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Mello DF, Perez L, Bergemann CM, Morton KS, Ryde IT, Meyer JN. Comprehensive characterization of mitochondrial bioenergetics at different larval stages reveals novel insights about the developmental metabolism of Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600841. [PMID: 38979262 PMCID: PMC11230424 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial bioenergetic processes are fundamental to development, stress responses, and health. Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used to study developmental biology, mitochondrial disease, and mitochondrial toxicity. Oxidative phosphorylation generally increases during development in many species, and genetic and environmental factors may alter this normal trajectory. Altered mitochondrial function during development can lead to both drastic, short-term responses including arrested development and death, and subtle consequences that may persist throughout life and into subsequent generations. Understanding normal and altered developmental mitochondrial biology in C. elegans is currently constrained by incomplete and conflicting reports on how mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters change during development in this species. We used a Seahorse XFe24 Extracellular Flux (XF) Analyzer to carry out a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCR) throughout larval development in C. elegans. We optimized and describe conditions for analysis of basal OCR, basal mitochondrial OCR, ATP-linked OCR, spare and maximal respiratory capacity, proton leak, and non-mitochondrial OCR. A key consideration is normalization, and we present and discuss results as normalized per individual worm, protein content, worm volume, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) count, nuclear DNA (ncDNA) count, and mtDNA:ncDNA ratio. Which normalization process is best depends on the question being asked, and differences in normalization explain some of the discrepancies in previously reported developmental changes in OCR in C. elegans. Broadly, when normalized to worm number, our results agree with previous reports in showing dramatic increases in OCR throughout development. However, when normalized to total protein, worm volume, or ncDNA or mtDNA count, after a significant 2-3-fold increase from L1 to L2 stages, we found small or no changes in most OCR parameters from the L2 to the L4 stage, other than a marginal increase at L3 in spare and maximal respiratory capacity. Overall, our results indicate an earlier cellular shift to oxidative metabolism than suggested in most previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle F Mello
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708-0328 United States of America
| | - Luiza Perez
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708-0328 United States of America
| | - Christina M Bergemann
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708-0328 United States of America
| | - Katherine S Morton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708-0328 United States of America
| | - Ian T Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708-0328 United States of America
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708-0328 United States of America
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2
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Hogarth K, Tarazi D, Maynes JT. The effects of general anesthetics on mitochondrial structure and function in the developing brain. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1179823. [PMID: 37533472 PMCID: PMC10390784 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1179823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of general anesthetics in modern clinical practice is commonly regarded as safe for healthy individuals, but exposures at the extreme ends of the age spectrum have been linked to chronic cognitive impairments and persistent functional and structural alterations to the nervous system. The accumulation of evidence at both the epidemiological and experimental level prompted the addition of a warning label to inhaled anesthetics by the Food and Drug Administration cautioning their use in children under 3 years of age. Though the mechanism by which anesthetics may induce these detrimental changes remains to be fully elucidated, increasing evidence implicates mitochondria as a potential primary target of anesthetic damage, meditating many of the associated neurotoxic effects. Along with their commonly cited role in energy production via oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria also play a central role in other critical cellular processes including calcium buffering, cell death pathways, and metabolite synthesis. In addition to meeting their immense energy demands, neurons are particularly dependent on the proper function and spatial organization of mitochondria to mediate specialized functions including neurotransmitter trafficking and release. Mitochondrial dependence is further highlighted in the developing brain, requiring spatiotemporally complex and metabolically expensive processes such as neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning, making the consequence of functional alterations potentially impactful. To this end, we explore and summarize the current mechanistic understanding of the effects of anesthetic exposure on mitochondria in the developing nervous system. We will specifically focus on the impact of anesthetic agents on mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis, bioenergetics, stress pathways, and redox homeostasis. In addition, we will highlight critical knowledge gaps, pertinent challenges, and potential therapeutic targets warranting future exploration to guide mechanistic and outcomes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley Hogarth
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doorsa Tarazi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason T. Maynes
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Environmental Chemical Exposures and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: a Review of Recent Literature. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:631-649. [PMID: 35902457 PMCID: PMC9729331 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mitochondria play various roles that are important for cell function and survival; therefore, significant mitochondrial dysfunction may have chronic consequences that extend beyond the cell. Mitochondria are already susceptible to damage, which may be exacerbated by environmental exposures. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the recent literature (2012-2022) looking at the effects of six ubiquitous classes of compounds on mitochondrial dysfunction in human populations. RECENT FINDINGS The literature suggests that there are a number of biomarkers that are commonly used to identify mitochondrial dysfunction, each with certain advantages and limitations. Classes of environmental toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, air pollutants, heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting compounds, pesticides, and nanomaterials can damage the mitochondria in varied ways, with changes in mtDNA copy number and measures of oxidative damage the most commonly measured in human populations. Other significant biomarkers include changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, calcium levels, and ATP levels. This review identifies the biomarkers that are commonly used to characterize mitochondrial dysfunction but suggests that emerging mitochondrial biomarkers, such as cell-free mitochondria and blood cardiolipin levels, may provide greater insight into the impacts of exposures on mitochondrial function. This review identifies that the mtDNA copy number and measures of oxidative damage are commonly used to characterize mitochondrial dysfunction, but suggests using novel approaches in addition to well-characterized ones to create standardized protocols. We identified a dearth of studies on mitochondrial dysfunction in human populations exposed to metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pesticides, and nanoparticles as a gap in knowledge that needs attention.
