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Wolf EJ, Miller MW, Zhang R, Sherva R, Harrington KM, Fonda JR, Daskalakis NP, Gaziano JM, Logue MW. No Replication of Alzheimer's Disease Genetics as a Moderator of Combat Exposure's Association with PTSD risk in 138,592 Combat Veterans. NATURE. MENTAL HEALTH 2024; 2:553-561. [PMID: 39247144 PMCID: PMC11378975 DOI: 10.1038/s44220-024-00225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Large-scale cohort and epidemiological studies suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confers risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD); however, the basis for this association remains unclear. Several prior studies of military Veterans have reported that carriers of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 gene variant are at heightened risk for the development of PTSD following combat exposure, suggesting that PTSD and ADRD may share some genetic risk. This cohort study was designed to further examine the hypothesis that ADRD genetic risk also confers risk for PTSD. To do so, we examined APOE ε4 and ε2 genotypes, an AD polygenic risk score (PRS), and other Veteran-relevant risk factors for PTSD in age-stratified groups of individuals of European (n = 123,372) and African (n = 15,220) ancestry in the US Department of Veterans Affairs' Million Veteran Program. Analyses revealed no significant main effect associations between the APOE ε4 (or ε2) genotype or the AD PRS on PTSD severity or diagnosis. There were also no significant interactions between measures of AD genetic risk and either combat exposure severity or history of head injury in association with PTSD in any age group. We conclude that the association between PTSD and the primary ADRD genetic risk factor, APOE ε4, that was reported previously was not replicable in the largest relevant dataset in the world. Thus, the epidemiological association between PTSD and ADRD is not likely to be driven by the major genetic factors underlying ADRD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Wolf
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Mark W Miller
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Richard Sherva
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Biomedical Genetics, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Kelly M Harrington
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Jennifer R Fonda
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Division of Aging, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Biomedical Genetics, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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2
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Boutros SW, Zimmerman B, Nagy SC, Unni VK, Raber J. Age, sex, and apolipoprotein E isoform alter contextual fear learning, neuronal activation, and baseline DNA damage in the hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3343-3354. [PMID: 36732588 PMCID: PMC10618101 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Age, female sex, and apolipoprotein E4 (E4) are risk factors to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are three major human apoE isoforms: E2, E3, and E4. Compared to E3, E4 increases while E2 decreases AD risk. However, E2 is associated with increased risk and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In cognitively healthy adults, E4 carriers have greater brain activation during learning and memory tasks in the absence of behavioral differences. Human apoE targeted replacement (TR) mice display differences in fear extinction that parallel human data: E2 mice show impaired extinction, mirroring heightened PTSD symptoms in E2 combat veterans. Recently, an adaptive role of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in immediate early gene expression (IEG) has been described. Age and disease synergistically increase DNA damage and decrease DNA repair. As the mechanisms underlying the relative risks of apoE, sex, and their interactions in aging are unclear, we used young (3 months) and middle-aged (12 months) male and female TR mice to investigate the influence of these factors on DSBs and IEGs at baseline and following contextual fear conditioning. We assessed brain-wide changes in neural activation following fear conditioning using whole-brain cFos imaging in young female TR mice. E4 mice froze more during fear conditioning and had lower cFos immunoreactivity across regions important for somatosensation and contextual encoding compared to E2 mice. E4 mice also showed altered co-activation compared to E3 mice, corresponding to human MRI and cognitive data, and indicating that there are differences in brain activity and connectivity at young ages independent of fear learning. There were increased DSB markers in middle-aged animals and alterations to cFos levels dependent on sex and isoform, as well. The increase in hippocampal DSB markers in middle-aged animals and female E4 mice may play a role in the risk for developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Weber Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Boise State University, 2133 W Cesar Chavez Ln, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Benjamin Zimmerman
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Helfgott Research Institute, NUNM, 2201 SW First Avenue, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N, Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sydney C Nagy
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Vivek K Unni
