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Cao T, Jiang S, Wang X, Huang P, Zhou L, Di L, Han S, Huang L. Rosiglitazone Promotes Oligodendrocyte Development and Myelin Formation of Repeated Neonatal Sevoflurane Exposure via PPARγ Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04413-z. [PMID: 39105872 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used general anesthetics for children and infants. Recent research indicates that repeated exposure to sevoflurane in neonates induces cognitive and fine motor deficits. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists have garnered significant attention as potential therapies for a variety of neurological conditions. In this research, we evaluated whether pretreatment with rosiglitazone in neonatal mice could address myelination defects, cognitive impairment, and fine motor dysfunction via PPARγ. The mice were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 2 h on postnatal days 6-8 (P6-P8). Behavioral tests were conducted from P29 to P34. Additionally, we evaluated morphological and functional changes related to myelin. Our results showed that rosiglitazone pretreatment significantly ameliorated the cognitive and fine motor impairments of repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposure. In addition, rosiglitazone pretreatment promoted oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) differentiation and myelination. This suggests that rosiglitazone may be used in clinical settings to enhance the security of neonatal sevoflurane exposure. Furthermore, PPARγ and fatty acid synthase (FASN) may be mediators for rosiglitazone, which alleviates myelination defects, cognitive impairment, and fine motor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sufang Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xueji Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Peiying Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Lichao Di
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shuang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lining Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Clinical Neurology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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Lee IT, Yang CC, Yang CM. Harnessing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists to induce Heme Oxygenase-1: a promising approach for pulmonary inflammatory disorders. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:125. [PMID: 38360670 PMCID: PMC10868008 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ has been extensively shown to attenuate inflammatory responses in conditions such as asthma, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, as demonstrated in animal studies. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these inhibitory effects remain largely unknown. The upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown to confer protective effects, including antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. PPARγ is highly expressed not only in adipose tissues but also in various other tissues, including the pulmonary system. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are highly selective agonists for PPARγ and are used as antihyperglycemic medications. These observations suggest that PPARγ agonists could modulate metabolism and inflammation. Several studies have indicated that PPARγ agonists may serve as potential therapeutic candidates in inflammation-related diseases by upregulating HO-1, which in turn modulates inflammatory responses. In the respiratory system, exposure to external insults triggers the expression of inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species, leading to the development of pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that the upregulation of HO-1 protects tissues and cells from external insults, indicating that the induction of HO-1 by PPARγ agonists could exert protective effects by inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways and attenuating the development of pulmonary inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying TZD-induced HO-1 expression are not well understood. This review aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which PPARγ agonists induce the expression of HO-1 and explore how they protect against inflammatory and oxidative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, 333008, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333323, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan.
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3
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Wang C, Zhao H, Xu K, Du Y, Liu J, Wang J, Jiang Y. Fecal metabolomics reveals the positive effect of ethanol extract of propolis on T2DM mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mechanisms of β-adrenergic receptors agonists in mediating pro and anti-apoptotic pathways in hyperglycemic Müller cells. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9473-9480. [PMID: 35925485 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study aimed to investigate the stimulatory effect of beta-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) on brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). METHODS Human Müller cells were cultured in low and high glucose conditions. Cells were treated with xamoterol (selective agonist for β1-AR), salmeterol (selective agonist for β2-AR), isoproterenol (β-ARs agonist) and propranolol (β-ARs antagonist), at 20 µM concentration for 24 h. Western Blotting assay was performed for the gene expression analysis. DNA damage was evaluated by TUNEL assay. DCFH-DA assay was used to check the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cytochrome C release was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Xamoterol, salmeterol and isoproterenol showed no effect on Caspase-8 but it reduced the apoptosis and increased the expression of BDNF in Müller cells. A significant change in the expression of caspase-3 was observed in cells treated with xamoterol and salmeterol as compared to isoproterenol. Xamoterol, salmeterol and isoproterenol significantly decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) when treated for 24 hours. Glucose-induced cytochrome c release was disrupted in Müller cells. CONCLUSION β-ARs, stimulated by agonist play a protective role in hyperglycemic Müller cells, with the suppression of glucose-induced caspase-3 and cytochrome c release. B-Ars may directly mediate the gene expression of BDNF.
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Srinivas MG, Prabhakaran P, Mandal SP, Sivamani Y, Guddur P, Kumar BRP. Development of Novel Glitazones as Antidiabetic Agents: Molecular Design, Synthesis, Evaluation of Glucose Uptake Activity and SAR Studies. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666191105124535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Thiazolidinediones and its bioisostere, namely, rhodanines have become
ubiquitous class of heterocyclic compounds in drug design and discovery. In the present study, as
part of molecular design, a series of novel glitazones that are feasible to synthesize in our laboratory
were subjected to docking studies against PPAR-γ receptor for their selection.
Methods and Results:
As part of the synthesis of selected twelve glitazones, the core moiety, pyridine
incorporated rhodanine was synthesized via dithiocarbamate. Later, a series of glitazones were
prepared via Knovenageal condensation. In silico docking studies were performed against PPARγ
protein (2PRG). The titled compounds were investigated for their cytotoxic activity against 3T3-L1
cells to identify the cytotoxicity window of the glitazones. Further, within the cytotoxicity window,
glitazones were screened for glucose uptake activity against L6 cells to assess their possible antidiabetic
activity.
Conclusion:
Based on the glucose uptake results, structure activity relationships are drawn for the
title compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Gowdru Srinivas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India; JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
| | - Prabitha Prabhakaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India; JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
| | - Subhankar Probhat Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India; JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
| | - Yuvaraj Sivamani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India; JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
| | - Pranesh Guddur
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru 560 041, India
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Hsiung KC, Liu KY, Tsai TF, Yoshina S, Mitani S, Chin-Ming Tan B, Lo SJ. Defects in CISD-1, a mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein, lower glucose level and ATP production in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biomed J 2020; 43:32-43. [PMID: 32200954 PMCID: PMC7090286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CDGSH iron sulfur domain-containing protein 1 (CISD-1) belongs to the CISD protein family that is evolutionary conserved across different species. In mammals, CISD-1 protein has been implicated in diseases such as cancers and diabetes. As a tractable model organism to study disease-associated proteins, we employed Caenorhabditis elegans in this study with an aim to establish a model for interrogating the functional relevance of CISD-1 in human metabolic conditions. Methods We first bioinformatically identified the human Cisd-1 homologue in worms. We then employed N2 wild-type and cisd-1(tm4993) mutant to investigate the consequences of CISD-1 loss-of-function on: 1) the expression pattern of CISD-1, 2) mitochondrial morphology pattern, 3) mitochondrial function and bioenergetics, and 4) the effects of anti-diabetes drugs. Results We first identified C. elegans W02B12.15 gene as the human Cisd-1 homologous gene, and pinpointed the localization of CISD-1 to the outer membrane of mitochondria. As compared with the N2 wild-type worm, cisd-1(tm4993) mutant exhibited a higher proportion of hyperfused form of mitochondria. This structural abnormality was associated with the generation of higher levels of ROS and mitochondrial superoxide but lower ATP. These physiological changes in mutants did not result in discernable effects on animal motility and lifespan. Moreover, the amount of glucose in N2 wild-type worms treated with troglitazone and pioglitazone, derivatives of TZD, was reduced to a comparable level as in the mutant animals. Conclusions By focusing on the Cisd-1 gene, our study established a C. elegans genetic system suitable for modeling human diabetes-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ching Hsiung
- Department and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Liu
- Department and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- National Yang Ming University, Department of Life Science, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sawako Yoshina
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine and CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine and CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bertrand Chin-Ming Tan
- Department and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Szecheng J Lo
- Department and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Silva JC, Pitta MG, Pitta IR, Koh TJ, Abdalla DS. New Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonist (GQ-11) Improves Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:417-428. [PMID: 31440419 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Chronic wounds associated with diabetes are an important public health problem demanding new treatments to improve wound healing and decrease amputations. Monocytes/macrophages play a key role in sustained inflammation associated with impaired healing and local administration of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonists may modulate macrophage, improving healing. In this study, we investigated the effects of GQ-11, a partial/dual PPARα/γ agonist, on macrophage function and wound healing in diabetes. Approach: Wounds were surgically induced at the dorsum of C57BL/6J and BKS.Cg-Dock7m +/+ Leprdb/J (db/db) mice and treated with hydrogel (vehicle), pioglitazone or GQ-11, for 7 or 10 days, respectively. After treatment, wounds were analyzed histologically and by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In addition, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were cultured from C57BL/6J mice and treated with vehicle, pioglitazone, or GQ-11, after challenge with lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-4 to be analyzed by qPCR and flow cytometry. Results: GQ-11 treatment upregulated anti-inflammatory/pro-healing factors and downregulated pro-inflammatory factors both in wounds of db/db mice and in BMDM. Innovation: Wounds of db/db mice treated with GQ-11 exhibited faster wound closure and re-epithelization, increased collagen deposition, and less Mac-3 staining compared with vehicle, providing a new approach to treatment of diabetic wound healing to prevent complications. Conclusion: GQ-11 improves wound healing in db/db mice, regulating the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and wound growth factors, leading to increased re-epithelization and collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C. Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina G.R. Pitta
- Core of Therapeutic Innovation, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ivan R. Pitta