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Saravanakumar K, Sivasantosh S, Sathiyaseelan A, Sankaranarayanan A, Naveen KV, Zhang X, Jamla M, Vijayasarathy S, Vishnu Priya V, MubarakAli D, Wang MH. Impact of benzo[a]pyrene with other pollutants induce the molecular alternation in the biological system: Existence, detection, and remediation methods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119207. [PMID: 35351595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) in recent times is rather unavoidable than ever before. BaP emissions are sourced majorly from anthropogenic rather than natural provenance from wildfires and volcanic eruptions. A major under-looked source is via the consumption of foods that are deep-fried, grilled, and charcoal smoked foods (meats in particular). BaP being a component of poly aromatic hydrocarbons has been classified as a Group I carcinogenic agent, which has been shown to cause both systemic and localized effects in animal models as well as in humans; has been known to cause various forms of cancer, accelerate neurological disorders, invoke DNA and cellular damage due to the generation of reactive oxygen species and involve in multi-generational phenotypic and genotypic defects. BaP's short and accumulated exposure has been shown in disrupting the fertility of gamete cells. In this review, we have discussed an in-depth and capacious run-through of the various origins of BaP, its economic distribution and its impact as well as toxicological effects on the environment and human health. It also deals with a mechanism as a single compound and its ability to synergize with other chemicals/materials, novel sensitive detection methods, and remediation approaches held in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Anbazhagan Sathiyaseelan
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Alwarappan Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Life Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence, Navanihal, Karnataka, 585 313, India.
| | - Kumar Vishven Naveen
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Monica Jamla
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Sampathkumar Vijayasarathy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Veeraraghavan Vishnu Priya
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India.
| | - Davoodbasha MubarakAli
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India.
| | - Myeong-Hyeon Wang
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Bandaru LJM, Ayyalasomayajula N, Murumulla L, Challa S. Mechanisms associated with the dysregulation of mitochondrial function due to lead exposure and possible implications on the development of Alzheimer's disease. Biometals 2022; 35:1-25. [PMID: 35048237 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a multimedia contaminant with various pathophysiological consequences, including cognitive decline and neural abnormalities. Recent findings have reported an association of Pb toxicity with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathological characteristic of AD. According to toxicology reports, Pb promotes mitochondrial oxidative stress by lowering complex III activity in the electron transport chain, boosting reactive oxygen species formation, and reducing the cell's antioxidant defence system. Here, we review recent advances in the role of mitochondria in Pb-induced AD pathology, as well as the mechanisms associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction, such as the depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening; mitochondrial biogenesis, bioenergetics and mitochondrial dynamics alterations; and mitophagy and apoptosis. We also discuss possible therapeutic options for mitochondrial-targeted neurodegenerative disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Jaya Madhuri Bandaru
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Neelima Ayyalasomayajula
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Lokesh Murumulla
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Suresh Challa
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
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Leuthner TC, Meyer JN. Mitochondrial DNA Mutagenesis: Feature of and Biomarker for Environmental Exposures and Aging. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:294-308. [PMID: 34761353 PMCID: PMC8826492 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging. Mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) instability contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction, and mtDNA mutagenesis may contribute to aging. However, the origin of mtDNA mutations remains somewhat controversial. The goals of this review are to introduce and review recent literature on mtDNA mutagenesis and aging, address recent animal and epidemiological evidence for the effects of chemicals on mtDNA damage and mutagenesis, propose hypotheses regarding the contribution of environmental toxicant exposure to mtDNA mutagenesis in the context of aging, and suggest future directions and approaches for environmental health researchers. RECENT FINDINGS Stressors such as pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and ultraviolet radiation can damage the mitochondrial genome or disrupt mtDNA replication, repair, and organelle homeostatic processes, potentially influencing the rate of accumulation of mtDNA mutations. Accelerated mtDNA mutagenesis could contribute to aging, diseases of aging, and sensitize individuals with pathogenic mtDNA variants to stressors. We propose three potential mechanisms of toxicant-induced effects on mtDNA mutagenesis over lifespan: (1) increased de novo mtDNA mutations, (2) altered frequencies of mtDNA mutations, or (3) both. There are remarkably few studies that have investigated the impact of environmental chemical exposures on mtDNA instability and mutagenesis, and even fewer in the context of aging. More studies are warranted because people are exposed to tens of thousands of chemicals, and are living longer. Finally, we suggest that toxicant-induced mtDNA damage and mutational signatures may be a sensitive biomarker for some exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess C Leuthner
- Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr, Box 90328, Duke University, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr, Box 90328, Duke University, NC, 27708, USA.
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7
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Elfawy HA, Anupriya S, Mohanty S, Patel P, Ghosal S, Panda PK, Das B, Verma SK, Patnaik S. Molecular toxicity of Benzo(a)pyrene mediated by elicited oxidative stress infer skeletal deformities and apoptosis in embryonic zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147989. [PMID: 34323819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) has become an integral component of disposed of plastic waste, organic pollutants, and remnants of combustible materials in the aquatic environment due to their persistent nature. The accumulation and integration of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have raised concern to human health and ecological safety. This study assessed the BaP-induced in vivo molecular toxicity with embryonic zebrafish inferred by oxidative stress and apoptosis. BaP was found to induce morphological and physiological abnormalities like delayed hatching (p < 0.05). Computational analysis demonstrated the high-affinity interaction of BaP with the zebrafish hatching enzyme (ZHE1) with Arg, Cys, Ala, Tyr, and Phe located at the active site revealing the influence of BaP on delayed hatching due to alteration of the enzyme structure. RT-PCR analysis revealed significant down-regulation of the skeletal genes Sox9a, SPP1/OPN, and Col1a1 (p < 0.05) genes. The cellular investigations unraveled that the toxicity of BaP extends to the skeletal regions of zebrafish (head, backbone, and tail) because of the elicited oxidative stress leading to apoptosis. The study extended the horizon of understanding of BaP toxicity at the molecular level which will enhance the indulgent and designing of techniques for better ecological sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnaa A Elfawy
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT deemed to be University, Campus XI, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - S Anupriya
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT deemed to be University, Campus XI, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Swabhiman Mohanty
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT deemed to be University, Campus XI, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Paritosh Patel
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT deemed to be University, Campus XI, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Sayam Ghosal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT deemed to be University, Campus XI, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Pritam Kumar Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Biswadeep Das
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT deemed to be University, Campus XI, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India.
| | - Suresh K Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT deemed to be University, Campus XI, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India; Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Srinivas Patnaik
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT deemed to be University, Campus XI, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India.