- Department of Neurology, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, OHSU; and OHSU Parkinson Center, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Neurology, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiation Medicine, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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Torres ERS, Luo J, Boehnlein JK, Towns D, Kinzie JD, DeBarber AE, Raber J. Apolipoprotein E Isoform-specific changes related to stress and trauma exposure. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:125. [PMID: 35347119 PMCID: PMC8960860 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent mental health disorder. Due to the high level of variability in susceptibility and severity, PTSD therapies are still insufficient. In addition to environmental exposures, genetic risks play a prominent role and one such factor is apolipoprotein E. The protein (apoE) is functionally involved in cholesterol transport and metabolism and exists as 3 major isoforms in humans: E2, E3, and E4. To model the role of apolipoprotein E isoform in stress-related changes in behavior and cognition, female and male mice (3-5 months of age) expressing E2, E3, or E4 were used. Mice were either placed into control groups or exposed to chronic variable stress (CVS), which has been shown to induce PTSD-like behavioral and neuroendocrine changes. E2 mice showed a unique response to CVS compared to E3 and E4 mice that included impaired spatial learning and memory, increased adrenal gland weight, and no increase in glucocorticoid receptor protein levels (normalized to apoE levels). In addition, the cholesterol metabolite 7-ketocholesterol was elevated in the cortex after CVS in E3 and E4, but not E2 female mice. E2 confers unique changes in behavioral, cognitive, and biomarker profiles after stress exposure and identify 7-ketocholesterol as a possible novel biomarker of the traumatic stress response. We further explored the relationship between E2 and PTSD in an understudied population by genotyping 102 patients of Cambodian and Vietnamese ethnicity. E2 carriers demonstrated a higher odds ratio of having a PTSD diagnosis compared to E3/E3 carriers, supporting that the E2 genotype is associated with PTSD diagnosis after trauma exposure in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Ruth S Torres
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L470, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jenny Luo
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - James K Boehnlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN-80, Portland, OR, 97201-3098, USA
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Washington DC, USA
| | - Daniel Towns
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN-80, Portland, OR, 97201-3098, USA
| | - J David Kinzie
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN-80, Portland, OR, 97201-3098, USA
| | - Andrea E DeBarber
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L470, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiation Medicine and Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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4
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Johnston KJA, Ward J, Ray PR, Adams MJ, McIntosh AM, Smith BH, Strawbridge RJ, Price TJ, Smith DJ, Nicholl BI, Bailey MES. Sex-stratified genome-wide association study of multisite chronic pain in UK Biobank. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009428. [PMID: 33830993 PMCID: PMC8031124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is highly prevalent worldwide and imparts a significant socioeconomic and public health burden. Factors influencing susceptibility to, and mechanisms of, chronic pain development, are not fully understood, but sex is thought to play a significant role, and chronic pain is more prevalent in women than in men. To investigate sex differences in chronic pain, we carried out a sex-stratified genome-wide association study of Multisite Chronic Pain (MCP), a derived chronic pain phenotype, in UK Biobank on 178,556 men and 209,093 women, as well as investigating sex-specific genetic correlations with a range of psychiatric, autoimmune and anthropometric phenotypes and the relationship between sex-specific polygenic risk scores for MCP and chronic widespread pain. We also assessed whether MCP-associated genes showed expression pattern enrichment across tissues. A total of 123 SNPs at five independent loci were significantly associated with MCP in men. In women, a total of 286 genome-wide significant SNPs at ten independent loci were discovered. Meta-analysis of sex-stratified GWAS outputs revealed a further 87 independent associated SNPs. Gene-level analyses revealed sex-specific MCP associations, with 31 genes significantly associated in females, 37 genes associated in males, and a single gene, DCC, associated in both sexes. We found evidence for sex-specific pleiotropy and risk for MCP was found to be associated with chronic widespread pain in a sex-differential manner. Male and female MCP were highly genetically correlated, but at an rg of significantly less than 1 (0.92). All 37 male MCP-associated genes and all but one of 31 female MCP-associated genes were found to be expressed in the dorsal root ganglion, and there was a degree of enrichment for expression in sex-specific tissues. Overall, the findings indicate that sex differences in chronic pain exist at the SNP, gene and transcript abundance level, and highlight possible sex-specific pleiotropy for MCP. Results support the proposition of a strong central nervous-system component to chronic pain in both sexes, additionally highlighting a potential role for the DRG and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira J. A. Johnston
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Pradipta R. Ray
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Blair H. Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theodore J. Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara I. Nicholl
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. S. Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Sheerin CM, Kovalchick LV, Overstreet C, Rappaport LM, Williamson V, Vladimirov V, Ruggiero KJ, Amstadter AB. Genetic and Environmental Predictors of Adolescent PTSD Symptom Trajectories Following a Natural Disaster. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E146. [PMID: 31226868 PMCID: PMC6627286 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9060146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