- Core of Therapeutic Innovation, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Timothy J. Koh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dulcineia S.P. Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Uteng M, Urban L, Brees D, Muller PY, Kullak-Ublick GA, Bouchard P, Tougas G, Chibout SD. Safety differentiation: emerging competitive edge in drug development. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:285-292. [PMID: 30244081 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With increasing expectations to provide evidence of drug efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness, best-in-class drugs are a major value driver for the pharmaceutical industry. Superior safety is a key differentiation criterion that could be achieved through better risk:benefit profiles, safety margins, fewer contraindications, and improved patient compliance. To accomplish this, comparative safety assessments using innovative and adaptive nonclinical and clinical outcome-based approaches should be undertaken, and continuous strategic adjustments must be made as the risk:benefit profiles evolve. Key success criteria include scientific expertise and integration between all disciplines during the full extent of the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Uteng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Translational Medicine, Pre-Clinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Laszlo Urban
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Translational Medicine, Pre-Clinical Safety, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dominique Brees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Translational Medicine, Pre-Clinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Novartis Pharma AG, Global Drug Development, Chief Medical Office and Patient Safety, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Page Bouchard
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Translational Medicine, Pre-Clinical Safety, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gervais Tougas
- Novartis Pharma AG, Global Drug Development, Chief Medical Office and Patient Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salah-Dine Chibout
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Translational Medicine, Pre-Clinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
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Audi S, Burrage DR, Lonsdale DO, Pontefract S, Coleman JJ, Hitchings AW, Baker EH. The 'top 100' drugs and classes in England: an updated 'starter formulary' for trainee prescribers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:2562-2571. [PMID: 29975799 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Prescribing is a complex skill required of doctors and, increasingly, other healthcare professionals. Use of a personal formulary can help to develop this skill. In 2006-9, we developed a core list of the 100 most commonly prescribed drugs. Our aim in the present study was to update this 'starter formulary' to ensure its continued relevance for prescriber training. METHODS We analysed large contemporary primary and secondary care datasets to identify the most frequently prescribed medicinal products. Items were classified into natural groups, broadly following their British National Formulary classification. The resulting drug groups were included in the core list if they comprised ≥0.1% prescriptions in both settings or ≥0.2-0.3% prescriptions in one setting. Drugs from emergency guidelines that did not qualify by prescribing frequency completed the list. RESULTS Over 1 billion primary care items and approximately 1.8 million secondary care prescriptions were analysed. The updated list comprises 81 drug groups commonly prescribed in both settings; six from primary care; seven from secondary care; and six from emergency guidelines. Eighty-eight per cent of the formulary was unchanged. Notable changes include entry of newer anti-epileptics and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and exit of phenytoin and thiazolidinediones. CONCLUSIONS The relative stability of the core drug list over 9 years and the current update ensure that learning based on this list remains relevant to practice. Trainee prescribers may be encouraged to use this 'starter formulary' to develop a sound basis of prescribing knowledge and skills that they can subsequently apply more widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Audi
- Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London
| | - Daniel R Burrage
- Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London.,St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Dagan O Lonsdale
- Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London.,St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Sarah Pontefract
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham.,University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Jamie J Coleman
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham.,University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Andrew W Hitchings
- Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London.,St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Emma H Baker
- Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London.,St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
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Li H, Kim HW, Shin SE, Seo MS, An JR, Jung WK, Ha KS, Han ET, Hong SH, Bang H, Choi IW, Na SH, Park WS. The vasorelaxant effect of antidiabetic drug nateglinide via activation of voltage-dependent K + channels in aortic smooth muscle. Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 36. [PMID: 28834298 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the vasorelaxant effect of nateglinide and its related mechanisms using phenylephrine (Phe)-induced precontracted aortic rings. METHODS Arterial tone measurement was performed in aortic smooth muscle. RESULTS The application of nateglinide induced vasorelaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with the large-conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ (BKCa ) channel inhibitor paxilline, the inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channel inhibitor Ba2+ , and ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP ) channel inhibitor glibenclamide did not affect the vasorelaxant effect of nateglinide. However, pretreatment with the voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channel inhibitor 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) effectively reduced the vasorelaxant effect of nateglinide. Pretreatment with the Ca2+ inhibitor nifedipine and the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin did not change the vasorelaxant effect of nateglinide. Additionally, the vasorelaxant effect of nateglinide was not altered in the presence of an adenylyl cyclase, a protein kinase A, a guanylyl cyclase, or a protein kinase G inhibitor. The vasorelaxant effect of nateglinide was not affected by the elimination of the endothelium. In addition, pretreatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, and a small-conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ (SKCa ) channel inhibitor, apamin, did not change the vasorelaxant effect of nateglinide. CONCLUSION Nateglinide induced vasorelaxation via the activation of the Kv channel independent of other K+ channels, Ca2+ channels, intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i ), and the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Li
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Shin
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Mi Seon Seo
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jin Ryeol An
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyoweon Bang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sung Hun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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11
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Discovery of Novel Insulin Sensitizers: Promising Approaches and Targets. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:8360919. [PMID: 28659972 PMCID: PMC5474250 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8360919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the undisputed root cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is currently an unmet demand for safe and effective insulin sensitizers, owing to the restricted prescription or removal from market of certain approved insulin sensitizers, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), because of safety concerns. Effective insulin sensitizers without TZD-like side effects will therefore be invaluable to diabetic patients. The specific focus on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ- (PPARγ-) based agents in the past decades may have impeded the search for novel and safer insulin sensitizers. This review discusses possible directions and promising strategies for future research and development of novel insulin sensitizers and describes the potential targets of these agents. Direct PPARγ agonists, selective PPARγ modulators (sPPARγMs), PPARγ-sparing compounds (including ligands of the mitochondrial target of TZDs), agents that target the downstream effectors of PPARγ, along with agents, such as heat shock protein (HSP) inducers, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) selective inhibitors, biguanides, and chloroquines, which may be safer than traditional TZDs, have been described. This minireview thus aims to provide fresh perspectives for the development of a new generation of safe insulin sensitizers.
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Alempijevic T, Zec S, Milosavljevic T. Drug-induced liver injury: Do we know everything? World J Hepatol 2017; 9:491-502. [PMID: 28443154 PMCID: PMC5387361 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i10.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has dramatically increased over the past decade, and it has become a hot topic for clinicians, academics, pharmaceutical companies and regulatory bodies. By investigating the current state of the art, the latest scientific findings, controversies, and guidelines, this review will attempt to answer the question: Do we know everything? Since the first descriptions of hepatotoxicity over 70 years ago, more than 1000 drugs have been identified to date, however, much of our knowledge of diagnostic and pathophysiologic principles remains unchanged. Clinically ranging from asymptomatic transaminitis and acute or chronic hepatitis, to acute liver failure, DILI remains a leading causes of emergent liver transplant. The consumption of unregulated herbal and dietary supplements has introduced new challenges in epidemiological assessment and clinician management. As such, numerous registries have been created, including the United States Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network, to further our understanding of all aspects of DILI. The launch of LiverTox and other online hepatotoxicity resources has increased our awareness of DILI. In 2013, the first guidelines for the diagnosis and management of DILI, were offered by the Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology, and along with the identification of risk factors and predictors of injury, novel mechanisms of injury, refined causality assessment tools, and targeted treatment options have come to define the current state of the art, however, gaps in our knowledge still undoubtedly remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Alempijevic
- Tamara Alempijevic, Simon Zec, Tomica Milosavljevic, University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Simon Zec
- Tamara Alempijevic, Simon Zec, Tomica Milosavljevic, University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tomica Milosavljevic
- Tamara Alempijevic, Simon Zec, Tomica Milosavljevic, University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
Testicular nuclear receptors 2 and 4 (TR2, TR4), also known as NR2C1 and NR2C2, belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and were first cloned in 1989 and 1994, respectively. Although classified as orphan receptors, several natural molecules, their metabolites, and synthetic compounds including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), PUFA metabolites 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and the antidiabetic drug thiazolidinediones can transactivate TR4. Importantly, many of these ligands/activators can also transactivate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), also known as NR1C3 nuclear receptor. Both TR4 and PPARγ can bind to similar hormone response elements (HREs) located in the promoter of their common downstream target genes. However, these two nuclear receptors, even with shared ligands/activators and shared binding ability for similar HREs, have some distinct functions in many diseases they influence. In cancer, PPARγ inhibits thyroid, lung, colon, and prostate cancers but enhances bladder cancer. In contrast, TR4 inhibits liver and prostate cancer initiation but enhances pituitary corticotroph, liver, and prostate cancer progression. In type 2 diabetes, PPARγ increases insulin sensitivity but TR4 decreases insulin sensitivity. In cardiovascular disease, PPARγ inhibits atherosclerosis but TR4 enhances atherosclerosis through increasing foam cell formation. In bone physiology, PPARγ inhibits bone formation but TR4 increases bone formation. Together, the contrasting impact of TR4 and PPARγ on different diseases may raise a critical issue about drug used to target any one of these nuclear receptors.