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Nelson MAM, McLaughlin KL, Hagen JT, Coalson HS, Schmidt C, Kassai M, Kew KA, McClung JM, Neufer PD, Brophy P, Vohra NA, Liles D, Cabot MC, Fisher-Wellman KH. Intrinsic OXPHOS limitations underlie cellular bioenergetics in leukemia. eLife 2021; 10:e63104. [PMID: 34132194 PMCID: PMC8221809 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently there is great interest in targeting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in cancer. However, notwithstanding the targeting of mutant dehydrogenases, nearly all hopeful 'mito-therapeutics' cannot discriminate cancerous from non-cancerous OXPHOS and thus suffer from a limited therapeutic index. Using acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as a model, herein, we leveraged an in-house diagnostic biochemical workflow to identify 'actionable' bioenergetic vulnerabilities intrinsic to cancerous mitochondria. Consistent with prior reports, AML growth and proliferation was associated with a hyper-metabolic phenotype which included increases in basal and maximal respiration. However, despite having nearly 2-fold more mitochondria per cell, clonally expanding hematopoietic stem cells, leukemic blasts, as well as chemoresistant AML were all consistently hallmarked by intrinsic OXPHOS limitations. Remarkably, by performing experiments across a physiological span of ATP free energy, we provide direct evidence that leukemic mitochondria are particularly poised to consume ATP. Relevant to AML biology, acute restoration of oxidative ATP synthesis proved highly cytotoxic to leukemic blasts, suggesting that active OXPHOS repression supports aggressive disease dissemination in AML. Together, these findings argue against ATP being the primary output of leukemic mitochondria and provide proof-of-principle that restoring, rather than disrupting, OXPHOS may represent an untapped therapeutic avenue for combatting hematological malignancy and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret AM Nelson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Kelsey L McLaughlin
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - James T Hagen
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Hannah S Coalson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Cameron Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Miki Kassai
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Kimberly A Kew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Joseph M McClung
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Patricia Brophy
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Nasreen A Vohra
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Darla Liles
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Myles C Cabot
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleUnited States
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Madeddu G, Fiore V, Melis M, Ortu S, Mannu F, Muredda AA, Garrucciu G, Bandiera F, Zaru S, Bagella P, Calvisi DF, Babudieri S. Mitochondrial toxicity and body shape changes during nucleos(t)ide analogues administration in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2014. [PMID: 32029790 PMCID: PMC7005185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study purpose was to evaluate mitochondrial (mt)DNA and RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and body shape changes (BSC) in HBV-infected patients. mtDNA and mtRNA were measured in PBMCs. The presence of BSC was evaluated through a questionnaire and clinical evaluation. A total of 157 subjects were enrolled, of these 107 were HBV-infected patients, 54 receiving nucleoside analogues (NAs, Group A), 53 naive to antivirals (Group B) and 50 age-sex matched controls (Group C). All HBV-treated patients had negative HBV–DNA. Twenty (37,0%) received lamivudine + adefovir, 20 (37.0%) tenofovir, 2 (3.7%) lamivudine and 12 (22.2%) entecavir. Therapy median duration was 38 months (IQR 20–60) in NA-treated patients. Group A showed significantly higher mtDNA/nuclear (n) DNA ratio (p = 0.000008) compared to Group C and Group B (p = 0.002). Group B showed significantly higher mtDNA/nDNA ratio compared to Group C (p = 0.017). Group A and B had significantly lower mtRNA/nRNA ratio compared to Group C (p = 0.00003 and p = 0.00006, respectively). Tenofovir and entecavir showed less impact compared to lamivudine + adefovir. mtDNA/nDNA ratio positively (Rho = 0.34, p < 0.05) and mtRNA/nRNA ratio negatively (Rho = −0.34, p < 0.05) correlated with therapy duration. BSC were significantly more frequent in Group A [10/54 (18.5%)] compared to Group B [3/53 (5.6%, p = 0.04)] and Group C [0/50, (p = 0.0009)]. In conclusion, long-term NA therapy was associated both to mitochondrial toxicity and BSC, showing significant differences in mtDNA and mtRNA levels. Tenofovir and entecavir showed lower impact on alterations, compared to 1st generation NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Madeddu
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Vito Fiore
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michela Melis
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Ortu
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Franca Mannu
- Nurexbiotech, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Augusto Muredda
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Garrucciu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Franco Bandiera
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Zaru
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Bagella
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego Francesco Calvisi
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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10
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Obata T. Glutaminergic tonic action potentiate MPP+-induced hydroxyl radical production in rat striatum. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:51-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Lionetti L, Faggio C. Multidisciplinary haematology as prognostic device in environmental and xenobiotic stress-induced response in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:1170-1183. [PMID: 31018433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The variations of haematological parameters hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte and erythrocyte count have been used as pollution and physiological indicators of organic dysfunction in both environmental and aquaculture studies. These parameters are commonly applied as prognostic and diagnostic tools in fish health status. However, there are both extrinsic and intrinsic factors to consider when performing a blood test, because a major limitation for field researchers is that the "rules" for animal or human haematology do not always apply to wildlife. The main objective of this review is to show how some environmental and xenobiotic factors are capable to modulating the haematic cells. Visualizing the strengths and limitations of a haematological analysis in the health assessment of wild and culture fish. Finally, we point out the importance of the use of mitochondrial activities as part of haematological evaluations associated to environment or aquaculture stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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12
