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Tahmasebi F, Asl ER, Vahidinia Z, Barati S. Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs as Novel Potential Approach for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:44. [PMID: 38713302 PMCID: PMC11076329 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation and demyelination of CNS neurons. Up to now, there are many therapeutic strategies for MS but they are only being able to reduce progression of diseases and have not got any effect on repair and remyelination. Stem cell therapy is an appropriate method for regeneration but has limitations and problems. So recently, researches were used of exosomes that facilitate intercellular communication and transfer cell-to-cell biological information. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding RNAs that we can used to their dysregulation in order to diseases diagnosis. The miRNAs of microvesicles obtained stem cells may change the fate of transplanted cells based on received signals of injured regions. The miRNAs existing in MSCs may be displayed the cell type and their biological activities. Current studies show also that the miRNAs create communication between stem cells and tissue-injured cells. In the present review, firstly we discuss the role of miRNAs dysregulation in MS patients and miRNAs expression by stem cells. Finally, in this study was confirmed the relationship of microRNAs involved in MS and miRNAs expressed by stem cells and interaction between them in order to find appropriate treatment methods in future for limit to disability progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tahmasebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elmira Roshani Asl
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Zeinab Vahidinia
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Shirin Barati
- Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.
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2
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Xie K, Mo Y, Yue E, Shi N, Liu K. Exosomes derived from M2-type microglia ameliorate oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced HT22 cell injury by regulating miR-124-3p/NCOA4-mediated ferroptosis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17592. [PMID: 37424595 PMCID: PMC10328844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although it has been reported that miRNA carried by M2 microglial exosomes protects neurons from ischemia-reperfusion brain injury, the mechanism of action remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the miRNA signaling pathway by which M2-type microglia-derived exosomes (M2-exosomes) ameliorate oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells. Methods BV2 microglia were induced by M2 polarization. Then, M2-exosomes were identified via transmission electron microscopy and special biomarker detection and co-cultured with HT22 cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Intracellular concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Fe2+, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and biochemical determination. miR-124-3p levels were determined using qRT-PCR, and protein expressions were examined via western blotting. Results OGD/R suppressed the proliferation and induced the accumulation of Fe2+, ROS, and MDA and reduction of GSH in mouse HT22 cells, suggesting ferroptosis of HT22 cells. OGD/R-induced changes in the above mentioned indexes was ameliorated by M2-exosomes but restored by the exosome inhibitor GW4869. M2-exosomes with (mimic-exo) or without miR-124-3p (inhibitor-exo) promoted and suppressed proliferation and ferroptosis-associated indexes of HT22 cells, respectively. Moreover, mimic-exo and inhibitor-exo inhibited and enhanced NCOA4 expression in HT22 cells, respectively. NCOA4 overexpression reversed the protective effects of miR-124-3p mimic-exo in OGD/R-conditioned cells. NCOA4 was targeted and regulated by miR-124-3p. Conclusions M2-exosome protects HT22 cells against OGD/R-induced ferroptosis injury by transferring miR-124-3p and NCOA4 into HT22 cells, with the latter being a target gene for miR-124-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xie
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yun Mo
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Medical University, China
| | - Erli Yue
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Nan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Kangyong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
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3
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Yang Y, Ye Y, Fan K, Luo J, Yang Y, Ma Y. MiR-124 Reduced Neuroinflammation after Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibiting TRAF6. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:55-68. [PMID: 36858024 DOI: 10.1159/000528502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroinflammation contributes to secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), which has been mainly mediated by the microglia. MiR-124 was reported to play an important role in the polarization of microglia by targeting TLR4 signaling pathway. However, the role and mechanism of miR-124 in neuroinflammation mediated by microglia after TBI is unclear. To clarify this, we performed this research. METHODS The expression of miR-124 was first measured by RT-PCR in the injured brain at 1/3/7 days post-TBI. Then, miR-124 mimics or inhibitors administration was used to interfere the expression of miR-124 at 24 h post-TBI. Subsequently, the microglia polarization markers were detected by RT-PCR, the expression of inflammatory cytokines was detected by ELISA, the expression of TLR4/MyD88/IRAK1/TRAF6/NF-κB was measured by WB, and the neurological deficit was evaluated by NSS and MWM test. At last, in vitro experiments were performed to explore the exact target molecule of miR-124 on TLR4 signaling pathway. RESULTS Animal research indicated that the expression of miR-124 was downregulated after TBI. Upregulation of miR-124 promoted the M2 polarization of microglia and inhibited the activity of TLR4 pathway, as well as reduced neuroinflammation and neurological deficit after TBI. In vitro experiments indicated that miR-124 promoted the M2 polarization of microglia and reduced neuroinflammation by inhibiting TRAF6. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that upregulation of miR-124 promoted the M2 polarization of microglia and reduced neuroinflammation after TBI by inhibiting TRAF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqin Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, NO. 921 Hospital of PLA Joint Support Force (Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Kexia Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianing Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
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4
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Shen B, Gao H, Zhang D, Yu H, Chen J, Huang S, Gu P, Zhong Y. miR-124-3p regulates the proliferation and differentiation of retinal progenitor cells through SEPT10. Cell Tissue Res 2023:10.1007/s00441-023-03750-0. [PMID: 36802303 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases such as glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration pose serious threats to human visual health due to lack of effective therapeutic approaches. In recent years, the transplantation of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) has shown increasing promise in the treatment of these diseases; however, the application of RPC transplantation is limited by both their poor proliferation and their differentiation capabilities. Previous studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNA) act as essential mediators in the fate determination of stem/progenitor cells. In this study, we hypothesized that miR-124-3p plays a regulatory role in the fate of RPC determination by targeting Septin10 (SEPT10) in vitro. We observed that the overexpression of miR124-3p downregulates SEPT10 expression in RPCs, leading to reduced RPC proliferation and increased differentiation, specifically towards both neurons and ganglion cells. Conversely, antisense knockdown of miR-124-3p was shown to boost SEPT10 expression, enhance RPC proliferation, and attenuate differentiation. Moreover, overexpression of SEPT10 rescued miR-124-3p-caused proliferation deficiency while weakening the enhancement of miR-124-3p-induced-RPC differentiation. Results from this study show that miR-124-3p regulates RPC proliferation and differentiation by targeting SEPT10. Furthermore, our findings enable a more comprehensive understanding into the mechanisms of proliferation and differentiation of RPC fate determination. Ultimately, this study may be useful for helping researchers and clinicians to develop more promising and effective approaches to optimize the use of RPCs in treating retinal degeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiao Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Huiqin Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junjue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shouyue Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yisheng Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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5
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Periyasamy P, Thangaraj A, Kannan M, Oladapo A, Buch S. The Epigenetic Role of miR-124 in HIV-1 Tat- and Cocaine-Mediated Microglial Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315017. [PMID: 36499350 PMCID: PMC9738975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 and drug abuse have been indissolubly allied as entwined epidemics. It is well-known that drug abuse can hasten the progression of HIV-1 and its consequences, especially in the brain, causing neuroinflammation. This study reports the combined effects of HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription (Tat) protein and cocaine on miR-124 promoter DNA methylation and its role in microglial activation and neuroinflammation. The exposure of mouse primary microglial cells to HIV-1 Tat (25 ng/mL) and/or cocaine (10 μM) resulted in the significantly decreased expression of primary (pri)-miR-124-1, pri-miR-124-2, and mature miR-124 with a concomitant upregulation in DNMT1 expression as well as global DNA methylation. Our bisulfite-converted genomic DNA sequencing also revealed significant promoter DNA methylation in the pri-miR-124-1 and pri-miR-124-2 in HIV-1 Tat- and cocaine-exposed mouse primary microglial cells. We also found the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL1β, IL6 and TNF in the mouse primary microglia exposed to HIV-1 Tat and cocaine correlated with microglial activation. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the exposure of mouse primary microglia to both HIV-1 Tat and cocaine could result in intensified microglial activation via the promoter DNA hypermethylation of miR-124, leading to the exacerbated release of proinflammatory cytokines, ultimately culminating in neuroinflammation.