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Novel Podophyllotoxin Derivatives as Partial PPARγ Agonists and their Effects on Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37323. [PMID: 27853282 PMCID: PMC5112511 DOI: 10.1038/srep37323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is recognized as a key regulator of insulin resistance. In this study, we searched for novel PPARγ agonists in a library of structurally diverse organic compounds and determined that podophyllotoxin exhibits partial agonist activity toward PPARγ. Eight novel podophyllotoxin-like derivatives were synthesized and assayed for toxicity and functional activity toward PPARγ to reduce the possible systemic toxic effects of podophyllotoxin and to maintain partial agonist activity toward PPARγ. Cell-based transactivation assays showed that compounds (E)-3-(hydroxy(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl)-4-(4(trifluoromethyl)styryl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (3a) and (E)-4-(3-acetylstyryl)-3-(hydroxyl (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (3f) exhibited partial agonist activity. An experiment using human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) that were induced to become an insulin-resistant model showed that compounds 3a and 3f improved insulin sensitivity and glucose consumption. In addition, compounds 3a and 3f significantly improved hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed streptozotocin (HFD-STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic rats at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day administered orally for 45 days, without significant weight gain. Cell toxicity testing also showed that compounds 3a and 3f exhibited weaker toxicity than pioglitazone. These findings suggested that compounds 3a and 3f improved insulin resistance in vivo and in vitro and that the compounds exhibited potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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15
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Cocktail supplement with rosiglitazone: a novel inducer for chicken preadipocyte differentiation in vitro. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160049. [PMID: 27638500 PMCID: PMC5293590 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken preadipocytes cultured in cocktail supplement with rosiglitazone resulted in a marked increase in lipid droplet accumulation, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and mRNA expression of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and lipolysis. The present study provides a novel induction method for in vitro chicken preadipocyte differentiation. The preadipocyte differentiation biological process involves a cascade of transcriptional events that culminates in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ. The differentiation cocktail [insulin (INS), dexamethasone (DEX) and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX)] can induce preadipocyte differentiation in mammals, but it is insufficient for chicken (Gallus gallus) adipogenesis. Oleate can induce chicken preadipocyte differentiation, but these differentiated preadipocytes may not be fully functional. The objective of the current study was to evaluate whether chicken preadipocytes can be induced to mature adipocytes by a novel induction method using differentiation cocktail supplemented with PPARγ agonist(s). Chicken preadipocytes cultured in cocktail supplemented with rosiglitazone or troglitazone resulted in a marked increase in lipid droplet accumulation (P<0.05), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity (P<0.05), mRNA expression level of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2; P<0.05), G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2; P<0.05) and lipolysis (P<0.05). In addition, supplementation of the cocktail with rosiglitazone promoted PPARγ mRNA expression (P<0.05). In conclusion, our data indicated that chicken preadipocytes can be induced to mature adipocytes using differentiation cocktail supplemented with rosiglitazone. The results of the present study provide a novel induction method for in vitro chicken preadipocyte differentiation.
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Kim HW, Li H, Kim HS, Shin SE, Jung WK, Ha KS, Han ET, Hong SH, Choi IW, Firth AL, Bang H, Park WS. The anti-diabetic drug repaglinide induces vasorelaxation via activation of PKA and PKG in aortic smooth muscle. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 84:38-46. [PMID: 27435474 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the vasorelaxant effect of repaglinide and its related signaling pathways using phenylephrine (Phe)-induced pre-contracted aortic rings. Repaglinide induced vasorelaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. The repaglinide-induced vasorelaxation was not affected by removal of the endothelium. In addition, application of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) and a small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (SKCa) channel inhibitor (apamin) did not alter the vasorelaxant effect of repaglinide on endothelium-intact arteries. Pretreatment with an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor (SQ 22536) or a PKA inhibitor (KT 5720) effectively reduced repaglinide-induced vasorelaxation. Also, pretreatment with a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor (ODQ) or a PKG inhibitor (KT 5823) inhibited repaglinide-induced vasorelaxation. However, pretreatment with a voltage-dependent K(+) (Kv) channel inhibitor (4-AP), ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channel inhibitor (glibenclamide), large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BKCa) channel inhibitor (paxilline), or the inwardly rectifying K(+) (Kir) channel inhibitor (Ba(2+)) did not affect the vasorelaxant effect of repaglinide. Furthermore, pretreatment with a Ca(2+) inhibitor (nifedipine) and a sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor (thapsigargin) did not affect the vasorelaxant effect of repaglinide. The vasorelaxant effect of repaglinide was not affected by elevated glucose (50mM). Based on these results, we conclude that repaglinide induces vasorelaxation via activation of adenylyl cyclase/PKA and guanylyl cyclase/PKG signaling pathways independently of the endothelium, K(+) channels, Ca(2+) channels, and intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Han Sol Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Shin
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, South Korea
| | - Amy L Firth
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hyoweon Bang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea.
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Lin SJ, Lin CY, Yang DR, Izumi K, Yan E, Niu X, Chang HC, Miyamoto H, Wang N, Li G, Chang C. The Differential Effects of Anti-Diabetic Thiazolidinedione on Prostate Cancer Progression Are Linked to the TR4 Nuclear Receptor Expression Status. Neoplasia 2016; 17:339-47. [PMID: 25925376 PMCID: PMC4415117 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have been used as anti-diabetic drugs since the discovery of their ability to alter insulin resistance through transactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). However, their side effects in hepatitis, cardiovascular diseases, and bladder cancer resulted in some selling restrictions in the USA and Europe. Here, we found that the potential impact of TZDs on the prostate cancer (PCa) progression might be linked to the TR4 nuclear receptor expression. Clinical surveys found that 9% of PCa patients had one allele TR4 deletion in their tumors. TZD increased cell growth and invasion in PCa cells when TR4 was knocked down. In contrast, TZD decreased PCa progression in PCa cells with wild type TR4. Mechanism dissection found that the Harvey Rat Sarcoma (HRAS) oncogene increased on TZD treatment of the TR4 knocked-down CWR22Rv1 and C4-2 cells, and interruption with HRAS inhibitor resulted in reversal of TZD-induced PCa progression. Together, these results suggest that TZD treatment may promote PCa progression depending on the TR4 expression status that may be clinically relevant since extra caution may be needed for those diabetic PCa patients receiving TZD treatment who have one allele TR4 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jen Lin
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chang-Yi Lin
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dong-Rong Yang
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kouji Izumi
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Emily Yan
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xiaodan Niu
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hong-Chiang Chang
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Wang
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gonghui Li
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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18
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Stine JG, Lewis JH. Current and future directions in the treatment and prevention of drug-induced liver injury: a systematic review. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 10:517-36. [PMID: 26633044 PMCID: PMC5074808 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2016.1127756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the pace of discovery of new agents, mechanisms and risk factors involved in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains brisk, advances in the treatment of acute DILI seems slow by comparison. In general, the key to treating suspected DILI is to stop using the drug prior to developing irreversible liver failure. However, predicting when to stop is an inexact science, and commonly used ALT monitoring is an ineffective strategy outside of clinical trials. The only specific antidote for acute DILI remains N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for acetaminophen poisoning, although NAC is proving to be beneficial in some cases of non-acetaminophen DILI in adults. Corticosteroids can be effective for DILI associated with autoimmune or systemic hypersensitivity features. Ursodeoxycholic acid, silymarin and glycyrrhizin have been used to treat DILI for decades, but success remains anecdotal. Bile acid washout regimens using cholestyramine appear to be more evidenced based, in particular for leflunomide toxicity. For drug-induced acute liver failure, the use of liver support systems is still investigational in the United States and emergency liver transplant remains limited by its availability. Primary prevention appears to be the key to avoiding DILI and the need for acute treatment. Pharmacogenomics, including human leukocyte antigen genotyping and the discovery of specific DILI biomarkers offers significant promise for the future. This article describes and summarizes the numerous and diverse treatment and prevention modalities that are currently available to manage DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Stine
- University of Virginia Health System, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, JPA and Lee Street, MSB 2145, PO Box 800708, Charlottesville VA 22908
| | - James H. Lewis
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007
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19
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Lewis JH. The Art and Science of Diagnosing and Managing Drug-induced Liver Injury in 2015 and Beyond. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:2173-89.e8. [PMID: 26116527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a leading reason why new compounds are dropped from further study or are the subject of product warnings and regulatory actions. Hy's Law of drug-induced hepatocellular jaundice causing a case-fatality rate or need for transplant of 10% or higher has been validated in several large national registries, including the ongoing, prospective U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. It serves as the basis for stopping rules in clinical trials and in clinical practice. Because DILI can mimic all known causes of acute and chronic liver disease, establishing causality can be difficult. Histopathologic findings are often nonspecific and rarely, if ever, considered pathognomonic. A daily drug dose >50-100 mg is more likely to be hepatotoxic than does <10 mg, especially if the compound is highly lipophilic or undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism. The quest for a predictive biomarker to replace alanine aminotransferase is ongoing. Markers of necrosis and apoptosis such as microRNA-122 and keratin 18 may prove useful in identifying patients at risk for severe injury when they initially present with a suspected acetaminophen overdose. Although a number of drugs causing idiosyncratic DILI have HLA associations that may allow for pre-prescription testing to prevent hepatotoxicity, the cost and relatively low frequency of injury among affected patients limit the current usefulness of such genome-wide association studies. Alanine aminotransferase monitoring is often recommended but has rarely been shown to be an effective method to prevent serious DILI. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of DILI have recently been published, although specific therapies remain limited. The LiverTox Web site has been introduced as an interactive online virtual textbook that makes the latest information on more than 650 agents available to clinicians, regulators, and drug developers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Lewis
- Hepatology Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia.