: Genes, environmental factors, and their interplay affect posttrauma symptoms. Although environmental predictors of the longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are documented, there remains a need to incorporate genetic risk into these models, especially in youth who are underrepresented in genetic studies. In an epidemiologic sample tornado-exposed adolescents (n = 707, 51% female, Mage = 14.54 years), trajectories of PTSD symptoms were examined at baseline and at 4-months and 12-months following baseline. This study aimed to determine if rare genetic variation in genes previously found in the sample to be related to PTSD diagnosis at baseline (MPHOSPH9, LGALS13, SLC2A2), environmental factors (disaster severity, social support), or their interplay were associated with symptom trajectories. A series of mixed effects models were conducted. Symptoms decreased over the three time points. Elevated tornado severity was associated with elevated baseline symptoms. Elevated recreational support was associated with lower baseline symptoms and attenuated improvement over time. Greater LGLAS13 variants attenuated symptom improvement over time. An interaction between MPHOSPH9 variants and tornado severity was associated with elevated baseline symptoms, but not change over time. Findings suggest the importance of rare genetic variation and environmental factors on the longitudinal course of PTSD symptoms following natural disaster trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Sheerin
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Laurel V Kovalchick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Cassie Overstreet
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Lance M Rappaport
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Vernell Williamson
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Vladimir Vladimirov
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- Departments of Nursing and Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Kimbrel NA, Garrett ME, Dennis MF, Hauser MA, Ashley-Koch AE, Beckham JC. A genome-wide association study of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in U.S. military veterans. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:64-69. [PMID: 30145303 PMCID: PMC6207450 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Death by suicide and suicidal behavior are major concerns among U.S. military veterans; however, no genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies of suicidal behavior have been conducted among U.S. military veterans to date, despite the elevated rate of suicidal behavior observed within this population. Accordingly, the primary objective of the present research was to conduct the first GWAS of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in a large and well-characterized sample of U.S. military veterans. The gene most significantly associated (p = 9.28 × 10-7) with suicide attempts was the Potassium Calcium-Activated Channel Subfamily M Regulatory Beta Subunit 2 (KCNMB2) gene, which plays a key role in neuronal excitability. In addition, replication analyses provided additional support for the potential role of the ABI Family Member 3 Binding Protein (ABI3BP) gene in the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior, as numerous nominal associations were found between this gene and both suicide attempts and suicidal ideation. Additional work aimed at replicating and extending these findings is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Dr. Nathan A. Kimbrel, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, 3022 Croasdaile Drive, Durham, NC, 27705,
| | | | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael A. Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison E. Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Merritt VC, Clark AL, Sorg SF, Evangelista ND, Werhane M, Bondi MW, Schiehser DM, Delano-Wood L. Apolipoprotein E ε4 Genotype Is Associated with Elevated Psychiatric Distress in Veterans with a History of Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2272-2282. [PMID: 29463164 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As few studies have examined the relationship between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene and clinical outcomes after military-related traumatic brain injury (TBI), we aimed to determine whether the ε4 allele of the APOE gene influences neuropsychiatric symptoms in veterans with a history of mild-to-moderate TBI. Participants included 133 veterans (TBI = 79; military controls [MC] = 54) who underwent APOE genotyping and were divided into ε4+ (TBI = 18; MC = 15) and ε4- (TBI = 61; MC = 39) groups. All participants underwent evaluation of psychological distress using the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and PTSD Checklist-Military Version. Two-way analyses of variance were conducted to examine the effect of group (TBI vs. MC) and APOE-ε4 status (ε4+ vs. ε4-) across symptom measures. There was a significant main effect of group across all symptom measures (TBI > MC; all p values <0.001), no main effect of ε4 genotype (p = 0.152-0.222), and a significant interaction of group by ε4 genotype across all measures (p = 0.027-0.047). Specifically, for TBI participants, ε4+ veterans demonstrated significantly higher symptom scores across all measures when compared to ε4- veterans (p = 0.007-0.015). For MC participants, ε4 status had no effect on the severity of psychiatric symptom scores (p = 0.585-0.708). Our results demonstrate that, in our well-characterized sample of veterans with history of neurotrauma, possession of the ε4 allele conveys risk for increased symptomatology (i.e., depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder), even well outside of the acute phase of injury. Findings suggest a meaningful relationship between APOE genotype and psychiatric distress post-TBI, and they suggest that there is a brain basis for the complex neuropsychiatric presentation often observed in this vulnerable population. Future longitudinal studies are needed in order to further our understanding of how genetic factors influence response to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra L Clark
- 2 San Diego State University/University of California , San Diego (SDSU/UCSD) Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Scott F Sorg
- 1 VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS) , San Diego, California.,3 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , UCSD, San Diego, California
| | | | - Madeleine Werhane
- 2 San Diego State University/University of California , San Diego (SDSU/UCSD) Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Mark W Bondi