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6
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Zhang Y, Pang Y, Feng W, Jin Y, Chen S, Ding S, Wang Z, Zou Y, Li Y, Wang T, Sun P, Gao J, Zhu Y, Ke X, Marshall C, Huang H, Sheng C, Xiao M. miR-124 regulates early isolation-induced social abnormalities via inhibiting myelinogenesis in the medial prefrontal cortex. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:507. [PMID: 36059036 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically experience substantial social isolation, which may cause secondary adverse effects on their brain development. miR-124 is the most abundant miRNA in the human brain, acting as a pivotal molecule regulating neuronal fate determination. Alterations of miR-124 maturation or expression are observed in various neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we analyzed a panel of brain-enriched microRNAs in serums from 2 to 6 year old boys diagnosed with ASD. The hsa-miR-124 level was found significantly elevated in ASD boys than in age and sex-matched healthy controls. In an isolation-reared weanling mouse model, we evidenced elevated mmu-miR-124 level in the serum and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). These mice displayed significant sociability deficits, as well as myelin abnormality in the mPFC, which was partially rescued by expressing the miR-124 sponge in the bilateral mPFC, ubiquitously or specifically in oligodendroglia. In cultured mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells, introducing a synthetic mmu-miR-124 inhibited the differentiation process through suppressing expression of nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (Nr4a1). Overexpressing Nr4a1 in the bilateral mPFC also corrected the social behavioral deficits and myelin impairments in the isolation-reared mice. This study revealed an unanticipated role of the miR-124/Nr4a1 signaling in regulating early social experience-dependent mPFC myelination, which may serve as a potential therapy target for social neglect or social isolation-related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yingting Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Weixi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuxi Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shixin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yun Li
- Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Junying Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ke
- Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Charles Marshall
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, USA
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Chengyu Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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7
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Komada M, Nishimura Y. Epigenetics and Neuroinflammation Associated With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Microglial Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852752. [PMID: 35646933 PMCID: PMC9133693 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, fetal alcohol syndrome, and cerebral palsy. Converging lines of evidence from basic and clinical sciences suggest that dysregulation of the epigenetic landscape, including DNA methylation and miRNA expression, is associated with neuroinflammation. Genetic and environmental factors can affect the interaction between epigenetics and neuroinflammation, which may cause neurodevelopmental disorders. In this minireview, we focus on neuroinflammation that might be mediated by epigenetic dysregulation in microglia, and compare studies using mammals and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munekazu Komada
- Mammalian Embryology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuhei Nishimura,
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8
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Gierlikowski W, Gierlikowska B. MicroRNAs as Regulators of Phagocytosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091380. [PMID: 35563685 PMCID: PMC9106007 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and thus act as important regulators of cellular phenotype and function. As their expression may be dysregulated in numerous diseases, they are of interest as biomarkers. What is more, attempts of modulation of some microRNAs for therapeutic reasons have been undertaken. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the influence of microRNAs on phagocytosis, which may be exerted on different levels, such as through macrophages polarization, phagosome maturation, reactive oxygen species production and cytokines synthesis. This phenomenon plays an important role in numerous pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Gierlikowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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9
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Mehl LC, Manjally AV, Bouadi O, Gibson EM, Tay TL. Microglia in brain development and regeneration. Development 2022; 149:275253. [PMID: 35502782 PMCID: PMC9124570 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has recently emerged that microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, play significant non-innate immune roles to support the development, maintenance, homeostasis and repair of the brain. Apart from being highly specialized brain phagocytes, microglia modulate the development and functions of neurons and glial cells through both direct and indirect interactions. Thus, recognizing the elements that influence the homeostasis and heterogeneity of microglia in normal brain development is crucial to understanding the mechanisms that lead to early disease pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent studies that have elucidated the physiological development of microglia and summarize our knowledge of their non-innate immune functions in brain development and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey C Mehl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Ouzéna Bouadi
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Erin M Gibson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tuan L Tay
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79110, Germany.,Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
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10
