely by activating G2 checkpoint. Consistent with the latter was activation of p53 and Chk2. Although a correlation was observed in A549 cells between the degree of EdU incorporation and the extent of γH2AX induction, such correlation was weak in TK6 and WTK1 cells. The degree of perturbation of the cell cycle kinetics by the incorporated EdU was different in the wt p53 TK6 cells as compared to their sister WTK1 cell line having mutated p53. The data are thus consistent with the role of p53 in modulating activation of cell cycle checkpoints in response to impaired DNA replication. The confocal microscopy analysis of the 3D images of cells exposed to EdU for 1 h pulse and then grown for 24 or 48 h revealed an increased number of colocalized γH2AX and p53BP1 foci considered to be markers of DNA double-strand breaks and enlarged nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, 10595
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nakamura K, Aizawa K, Yamauchi J, Tanoue A. Hyperforin inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:529-37. [PMID: 24033566 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperforin, a phloroglucinol derivative of St. John's Wort, has been identified as the major molecule responsible for this plant's products anti-depressant effects. It can be expected that exposure to St. John's Wort during pregnancy occurs with some frequency although embryotoxic or teratogenic effects of St. John's Wort and hyperforin have not yet been experimentally examined in detail. In this study, to determine any embryotoxic effects of hyperforin, we have attempted to determine whether hyperforin affects growth and survival processes of employing mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells (representing embryonic tissue) and fibroblasts (representing adult tissues). MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a modified embryonic stem cell test, which has been validated as an in vitro developmental toxicity protocol, mES cells, to assess embryotoxic potential of chemicals under investigation. RESULTS We have identified that high concentrations of hyperforin inhibited mouse ES cell population growth and induced apoptosis in fibroblasts. Under our cell culture conditions, ES cells mainly differentiated into cardiomyocytes, although various other cell types were also produced. In this condition, hyperforin affected ES cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of tissue-specific marker expression also revealed that hyperforin at high concentrations partially inhibited ES cell differentiation into mesodermal and endodermal lineages. CONCLUSIONS Hyperforin is currently used in the clinic as a safe and effective antidepressant. Our data indicate that at typical dosages it has only a low risk of embryotoxicity; ingestion of large amounts of hyperforin by pregnant women, however, may pose embryotoxic and teratogenic risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8538, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tarnok A, Darzynkiewicz Z. New insights into cell cycle and DNA damage response machineries through high-resolution AMICO quantitative imaging cytometry. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:497-500. [PMID: 23952744 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progress in biology and medicine research is being driven by development of new instrumentation and associated methodologies which open analytical capabilities that expand understanding of complexity of biological systems. Application of cytometry, which is now widely used in so many disciplines of biology, is the best example of such a progress. METHODOLOGY Recent publications push the envelope in expanding capabilities of cytometry by introducing a high resolution imaging cytometry defined as Automated Microscopy for Image CytOmetry (AMICO). This instrumentation is utilized to further elucidate mechanisms of the cell cycle progression and also the DNA damage response. This approach is going beyond the presently possible analytical technologies regarding throughput and depth of information. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of multiparametric analysis combined with the high resolution mapping of individual constituents of cell cycle and DNA damage response machineries provides new tools to probe molecular mechanism of these processes. The capability of analysis of proximity of these constituents to each other offered by AMICO is a novel and potentially important approach that can be used to elucidate mechanisms of other biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tarnok
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Centre, and Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), Universität Leipzig, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
O'Donnell EA, Ernst DN, Hingorani R. Multiparameter flow cytometry: advances in high resolution analysis. Immune Netw 2013; 13:43-54. [PMID: 23700394 PMCID: PMC3659255 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.2.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, flow cytometry has emerged as a leading, application-rich technology that supports high-resolution characterization of individual cells which function in complex cellular networks such as the immune system. This brief overview highlights advances in multiparameter flow cytometric technologies and reagent applications for characterization and functional analysis of cells modulating the immune network. These advances significantly support high-throughput and high-content analyses and enable an integrated understanding of the cellular and molecular interactions that underlie complex biological systems.