- 1 VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS) , San Diego, California.,3 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , UCSD, San Diego, California
| | - Dawn M Schiehser
- 1 VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS) , San Diego, California.,3 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , UCSD, San Diego, California.,4 Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health , VASDHS, San Diego, California
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- 1 VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS) , San Diego, California.,3 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , UCSD, San Diego, California.,4 Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health , VASDHS, San Diego, California
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8
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Nielsen DA, Spellicy CJ, Harding MJ, Graham DP. Apolipoprotein E DNA methylation and posttraumatic stress disorder are associated with plasma ApoE level: A preliminary study. Behav Brain Res 2018; 356:415-422. [PMID: 29807071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) occurred in 15-30% of Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. We examined whether DNA methylation of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene promoter region or plasma ApoE protein levels are altered in mTBI. APOE promoter region DNA methylation, APOE genotype, and plasma ApoE concentration were determined in 87 Veterans with or without mTBI who were recruited from 2010-2014. Plasma ApoE concentration was found to be associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom severity ratings by hierarchical linear regression (p = .013) and ANCOVA (p = .007). Hierarchical linear regression revealed that plasma ApoE concentration was associated with APOE-ε4 genotype status (p=.022). Higher ApoE plasma levels were found in ε3/ε3 Veterans than in APOE-ε4 carriers (p = .031). Furthermore, plasma ApoE concentration was associated experiment-wise with DNA methylation at CpG sites -877 (p = .021), and -775 (p = .014). The interaction between APOE-ε4 genotype and having a PTSD diagnosis was associated with DNA methylation at CpG site -675 (p = .009).
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Nielsen
- Neurorehabilitation: Neurons to Networks Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Catherine J Spellicy
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark J Harding
- Neurorehabilitation: Neurons to Networks Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David P Graham
- Neurorehabilitation: Neurons to Networks Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Houston VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
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9
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Lucke-Wold B, Nolan R, Nwafor D, Nguyen L, Cheyuo C, Turner R, Rosen C, Marsh R. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Delineating the Progression and Underlying Mechanisms Following Blast Traumatic Brain Injury. JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 4:118. [PMID: 29888766 PMCID: PMC5993449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a devastating condition that can develop after blast Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Ongoing work has been performed to understand how PTSD develops after injury. In this review, we highlight how PTSD affects individuals, discuss what is known about the physiologic changes to the hypothalamic pituitary axis and neurotransmitter pathways, and present an overview of genetic components that may predispose individuals to developing PTSD. We then provide an overview of current treatment strategies to treat PTSD in veterans and present new strategies that may be useful going forward. The need for further clinical and pre-clinical studies is imperative to improve diagnosis, treatment, and management for patients that develop PTSD following blast TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science
Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Richard Nolan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science
Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Divine Nwafor
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science
Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of California San
Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cletus Cheyuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Charles Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Robert Marsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Mota NP, Han S, Harpaz-Rotem I, Maruff P, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Gelernter J, Pietrzak RH. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism, trauma burden, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:168-177. [PMID: 29172227 PMCID: PMC5794529 DOI: 10.1002/da.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research examining the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphism and risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been inconsistent due to the use of small and select samples. This study examined the relation between APOE genotype and PTSD symptoms in two nationally representative samples of U.S. military veterans. The potential effect of cumulative trauma burden and social support in moderating this association was also evaluated. METHODS The main sample consisted of 1,386 trauma-exposed European American (EA) veterans (mean age: 62-63 years) who participated in the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS) in 2011. The independent replication sample consisted of 509 trauma-exposed EA veterans from the 2013 NHRVS. RESULTS APOE ε4 allele carriers reported significantly greater severity of PTSD symptoms than noncarriers in the main, but not the replication, sample. In both samples, the interaction of APOE ε4 carrier status and cumulative trauma burden was associated with greater severity of PTSD symptoms (F range = 2.53-8.09, all P's < .01), particularly re-experiencing/intrusion symptoms (F range = 3.59-4.24, P's < .001). Greater social support was associated with lower severity of PTSD symptoms among APOE ε4 allele carriers with greater cumulative trauma burden (β range -.27 to -.60, P's < .05). CONCLUSION U.S. military veterans who are APOE ε4 allele carriers and exposed to a high number of traumas may be at increased risk for developing PTSD symptoms than ε4 noncarriers. Greater social support may moderate this association, thereby highlighting the potential importance of social support promoting interventions in mitigating the effect of ε4 × cumulative trauma burden on PTSD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie P. Mota