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Berky AJ, Ryde IT, Feingold B, Ortiz EJ, Wyatt LH, Weinhouse C, Hsu-Kim H, Meyer JN, Pan WK. Predictors of mitochondrial DNA copy number and damage in a mercury-exposed rural Peruvian population near artisanal and small-scale gold mining: An exploratory study. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:197-210. [PMID: 30289587 PMCID: PMC6452630 DOI: 10.1002/em.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (CN) and damage in circulating white blood cells have been proposed as effect biomarkers for pollutant exposures. Studies have shown that mercury accumulates in mitochondria and affects mitochondrial function and integrity; however, these data are derived largely from experiments in model systems, rather than human population studies that evaluate the potential utility of mitochondrial exposure biomarkers. We measured mtDNA CN and damage in white blood cells (WBCs) from 83 residents of nine communities in the Madre de Dios region of the Peruvian Amazon that vary in proximity to artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Prior research from this region reported high levels of mercury in fish and a significant association between food consumption and human total hair mercury level of residents. We observed that mtDNA CN and damage were both associated with consumption of fruit and vegetables, higher diversity of fruit consumed, residential location, and health characteristics, suggesting common environmental drivers. Surprisingly, we observed negative associations of mtDNA damage with both obesity and age. We did not observe any association between total hair mercury or, in contrast to previous results, age, with either mtDNA damage or CN. The results of this exploratory study highlight the importance of combining epidemiological and laboratory research in studying the effects of stressors on mitochondria, suggesting that future work should incorporate nutritional and social characteristics, and caution should be taken when applying conclusions from epidemiological studies conducted in the developed world to other regions, as results may not be easily translated. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60: 197-210, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel J. Berky
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ian T. Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Beth Feingold
- University of Albany, School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Ernesto J. Ortiz
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lauren H. Wyatt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Caren Weinhouse
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil and Engineering, Box 90287, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Corresponding authors: William Pan, Duke Global Health Institute, 310 Trent Drive, Campus Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, fax 681-7748, , Joel N. Meyer, Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,
| | - William K. Pan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Corresponding authors: William Pan, Duke Global Health Institute, 310 Trent Drive, Campus Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, fax 681-7748, , Joel N. Meyer, Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,
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13
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Le Guillou D, Bucher S, Begriche K, Hoët D, Lombès A, Labbe G, Fromenty B. Drug-Induced Alterations of Mitochondrial DNA Homeostasis in Steatotic and Nonsteatotic HepaRG Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:711-726. [PMID: 29669730 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondriotoxicity plays a major role in drug-induced hepatotoxicity, alteration of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) homeostasis has been described only with a few drugs. Because it requires long drug exposure, this mechanism of toxicity cannot be detected with investigations performed in isolated liver mitochondria or cultured cells exposed to drugs for several hours or a few days. Thus, a first aim of this study was to determine whether a 2-week treatment with nine hepatotoxic drugs could affect mtDNA homeostasis in HepaRG cells. Previous investigations with these drugs showed rapid toxicity on oxidative phosphorylation but did not address the possibility of delayed toxicity secondary to mtDNA homeostasis impairment. The maximal concentration used for each drug induced about 10% cytotoxicity. Two other drugs, zalcitabine and linezolid, were used as positive controls for their respective effects on mtDNA replication and translation. Another goal was to determine whether drug-induced mitochondriotoxicity could be modulated by lipid overload mimicking nonalcoholic fatty liver. Among the nine drugs, imipramine and ritonavir induced mitochondrial effects suggesting alteration of mtDNA translation. Ritonavir toxicity was stronger in nonsteatotic cells. None of the nine drugs decreased mtDNA levels. However, increased mtDNA was observed with five drugs, especially in nonsteatotic cells. The mtDNA levels could not be correlated with the expression of key factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), PGC1β, and AMP-activated protein kinase α-subunit. Hence, drug-induced impairment of mtDNA translation might not be rare, and increased mtDNA levels could be a frequent adaptive response to slight energy shortage. Nevertheless, this adaptation could be impaired by lipid overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dounia Le Guillou
- INSERM, INRA, Université de Rennes, UBL, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France (D.L.G., S.B., K.B., B.F.); Sanofi, Investigative Toxicology, Alfortville, France (D.H., G.L.); and INSERM, UMR 1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris V René Descartes, Paris, France (A.L.)
| | - Simon Bucher
- INSERM, INRA, Université de Rennes, UBL, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France (D.L.G., S.B., K.B., B.F.); Sanofi, Investigative Toxicology, Alfortville, France (D.H., G.L.); and INSERM, UMR 1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris V René Descartes, Paris, France (A.L.)
| | - Karima Begriche
- INSERM, INRA, Université de Rennes, UBL, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France (D.L.G., S.B., K.B., B.F.); Sanofi, Investigative Toxicology, Alfortville, France (D.H., G.L.); and INSERM, UMR 1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris V René Descartes, Paris, France (A.L.)
| | - Delphine Hoët
- INSERM, INRA, Université de Rennes, UBL, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France (D.L.G., S.B., K.B., B.F.); Sanofi, Investigative Toxicology, Alfortville, France (D.H., G.L.); and INSERM, UMR 1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris V René Descartes, Paris, France (A.L.)
| | - Anne Lombès
- INSERM, INRA, Université de Rennes, UBL, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France (D.L.G., S.B., K.B., B.F.); Sanofi, Investigative Toxicology, Alfortville, France (D.H., G.L.); and INSERM, UMR 1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris V René Descartes, Paris, France (A.L.)
| | - Gilles Labbe
- INSERM, INRA, Université de Rennes, UBL, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France (D.L.G., S.B., K.B., B.F.); Sanofi, Investigative Toxicology, Alfortville, France (D.H., G.L.); and INSERM, UMR 1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris V René Descartes, Paris, France (A.L.)
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, INRA, Université de Rennes, UBL, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France (D.L.G., S.B., K.B., B.F.); Sanofi, Investigative Toxicology, Alfortville, France (D.H., G.L.); and INSERM, UMR 1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris V René Descartes, Paris, France (A.L.)
