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Mkabayi L, Viljoen Z, Krause RW, Lobb KA, Pletschke BI, Frost CL. Inhibitory effects of selected cannabinoids against dipeptidyl peptidase IV, an enzyme linked to type 2 diabetes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23289. [PMID: 38169946 PMCID: PMC10758829 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance In recent times the decriminalisation of cannabis globally has increased its use as an alternative medication. Where it has been used in modern medicinal practises since the 1800s, there is limited scientific investigation to understand the biological activities of this plant. Aim of the study Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) plays a key role in regulating glucose homeostasis, and inhibition of this enzyme has been used as a therapeutic approach to treat type 2 diabetes. However, some of the synthetic inhibitors for this enzyme available on the market may cause undesirable side effects. Therefore, it is important to identify new inhibitors of DPP-IV and to understand their interaction with this enzyme. Methods In this study, four cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabinol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against recombinant human DPP-IV and their potential inhibition mechanism was explored using both in vitro and in silico approaches. Results All four cannabinoids resulted in a dose-dependent response with IC50 values of between 4.0 and 6.9 μg/mL. Kinetic analysis revealed a mixed mode of inhibition. CD spectra indicated that binding of cannabinoids results in structural and conformational changes in the secondary structure of the enzyme. These findings were supported by molecular docking studies which revealed best docking scores at both active and allosteric sites for all tested inhibitors. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations showed that cannabinoids formed a stable complex with DPP-IV protein via hydrogen bonds at an allosteric site, suggesting that cannabinoids act by either inducing conformational changes or blocking the active site of the enzyme. Conclusion These results demonstrated that cannabinoids may modulate DPP-IV activity and thereby potentially assist in improving glycaemic regulation in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lithalethu Mkabayi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Zenobia Viljoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Rui W.M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Kevin A. Lobb
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Brett I. Pletschke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Carminita L. Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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Anwar S, Khan S, Almatroudi A, Khan AA, Alsahli MA, Almatroodi SA, Rahmani AH. A review on mechanism of inhibition of advanced glycation end products formation by plant derived polyphenolic compounds. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:787-805. [PMID: 33389535 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are naturally occurring biomolecules formed by interaction of reducing sugars with biomolecules such as protein and lipids etc., Long term high blood sugar level and glycation accelerate the formation of AGEs. Unchecked continuous formation and accumulation of AGEs are potential risks for pathogenesis of various chronic diseases. Current mode of antidiabetic therapy is based on synthetic drugs that are often linked with severe adverse effects. Polyphenolic compounds derived from plants are supposed to inhibit glycation and formation of AGEs at multiple levels. Some polyphenolic compounds regulate the blood glucose metabolism by amplification of cell insulin resistance and activation of insulin like growth factor binding protein signaling pathway. Their antioxidant nature and metal chelating activity, ability to trap intermediate dicarbonyl compounds could be possible mechanisms against glycation and AGEs formation and hence, against AGEs induced health complications. Although, few species of polyphenolic compounds are being used in in vitro trials and their in vivo study is still in progress, increasing the area of research in this field may produce a fruitful approach in management of overall diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehwaz Anwar
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shifa Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, JNMC, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6699, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia.