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20
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Deng W, Qiu S, Yang G, Chen B. Exenatide once-weekly injection for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Chinese patients: current perspectives. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:1153-62. [PMID: 26309403 PMCID: PMC4539087 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s81088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, such as exenatide, have played an important role as antidiabetic medications in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Like most other hypoglycemic agents, exenatide has a number of actions, including lowering blood glucose, promoting weight loss, improving insulin resistance, and protecting islet β-cells. Although GLP-1 analogs, combined with other antidiabetic medications, have excellent performance in T2DM, some side effects and imperfections limit its use in clinical practice. Since 2012, a new generation GLP-1 agent, exenatide once weekly (QW), has been available for patients with T2DM in the USA, but not as yet in the People’s Republic of China. Previous data indicate that exenatide QW achieves better fasting glucose reductions than sitagliptin or exenatide twice daily, whilst appearing non-inferior to pioglitazone and achieving less reductions than insulin glargine. Exenatide QW was better at improving average postprandial glucose than sitagliptin or titrated insulin glargine, but was inferior to exenatide twice daily. Additionally exenatide QW has a better effect in terms of weight loss than other glycemic medications. Exenatide QW can also reduce blood lipids and lower blood pressure. Accordingly, exenatide QW is cost-effective, achieves good clinical outcomes, and has acceptable side effects, indicating that it has promising prospects for future use in the People’s Republic of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuquan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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21
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César FA, Rudnicki M, de Las Heras B, Boscá L, Lima MCA, Pitta IR, Abdalla DSP. New indole-thiazolidine attenuates atherosclerosis in LDLr(-/-) mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 71:174-80. [PMID: 25869519 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists that improve insulin-mediated glucose uptake and possess beneficial vasculoprotective actions. However, because undesirable side effects are associated with these drugs, novel TZDs are under development. In this study, we evaluated the biological activity of LYSO-7, a new indole-thiazolidine, on PPAR activation, inflammation and atherogenesis using a gene reporter assay, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cell culture, and a low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLr(-/-)) mouse model of atherosclerosis. LYSO-7 shows low cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells and at 2.5μmol/L induces PPARα and PPARγ transactivation as well as inhibits LPS-induced nitrite production and the mRNA gene expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). In addition, treatment with LYSO-7 reduces the development of atherosclerosis in LDLr(-/-) mice, improves the lipid profile, blood glucose levels, and downregulates CD40 and CD40L expression without affecting the body weight of the animals. Altogether, our data show that LYSO-7 possesses anti-inflammatory properties and that treatment with this TZD attenuates atherosclerosis progression in LDLr(-/-) mice by modulating lipid metabolism and inflammation. Thus, LYSO-7 shows potential as a new drug candidate for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A César
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martina Rudnicki
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz de Las Heras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C A Lima
- Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ivan R Pitta
- Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Dulcineia S P Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Cytotoxicity of thiazolidinedione-, oxazolidinedione- and pyrrolidinedione-ring containing compounds in HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1887-96. [PMID: 26193171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver damage occurred in some patients who took troglitazone (TGZ) for type II diabetes. The 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) ring in TGZ's structure has been implicated in its hepatotoxicity. To further examine the potential role of a TZD ring in toxicity we used HepG2 cells to evaluate two series of compounds containing different cyclic imides. N-phenyl analogues comprised 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (DCPT); 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DCPO) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS). Benzylic compounds, which closely resemble TGZ, included 5-(3,5-dichlorophenylmethyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (DCPMT); 5-(4-methoxyphenylmethyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (MPMT); 5-(4-methoxyphenylmethylene)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (MPMT-I); 5-(4-methoxyphenylmethyl)-2,4-oxazolidinedione (MPMO); 3-(4-methoxyphenylmethyl)succinimide (MPMS) and 3-(4-methoxyphenylmethylene)succinimide (MPMS-I). Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTS assay after incubating the compounds (0-250μM) with HepG2 cells for 24h. Only certain TZD derivatives (TGZ, DCPT, DCPMT and MPMT-I) markedly decreased cell viability, whereas MPMT had low toxicity. In contrast, analogues without a TZD ring (DCPO, NDPS, MPMO, MPMS and MPMS-I) were not cytotoxic. These findings suggest that a TZD ring may be an important determinant of toxicity, although different structural features, chemical stability, cellular uptake or metabolism, etc., may also be involved. A simple clustering approach, using chemical fingerprints, assigned each compound to one of three classes (each containing one active compound and close homologues), and provided a framework for rationalizing the activity in terms of structure.