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14
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Abstract
Recent decades have seen a rapid increase in reported toxic effects of drugs and pollutants on mitochondria. Researchers have also documented many genetic differences leading to mitochondrial diseases, currently reported to affect ∼1 person in 4,300, creating a large number of potential gene-environment interactions in mitochondrial toxicity. We briefly review this history, and then highlight cutting-edge areas of mitochondrial research including the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in signaling; increased understanding of fundamental biological processes involved in mitochondrial homeostasis (DNA maintenance and mutagenesis, mitochondrial stress response pathways, fusion and fission, autophagy and biogenesis, and exocytosis); systemic effects resulting from mitochondrial stresses in specific cell types; mitochondrial involvement in immune function; the growing evidence of long-term effects of mitochondrial toxicity; mitochondrial-epigenetic cross-talk; and newer approaches to test chemicals for mitochondrial toxicity. We also discuss the potential importance of hormetic effects of mitochondrial stressors. Finally, we comment on future areas of research we consider critical for mitochondrial toxicology, including increased integration of clinical, experimental laboratory, and epidemiological (human and wildlife) studies; improved understanding of biomarkers in the human population; and incorporation of other factors that affect mitochondria, such as diet, exercise, age, and nonchemical stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0328
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0328
| | - Danielle F Mello
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0328
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15
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Kim C, Potluri P, Khalil A, Gaut D, McManus M, Compton S, Wallace DC, Yadava N. An X-chromosome linked mouse model (Ndufa1 S55A) for systemic partial Complex I deficiency for studying predisposition to neurodegeneration and other diseases. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:78-93. [PMID: 28506826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory chain Complex I deficiencies are the most common cause of mitochondrial diseases. Complex I biogenesis is controlled by 58 genes and at least 47 of these cause mitochondrial disease in humans. Two of these are X-chromosome linked nuclear (nDNA) genes (NDUFA1 and NDUFB11), and 7 are mitochondrial (mtDNA, MT-ND1-6, -4L) genes, which may be responsible for sex-dependent variation in the presentation of mitochondrial diseases. In this study, we describe an X-chromosome linked mouse model (Ndufa1S55A) for systemic partial Complex I deficiency. By homologous recombination, a point mutation T > G within 55th codon of the Ndufa1 gene was introduced. The resulting allele Ndufa1S55A introduced systemic serine-55-alanine (S55A) mutation within the MWFE protein, which is essential for Complex I assembly and stability. The S55A mutation caused systemic partial Complex I deficiency of ∼50% in both sexes. The mutant males (Ndufa1S55A/Y) displayed reduced respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and produced less body heat. They were also hypoactive and ate less. They showed age-dependent Purkinje neurons degeneration. Metabolic profiling of brain, liver and serum from males showed reduced heme levels in mutants, which correlated with altered expressions of Fech and Hmox1 mRNAs in tissues. This is the first genuine X-chromosome linked mouse model for systemic partial Complex I deficiency, which shows age-dependent neurodegeneration. The effect of Complex I deficiency on survival patterns of males vs. females was different. We believe this model will be very useful for studying sex-dependent predisposition to both spontaneous and stress-induced neurodegeneration, cancer, diabetes and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Kim
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Prasanth Potluri
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ahmed Khalil
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Daria Gaut
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Meagan McManus
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shannon Compton
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nagendra Yadava
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01199, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism at Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
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16
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Chen Y, Meyer JN, Hill HZ, Lange G, Condon MR, Klein JC, Ndirangu D, Falvo MJ. Role of mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction in veterans with Gulf War Illness. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184832. [PMID: 28910366 PMCID: PMC5599026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic multi-symptom illness not currently diagnosed by standard medical or laboratory test that affects 30% of veterans who served during the 1990-1991 Gulf War. The clinical presentation of GWI is comparable to that of patients with certain mitochondrial disorders-i.e., clinically heterogeneous multisystem symptoms. Therefore, we hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to both the symptoms of GWI as well as its persistence over time. We recruited 21 cases of GWI (CDC and Kansas criteria) and 7 controls to participate in this study. Peripheral blood samples were obtained in all participants and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) based assay was performed to quantify mitochondrial and nuclear DNA lesion frequency and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (mtDNAcn) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Samples were also used to analyze nuclear DNA lesion frequency and enzyme activity for mitochondrial complexes I and IV. Both mtDNA lesion frequency (p = 0.015, d = 1.13) and mtDNAcn (p = 0.001; d = 1.69) were elevated in veterans with GWI relative to controls. Nuclear DNA lesion frequency was also elevated in veterans with GWI (p = 0.344; d = 1.41), but did not reach statistical significance. Complex I and IV activity (p > 0.05) were similar between groups and greater mtDNA lesion frequency was associated with reduced complex I (r2 = -0.35, p = 0.007) and IV (r2 = -0.28, p < 0.01) enzyme activity. In conclusion, veterans with GWI exhibit greater mtDNA damage which is consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Helene Z Hill
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gudrun Lange
- Pain and Fatigue Study Center, Beth Israel Medical Center and Albert Einstein Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael R Condon
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Surgical Services, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn C Klein
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Duncan Ndirangu
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael J Falvo
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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17
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Paraskevaidi M, Martin-Hirsch PL, Kyrgiou M, Martin FL. Underlying role of mitochondrial mutagenesis in the pathogenesis of a disease and current approaches for translational research. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:335-342. [PMID: 27816931 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases have been extensively investigated over the last three decades, but many questions regarding their underlying aetiologies remain unanswered. Mitochondrial dysfunction is not only responsible for a range of neurological and myopathy diseases but also considered pivotal in a broader spectrum of common diseases such as epilepsy, autism and bipolar disorder. These disorders are a challenge to diagnose and treat, as their aetiology might be multifactorial. In this review, the focus is placed on potential mechanisms capable of introducing defects in mitochondria resulting in disease. Special attention is given to the influence of xenobiotics on mitochondria; environmental factors inducing mutations or epigenetic changes in the mitochondrial genome can alter its expression and impair the whole cell's functionality. Specifically, we suggest that environmental agents can cause damage in mitochondrial DNA and consequently lead to mutagenesis. Moreover, we describe current approaches for handling mitochondrial diseases, as well as available prenatal diagnostic tests, towards eliminating these maternally inherited diseases. Undoubtedly, more research is required, as current therapeutic approaches mostly employ palliative therapies rather than targeting primary mechanisms or prophylactic approaches. Much effort is needed into further unravelling the relationship between xenobiotics and mitochondria, as the extent of influence in mitochondrial pathogenesis is increasingly recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paraskevaidi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Pierre L Martin-Hirsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston PR5 6AW, UK and
| | - Maria Kyrgiou
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Francis L Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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18
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Clinical effects of chemical exposures on mitochondrial function. Toxicology 2017; 391:90-99. [PMID: 28757096 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for the provision of ATP for cellular energy requirements. Tissue and organ functions are dependent on adequate ATP production, especially when energy demand is high. Mitochondria also play a role in a vast array of important biochemical pathways including apoptosis, generation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, intracellular calcium regulation, steroid hormone and heme synthesis, and lipid metabolism. The complexity of mitochondrial structure and function facilitates its diverse roles but also enhances its vulnerability. Primary disorders of mitochondrial bioenergetics, or Primary Mitochondrial Diseases (PMD) are due to inherited genetic defects in the nuclear or mitochondrial genomes that result in defective oxidative phosphorylation capacity and cellular energy production. Secondary mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in a wide range of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Several lines of evidence suggest that environmental exposures cause substantial mitochondrial dysfunction. Whereby literature from experimental and human studies on exposures associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases exist, the significance of exposures as potential triggers in Primary Mitochondrial Disease (PMD) is an emerging clinical question that has not been systematically studied.