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Magdaleno F, Blajszczak CC, Charles-Niño CL, Guadrón-Llanos AM, Vázquez-Álvarez AO, Miranda-Díaz AG, Nieto N, Islas-Carbajal MC, Rincón-Sánchez AR. Aminoguanidine reduces diabetes-associated cardiac fibrosis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3125-3138. [PMID: 31572553 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoguanidine (AG) inhibits advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) accumulated as a result of excessive oxidative stress in diabetes. However, the molecular mechanism by which AG reduces AGE-associated damage in diabetes is not well understood. Thus, we investigated whether AG supplementation mitigates oxidative-associated cardiac fibrosis in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Forty-five male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control, T2DM and T2DM+AG. Rats were fed with a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) for 2 weeks and rendered diabetic using low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) (20 mg/kg), and one group was treated with AG (20 mg/kg) up to 25 weeks. In vitro experiments were performed in primary rat myofibroblasts to confirm the antioxidant and antifibrotic effects of AG and to determine if blocking the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) prevents the fibrogenic response in myofibroblasts. Diabetic rats exhibited an increase in cardiac fibrosis resulting from HFCD and STZ injections. By contrast, AG treatment significantly reduced cardiac fibrosis, α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and oxidative-associated Nox4 and Nos2 mRNA expression. In vitro challenge of myofibroblasts with AG under T2DM conditions reduced intra- and extracellular collagen type I expression and Pdgfb, Tgfβ1 and Col1a1 mRNAs, albeit with similar expression of Tnfα and Il6 mRNAs. This was accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and SMAD2/3 but not of AKT1/2/3 and STAT pathways. RAGE blockade further attenuated collagen type I expression in AG-treated myofibroblasts. Thus, AG reduces oxidative stress-associated cardiac fibrosis by reducing pERK1/2, pSMAD2/3 and collagen type I expression via AGE/RAGE signaling in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Magdaleno
- Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Claudia Lisette Charles-Niño
- Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.,Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Alma Marlene Guadrón-Llanos
- Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Alan Omar Vázquez-Álvarez
- Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Díaz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - María Cristina Islas-Carbajal
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Ana Rosa Rincón-Sánchez
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
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Chang GJ, Yeh YH, Chen WJ, Ko YS, Pang JHS, Lee HY. Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End Products Formation Attenuates Cardiac Electrical and Mechanical Remodeling and Vulnerability to Tachyarrhythmias in Diabetic Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:66-78. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Involvement of growth factors in diabetes mellitus and its complications: A general review. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:510-527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Grzebyk E, Piwowar A. Inhibitory actions of selected natural substances on formation of advanced glycation endproducts and advanced oxidation protein products. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:381. [PMID: 27687139 PMCID: PMC5041538 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) arise as a result of excessive glycation and oxidation processes of proteins in hyperglycemia and oxidative stress conditions respectively, both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo these processes are especially intensified in patients with diabetes, and the adverse effects of AGE and AOPP are particularly unfavorable for the pathogenesis and aggravate the biochemical disturbances and clinical complications of diabetes. Total AGE and AOPP (T-AGE and T-AOPP) are heterogeneous groups of compounds, and they can be divided into two main fractions: high- and low-molecular-weight, i.e. HMW-AGE and HMW-AOPP as well as LMW-AGE and LMW-AOPP. Therefore it is important to find natural substances that will prevent formation of total AGE and AOPP and their high- and low-molecular-weight fractions and thereby reduce their adverse effects on tissues and organs. Method Selected natural substances and dietary supplements such as vitamin C, aminoguanidine, quercetin and green tea as well as the multicompound formulations Padma Circosan and Padma 28 were tested in an in vitro model using bovine serum albumin (BSA). Fluorescence of T-, HMW- and LMW-AGE and concentration of T-, HMW- and LMW-AOPP were measured after incubation with these substances. Results In the examined concentrations quercetin showed the greatest degree of inhibition for T-AGE (60.5 %) as well as for HMW-AGE (79.5 %), while in the case of LMW-AGE the greatest degree of glycation inhibition was shown by Padma Circosan (74.9 %). T-AOPP and HMW-AOPP were best inhibited by vitamin C (87.3 and 89.1 % respectively). The results obtained for LMW-AOPP are atypical, but the lowest concentration was observed in a sample with Padma 28. Conclusion The results show that all tested natural compounds have inhibitory activity towards the formation of total and low- and high-molecular-weight forms of AGE and AOPP in vitro. That suggest a possible role in the prevention of diabetic complications, especially the multiherbal compound Padma preparations, which are especially effective in lowering the most dangerous, i.e. LMW fractions.
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Aminoguanidine treatment increased NOX2 response in diabetic rats: Improved phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans by neutrophils. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 772:83-91. [PMID: 26724393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show that aminoguanidine (AMG), an inhibitor of protein glycation, increases the NOX2 (phagocyte NADPH oxidase) response and microbicidal activity by neutrophils, regardless of diabetic status. The non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, yielding irreversible advanced glycation end products (AGEs), is involved in the development of diabetes complications, including alterations of signaling pathways and the generation of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes. The phagocytes produce ROS (reactive oxygen species) through activation of the NOX2 complex, which generates superoxide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hyperglycemia and the glycation of proteins on the NOX2 activity of neutrophils and its implications for cellular physiology, with a focus on the microbicidal activity of these cells. We treated diabetic rats with AMG and evaluated neutrophil ROS generation and Candida albicans killing ability. We observed a large increase in the microbicidal activity of peritoneal neutrophils from AMG-treated rats. The increase was independent of diabetic status and myeloperoxidase activity. Collectively, our results suggest that AMG has an immunomodulator role that triggers an increase in the microbicidal response of neutrophils mainly related to reactive oxygen species production by NOX2.