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23
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Pi-Sunyer FX. The Effects of Pharmacologic Agents for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Body Weight. Postgrad Med 2015; 120:5-17. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2008.07.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Zheng J, Woo SL, Hu X, Botchlett R, Chen L, Huo Y, Wu C. Metformin and metabolic diseases: a focus on hepatic aspects. Front Med 2015; 9:173-86. [PMID: 25676019 PMCID: PMC4567274 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-015-0384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metformin has been widely used as a first-line anti-diabetic medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). As a drug that primarily targets the liver, metformin suppresses hepatic glucose production (HGP), serving as the main mechanism by which metformin improves hyperglycemia of T2D. Biochemically, metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis and stimulates glycolysis. Metformin also inhibits glycogenolysis, which is a pathway that critically contributes to elevated HGP. While generating beneficial effects on hyperglycemia, metformin also improves insulin resistance and corrects dyslipidemia in patients with T2D. These beneficial effects of metformin implicate a role for metformin in managing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. As supported by the results from both human and animal studies, metformin improves hepatic steatosis and suppresses liver inflammation. Mechanistically, the beneficial effects of metformin on hepatic aspects are mediated through both adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways. In addition, metformin is generally safe and may also benefit patients with other chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shih-Lung Woo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Rachel Botchlett
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Lin SJ, Yang DR, Li G, Chang C. TR4 Nuclear Receptor Different Roles in Prostate Cancer Progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:78. [PMID: 26074876 PMCID: PMC4445305 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are important to maintain the tissue homeostasis. Each receptor is tightly controlled and under a very complicated balance. In this review, we summarize the current findings regarding the nuclear receptor TR4 and its role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. In general, TR4 can inhibit the PCa carcinogenesis. However, when PPARγ is knocked out, activation of TR4 can have an opposite effect to promote the PCa carcinogenesis. Clinical data also indicates that higher TR4 expression is found in PCa tissues with high Gleason scores compared to those tissues with low Gleason scores. In vitro and in vivo studies show that TR4 can promote PCa progression. Mechanism dissection indicates that TR4 inhibits PCa carcinogenesis through regulating the tumor suppressor ATM to reduce DNA damages. On the other hand, in the absence of PPARγ, TR4 tends to increase the stem cell population and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via regulating CCL2, Oct4, EZH2, and miRNA-373-3p expression that results in increased PCa carcinogenesis. In opposition to PCa initiation, TR4 can increase PCa metastasis via modulating the CCL2 signals. Finally, targeting TR4 enhances the chemotherapy and radiation therapy sensitivity in PCa. Together, these data suggest TR4 is a key player to control PCa progression, and targeting TR4 with small molecules may provide us a new and better therapy to suppress PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jen Lin
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dong-Rong Yang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Gonghui Li
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Sir-Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chawnshang Chang, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
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Triggle CR, Ding H. Cardiovascular impact of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5:245-68. [PMID: 25364492 PMCID: PMC4205571 DOI: 10.1177/2040622314546125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Diabetes Federation predicts that by 2035 10% of the population of the world will have been diagnosed with diabetes, raising serious concerns over the resulting elevated morbidity and mortality as well as the impact on health care budgets. It is also well recognized that cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of the high morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes, raising the concern that appropriate drug therapy should not only correct metabolic dysfunction, but also protect the cardiovascular system from the effects of, in particular, the epigenetic changes that result from hyperglycaemia. A number of new classes of drugs for the treatment of diabetes have been introduced in the past decade, providing the opportunity to optimize treatment; however, comparative information of the cardiovascular benefits, or risks, of the newer drugs versus older therapies such as metformin is variable. This review, in addition to summarizing the cellular basis for the therapeutic action of these drugs, addresses the evidence for their cardiovascular benefits and risks. A particular focus is provided on metformin as it is the first choice drug for most patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Triggle
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, PO Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hong Ding
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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Lin KD, Lee MY, Feng CC, Chen BK, Yu ML, Shin SJ. Residual effect of reductions in red blood cell count and haematocrit and haemoglobin levels after 10-month withdrawal of pioglitazone in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2014; 31:1341-9. [PMID: 24797920 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the recovery of thiazolidinedione-induced body weight gain and haematopoietic changes after stopping pioglitazone treatment in patients with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 214 patients divided into three groups according to pioglitazone treatment status. The first study arm included patients who received pioglitazone for 38 months then interrupted this for 10 months (pioglitazone-interruption group). The second arm consisted of patients who received pioglitazone throughout the 48 months (pioglitazone-continuous group); the third arm included patients who had never received pioglitazone therapy (control group). RESULTS Red blood cell count and haematocrit and haemoglobin levels decreased significantly, while body weight increased in the two pioglitazone-treated groups as compared with the control group at 38 months. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the reductions in red blood cell count/haemoglobin levels were associated with pioglitazone use. In the pioglitazone-interruption group, no recoveries of red blood cells, or haematocrit or haemoglobin levels were observed after stopping pioglitazone for 10 months compared with the pioglitazone-continuous group, but body weight gain decreased to a level that was significantly lower than that in the pioglitazone-continuous group and did not differ significantly from the control group. CONCLUSION In this study, we observed a reversal of body weight gain but no recoveries in red blood cells or haematocrit or haemoglobin levels after stopping pioglitazone for 10 months in patients treated with pioglitazone for 38 months. This finding should prompt a reconsideration of the sustained effect of thiazolidinediones on the haematopoietic system in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-D Lin
- The Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Columbia, SC, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Columbia, SC, USA
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Regulation of moxibustion on the expression of NF-κBp65 and PPARγ mRNA in colon of rats with ulcerative colitis. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-014-0786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Griffis D, McLaughlin T, Dirani R, Thwaites R. An observational study of the effect of two thiazolidinediones on blood lipid levels: Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone in routine clinical practice. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 65:149-60. [PMID: 24764587 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-393x(04)90029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosiglitazone maleate and pioglitazone hydrochloride are established antihyperglycemic agents that are effective when used as monotherapy or in combination with other medications. However, the data regarding the effects of these agents on blood lipid levels are contradictory. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone in clinical practice is associated with any changes in blood lipid levels. METHODS A retrospective chart review using electronic medical record data was conducted of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were newly treated with either rosiglitazone or pioglitazone and had 1 lipid measurement within 6 months prior to and 12 months following initial thiazolidinedione (TZD) therapy. Outcome measures were mean changes in low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C, respectively). To control for differences in baseline characteristics and/or selection bias, the treatment cohorts were compared using multivariate statistical techniques. RESULTS A total of 371 patients were included in the study; the pioglitazone cohort comprised 148 patients (82 women, 66 men; mean [SD] age, 64.9 [10.8] years) and the rosiglitazone cohort comprised 223 patients (113 men, 110 women; mean [SD] age, 66.1 [11.9] years). Pioglitazone-treated patients had a statistically higher mean baseline LDL-C compared with rosiglitazone-treated patients (125.0 mg/dL vs 116.6 mg/dL; P = 0.04). On average, LDL-C levels decreased over the study period, with no significant differences between the 2 cohorts (9.9 mg/dL vs 4.3 mg/dL for pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, respectively), although changes in both cohorts were statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS TZD therapy appears to be associated with a small decrease in LDL-C within the first 6 months after initiation. No differences in changes in LDL-C or HDL-C could be discerned between patients treated with rosiglitazone compared with pioglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Riad Dirani
- GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rob Thwaites
- GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yang HY, Wu LY, Yeh WJ, Chen JR. Beneficial effects of β-conglycinin on renal function and nephrin expression in early streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy rats. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:78-85. [PMID: 23803175 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of β-conglycinin and soya isoflavones on diabetic nephropathy (DN). DN was induced by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (25 mg/kg) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. DN rats were divided into a non-diabetic group (C, control group) and three DN groups (D, DN with control diet; B, DN+control diet with one-eighth of casein replaced by β-conglycinin as the protein source; and I, DN+control diet with 0·01 % soya isoflavones). After a 4-week experimental period, we found that fasting blood sugar and plasma and kidney advanced glycation end product levels and 24 h urinary protein excretion of the B group were significantly lower than those of the D group and insulin sensitivity and nephrin expression of the B group were significantly higher than those of the D group. In addition, systolic blood pressure, angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, angiotensin II level and plasma TAG level of the B group were significantly lower than those of the D group, whereas only the levels of plasma TAG and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances of the I group were lower than those of the D group. In conclusion, β-conglycinin may be beneficial for retarding DN progression and this effect cannot be completely explained by its isoflavone content.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/blood
- Animals
- Antigens, Plant/pharmacology
- Antigens, Plant/therapeutic use
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/diet therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/diet therapy
- Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Nephropathies/physiopathology
- Dietary Proteins/pharmacology
- Dietary Proteins/therapeutic use
- Globulins/pharmacology
- Globulins/therapeutic use
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Isoflavones/pharmacology
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Preparations/pharmacology
- Plant Preparations/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Seed Storage Proteins/pharmacology
- Seed Storage Proteins/therapeutic use
- Soybean Proteins/pharmacology
- Soybean Proteins/therapeutic use
- Glycine max/chemistry
- Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
- Triglycerides/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Yang
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lin-Yi Wu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Ju Yeh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiun-Rong Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
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Linz PE, Lovato LC, Byington RP, O'Connor PJ, Leiter LA, Weiss D, Force RW, Crouse JR, Ismail-Beigi F, Simmons DL, Papademetriou V, Ginsberg HN, Elam MB. Paradoxical reduction in HDL-C with fenofibrate and thiazolidinedione therapy in type 2 diabetes: the ACCORD Lipid Trial. Diabetes Care 2013; 37:686-93. [PMID: 24296848 PMCID: PMC3931389 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the occurrence of extremely low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) among participants in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Lipid Trial and to examine the relationship of this finding with treatment with fenofibrate and thiazolidinedione (TZD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The ACCORD Lipid Trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes at 77 clinical centers across the U.S. and Canada in a 5,518-patient subset of the larger 10,251 ACCORD Glycemia Trial. Patients were enrolled from 11 January 2001 to 29 October 2005 and followed until the end of study visits between 1 March and 30 June 2009. Follow-up in the ACCORD Lipid Trial was 4-8 years (mean 4.7 years). Patients were treated with blinded fenofibrate or placebo on a background of simvastatin therapy. The main outcome measures for these descriptive, post hoc analyses was the occurrence of extremely low HDL-C (defined as <25 mg/dL [0.647 mmol/L]) during the trial. RESULTS Among ACCORD Lipid Trial participants, the occurrence of extremely low HDL-C ever during study follow-up was 106% higher among those randomized to fenofibrate (10.1% fenofibrate vs. 4.9% placebo, P < 0.001). The occurrence of low HDL-C was associated with concurrent treatment with fenofibrate and TZD (7.0% for both vs. 2.2% for neither at 48 months postrandomization). CONCLUSIONS Idiosyncratic and marked reduction in HDL-C can occur in some patients treated with both fenofibrate and TZD. Practitioners should recognize this important potential idiosyncratic reaction and take appropriate corrective action.