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shizhong Han
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine,Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ilan Harpaz-Rotem
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul Maruff
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne and Cogstate, Ltd., Melbourne, Australia
| | - John H. Krystal
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Steven M. Southwick
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert H. Pietrzak
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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11
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Brancu M, Wagner HR, Morey RA, Beckham JC, Calhoun PS, Tupler LA, Marx CE, Taber KH, Hurley RA, Rowland J, McDonald SD, Hoerle JM, Moore SD, Kudler HS, Weiner RD, Fairbank JA. The Post-Deployment Mental Health (PDMH) study and repository: A multi-site study of US Afghanistan and Iraq era veterans. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2017; 26:e1570. [PMID: 28656593 PMCID: PMC6492939 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States (US) Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) Post-Deployment Mental Health (PDMH) multi-site study examines post-deployment mental health in US military Afghanistan/Iraq-era veterans. The study includes the comprehensive behavioral health characterization of over 3600 study participants and the genetic, metabolomic, neurocognitive, and neuroimaging data for many of the participants. The study design also incorporates an infrastructure for a data repository to re-contact participants for follow-up studies. The overwhelming majority (94%) of participants consented to be re-contacted for future studies, and our recently completed feasibility study indicates that 73-83% of these participants could be reached successfully for enrollment into longitudinal follow-up investigations. Longitudinal concurrent cohort follow-up studies will be conducted (5-10+ years post-baseline) to examine predictors of illness chronicity, resilience, recovery, functional outcome, and other variables, and will include neuroimaging, genetic/epigenetic, serum biomarker, and neurocognitive studies, among others. To date, the PDMH study has generated more than 35 publications from the baseline data and the repository has been leveraged in over 20 publications from follow-up studies drawing from this cohort. Limitations that may affect data collection for a longitudinal follow-up study are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Brancu
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - H. Ryan Wagner
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rajendra A. Morey
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Patrick S. Calhoun
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Larry A. Tupler
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Christine E. Marx
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Katherine H. Taber
- W.G. Hefner VA Medical CenterSalisburyNorth CarolinaUSA
- Division of Biomedical SciencesEdward Via College of Osteopathic MedicineBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Robin A. Hurley
- W.G. Hefner VA Medical CenterSalisburyNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of RadiologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jared Rowland
- W.G. Hefner VA Medical CenterSalisburyNorth CarolinaUSA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Scott D. McDonald
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical CenterRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Departments of Psychology and Physical Medicine and RehabilitationVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Scott D. Moore
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Harold S. Kudler
- Mental Health ServicesUS Department of Veterans AffairsWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Richard D. Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - John A. Fairbank
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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12
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Apolipoprotein E variants and genetic susceptibility to combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2017; 27:121-130. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Combat experience and problem drinking in veterans: Exploring the roles of PTSD, coping motives, and perceived stigma. Addict Behav 2017; 66:90-95. [PMID: 27902943 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current investigation sought to illustrate the etiology of adverse alcohol consequences in young adult veterans using a path analytic framework. METHODS A total of 312 veterans aged 19-34 were enrolled in a larger intervention study on alcohol use. At baseline, participants completed measures of combat severity, PTSD symptom severity, and drinking motives to cope. At one month follow-up, participants completed measures of perceived stigma of behavioral health treatment seeking and past 30-day alcohol consequences. RESULTS After entering the covariates of age, gender, race/ethnicity, and past year behavioral health treatment utilization, a path analytic model demonstrated a good fit to the data predicting alcohol consequences in this population. Further, a separate exploratory analysis confirmed that both drinking motives to cope and perceived stigma of behavioral health treatment seeking mediated the link between PTSD symptom severity and alcohol consequences. CONCLUSIONS The current model expands upon prior research showing the relationship between combat severity and alcohol use behavior in young adult veterans. Results support the notion that veterans with PTSD symptoms may drink to cope and that perceived stigma surrounding help seeking may further contribute to alcohol related problems.