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19
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Park T, Meulia T, Firkins JL, Yu Z. Inhibition of the Rumen Ciliate Entodinium caudatum by Antibiotics. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1189. [PMID: 28702015 PMCID: PMC5487518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Axenic cultures of free-living aerobic ciliates, such as Tetrahymena thermophila and Paramecium aurelia, have been established and routinely used in laboratory research, greatly facilitating, or enabling characterization of their metabolism, physiology, and ecology. Ruminal protozoa are anaerobic ciliates, and they play important roles in feed digestion and fermentation. Although, repeatedly attempted, no laboratory-maintainable axenic culture of ruminal ciliates has been established. When axenic ciliate cultures are developed, antibiotics are required to eliminate the accompanying bacteria. Ruminal ciliates gradually lose viability upon antibiotic treatments, and the resultant axenic cultures can only last for short periods of time. The objective of this study was to evaluate eight antibiotics that have been evaluated in developing axenic cultures of ruminal ciliates, for their toxicity to Entodinium caudatum, which is the most predominant ruminal ciliate species. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the antibiotics damaged both the cell surface and nuclei of E. caudatum and increased accumulation of intracellular glycogen. Combinations of the three least toxic antibiotics failed to eliminate the bacteria that are present in the E. caudatum culture. The combination of ampicillin, carbenicillin, streptomycin, and oxytetracycline was able to eliminate all the bacteria, but the resultant axenic E. caudatum culture gradually lost viability. Adding the bacterial fraction (live) separated from an untreated E. caudatum culture reversed the viability decline and recovered the growth of the treated E. caudatum culture, whereas feeding nine strains of live bacteria isolated from E. caudatum cells, either individually or in combination, could not. Nutritional and metabolic dependence on its associated bacteria, accompanied with direct and indirect inhibition by antibiotics, makes it difficult to establish an axenic culture of E. caudatum. Monoxenic or polyxenic cultures of E. caudatum could be developed if the essential symbiotic partner(s) can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansol Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Tea Meulia
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and the Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State UniversityWooster, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, United States
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20
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Nagiah S, Phulukdaree A, Chuturgoon A. Mitochondrial and Oxidative Stress Response in HepG2 Cells Following Acute and Prolonged Exposure to Antiretroviral Drugs. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1939-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Savania Nagiah
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences; College of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu Natal; Durban South Africa
| | - Alisa Phulukdaree
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Health Science; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences; College of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu Natal; Durban South Africa
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21
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González-Hunt CP, Leung MCK, Bodhicharla RK, McKeever MG, Arrant AE, Margillo KM, Ryde IT, Cyr DD, Kosmaczewski SG, Hammarlund M, Meyer JN. Exposure to mitochondrial genotoxins and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114459. [PMID: 25486066 PMCID: PMC4259338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration has been correlated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and exposure to environmental toxins, but causation is unclear. We investigated the ability of several known environmental genotoxins and neurotoxins to cause mtDNA damage, mtDNA depletion, and neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that paraquat, cadmium chloride and aflatoxin B1 caused more mitochondrial than nuclear DNA damage, and paraquat and aflatoxin B1 also caused dopaminergic neurodegeneration. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) caused similar levels of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage. To further test whether the neurodegeneration could be attributed to the observed mtDNA damage, C. elegans were exposed to repeated low-dose ultraviolet C radiation (UVC) that resulted in persistent mtDNA damage; this exposure also resulted in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Damage to GABAergic neurons and pharyngeal muscle cells was not detected. We also found that fasting at the first larval stage was protective in dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration. Finally, we found that dopaminergic neurons in C. elegans are capable of regeneration after laser surgery. Our findings are consistent with a causal role for mitochondrial DNA damage in neurodegeneration, but also support non mtDNA-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P. González-Hunt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maxwell C. K. Leung
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K. Bodhicharla
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Madeline G. McKeever
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Arrant
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Margillo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ian T. Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Cyr
- Center for Applied Genomics and Technology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara G. Kosmaczewski
- Department of Genetics, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: mailto:
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22
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Wallace KB. Drug-induced mitochondrial neuropathy in children: a conceptual framework for critical windows of development. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:1241-8. [PMID: 25008905 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814538510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disease arises from genetic or nongenetic events that interfere either directly or indirectly with the bioenergetic function of the mitochondrion and manifest clinically in some form of metabolic disorder. In primary mitochondrial disease, the critical molecular target is one or more of the individual subunits of the respiratory complexes or their assembly and incorporation into the inner mitochondrial membrane, whereas with secondary mitochondrial disease the bioenergetic deficits are secondary to effects on targets other than the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Primary genetic events include mutations to or altered expression of proteins targeted to the mitochondrial compartment, whether they are encoded by the nuclear or mitochondrial genome. In this review, we emphasize the occurrence of nongenetic mitochondrial disease resulting from therapeutic drug administration, review the broad scope of drugs implicated in affecting specific primary mitochondrial targets, and describe evidence demonstrating critical windows of risk for the developing neonate to drug-induced mitochondrial disease and neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall B Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota