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Medrano-Jiménez E, Meza-Sosa KF, Urbán-Aragón JA, Secundino I, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. Microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: The role of flavonoids and microRNAs. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:47-77. [PMID: 35293018 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1021-531r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia and is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and neuronal degeneration. Microglial activation is an important pathologic hallmark of AD. During disease progression, microglial cells switch from an alternative or anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective profile (M2) to a classic or proinflammatory and neurotoxic profile (M1). Phenotypically, M1 microglia is characterized by the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways that cause increased expression of proinflammatory genes, including those coding for cytokines and chemokines. This microglia-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal cell death. Recent studies in microglial cells have shown that a group of plant-derived compounds, known as flavonoids, possess anti-inflammatory properties and therefore exert a neuroprotective effect through regulating microglia activation. Here, we discuss how flavonoids can promote the switch from an inflammatory M1 phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in microglia and how this represents a valuable opportunity for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to blunt neuroinflammation and boost neuronal recovery in AD. We also review how certain flavonoids can inhibit neuroinflammation through their action on the expression of microglia-specific microRNAs (miRNAs), which also constitute a key therapeutic approach in different neuropathologies involving an inflammatory component, including AD. Finally, we propose novel targets of microglia-specific miRNAs that may be considered for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Medrano-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Karla F Meza-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - José A Urbán-Aragón
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ismael Secundino
- Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Facultad de Odontología y Escuela de Veterinaria, León-Guanajuato, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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11
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Penning A, Tosoni G, Abiega O, Bielefeld P, Gasperini C, De Pietri Tonelli D, Fitzsimons CP, Salta E. Adult Neural Stem Cell Regulation by Small Non-coding RNAs: Physiological Significance and Pathological Implications. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:781434. [PMID: 35058752 PMCID: PMC8764185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult neurogenic niches are complex multicellular systems, receiving regulatory input from a multitude of intracellular, juxtacrine, and paracrine signals and biological pathways. Within the niches, adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) generate astrocytic and neuronal progeny, with the latter predominating in physiological conditions. The new neurons generated from this neurogenic process are functionally linked to memory, cognition, and mood regulation, while much less is known about the functional contribution of aNSC-derived newborn astrocytes and adult-born oligodendrocytes. Accumulating evidence suggests that the deregulation of aNSCs and their progeny can impact, or can be impacted by, aging and several brain pathologies, including neurodevelopmental and mood disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and also by insults, such as epileptic seizures, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. Hence, understanding the regulatory underpinnings of aNSC activation, differentiation, and fate commitment could help identify novel therapeutic avenues for a series of pathological conditions. Over the last two decades, small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of NSC fate determination in the adult neurogenic niches. In this review, we synthesize prior knowledge on how sncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), may impact NSC fate determination in the adult brain and we critically assess the functional significance of these events. We discuss the concepts that emerge from these examples and how they could be used to provide a framework for considering aNSC (de)regulation in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Penning
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Tosoni
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oihane Abiega
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pascal Bielefeld
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caterina Gasperini
- Neurobiology of miRNAs Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Carlos P. Fitzsimons
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Carlos Fitzsimons Evgenia Salta
| | - Evgenia Salta
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Carlos Fitzsimons Evgenia Salta
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12
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Fang Y, Hong X. miR-124-3p Inhibits Microglial Secondary Inflammation After Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage by Targeting TRAF6 and Repressing the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Neurol 2021; 12:653321. [PMID: 34413820 PMCID: PMC8369369 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.653321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents a serious central nervous system emergency with high morbidity and mortality, and the basal ganglia is the most commonly affected brain region. Differentially expressed microRNAs (miRs) have recently been highlighted to serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ICH. This study investigated the mechanism of miR-124-3p in microglial secondary inflammation after ICH. Methods: In this study, 48 patients with primary basal ganglia ICH and 48 healthy volunteers were selected and venous blood was collected from all patients on the second morning of admission (within 24 h of stroke onset). The expression of miR-124-3p in serum was detected by RT-qPCR. Three months after ICH, the patients were assessed by modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and the correlation between miR-124-3p expression and mRS score was analyzed by Pearson. The inflammatory response of microglia was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish the cell model of microglial inflammation. miR-124-3p expression patterns were detected in the serum of ICH patients and healthy volunteers, normal microglia, and LPS-induced microglia. The miR-124-3p mimic was transfected into LPS-induced microglia, followed by measurement of the inflammatory factors, apoptosis rate, and cell viability. The target gene of miR-124-3p was predicted and verified. The expression patterns of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were detected. pcDNA3.1 and pcDNA3.1-TRAF6 were transfected into LPS-induced HMC3 cells, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) expression patterns were determined. Lastly, the effects of TRAF6 overexpression on apoptosis, cell viability, and inflammation in HMC3 cells were measured. Results: miR-124-3p was downregulated in the serum of basal ganglia ICH patients and LPS-induced microglia, and miR-124-3p expression was negatively correlated with mRS. Overexpression of miR-124-3p reduced the inflammatory factors and apoptosis rate and promoted cell activity in LPS-induced microglia. miR-124-3p was found to target TRAF6. Overexpression of TRAF6 enhanced the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammatory factors and apoptosis rate, and reduced cell viability. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that miR-124-3p repressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by targeting TRAF6, thus inhibiting microglial secondary inflammation after ICH in basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Hong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Yuan X, Wei Y, Ao T, Gong K, Sun Q, Zheng Z, Hagiwara H, Ao Q. Effects of microRNA-338 Transfection into Sciatic Nerve on Rats with Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:713-723. [PMID: 32915416 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nerve demyelination or axonal lesions are characteristic of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). Previous studies have demonstrated that microRNA-338 can regulate the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and promote injured peripheral nerves in rats. In this study, we used microRNA-338 coded lentivirus vector (miR-338-LV) in a Lewis rat EAN model, in with the conjunction P0 peptide 180-199 which was injected into the footpads of animals to induce immunization. The clinical scores of miR-338-LV and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) (positive drug) groups were significantly superior to those of untreated group at disease peak and disease plateau (p < 0.05). The nerve conduction velocity and the compound nerve action potential amplitude of miR-338-LV and IVIg groups increased significantly compared to those of the untreated group at disease peak (p < 0.01). At disease peak, myelin swelling, cavity formation, and lamellae separation showed improvement in miR-338-LV and IVIg groups compared to untreated group. S100 and NF200 expression in miR-338-LV and IVIg groups increased compared to that in untreated group. Iba1 and S100 co-expression in Schwann cells in miR-338-LV and IVIg groups decreased compared to that in untreated group, which was indicative of the reduced conversion of Schwann cells into inflammatory cells. Overall, miR-338-LV in sciatic nerves might improve neuromuscular function in EAN by inhibiting the conversion of Schwann cells into inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yujun Wei
- College of life science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianrang Ao
- College of life science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kai Gong
- College of life science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiangsan Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Zuncheng Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Haruo Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qiang Ao
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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14
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Tang S, Jing H, Song F, Huang H, Li W, Xie G, Zhou J. MicroRNAs in the Spinal Microglia Serve Critical Roles in Neuropathic Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:132-142. [PMID: 32902792 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) can occur after peripheral nerve injury (PNI), and it can be converted into a maladaptive, detrimental phenotype that causes a long-term state of pain hypersensitivity. In the last decade, the discovery that dysfunctional microglia evoke pain, called "microgliopathic pain," has challenged traditional neuronal views of "pain" and has been extensively explored. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can act as activators or inhibitors of spinal microglia in NP conditions. We first briefly review spinal microglial activation in NP. We then comprehensively describe miRNA expression changes and their potential mechanisms in the response of microglia to nerve injury. We summarize the roles of the following two representative miRNAs: miR-124, which reverses NP by keeping microglia quiescent, and miR-155, which promotes NP following microglial activation. Finally, we focused on the therapeutic potential of microglial miRNAs in NP. The findings we summarized may be essential tools for basic research and clinical treatment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- ZunYi Medical University, ZunYi, 563100, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhu Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haicheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiling Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Chivero ET, Liao K, Niu F, Tripathi A, Tian C, Buch S, Hu G. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Loaded With miR-124 Attenuate Cocaine-Mediated Activation of Microglia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573. [PMID: 32850781 PMCID: PMC7409518 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-124 (miR-124), a brain-enriched microRNA, is known to regulate microglial quiescence. Psychostimulants such as cocaine have been shown to activate microglia by downregulating miR-124, leading, in turn, to neuroinflammation. We thus rationalized that restoring the levels of miR-124 could function as a potential therapeutic approach for cocaine-mediated neuroinflammation. Delivering miRNA based drugs in the brain that are effective and less invasive, however, remains a major challenge in the field. Herein we engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) and loaded them with miR-124 for delivery in the brain. Approach involved co-transfection of mouse dendritic cells with Dicer siRNA and RVG-Lamp2b plasmid to deplete endogenous miRNAs and for targeting the CNS, respectively. Mouse primary microglia (mPm) were treated with purified engineered EVs loaded with either Cy5-miR-124 or Cy5-scrambled miRNA oligos in the presence or absence of cocaine followed by assessing EV uptake and microglial activation. In vivo studies involved pretreating mice intranasally with engineered EVs followed by cocaine injection (20 mg/kg, i.p.). mPm exposed to EV-miR-124 exhibited reduced expression of miR-124 targets - TLR4 and STAT3 as well as ERK-1/2 and Iba1. In cocaine administered mice, EV-Cy5-miR-124 delivered intranasally were detected in the CNS and significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory markers TLR4, MYD88, STAT3 and NF-kB p65 while also downregulating the microglial activation marker, Iba1. Collectively, these findings suggest that engineered EVs can deliver miR-124 into the CNS, thereby alleviating cocaine-mediated microglial activation. Manipulating EV miRNAs can thus be envisioned as an efficient means for delivery of RNA-based therapeutics to target organs.