Collapse
|
43
|
Akagi J, Skommer J, Matuszek A, Takeda K, Fujimura Y, Khoshmanesh K, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mitchell A, Errington R, Smith PJ, Darzynkiewicz Z, Wlodkowic D. Multivariate analysis of apoptotic markers versus cell cycle phase in living human cancer cells by microfluidic cytometry. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2013; 8615. [PMID: 24386542 DOI: 10.1117/12.2001474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of apoptotic markers in tumors can be directly correlated with the cell cycle phase using flow cytometry (FCM). The conventional DNA content analysis requires cell permeabilization to stain nuclei with fluorescent probes such as propidium iodide or use of a costly UV-excitation line for Hoechst 33342 probe. The access to FCM is also still limited to centralized core facilities due to its inherent high costs and complex operation. This work describes development and proof-of-concept validation of a portable and user-friendly microfluidic flow cytometer (μFCM) that can perform multivariate real time analysis on live cells using sampling volumes as small as 10 microliters. The μFCM system employs disposable microfluidic cartridges fabricated using injection molding in poly(methylmethacrylate) transparent thermoplastic. Furthermore, the dedicated and miniaturized electronic hardware interface enables up to six parameter detection using a combination of spatially separated solid-state 473 (10 mW) and 640 nm (20 mW) lasers and x-y stage for rapid laser alignment adjustment. We provide new evidence that a simple 2D flow focusing on a chip is sufficient to measure cellular DNA content in live tumor cells using a far-red DNA probe DRAQ5. The feasibility of using the μFCM system for a dose-response profiling of investigational anti-cancer agents on human hematopoietic cancer cells is also demonstrated. The data show that μFCM can provide a viable novel alternative to conventional FCM for multiparameter detection of caspase activation and dissipation of mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨm) in relation to DNA content (cell cycle phase) in live tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Akagi
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna Skommer
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Matuszek
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kazuo Takeda
- R&D Division, On-chip Biotechnologies Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuu Fujimura
- R&D Division, On-chip Biotechnologies Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Khashayar Khoshmanesh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Paul J Smith
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- The Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand ; School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Csuk R, Nitsche C, Sczepek R, Schwarz S, Siewert B. Synthesis of Antitumor-Active Betulinic Acid-Derived Hydroxypropargylamines by Copper-Catalyzend Mannich Reactions. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 346:232-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201200428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
45
|
Skommer J, Akagi J, Takeda K, Fujimura Y, Khoshmanesh K, Wlodkowic D. Multiparameter Lab-on-a-Chip flow cytometry of the cell cycle. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 42:586-91. [PMID: 23261693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiparameter analysis of apoptosis in relation to cell cycle position is helpful in exploring mechanism of action of anticancer drugs that target specific molecular cogs of the cell cycle. This work demonstrates a new rationale for using microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip flow cytometry (μFCM) with a simple 2D hydrodynamic focusing for the multiparameter analysis of apoptosis and DNA ploidy analysis in human hematopoietic cancer cells. The microfluidic system employs disposable microfluidic cartridges fabricated using injection moulding in optically transparent poly(methylmethacrylate). The dedicated and miniaturized electronic hardware interface enables up to six parameter detections using a combination of spatially separated solid-state 473 nm (10 mW) and 640 nm (20 mW) lasers and x-y stage for rapid laser alignment adjustment. We provide evidence that the simple 2D flow focusing on a chip-based device is sufficient to measure cellular DNA content in both fixed and living tumor cells. The feasibility of using the μFCM system for multiparameter analysis of caspase activation and dissipation of mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨ(m) loss) in relation to DNA content is also demonstrated. The data shows that straightforward microfluidic chip designs are sufficient to acquire high quality biological data when combined with sophisticated electronic interfaces. They can be a viable alternative to conventional FCM for multiparameter detection of programmed cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Skommer
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Akagi J, Kordon M, Zhao H, Matuszek A, Dobrucki J, Errington R, Smith PJ, Takeda K, Darzynkiewicz Z, Wlodkowic D. Real-time cell viability assays using a new anthracycline derivative DRAQ7®. Cytometry A 2012; 83:227-34. [PMID: 23165976 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The exclusion of charged fluorescent dyes by intact cells has become a well-established assay for determining viability of cells. In search for a noninvasive fluorescent probe capable of long-term monitoring of cell death in real-time, we evaluated a new anthracycline derivative DRAQ7. The novel probe does not penetrate the plasma membrane of living cells but when the membrane integrity is compromised, it enters and binds readily to nuclear DNA to report cell death. It proved to be nontoxic to a panel of cancer cell lines grown continuously for up to 72 h and did not induce any detectable DNA damage signaling when analyzed using laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. The DRAQ7 provided a sensitive, real-time readout of cell death induced by a variety of stressors such as hypoxia, starvation, and drug-induced cytotoxicity. The overall responses to anticancer agents and resulting pharmacological dose-response profiles were not affected by the growth of tumor cells in the presence DRAQ7. Moreover, we for the first time introduced a near real-time microflow cytometric assay based on combination of DRAQ7 and mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨ(m) ) sensitive probe TMRM. We provide evidence that this low-dosage, real-time labeling procedure provides multiparameter and kinetic fingerprint of anticancer drug action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Akagi