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23
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Kostopoulou ON, Kouvela EC, Magoulas GE, Garnelis T, Panagoulias I, Rodi M, Papadopoulos G, Mouzaki A, Dinos GP, Papaioannou D, Kalpaxis DL. Conjugation with polyamines enhances the antibacterial and anticancer activity of chloramphenicol. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8621-34. [PMID: 24939899 PMCID: PMC4117768 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloramphenicol (CAM) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, limited to occasional only use in developed countries because of its potential toxicity. To explore the influence of polyamines on the uptake and activity of CAM into cells, a series of polyamine–CAM conjugates were synthesized. Both polyamine architecture and the position of CAM-scaffold substitution were crucial in augmenting the antibacterial and anticancer potency of the synthesized conjugates. Compounds 4 and 5, prepared by replacement of dichloro-acetyl group of CAM with succinic acid attached to N4 and N1 positions of N8,N8-dibenzylspermidine, respectively, exhibited higher activity than CAM in inhibiting the puromycin reaction in a bacterial cell-free system. Kinetic and footprinting analysis revealed that whereas the CAM-scaffold preserved its role in competing with the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA 3′-terminus to ribosomal A-site, the polyamine-tail could interfere with the rotatory motion of aminoacyl-tRNA 3′-terminus toward the P-site. Compared to CAM, compounds 4 and 5 exhibited comparable or improved antibacterial activity, particularly against CAM-resistant strains. Compound 4 also possessed enhanced toxicity against human cancer cells, and lower toxicity against healthy human cells. Thus, the designed conjugates proved to be suitable tools in investigating the ribosomal catalytic center plasticity and some of them exhibited greater efficacy than CAM itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania N Kostopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ekaterini C Kouvela
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George E Magoulas
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Garnelis
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis Panagoulias
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Rodi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Papadopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26, GR-41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George P Dinos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Dionissios Papaioannou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitrios L Kalpaxis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
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Bai JPF, Fontana RJ, Price ND, Sangar V. Systems pharmacology modeling: an approach to improving drug safety. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 35:1-14. [PMID: 24136298 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in systems biology in conjunction with the expansion in knowledge of drug effects and diseases present an unprecedented opportunity to extend traditional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling/analysis to conduct systems pharmacology modeling. Many drugs that cause liver injury and myopathies have been studied extensively. Mitochondrion-centric systems pharmacology modeling is important since drug toxicity across a large number of pharmacological classes converges to mitochondrial injury and death. Approaches to systems pharmacology modeling of drug effects need to consider drug exposure, organelle and cellular phenotypes across all key cell types of human organs, organ-specific clinical biomarkers/phenotypes, gene-drug interaction and immune responses. Systems modeling approaches, that leverage the knowledge base constructed from curating a selected list of drugs across a wide range of pharmacological classes, will provide a critically needed blueprint for making informed decisions to reduce the rate of attrition for drugs in development and increase the number of drugs with an acceptable benefit/risk ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane P F Bai
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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Olszewska A, Szewczyk A. Mitochondria as a pharmacological target: magnum overview. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:273-81. [PMID: 23441041 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria, responsible for energy metabolism within the cell, act as signaling organelles. Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to cell death and oxidative stress and may disturb calcium metabolism. Additionally, mitochondria play a pivotal role in cardioprotective phenomena and a variety of neurodegenerative disorders ranging from Parkinson's to Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrial DNA mutations may lead to impaired respiration. Hence, targeting the mitochondria with drugs offers great potential for new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this overview is to present the recent state of knowledge concerning the interactions of various substances with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olszewska
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Increased Prevalence of Hypertension in Young Adults with High Heteroplasmy Levels of the MELAS m.3243A>G Mutation. JIMD Rep 2013; 12:17-23. [PMID: 23846908 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2013_239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of hypertension in patients with mitochondrial diseases is different from that of the general population. Growing evidence exists linking mtDNA, its mutations, and mitochondrial dysfunction to the pathogenesis of hypertension. No reports on the prevalence of hypertension in late-onset mtDNA diseases have been described. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of adult patients with late-onset mtDNA diseases between January 1999 and January 2012 at our center. We grouped them into age categories to allow comparison with previously reported Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) prevalence data. RESULTS Twenty-three subjects with hypertension were identified for a crude prevalence of 39.7 % (95 % CI 27-53 %) as compared to the CHMS age-predicted prevalence of 30.5 %. When analyzed by individual age group, there were no significant differences between the observed and the CHMS predicted prevalence rates in the 40 years and older cohorts (age category 40-59, p = 0.63; age category 60-79, p = 0.85). However, hypertension rates were significantly higher than predicted in the under 40 years cohort (55.6 vs. 2.8 %, p < 0.001, CI 21-86 %), in which hypertensive patients with the MELAS m.3243A>G mutation were significantly clustered (p < 0.01). This younger MELAS cohort (n = 4, mean age = 24 years) with hypertension had heteroplasmy levels (mean = 68 %) that were significantly higher than the levels found in the older non-hypertensive MELAS cohort (n = 8, mean age = 52 years, mean = 33 %) (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Relative to age, gender, and mtDNA disease subtype, young adults with high heteroplasmy levels of the MELAS m.3243A>G mutation demonstrate an increased prevalence of hypertension. Further prospective data are needed to confirm this initial finding, which has potentially important treatment implications.