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Bak EJ, Kim J, Choi YH, Kim JH, Lee DE, Woo GH, Cha JH, Yoo YJ. Wogonin ameliorates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia via PPARα activation in db/db mice. Clin Nutr 2013; 33:156-63. [PMID: 23623334 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Wogonin is a flavonoid extracted from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Gerogi. We evaluated the therapeutic effects of wogonin using db/db mice. METHODS Mice received wogonin or vehicle by oral gavage for 2 weeks. Blood glucose, insulin, and cholesterol levels were measured, and liver morphology was observed with histopathological analysis. The mRNA expression levels of PPARα, PPARγ, and adiponectin in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) were determined by real-time PCR. Immunoblotting for AMPK and PPARγ, and adipocyte differentiation were investigated in vitro using 3T3-L1 cells. A luciferase assay was used to measure PPARα and PPARγ binding activity. RESULTS The wogonin group showed decreased weight gain without a change in food intake and improved glucose tolerance. Serum insulin and cholesterol levels in the wogonin group were significantly decreased compared to those in the control group. The wogonin group also showed less accumulation of lipid droplets and glycogen in the liver. PPARα and PPARγ expression levels in the liver and WAT and adiponectin expression level in WAT in the wogonin group were higher than those in the control group. In 3T3-L1 cells, wogonin was shown to stimulate AMPK activation in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of wogonin did not affect adipocyte differentiation or PPARγ protein level during adipogenesis. Notably, wogonin enhanced PPARα but not PPARγ transactivation. CONCLUSIONS These indicate that wogonin may have beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism related to enhanced PPARα and adiponectin expression via AMPK activation. Importantly, wogonin did not cause deleterious effects, such as weight gain and fatty liver. Wogonin might be a useful therapeutic agent to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Bak
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmoon Kim
- Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hui Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Lee
- Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye-Hyeong Woo
- Department of Clinical Science, Semyung University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Cha
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Yoo
- Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Dobs AS, Goldstein BJ, Aschner P, Horton ES, Umpierrez GE, Duran L, Hill JS, Chen Y, Golm GT, Langdon RB, Williams-Herman DE, Kaufman KD, Amatruda JM, Ferreira JCA. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin and rosiglitazone combination therapy in a randomized placebo-controlled 54-week trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2013; 5:68-79. [PMID: 22742523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New therapeutic approaches are needed to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), a progressive disorder that often requires combination therapy. The present study assessed the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin as add-on therapy to metformin and rosiglitazone in patients with T2D. METHODS The present study was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group 54-week study conducted at 41 sites across North and South America, Europe, and Asia in 278 patients with HbA1c ranging from ≥7.5% to ≤11.0% despite ongoing combination therapy with metformin (≥1500 mg/day) and rosiglitazone (≥4 mg/day). Patients were randomized (2:1) to receive sitagliptin 100 mg or placebo once daily. The main outcome measure was change from baseline in HbA1c at Week 18. RESULTS Mean baseline HbA1c was 8.8%. The mean placebo-adjusted change from baseline in HbA1c with sitagliptin treatment was -0.7% (P < 0.001) at Week 18 and -0.8% (P < 0.001) at Week 54. There were also significant (P < 0.001) reductions in 2-h post-meal glucose and fasting plasma glucose compared with placebo at Weeks 18 and 54. Significantly higher proportions of sitagliptin- than placebo-treated patients had HbA1c<7.0% at Weeks 18 (22% vs 9%; P = 0.003) and 54 (26% vs 14%; P = 0.015). Changes in body weight and the rates of adverse events overall, hypoglycemia, and gastrointestinal adverse events were similar in the sitagliptin and placebo groups during the 54-week study. CONCLUSIONS In patients with T2D, the addition of sitagliptin for 54 weeks to ongoing therapy with metformin and rosiglitazone improved glycemic control and was generally well tolerated compared with placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Dobs
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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PPAR γ Networks in Cell Signaling: Update and Impact of Cyclic Phosphatidic Acid. J Lipids 2013; 2013:246597. [PMID: 23476786 PMCID: PMC3582055 DOI: 10.1155/2013/246597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipid (LPL) has long been recognized as a membrane phospholipid metabolite. Recently, however, the LPL has emerged as a candidate for diagnostic and pharmacological interest. LPLs include lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), alkyl glycerol phosphate (AGP), cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). These biologically active lipid mediators serve to promote a variety of responses that include cell proliferation, migration, and survival. These LPL-related responses are mediated by cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors and also intracellular receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). In this paper, we focus mainly on the most recent findings regarding the biological function of nuclear receptor-mediated lysophospholipid signaling in mammalian systems, specifically as they relate to health and diseases. Also, we will briefly review the biology of PPARγ and then provide an update of lysophospholipids PPARγ ligands that are under investigation as a therapeutic compound and which are targets of PPARγ relevant to diseases.
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Albiero M, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Restoring stem cell mobilization to promote vascular repair in diabetes. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 58:253-8. [PMID: 23369723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes triggers endothelial dysfunction, which is linked to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow are involved in the maintenance of vascular integrity. Diabetic patients show a dysfunction of these cells, which might represent a novel pathophysiological mechanism of vascular disease. Specifically, stem and progenitor cells fail to egress from the bone marrow (BM) due to BM pathological alterations and unresponsiveness to mobilizing stimuli. In this review, we describe impaired stem cell mobilization in diabetes as a mechanism of failed vascular repair and we provide evidence that pharmacological strategies can restore mobilization. We discuss recent advances in the knowledge of aberrant organization of the diabetic BM and its implications for impaired mobilization. Finally, we describe in detail the pharmacological exploitation of the G-CSF/DPP-4(CD26)/SDF-1α axis as a novel strategy to improve mobilization and attain vascular repair in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Albiero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Diabetology, 35100 Padova, Italy
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Berberoglu Z, Yazici AC, Bayraktar N, Demirag NG. Rosiglitazone decreases fasting plasma peptide YY3-36 in type 2 diabetic women: a possible role in weight gain? Acta Diabetol 2012; 49 Suppl 1:S115-22. [PMID: 22101910 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-011-0352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone often results in weight gain. We hypothesized that rosiglitazone may modulate circulating levels of ghrelin and peptide YY(3-36) and this modulation may be related to weight-gaining effect of this agent. This study was designed as an open-label, randomized, controlled trial of 3-month duration. Women with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were studied. Twenty-eight of the 55 eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive rosiglitazone (4 mg/d). Twenty-seven patients with diabetes matched for age and body mass index served as controls on diet alone. We evaluated the effects of 3 months of rosiglitazone treatment on fasting peptide YY(3-36) and ghrelin levels, and anthropometric measurements. The 3-month administration of rosiglitazone reduced fasting plasma peptide YY(3-36) levels by 25%, the between-group difference was statistically significant. No effect of this thiazolidinedione compound on fasting ghrelin concentrations was observed at the end of study. The ghrelin/body mass index ratio also did not change significantly after treatment. Seventy-five percent of the women with diabetes complained of increased hunger at the end of study. Nevertheless, all subjects exhibited a decrease in fasting PYY levels after 3 months of rosiglitazone therapy, irrespective of the levels of hunger. There was no significant correlation between changes in peptide YY(3-36) and those in anthropometric parameters and insulin sensitivity at the end of the study. Rosiglitazone-induced decrease in fasting peptide YY(3-36) levels may in part contribute to orexigenic and weight-gaining effect of this thiazolidinedione derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Berberoglu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Research Hospital, Kızılay sokak, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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Taxak N, Dixit VA, Bharatam PV. Density functional study on the cytochrome-mediated S-oxidation: identification of crucial reactive intermediate on the metabolic path of thiazolidinediones. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:10441-50. [PMID: 23025570 DOI: 10.1021/jp308023g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