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Darzynkiewicz Z, Zhao H, Halicka HD, Rybak P, Dobrucki J, Wlodkowic D. DNA damage signaling assessed in individual cells in relation to the cell cycle phase and induction of apoptosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 49:199-217. [PMID: 23137030 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.738808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reviewed are the phosphorylation events reporting activation of protein kinases and the key substrates critical for the DNA damage signaling (DDS). These DDS events are detected immunocytochemically using phospho-specific Abs; flow cytometry or image-assisted cytometry provide the means to quantitatively assess them on a cell by cell basis. The multiparameter analysis of the data is used to correlate these events with each other and relate to the cell cycle phase, DNA replication and induction of apoptosis. Expression of γH2AX as a possible marker of induction of DNA double strand breaks is the most widely studied event of DDS. Reviewed are applications of this multiparameter approach to investigate constitutive DDS reporting DNA damage by endogenous oxidants byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation. Also reviewed are its applications to detect and explore mechanisms of DDS induced by variety of exogenous agents targeting DNA such as exogenous oxidants, ionizing radiation, radiomimetic drugs, UV light, DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, DNA crosslinking drugs and variety of environmental genotoxins. Analysis of DDS induced by these agents provides often a wealth of information about mechanism of induction and the type of DNA damage (lesion) and is reviewed in the context of cell cycle phase specificity, DNA replication, and induction of apoptosis or cell senescence. Critically assessed is interpretation of the data as to whether the observed DDS events report induction of a particular type of DNA lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pierzchalski A, Hebeisen M, Mittag A, Bocsi J, Di Berardino M, Tarnok A. Label-free hybridoma cell culture quality control by a chip-based impedance flow cytometer. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4533-4543. [PMID: 22907524 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40408g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Impedance flow cytometry (IFC) was evaluated as a possible alternative to fluorescence-based methods for on-line quality monitoring of hybridoma cells. Hybridoma cells were cultured at different cell densities and viability was estimated by means of IFC and fluorescence-based flow cytometry (FCM). Cell death was determined by measuring the impedance phase value at high frequency in low conductivity buffer. IFC data correlate well with reference FCM measurements using AnnexinV and 7-AAD staining. Hybridoma cells growing at different densities in cell culture revealed a density-dependent subpopulation pattern. Living cells of high density cultures show reduced impedance amplitudes, indicating particular cellular changes. Dead cell subpopulations become evident in cultures with increasing cell densities. In addition, a novel intermediate subpopulation, which most probably represents apoptotic cells, was identified. These results emphasize the extraordinary sensitivity of high frequency impedance measurements and their suitability for hybridoma cell culture quality control.
Collapse
|
49
|
Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Cytometry of apoptosis. Historical perspective and new advances. Exp Oncol 2012; 34:255-262. [PMID: 23070010 PMCID: PMC3476471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic changes in cell morphology paralleled by the appearance of a multitude of molecular and biochemical markers occur during apoptosis. These changes vary depending on the cell type, mechanism of induction of apoptosis, and the time-window at which the process of apoptosis is analyzed. By virtue of the capability of rapid measurement of individual cells the flow- and imaging-cytometry become preferred technologies to detect, identify and record incidence of apoptosis in large cell populations. It also provided a valuable tool to investigate molecular mechanisms in field of necrobiology. This review outlines the progress in development of the most commonly used cytometric methods probing cells death based on analysis of fragmentation of DNA, activation of caspases, analysis of mitochondrial potential, alterations in plasma membrane structure and other features that characterize programmed cell death. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Apoptosis: Four Decades Later"
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J. Skommer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Z. Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Csuk R, Siewert B, Dressel C, Schäfer R. Tormentic acid derivatives: synthesis and apoptotic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 56:237-45. [PMID: 22995818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several derivatives of tormentic acid have been prepared and tested for their antitumor activity. The dichloroacetate 14 is an excellent antitumor active agent acting by an apoptose inducing pathway as demonstrated by OA/PI staining, DNA laddering experiments as well as by an annexin V binding assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Csuk
- Bereich Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|