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28
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Meyer JN, Leung MCK, Rooney JP, Sendoel A, Hengartner MO, Kisby GE, Bess AS. Mitochondria as a target of environmental toxicants. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:1-17. [PMID: 23629515 PMCID: PMC3693132 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous strides have recently been made in our understanding of the biology and pathobiology of mitochondria. Many diseases have been identified as caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, and many pharmaceuticals have been identified as previously unrecognized mitochondrial toxicants. A much smaller but growing literature indicates that mitochondria are also targeted by environmental pollutants. We briefly review the importance of mitochondrial function and maintenance for health based on the genetics of mitochondrial diseases and the toxicities resulting from pharmaceutical exposure. We then discuss how the principles of mitochondrial vulnerability illustrated by those fields might apply to environmental contaminants, with particular attention to factors that may modulate vulnerability including genetic differences, epigenetic interactions, tissue characteristics, and developmental stage. Finally, we review the literature related to environmental mitochondrial toxicants, with a particular focus on those toxicants that target mitochondrial DNA. We conclude that the fields of environmental toxicology and environmental health should focus more strongly on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Leung MCK, Rooney JP, Ryde IT, Bernal AJ, Bess AS, Crocker TL, Ji AQ, Meyer JN. Effects of early life exposure to ultraviolet C radiation on mitochondrial DNA content, transcription, ATP production, and oxygen consumption in developing Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 14:9. [PMID: 23374645 PMCID: PMC3621653 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is present in multiple copies per cell and undergoes dramatic amplification during development. The impacts of mtDNA damage incurred early in development are not well understood, especially in the case of types of mtDNA damage that are irreparable, such as ultraviolet C radiation (UVC)-induced photodimers. Methods We exposed first larval stage nematodes to UVC using a protocol that results in accumulated mtDNA damage but permits nuclear DNA (nDNA) repair. We then measured the transcriptional response, as well as oxygen consumption, ATP levels, and mtDNA copy number through adulthood. Results Although the mtDNA damage persisted to the fourth larval stage, we observed only a relatively minor ~40% decrease in mtDNA copy number. Transcriptomic analysis suggested an inhibition of aerobic metabolism and developmental processes; mRNA levels for mtDNA-encoded genes were reduced ~50% at 3 hours post-treatment, but recovered and, in some cases, were upregulated at 24 and 48 hours post-exposure. The mtDNA polymerase γ was also induced ~8-fold at 48 hours post-exposure. Moreover, ATP levels and oxygen consumption were reduced in response to UVC exposure, with marked reductions of ~50% at the later larval stages. Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that early life exposure to mitochondrial genotoxicants could result in mitochondrial dysfunction at later stages of life, thereby highlighting the potential health hazards of time-delayed effects of these genotoxicants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell C K Leung
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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30
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Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) sustains organelle function and plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism. The OXPHOS system consists of 5 multisubunit complexes (CI-CV) that are built up of 92 different structural proteins encoded by the nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Biogenesis of a functional OXPHOS system further requires the assistance of nDNA-encoded OXPHOS assembly factors, of which 35 are currently identified. In humans, mutations in both structural and assembly genes and in genes involved in mtDNA maintenance, replication, transcription, and translation induce 'primary' OXPHOS disorders that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Leigh syndrome (LS), which is probably the most classical OXPHOS disease during early childhood. Here, we present the current insights regarding function, biogenesis, regulation, and supramolecular architecture of the OXPHOS system, as well as its genetic origin. Next, we provide an inventory of OXPHOS structural and assembly genes which, when mutated, induce human neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, we discuss the consequences of mutations in OXPHOS structural and assembly genes at the single cell level and how this information has advanced our understanding of the role of OXPHOS dysfunction in neurodegeneration.
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31
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Blaha GM, Polikanov YS, Steitz TA. Elements of ribosomal drug resistance and specificity. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2012; 22:750-8. [PMID: 22981944 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The structures of ribosomes in complex with inhibitors of translation have not only shed light on the interactions of antibiotics with the ribosome but also on the underlying mechanisms by which they interfere with the ribosome function. Several recent papers [1(•),2(••),3,4] have correlated the available ribosome structures with the wealth of biochemical data [5(•)]. In this review we shall focus on the lessons learned for drug specificity rather than presenting a comprehensive survey of the known structures of ribosome complexes with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor M Blaha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Cabezas R, El-Bachá RS, González J, Barreto GE. Mitochondrial functions in astrocytes: neuroprotective implications from oxidative damage by rotenone. Neurosci Res 2012; 74:80-90. [PMID: 22902554 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for cell survival and normal development, as they provide energy to the cell, buffer intracellular calcium, and regulate apoptosis. They are also major targets of oxidative stress, which causes bioenergetics failure in astrocytes through the activation of different mechanisms and production of oxidative molecules. This review provides an insightful overview of the recent discoveries and strategies for mitochondrial protection in astrocytes. We also discuss the importance of rotenone as an experimental approach for assessing oxidative stress in the brain and delineate some molecular strategies that enhance mitochondrial function in astrocytes as a promising strategy against brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cabezas
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
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Kao LP, Ovchinnikov D, Wolvetang E. The effect of ethidium bromide and chloramphenicol on mitochondrial biogenesis in primary human fibroblasts. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Cohen BH, Saneto RP. Mitochondrial translational inhibitors in the pharmacopeia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1819:1067-74. [PMID: 22421540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of energy necessary for cellular function is produced in the mitochondria by the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Other critical mitochondrial functions include apoptosis and free-radical production. Chemical agents, including those found in the modern pharmacopeia, may impair mitochondrial function by a number of mechanisms. The mitochondria are vulnerable to environmental injury because of their complex physical structure, electrochemical properties of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), dual genetic control from both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) and inherent properties of the translational and transcriptional machinery. Mitochondria have evolved from alpha-proteobacteria and the residual structural similarity to bacterial translational machinery has left the mtDNA genes vulnerable to inhibition by commonly used translation-targeted antibiotics. Many of these medications cause adverse effects in otherwise healthy people, but there are also examples where particular gene mutations may predispose to increased drug toxicity. It is hoped that preclinical pharmacogenetic and functional studies of mitochondrial toxicity, along with personalized genomic medicine, will improve both our understanding of the spectrum of disease caused by inhibition of mitochondrial translation and improve the safe and effective use of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial and human mitochondrial translation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Gene Expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Cohen
- NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, OH 44087, USA.
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36
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Impaired mitochondrial energy production: The basis of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:536-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Apostolova N, Blas-García A, Esplugues JV. Mitochondrial interference by anti-HIV drugs: mechanisms beyond Pol-γ inhibition. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:715-25. [PMID: 21899897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The combined pharmacological approach to the treatment of HIV infection, known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), has dramatically reduced AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. However, its use has been associated with serious adverse reactions, of which those resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction are particularly widespread. Nucleos(t)ide-reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) have long been considered the main source of HAART-related mitochondrial toxicity due to their ability to inhibit Pol-γ, the DNA polymerase responsible for the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence points to a more complex relationship between these organelles and NRTIs. Also, alternative pathways by which other groups of anti-HIV drugs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors) interfere with mitochondria have been suggested, although their implications, both pharmacological and clinical, are open to debate. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and factors which influence the mitochondrial involvement in the toxicity of all three major classes of anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibáñez n.15-17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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