S-Oxidation is an important cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-catalyzed reaction, and the structural and energetic details of this process can only be studied by using quantum chemical methods. Thiazolidinedione (TZD) ring metabolism involving initial S-oxidation leads to the generation of reactive metabolites (RMs) and subsequent toxicity forcing the withdrawal of the glitazone class of drugs, thus, the study of the biochemical pathway of TZD ring metabolism is a subject of interest. The S-oxidation of the TZD ring and the formation of the isocyanate intermediate (ISC) was implicated as a possible pathway; however, there are several questions still unanswered in this biochemical pathway. The current study focuses on the CYP450-mediated S-oxidation, fate of the sulfoxide product (TZDSO), ring cleavage to ISC, and formation of nucleophilic adducts. The process of S-oxidation was explored by using Cpd I (iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin, to mimic CYP450) at TZVP/6-311+G(d) basis set. The barriers were calculated after incorporating dispersion and solvent corrections. The metabolic conversion from TZDSO to ISC (studied at B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,3pd)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d)) required a novel protonated intermediate, TZDSOH(+). The effect of higher basis sets (6-311+G(d,p), aug-cc-pvqz) on this conversion was studied. TZDSOH(+) was observed to be more reactive and thermodynamically accessible than ISC, indicating that TZDSOH(+) is the actual reactive intermediate leading to toxicity of the TZD class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Taxak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
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Alzoubi K, Khabour O, Hussain N, Al-Azzam S, Mhaidat N. Evaluation of vitamin B12 effects on DNA damage induced by pioglitazone. Mutat Res 2012; 748:48-51. [PMID: 22790087 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pioglitazone is a prototype of thiazolidinediones, used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous studies suggest that pioglitazone might cause DNA damage by generation of oxidative species. In this study, we investigated the mutagenic effects of pioglitazone using sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) assays in cultured human lymphocytes. In addition, oxidative DNA damage was evaluated in cells culture by measuring 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) marker. We also investigated the possible protective effects of vitamin B12, which is associated with DNA repair, on DNA damage induced by pioglitazone. Treatment of the human lymphocytes with pioglitazone (100μM) significantly increases the frequency of SCEs and CAs (p<0.01). In addition, significant elevation in 8-OH-dG release from lymphocytes was observed after treatment with pioglitazone (p<0.01). On the other hand, pretreatment of cultures with vitamin B12 (13.5μg/ml) protected lymphocytes from the genotoxic effect of pioglitazone. Therefore, we conclude that pioglitazone is genotoxic, and it induces chromosomal and oxidative DNA damage in cultured lymphocytes and this toxicity is prevented by pretreatment with vitamin B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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Chaudhary S, Dube A, Kothari V, Sachan N, Upasani CD. NS-1: A novel partial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist to improve insulin sensitivity and metabolic profile. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 684:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and its ligands in the treatment of hematological malignancies. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:834612. [PMID: 18528522 PMCID: PMC2408681 DOI: 10.1155/2008/834612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a multifunctional transcription factor with important regulatory roles in inflammation, cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. PPARgamma is expressed in a variety of immune cells as well as in numerous leukemias and lymphomas. Here, we review recent studies that provide new insights into the mechanisms by which PPARgamma ligands influence hematological malignant cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Understanding the diverse properties of PPARgamma ligands is crucial for the development of new therapeutic approaches for hematological malignancies.
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Deng T, Sieglaff DH, Zhang A, Lyon CJ, Ayers SD, Cvoro A, Gupte AA, Xia X, Baxter JD, Webb P, Hsueh WA. A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)/PPARgamma coactivator 1beta autoregulatory loop in adipocyte mitochondrial function. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30723-30731. [PMID: 21719705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.251926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation induces adipogenesis and also enhances lipogenesis, mitochondrial activity, and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. Whereas some studies implicate PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in the mitochondrial effect, the mechanisms involved in PPARγ regulation of adipocyte mitochondrial function are not resolved. PPARγ-activating ligands (thiazolidinediones (TZDs)) are important insulin sensitizers and were recently shown to indirectly induce PGC-1β transcription in osteoclasts. Here, we asked whether similar effects occur in adipocytes and show that TZDs also strongly induce PGC-1β in cultured 3T3-L1 cells. This effect, however, differs from the indirect effect proposed for bone and is rapid and direct and involves PPARγ interactions with an intronic PPARγ response element cluster in the PGC-1β locus. TZD treatment of cultured adipocytes results in up-regulation of mitochondrial marker genes, and increased mitochondrial activity and use of short interfering RNA confirms that these effects require PGC-1β. PGC-1β did not participate in PPARγ effects on adipogenesis or lipogenesis, and PGC-1β knockdown did not alter insulin-responsive glucose uptake into 3T3-L1 cells. Similar effects on PGC-1β and mitochondrial gene expression are seen in vivo; fractionation of obese mouse adipose tissue reveals that PPARγ and PGC-1β, but not PGC-1α, are coordinately up-regulated in adipocytes relative to preadipocytes and that TZD treatment induces PGC-1β and mitochondrial marker genes in adipose tissue of obese mice. We propose that PPARγ directly induces PGC-1β expression in adipocytes and that this effect regulates adipocyte mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Deng
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Douglas H Sieglaff
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Christopher J Lyon
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Steven D Ayers
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Aleksandra Cvoro
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Anisha A Gupte
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - John D Baxter
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Paul Webb
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Willa A Hsueh
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030.
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Khan SI, Zhao J, Khan IA, Walker LA, Dasmahapatra AK. Potential utility of natural products as regulators of breast cancer-associated aromatase promoters. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:91. [PMID: 21693041 PMCID: PMC3142499 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatase, the key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, converts androstenedione to estrone and testosterone to estradiol. The enzyme is expressed in various tissues such as ovary, placenta, bone, brain, skin, and adipose tissue. Aromatase enzyme is encoded by a single gene CYP 19A1 and its expression is controlled by tissue-specific promoters. Aromatase mRNA is primarily transcribed from promoter I.4 in normal breast tissue and physiological levels of aromatase are found in breast adipose stromal fibroblasts. Under the conditions of breast cancer, as a result of the activation of a distinct set of aromatase promoters (I.3, II, and I.7) aromatase expression is enhanced leading to local overproduction of estrogen that promotes breast cancer. Aromatase is considered as a potential target for endocrine treatment of breast cancer but due to nonspecific reduction of aromatase activity in other tissues, aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are associated with undesirable side effects such as bone loss, and abnormal lipid metabolism. Inhibition of aromatase expression by inactivating breast tumor-specific aromatase promoters can selectively block estrogen production at the tumor site. Although several synthetic chemical compounds and nuclear receptor ligands are known to inhibit the activity of the tumor-specific aromatase promoters, further development of more specific and efficacious drugs without adverse effects is still warranted. Plants are rich in chemopreventive agents that have a great potential to be used in chemotherapy for hormone dependent breast cancer which could serve as a source for natural AIs. In this brief review, we summarize the studies on phytochemicals such as biochanin A, genistein, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, resveratrol, and grape seed extracts related to their effect on the activation of breast cancer-associated aromatase promoters and discuss their aromatase inhibitory potential to be used as safer chemotherapeutic agents for specific hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
- University of Mississippi Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Asok K Dasmahapatra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
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Shetty KD, Dalal SR. Using information mining of the medical literature to improve drug safety. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2011; 18:668-74. [PMID: 21546507 DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prescription drugs can be associated with adverse effects (AEs) that are unrecognized despite evidence in the medical literature, as shown by rofecoxib's late recall in 2004. We assessed whether applying information mining to PubMed could reveal major drug-AE associations if articles testing whether drugs cause AEs are over-represented in the literature. DESIGN MEDLINE citations published between 1949 and September 2009 were retrieved if they mentioned one of 38 drugs and one of 55 AEs. A statistical document classifier (using MeSH index terms) was constructed to remove irrelevant articles unlikely to test whether a drug caused an AE. The remaining relevant articles were analyzed using a disproportionality analysis that identified drug-AE associations (signals of disproportionate reporting) using step-up procedures developed to control the familywise type I error rate. MEASUREMENTS Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) for empirical drug-AE associations as judged against drug-AE associations subject to FDA warnings. RESULTS In testing, the statistical document classifier identified relevant articles with 81% sensitivity and 87% PPV. Using data filtered by the statistical document classifier, base-case models showed 64.9% sensitivity and 42.4% PPV for detecting FDA warnings. Base-case models discovered 54% of all detected FDA warnings using literature published before warnings. For example, the rofecoxib-heart disease association was evident using literature published before 2002. Analyses incorporating literature mentioning AEs common to the drug class of interest yielded 71.4% sensitivity and 40.7% PPV. CONCLUSIONS Results from large-scale literature retrieval and analysis (literature mining) compared favorably with and could complement current drug safety methods.