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14
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Hauser MA, Garrett ME, Liu Y, Dennis MF, Kimbrel NA, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education And Clinical Center Workgroup, Beckham JC, Ashley-Koch AE. Further evidence for a role of the ADRB2 gene in risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 84:59-61. [PMID: 27701011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to attempt to replicate the recently reported finding associating rs2400707 of the Adrenoceptor Beta 2, Surface (ADRB2) gene and childhood trauma on PTSD symptoms. Participants included a predominantly veteran cohort of non-Hispanic blacks (NHB; n = 949) and a pre-dominantly veteran cohort of non-Hispanic whites (NHW; n = 759). No main effects were observed for rs2400707 on PTSD diagnosis. Among the NHB participants, we observed an interaction between rs2400707 and history of childhood trauma, whereby with each additional A allele, the odds of having PTSD increased by 1.31, but only among those who had experienced childhood trauma (p = 0.038). The interaction with rs2400707 and childhood trauma was not observed among the NHW study participants (p = 0.892). Taken together, the findings from the present research provide further evidence that the adrenergic system may be an important modulator of PTSD risk; however, additional work is still needed to clarify the exact nature of the relationship between PTSD and rs2400707 of the ADRB2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Melanie E Garrett
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Center for Human Disease Modeling, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michelle F Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Jean C Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Allison E Ashley-Koch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Center for Human Disease Modeling, Durham, NC, United States
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15
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Villasana LE, Weber S, Akinyeke T, Raber J. Genotype differences in anxiety and fear learning and memory of WT and ApoE4 mice associated with enhanced generation of hippocampal reactive oxygen species. J Neurochem 2016; 138:896-908. [PMID: 27412623 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism, also influences cognitive function and injury repair. In humans, apoE is expressed in three isoforms. E4 is a risk factor for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease, particularly in women. E4 might also be a risk factor for developing behavioral and cognitive changes following (56) Fe irradiation, a component of the space environment astronauts are exposed to during missions. These changes might be related to enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we compared the behavioral and cognitive performance of sham-irradiated and irradiated wild-type (WT) mice and mice expressing the human E3 or E4 isoforms, and assessed the generation of ROS in hippocampal slices from these mice. E4 mice had greater anxiety-like and conditioned fear behaviors than WT mice, and these genotype differences were associated with greater levels of ROS in E4 than WT mice. The greater generation of ROS in the hippocampus of E4 than WT mice might contribute to their higher anxiety levels and enhanced fear conditioning. In E4, but not WT, mice, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-treated hippocampal slices showed more dihydroxy ethidium oxidation in sham-irradiated than irradiated mice and hippocampal heme oxygenase-1 levels were higher in irradiated than sham-irradiated E4 mice. Mice with apolipoprotein E4 (E4), a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, have greater anxiety-like and conditioned fear behaviors than wild-type (WT) mice. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS, in red) 3 months following (56) Fe irradiation, a component of the space environment astronauts are exposed to, is more pronounced in the hippocampus of E4 than WT mice. In E4, but not WT, mice, hippocampal levels of the oxidative stress-relevant marker heme oxygenase-1 are higher in irradiated than sham-irradiated E4 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Villasana
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sydney Weber
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tunde Akinyeke
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Division of Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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16
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Reynolds CA, Gatz M, Christensen K, Christiansen L, Dahl Aslan AK, Kaprio J, Korhonen T, Kremen WS, Krueger R, McGue M, Neiderhiser JM, Pedersen NL. Gene-Environment Interplay in Physical, Psychological, and Cognitive Domains in Mid to Late Adulthood: Is APOE a Variability Gene? Behav Genet 2016; 46:4-19. [PMID: 26538244 PMCID: PMC4858319 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite emerging interest in gene-environment interaction (GxE) effects, there is a dearth of studies evaluating its potential relevance apart from specific hypothesized environments and biometrical variance trends. Using a monozygotic within-pair approach, we evaluated evidence of G×E for body mass index (BMI), depressive symptoms, and cognition (verbal, spatial, attention, working memory, perceptual speed) in twin studies from four countries. We