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Solís-Calero C, Ortega-Castro J, Hernández-Laguna A, Muñoz F. DFT study of the mechanism of the reaction of aminoguanidine with methylglyoxal. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2202. [PMID: 24705776 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the mechanism of the reaction between aminoguanidine (AG) and methylglyoxal (MG) by carrying out Dmol3/DFT calculations, obtaining intermediates, transition-state structures, and free-energy profiles for all of the elementary steps of the reaction. Designed models included explicit water solvent, which forms hydrogen-bond networks around the reactants and intermediate molecules, facilitating intramolecular proton transfer in some steps of the reaction mechanism. The reaction take place in four steps, namely: (1) formation of a guanylhydrazone-acetylcarbinol adduct by condensation of AG and MG; (2) dehydration of the adduct; (3) formation of an 1,2,4-triazine derivative by ring closure; and (4) dehydration with the formation of 5-methyl 3-amino-1,2,4-triazine as the final product. From a microkinetic point of view, the first dehydration step was found to be the rate-determining step for the reaction, with the reaction having an apparent activation energy of 12.65 kcal mol⁻¹. Additionally, some analogous structures of intermediates and transition states for the reaction between AG and 2,3-dicarbonyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, a possible intermediate in Amadori-glycated phosphatidylethanolamine (Amadori-PE) autooxidation, were obtained to evaluate the reaction above a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) surface. Our results are in agreement with experimental results obtaining by other authors, showing that AG is efficient at trapping dicarbonyl compounds such as methylglyoxal, and by extension these compounds joined to biomolecules such as PE in environments such as surfaces and their aqueous surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Solís-Calero
- Departament de Química, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Sokolovska J, Rumaks J, Karajeva N, Grīnvalde D, Shapirova J, Kluša V, Kalvinsh I, Sjakste N. [The influence of mildronate on peripheral neuropathy and some characteristics of glucose and lipid metabolism in rat streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus model]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2012; 57:490-500. [PMID: 22629599 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20115705490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce the diabetic rat model. STZ rats were treated with mildronate (100 mg/kg daily, per os or intraperitoneally for 6 weeks). Body weight, blood glucose, triglyceride, ketone body concentrations, glycated hemoglobin percent (HbA1c%), glucose tolerance, and the development of neuropathic pain were monitored throughout the experiment. In the STZ + mildronate group, mildronate treatment caused a significant decrease in mean blood glucose (on week 4) and triglyceride concentrations (on weeks 3-6), significantly slowed the increase in HbA1c% (on week 6) and improved glucose tolerance 120 minutes after glucose ingestion during oral glucose tolerance test versus the STZ group. Mildronate completely protected development of STZ-induced neuropathic pain from the first administration week up to end of the experiment. The obtained data indicate clinical usefulness of the drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications.
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Sokolovska J, Isajevs S, Sugoka O, Sharipova J, Lauberte L, Svirina D, Rostoka E, Sjakste T, Kalvinsh I, Sjakste N. Correction of glycaemia and GLUT1 level by mildronate in rat streptozotocin diabetes mellitus model. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:55-63. [PMID: 21264891 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-ischaemic drug mildronate suppresses fatty acid metabolism and increases glucose utilization in myocardium. It was proposed that it could produce a favourable effect on metabolic parameters and glucose transport in diabetic animals. Rats with streptozotocin diabetes mellitus were treated with mildronate (100 mg/kg daily, per os, 6 weeks). Therapeutic effect of mildronate was monitored by measuring animal weight, concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, blood triglycerides, free fatty acids, blood ketone bodies and cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin per cent (HbA1c%) and glucose tolerance. GLUT1 mRNA and protein expression in kidneys, heart, liver and muscles were studied by means of real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry correspondingly. In the streptozotocin + mildronate group, mildronate treatment caused a significant decrease in mean blood glucose, cholesterol, free fatty acid and HbA1c concentrations and improved glucose tolerance. Induction of streptozotocin diabetes mellitus provoked increase of both GLUT1 gene and protein expression in kidneys, heart and muscle, mildronate treatment produced normalization of the GLUT1 expression levels. In the liver a similar effect was observed for GLUT1 protein expression, while GLUT1 gene expression was increased by mildronate. Mildronate produces therapeutic effect in streptozotocin diabetes model. Mildronate normalizes the GLUT1 expression up-regulated by streptozotocin diabetes mellitus in kidneys, heart, muscle and liver. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Stadler K. Peroxynitrite-driven mechanisms in diabetes and insulin resistance - the latest advances. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18:280-90. [PMID: 21110800 DOI: 10.2174/092986711794088317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, peroxynitrite has been known as a potent oxidant in biological systems, and a rapidly growing body of literature has characterized its biochemistry and role in the pathophysiology of various conditions. Either directly or by inducing free radical pathways, peroxynitrite damages vital biomolecules such as DNA, proteins including enzymes with important functions, and lipids. It also initiates diverse reactions leading eventually to disrupted cell signaling, cell death, and apoptosis. The potential role and contribution of this deleterious species has been the subject of investigation in several important diseases, including but not limited to, cancer, neurodegeneration, stroke, inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular problems, and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes-related complications represent a major health problem at epidemic levels. Therefore, tremendous efforts have been put into investigation of the molecular basics of peroxynitrite-related mechanisms in diabetes. Studies constantly seek new therapeutical approaches in order to eliminate or decrease the level of peroxynitrite, or to interfere with its downstream mechanisms. This review is intended to emphasize the latest findings about peroxynitrite and diabetes, and, in addition, to discuss recent and novel advances that are likely to contribute to a better understanding of peroxynitrite-mediated damage in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stadler
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Matsumoto Y, Sumiya E, Sugita T, Sekimizu K. An invertebrate hyperglycemic model for the identification of anti-diabetic drugs. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18292. [PMID: 21479175 PMCID: PMC3068166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is caused by insulin resistance and/or abnormal insulin secretion, is increasing worldwide, creating a strong demand for the development of more effective anti-diabetic drugs. However, animal-based screening for anti-diabetic compounds requires sacrifice of a large number of diabetic animals, which presents issues in terms of animal welfare. Here, we established a method for evaluating the anti-diabetic effects of compounds using an invertebrate animal, the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Sugar levels in silkworm hemolymph increased immediately after feeding silkworms a high glucose-containing diet, resulting in impaired growth. Human insulin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, decreased the hemolymph sugar levels of the hyperglycemic silkworms and restored growth. Treatment of the isolated fat body with human insulin in an in vitro culture system increased total sugar in the fat body and stimulated Akt phosphorylation. These responses were inhibited by wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3 kinase. Moreover, AICAR stimulated AMPK phosphorylation in the silkworm fat body. Administration of aminoguanidine, a Maillard reaction inhibitor, repressed the accumulation of Maillard reaction products (advanced glycation end-products; AGEs) in the hyperglycemic silkworms and restored growth, suggesting that the growth defect of hyperglycemic silkworms is caused by AGE accumulation in the hemolymph. Furthermore, we identified galactose as a hypoglycemic compound in jiou, an herbal medicine for diabetes, by monitoring its hypoglycemic activity in hyperglycemic silkworms. These results suggest that the hyperglycemic silkworm model is useful for identifying anti-diabetic drugs that show therapeutic effects in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Sumiya
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Sugita
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Chang KC, Liang JT, Tsai PS, Wu MS, Hsu KL. Prevention of arterial stiffening by pyridoxamine in diabetes is associated with inhibition of the pathogenic glycation on aortic collagen. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 157:1419-26. [PMID: 19681870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our team previously demonstrated that diabetes induces a deterioration in vascular dynamics, in parallel with the enhanced formation of advanced glycation end products. The aim of this study was to determine whether prevention of the arterial stiffening by pyridoxamine in diabetes is associated with inhibition of the pathogenic glycation on aortic collagen. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Diabetes was induced in rats by a single tail vein injection with 55 mg.kg(-1) steptozotocin (STZ). After induction of hyperglycaemia, animals were treated for 8 weeks with pyridoxamine (1 g.L(-1) in drinking water) and compared with the age-matched untreated diabetic controls. Pulse wave reflection along the vasculature was derived using the impulse response function of the filtered aortic input impedance spectra. KEY RESULTS Treatment of this experimental diabetes with pyridoxamine resulted in a significant increase in wave transit time and a decrease in wave reflection factor, indicating that pyridoxamine attenuates the diabetes-induced augmentation in systolic load of the left ventricle coupled to its arterial system. Meanwhile, pyridoxamine therapy ameliorated the diabetes-related cardiac hypertrophy, as evidenced by the reduction in ratio of the left ventricular weight to body