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Choi WS, Lee JJ, Kim Y, Kim IS, Zhang WY, Myung CS. Synergistic improvement in insulin resistance with a combination of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone in obese type 2 diabetic mice. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:615-24. [PMID: 21544727 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, which is abundant in the liver, increases lipoprotein lipase activity, resulting in a decrease of triglyceride (TG) levels. PPARγ, which is abundant in adipose tissue, stimulates adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis, and results in an increase in insulin sensitivity. Fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, is commonly used to treat dyslipidemia, and rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, is effective in improving glycemic control. To examine the synergistic effects of rosiglitazone in combination with fenofibrate, an obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) mouse model was established by the combined administration of streptozotocin and nicotinamide and fed on a high-fat diet (35% of energy as fat) for 3 weeks. The mice had significantly higher plasma glucose concentrations and insulin resistance, as examined by an oral glucose tolerance test and insulin challenge test compared with normal mice. After establishing a dose-response curve for each drug, the drugs were orally administered for 3 weeks either alone or in combination. After individual administration of fenofibrate, HDL cholesterol levels significantly increased, and plasma glucose and TG levels decreased in obese type 2 DM mice. The individual administration of rosiglitazone showed increased insulin resistance (QUICKI). However, HDL cholesterol and TG levels were not significantly changed. In a combination of fenofibrate at 25 mg/kg and rosiglitazone at 1.25 mg/kg there was a decrease in plasma glucose and TG levels, and a combination of fenofibrate at 50 mg/kg and rosiglitazone at 2.5 mg/kg showed an increase in plasma HDL cholesterol levels. Moreover, parameters related to insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity (QUICKI) were improved significantly. Thus, our results show that combination therapy with lower doses of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone ameliorates the type 2 DM condition to a greater extent than high doses of either individual monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Seok Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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Yoon KH, Shin JA, Kwon HS, Lee SH, Min KW, Ahn YB, Yoo SJ, Ahn KJ, Park SW, Lee KW, Sung YA, Park TS, Kim MS, Kim YK, Nam MS, Kim HS, Park IB, Park JS, Woo JT, Son HY. Comparison of the efficacy of glimepiride, metformin, and rosiglitazone monotherapy in korean drug-naïve type 2 diabetic patients: the practical evidence of antidiabetic monotherapy study. Diabetes Metab J 2011; 35:26-33. [PMID: 21537410 PMCID: PMC3080564 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2011.35.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many anti-diabetic drugs have been used to control hyperglycemia for decades, the efficacy of commonly-used oral glucose-lowering agents in Korean type 2 diabetic patients has yet to be clearly demonstrated. METHODS We evaluated the efficacy of glimepiride, metformin, and rosiglitazone as initial treatment for drug-naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a 48-week, double-blind, randomized controlled study that included 349 Korean patients. Our primary goal was to determine the change in HbA1c levels from baseline to end point. Our secondary goal was to evaluate changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, body weight, frequency of adverse events, and the proportion of participants achieving target HbA1c levels. RESULTS HbA1c levels decreased from 7.8% to 6.9% in the glimepiride group (P<0.001), from 7.9% to 7.0% in the metformin group (P<0.001), and from 7.8% to 7.0% (P<0.001) in the rosiglitazone group. Glimepiride and rosiglitazone significantly increased body weight and metformin reduced body weight during the study period. Symptomatic hypoglycemia was more frequent in the glimepiride group and diarrhea was more frequent in the metformin group. CONCLUSION The efficacy of glimepiride, metformin, and rosiglitazone as antidiabetic monotherapies in drug-naïve Korean type 2 diabetic patients was similar in the three groups, with no statistical difference. This study is the first randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of commonly-used oral hypoglycemic agents in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. An additional subgroup analysis is recommended to obtain more detailed information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ho Yoon
- Department of Endocrinology, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Shin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk Sang Kwon
- Department of Endocrinology, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Endocrinology, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Wan Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yu Bae Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Jib Yoo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Jeung Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology, Kyung Hee East-West Neo Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwan Woo Lee
- Department of Endocrinology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yeon Ah Sung
- Department of Endocrinology, Ewha Woman's University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Min Seon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Moon Suk Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye Soon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ie Byung Park
- Department of Endocrinology, Gachon University of Science & Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jong Suk Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Taek Woo
- Department of Endocrinology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Young Son
- Department of Endocrinology, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kim MC, Kwon HC, Kim SN, Kim HS, Um BH. Plastoquinones from Sargassum yezoense; chemical structures and effects on the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:834-8. [PMID: 21720032 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Four new plastoquinones, together with two known compounds, sargahydroquinoic acid and sargaquinoic acid, were isolated from the brown alga, Sargassum yezoense collected from the eastern coast of Korea. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses including NMR and MS. Their structures designated as meroterphenol A (1), B (2), C (3) and D (4) were characterized by a 6-methyl-1,4-benzohydroquinone moiety with an oxygenated diterpenoic acid chain. Meroterphenols A-D showed potent activation effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheol Kim
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 210–340, Korea
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Kim MK, Chae YN, Choi SH, Moon HS, Son MH, Bae MH, Choi HH, Hur Y, Kim E, Park YH, Park CS, Kim JG, Lim JI, Shin CY. PAM-1616, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ modulator with preserved anti-diabetic efficacy and reduced adverse effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 650:673-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Complexation of Adiponectin-encoding Plasmid DNA with Rosiglitazone-loaded Cationic Liposomes. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2010. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2010.40.6.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kim EK, Lee JH, Oh YM, Lee YS, Lee SD. Rosiglitazone attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Respirology 2010; 15:659-68. [PMID: 20546541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is decreased in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension, and PPARgamma ligands have been associated with the release of vasoactive substances from vascular endothelial cells and prevention of vascular remodelling. We hypothesized that PPARgamma may play a critical role in the development of pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia. METHODS Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to normoxia, normoxia and rosiglitazone (8 mg/kg orally, 5 days/week), hypoxia (12% inspired O(2) fraction), or hypoxia and rosiglitazone for 4 weeks. On the last day of the fourth week, pulmonary arterial pressure was measured and morphological changes in pulmonary vessels were assessed. The expression of PPARgamma, endothelin (ET)-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was also analysed. RESULTS Rosiglitazone inhibited the development of pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary vascular remodelling induced by chronic hypoxia. PPARgamma expression was decreased and expression of ET-1 and VEGF was increased in lung tissues of the hypoxia group. Rosiglitazone treatment prevented the hypoxia-induced reduction in PPARgamma expression, and restored ET-1 and VEGF expression almost to the levels of the normoxia group. CONCLUSIONS Rosiglitazone inhibited the development of pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia, perhaps by reversing the changes in PPARgamma, ET-1 and VEGF expression induced by hypoxia. These findings indicate that rosiglitazone may be beneficial in the treatment of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Bundang CHA Hospital, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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Ribbing J, Hamrén B, Svensson MK, Karlsson MO. A model for glucose, insulin, and beta-cell dynamics in subjects with insulin resistance and patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 50:861-72. [PMID: 20484615 DOI: 10.1177/0091270009349711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive, metabolic disorder characterized by reduced insulin sensitivity and loss of beta-cell mass (BCM), resulting in hyperglycemia. Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modeling is a valuable method to gain insight into disease and drug action. A semi-mechanistic PKPD model incorporating fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity, and BCM in patients at various disease stages was developed. Data from 3 clinical trials (phase II/III) with a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist, tesaglitazar, were used to develop the model. In this, a modeling framework proposed by Topp et al was expanded to incorporate the effects of treatment and impact of disease, as well as variability between subjects. The model accurately described FPG and fasting insulin data over time. The model included a strong relation between insulin clearance and insulin sensitivity, predicted 40% to 60% lower BCM in T2DM patients, and realistic improvements of BCM and insulin sensitivity with treatment. The treatment response on insulin sensitivity occurs within the first weeks, whereas the positive effects on BCM arise over several months. The semi-mechanistic PKPD model well described the heterogeneous populations, ranging from nondiabetic, insulin-resistant subjects to long-term treated T2DM patients. This model also allows incorporation of clinical-experimental studies and actual observations of BCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Ribbing
- Pharmacometrics, Clinical Pharmacology, Sandwich Laboratories, IPC 096, Pfizer Ltd, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom.
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