also evaluated whether APOE is a 'variability gene' across these measures and whether it partly represents the 'G' in G×E effects. In all three domains, G×E effects were pervasive across country and gender, with small-to-moderate effects. Age-cohort trends were generally stable for BMI and depressive symptoms; however, they were variable-with both increasing and decreasing age-cohort trends-for different cognitive measures. Results also suggested that APOE may represent a 'variability gene' for depressive symptoms and spatial reasoning, but not for BMI or other cognitive measures. Hence, additional genes are salient beyond APOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bio-demography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lene Christiansen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bio-demography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Anna K Dahl Aslan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Gerontology, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health & Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bio-demography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jenae M Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Kimbrel NA, Garrett ME, Dennis MF, Liu Y, Patanam I, Ashley-Koc AE, Hauser MA, Beckham JC. Effect of genetic variation in the nicotinic receptor genes on risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:326-31. [PMID: 26184988 PMCID: PMC4697753 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the association between genetic variation in the nicotinic receptor gene family (CHRNA2, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNA9, CHRNA10, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) and the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clinical interviews were used to diagnose PTSD in 925 non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and 743 non-Hispanic White (NHW) participants. Trauma history and smoking status were assessed with self-report. No significant main effects or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) * smoking interactions were observed among NHB participants; however, among NHW participants, a novel association between rs12898919 in the cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha-5 (CHRNA5) gene and PTSD was observed. No other significant main effects or SNP * smoking interactions were identified among NHW participants. While preliminary, these findings provide continued support for the hypothesis that the CHRNA5 gene is associated with increased risk for PTSD. Limitations of the present study include cross-sectional design, relatively small sample sizes for genetic research, use of self-report to assess smoking status, and use of different methods to diagnose PTSD. Additional research in other samples of trauma-exposed participants is needed to identify the specific functional variant(s) responsible for the association observed between CHRNA5 and PTSD risk in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Dr. Nathan A. Kimbrel, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC, 27705. Phone: (919) 286-0411, ext. 6759.
| | - Melanie E. Garrett
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ilyas Patanam
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Allison E. Ashley-Koc
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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18
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Liu Y, Garrett ME, Dennis MF, Green KT, Ashley-Koch AE, Hauser MA, Beckham JC, Kimbrel NA. An examination of the association between 5-HTTLPR, combat exposure, and PTSD diagnosis among U.S. veterans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119998. [PMID: 25793742 PMCID: PMC4368771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) gene, combat exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis and among two samples of combat-exposed veterans. Method The first sample included 550 non-Hispanic Black (NHB) combat-exposed veterans. The second sample included 555 non-Hispanic White (NHW) combat-exposed veterans. Participants were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 variants of the SLC6A4 gene. A structured clinical interview was used to diagnose PTSD. Combat and civilian trauma exposure were assessed with validated self-report instruments. Logistic regression was used to test for main effects of 5-HTTLPR on PTSD diagnosis as well as gene x environment (GxE) interactions after adjusting for sex, ancestry proportion scores, civilian trauma exposure, and combat exposure. Results Within the NHB sample, a significant additive effect was observed for 5-HTTLPR (OR = 1.502, p = .0025), such that the odds of having a current diagnosis of PTSD increased by 1.502 for each additional S’ allele. No evidence for an association between 5-HTTLPR and PTSD was observed in the NHW sample. In addition, no evidence for combat x 5-HTTLPR effects were observed in either sample. Conclusion The present study suggests that there may be an association between 5-HTTLPR genotype and PTSD diagnosis among NHB veterans; however, no evidence for the hypothesized 5-HTTLPR x combat interaction was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melanie E. Garrett
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kimberly T. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Allison E. Ashley-Koch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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