weight. Glycation-derived modification of aortic collagen was also found to be attenuated by administration of pyridoxamine to the STZ-induced diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Pyridoxamine imparts significant protection against the diabetes-induced deterioration in pulsatile arterial load imposed on the heart, at least partly through inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products and their accumulation on aortic collagen of the STZ-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chu Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Oak JH, Youn JY, Cai H. Aminoguanidine inhibits aortic hydrogen peroxide production, VSMC NOX activity and hypercontractility in diabetic mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009; 8:65. [PMID: 20040119 PMCID: PMC2811700 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-8-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunctionally uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is involved in producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the diabetic endothelium. The present study investigated whether anti-diabetes drug Aminoguanidine (AG) has any effect on eNOS function and vascular oxidant stress. Methods and Results Blood glucose levels were increased to 452.0 ± 15.1 mg/dl in STZ-treated male C57BL/6J mice (148.4 ± 3.2 mg/dl in untreated controls). Aortic productions of NO• and O2•- were measured specifically and sensitively using electron spin resonance. Diabetic mice had a marked increase in aortic O2•- production. Aortic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production was also increased in diabetic aortas and significantly attenuated by AG. AG however had only a marginal effect in reducing aortic O2•- production, which corresponded to a minimal effect in improving aortic nitric oxide (NO•) bioavailability. The endothelium-dependent vasodilatation however was modestly but significantly improved by AG, likely consequent to AG-induced reduction in hyper-contractility. NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX)-dependent O2•- production was completely attenuated by AG in endothelium-denuded diabetic aortas. Conclusion In summary, despite that AG is not an effective eNOS recoupling agent presumably consequent to its ineffectiveness in preventing endothelial NOX activation, it is inhibitory of aortic H2O2 production, VSMC NOX activity, and hypercontractility in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ho Oak
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Wu MS, Liang JT, Lin YD, Wu ET, Tseng YZ, Chang KC. Aminoguanidine prevents the impairment of cardiac pumping mechanics in rats with streptozotocin and nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:758-64. [PMID: 18376420 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of advanced glycation endproducts, has been shown to prevent arterial stiffening and cardiac hypertrophy in streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA)-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Our aims were to examine whether AG produced benefits on cardiac pumping mechanics in the STZ and NA-treated animals in terms of maximal systolic elastance (E(max)) and theoretical maximum flow (Q(max)). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH After induction of type 2 diabetes, rats received daily injections of AG (50 mg kg(-1), i.p.) for 8 weeks and were compared with age-matched, untreated, diabetic controls. Left ventricular (LV) pressure and ascending aortic flow signals were recorded to calculate E(max) and Q(max), using the elastance-resistance model. Physically, E(max) reflects the contractility of the myocardium as an intact heart, whereas Q(max) has an inverse relationship with the LV internal resistance. KEY RESULTS Both type 2 diabetes and AG affected E(max) and Q(max), and there was an interaction between diabetes and AG for these two variables. The E(max) and Q(max) were reduced in rats with type 2 diabetes, but showed a significant rise after administration of AG to these diabetic rats. Moreover, the increase in Q(max) corresponded to a decrease in total peripheral resistance of the systemic circulation when the STZ and NA-induced diabetic rats were treated with AG. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AG therapy prevented not only the contractile dysfunction of the heart, but also the augmentation in LV internal resistance in rats with STZ and NA-induced type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-S Wu
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Massari J, Fujiy DE, Dutra F, Vaz SM, Costa ACO, Micke GA, Tavares MFM, Tokikawa R, Assunção NA, Bechara EJH. Radical acetylation of 2'-deoxyguanosine and L-histidine coupled to the reaction of diacetyl with peroxynitrite in aerated medium. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:879-87. [PMID: 18361509 DOI: 10.1021/tx7002799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diacetyl, like other alpha-dicarbonyl compounds, is reportedly cytotoxic and genotoxic. A food and cigarette contaminant, it is related with alcohol hepatotoxicity and lung disease. Peroxynitrite is a potent oxidant formed in vivo by the diffusion-controlled reaction of the superoxide radical anion with nitric oxide, which is able to form adducts with carbon dioxide and carbonyl compounds. Here, we investigate the nucleophilic addition of peroxynitrite to diacetyl forming acetyl radicals, whose reaction with molecular oxygen leads to acetate. Peroxynitrite is shown to react with diacetyl in phosphate buffer (bell-shaped pH profile with maximum at 7.2) at a very high rate constant ( k 2 = 1.0 x 10 (4) M (-1) s (-1)) when compared with monocarbonyl substrates ( k 2 < 10 (3) M (-1) s (-1)). Phosphate ions (100-500 mM) do not affect the rate of spontaneous peroxynitrite decay, but the H 2PO 4 (-) anion catalyzes the nucleophilic addition of the peroxynitrite anion to diacetyl. The intermediacy of acetyl radicals is suggested by a three-line spectrum ( a N = a H = 0.83 mT) obtained by EPR spin trapping of the reaction mixture with 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane. The peroxynitrite reaction is accompanied by concentration-dependent oxygen uptake. Stoichiometric amounts of acetate from millimolar amounts of peroxynitrite and diacetyl were obtained under nonlimiting conditions of dissolved oxygen. In the presence of either l-histidine or 2'-deoxyguanosine, the peroxynitrite/diacetyl system afforded the corresponding acetylated molecules identified by HPLC-MS ( n ). These studies provide evidence that the peroxynitrite/diacetyl reaction yields acetyl radicals and raise the hypothesis that protein and DNA nonenzymatic acetylation may occur in cells and be implicated in aging and metabolic disorders in which oxygen and nitrogen reactive species are putatively involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Massari
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Advanced glycation end products, diabetes and ageing. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2008; 40:349-56. [PMID: 17943238 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-007-0484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed in vivo by a non-enzymatic reaction of proteins with carbohydrates and accumulate in many tissues during ageing. They are discussed as being responsible for many age- and diabetes-related diseases. On the other hand, AGEs are formed by the heating of food and are taken up by the nutrition. The contribution of endogenously formed versus exogenous intake of AGEs to age-related diseases is still under discussion.
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Reddy VP, Beyaz A. Inhibitors of the Maillard reaction and AGE breakers as therapeutics for multiple diseases. Drug Discov Today 2007; 11:646-54. [PMID: 16793534 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Maillard reaction is a complex series of reactions that involve reducing-sugars and proteins, giving a multitude of end-products that are known as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). AGEs can contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes and neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. AGEs also play a major role in vascular stiffening, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis and cataracts. Thus, AGE inhibitors and AGE breakers offer a potential strategy as therapeutics for diverse diseases. Various AGE inhibitors have been developed in recent years, and their underlying mechanism is based on the attenuation of glycoxidation and/or oxidative stress by the sequestration of metal ions, reactive 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, and reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Prakash Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
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Aldini G, Dalle-Donne I, Colombo R, Maffei Facino R, Milzani A, Carini M. Lipoxidation-derived reactive carbonyl species as potential drug targets in preventing protein carbonylation and related cellular dysfunction. ChemMedChem 2007; 1:1045-58. [PMID: 16915603 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Pietro Pratesi, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, Viale Abruzzi 42, 20131, Milan, Italy
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Chang KC, Hsu KL, Tseng CD, Lin YD, Cho YL, Tseng YZ. Aminoguanidine prevents arterial stiffening and cardiac hypertrophy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 147:944-50. [PMID: 16491102 PMCID: PMC1760714 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) on collagen within the arterial wall may be responsible for the development of diabetic vascular injury. This study was to examine the role of aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of AGEs formation, in the prevention of arterial stiffening and cardiac hypertrophy in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. Diabetes was induced in animals by a single tail vein injection with 65 mg kg(-1) STZ. After confirmation of the development of hyperglycemia (2 days later), rats were treated for 8 weeks with AG (daily peritoneal injections of 50 mg kg(-1)) and compared with the age-matched untreated diabetic controls. After exposure to AG, the STZ-diabetic rats showed no alterations in cardiac output, aortic pressure profiles, total peripheral resistance, and aortic characteristic impedance. By contrast, treatment of this experimental diabetes with AG resulted in a significant increase in wave transit time (tau), from 20.4+/-0.6 to 24.7+/-0.5 ms (P<0.05) and a decrease in wave reflection factor (R(f)), from 0.78+/-0.04 to 0.53+/-0.02 (P<0.05). The decreased R(f) associated with the increased tau suggest that AG may retard the diabetes-induced augmentation in systolic load of the left ventricle coupled to its arterial system. Meanwhile, the diminished ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight suggests that prevention of the diabetes-related cardiac hypertrophy by AG may correspond to the drug-induced decline in aortic stiffening. Glycation-derived modification on aortic collagen was also found to be enhanced in rats with diabetes (+65.3%, P<0.05) and the advanced glycation process was retarded by AG treatment. We conclude that long-term administration of AG to the STZ-treated rats imparts significant protection against the diabetes-derived deterioration in vascular dynamics, at least partly through inhibition of the AGEs accumulation on collagen in the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chu Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Aldini G, Dalle-Donne I, Facino RM, Milzani A, Carini M. Intervention strategies to inhibit protein carbonylation by lipoxidation-derived reactive carbonyls. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:817-68. [PMID: 17044003 DOI: 10.1002/med.20073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein carbonylation induced by reactive carbonyl species (RCS) generated by peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids plays a significant role in the etiology and/or progression of several human diseases, such as cardiovascular (e.g., atherosclerosis, long-term complications of diabetes) and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemia). Most of the biological effects of intermediate RCS, mainly alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, di-aldehydes, and keto-aldehydes, are due to their capacity to react with the nucleophilic sites of proteins, forming advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs). Because of the emerging deleterious role of RCS/protein adducts in several human diseases, different potential therapeutic strategies have been developed in the last few years. This review sheds focus on fundamental studies on lipid-derived RCS generation, their biological effects, and their reactivity with proteins, with particular emphasis to 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE)-, acrolein (ACR)-, malondialdehyde (MDA)-, and glyoxal (GO)-modified proteins. It also discusses the recently developed pharmacological approaches for the management of chronic diseases in which oxidative stress and RCS formation are massively involved. Inhibition of ALE formation, based on carbonyl-sequestering agents, seems to be the most promising pharmacological tool and is reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, Viale Abruzzi 42, I-20131, Milan, Italy.
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Dalle-Donne I, Aldini G, Carini M, Colombo R, Rossi R, Milzani A. Protein carbonylation, cellular dysfunction, and disease progression. J Cell Mol Med 2006; 10:389-406. [PMID: 16796807 PMCID: PMC3933129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonylation of proteins is an irreversible oxidative damage, often leading to a loss of protein function, which is considered a widespread indicator of severe oxidative damage and disease-derived protein dysfunction. Whereas moderately carbonylated proteins are degraded by the proteasomal system, heavily carbonylated proteins tend to form high-molecular-weight aggregates that are resistant to degradation and accumulate as damaged or unfolded proteins. Such aggregates of carbonylated proteins can inhibit proteasome activity. Alarge number of neurodegenerative diseases are directly associated with the accumulation of proteolysis-resistant aggregates of carbonylated proteins in tissues. Identification of specific carbonylated protein(s) functionally impaired and development of selective carbonyl blockers should lead to the definitive assessment of the causative, correlative or consequential role of protein carbonylation in disease onset and/or progression, possibly providing new therapeutic approaches.
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Cioni L, De Siena G, Ghelardini C, Sernissi O, Alfarano C, Pirisino R, Raimondi L. Activity and expression of semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidase in a rodent model of diabetes: interactive effects with methylamine and alpha-aminoguanidine. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 529:179-87. [PMID: 16325802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous data indicate that methylamine injection in fasted healthy mice produced a hypophagic effect dependent of neuronal K(v)1.6 channels expression and increased by alpha-aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidase enzymes mainly involved in amine degradation. In the present work we have investigated: 1) the level of expression and activity of the semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidase; 2) the effect of methylamine alone and in the presence of alpha-aminoguanidine on food intake of genetic obese and type II diabetes mice (the db/db mice). Db/db mice showed higher levels of semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidase activities in adipose tissue and in plasma than their lean counterpart (db/db(+) mice). Methylamine (30-75 microg, i.c.v.) showed similar hypophagic effects in obese and lean mice consistently with the levels of neuronal K(v)1.6 found in both animal strains. Alpha-aminoguandine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) increased methylamine (i.c.v.) hypophagia in both obese and lean mice and only in obese mice when methylamine was given i.p. These results suggest a crucial role of semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidase activity in controlling methylamine hypophagia in hyperphagic diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cioni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Italy
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