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16
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Ehtesham N, Mosallaei M, Karimzadeh MR, Moradikazerouni H, Sharifi M. microRNAs: key modulators of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 39:264-279. [PMID: 32552273 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1779712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a high level of heterogeneity in symptom manifestations and response to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in multiple sclerosis (MS), an immune-based neurodegenerative disease with ever-increasing prevalence in recent decades. Because of unknown aspects of the etiopathology of MS and mechanism of action of DMTs, the reason for this variability is undetermined, and much remains to be understood. Traditionally, physicians consider switching to other DMTs based on the exacerbation of symptoms and/or change in the results of magnetic resonance imaging and biochemical factors. Therefore, identifying biological treatment response markers that help us recognizing non-responders rapidly and subsequently choosing another DMTs is necessary. microRNAs (miRNAs) are micromanagers of gene expression which have been profiled in different samples of MS patients, highlighting their role in pathogenetic of MS. Recent studies have investigated expression profiling of miRNAs after treatment with DMTs to clarify possible DMTs-mediated mechanism and obtaining response to therapy biomarkers. In this review, we will discuss the modulation of miRNAs by DMTs in cells and pathways involved in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeim Ehtesham
- Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Mosallaei
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Balasubramanian S, Raghunath A, Perumal E. Role of epigenetics in zebrafish development. Gene 2019; 718:144049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Chen Y, Sun JX, Chen WK, Wu GC, Wang YQ, Zhu KY, Wang J. miR-124/VAMP3 is a novel therapeutic target for mitigation of surgical trauma-induced microglial activation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:27. [PMID: 31637007 PMCID: PMC6799846 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia and the subsequently elevated inflammatory cytokine release in the brain during surgery predispose individuals to cognitive dysfunction, also known as postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). miR-124 is one of the most abundant microRNAs in the brain that regulates microglial function. Elucidating the role of miR-124 in microglial activation in the context of surgery may therefore promote understanding of as well as therapeutic development for post-surgical disorders involving microglial activation. The downstream targets of miR-124 were investigated using bioinformatic screening and dual-luciferase reporter assay validation, and vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) was identified as a potential target. The kinetics of miR-124/VAMP3 expression was first examined in vitro in microglial cells (primary microglia and BV2 microglial cells) following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. LPS induced a time-dependent decrease of miR-124 and upregulated the expression of VAMP3. Manipulating miR-124/VAMP3 expression by using miR-124 mimics or VAMP3-specific siRNA in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells inhibited BV2 microglial activation-associated inflammatory cytokine release. To further examine the role of miR-124/VAMP3 in a surgical setting, we employed a rat surgical trauma model. Significant microglial activation and altered miR-124/VAMP3 expression were observed following surgical trauma. We also altered miR-124/VAMP3 expression in the rat surgical trauma model by administration of exogenous miR-124 and by using electroacupuncture, which is a clinically applicable treatment that modulates microglial function and minimizes postoperative disorders. We determined that electroacupuncture treatment specifically increases the expression of miR-124 in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Increased miR-124 expression with a concomitant decrease in VAMP3 expression resulted in decreased inflammatory cytokine release related to microglial activation post-surgery. Our study indicates that miR-124/VAMP3 is involved in surgery-induced microglial activation and that targeting miR-124/VAMP3 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for postoperative disorders involving microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-xian Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-kun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Gen-cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-ying Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
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19
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Guo Y, Hong W, Wang X, Zhang P, Körner H, Tu J, Wei W. MicroRNAs in Microglia: How do MicroRNAs Affect Activation, Inflammation, Polarization of Microglia and Mediate the Interaction Between Microglia and Glioma? Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:125. [PMID: 31133802 PMCID: PMC6522842 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential roles of microglia in maintaining homeostasis in the healthy brain and contributing to neuropathology are well documented. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic modulation regulates microglial behavior in both physiological and pathological conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding epigenetic regulators that repress target gene expression mostly via binding to 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of mRNA in a Dicer-dependent manner. Dysregulation of certain miRNAs can contribute to microglial hyper-activation, persistent neuroinflammation, and abnormal macrophage polarization in the brain. These abnormal conditions can support the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as glioma, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, ischemia, and spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the roles of miRNAs in microglia in health and neurological disease have not been systematically summarized. This review will first report the role of Dicer, a key endoribonulease that is responsible for most miRNA biogenesis in microglia. Second, we will focus on recent research about the function of miRNAs in activation, inflammation and polarization of microglia, respectively. In addition, potential crosstalk between microglia and glioma cells via miRNAs will be discussed in this part. Finally, the role of two essential miRNAs, miR-124, and miR-155, in microglia will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Wenming Hong
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Pengying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajie Tu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
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20
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Resveratrol (3, 5, 4'-Trihydroxy-trans-Stilbene) Attenuates a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis by Altering the miR-124/Sphingosine Kinase 1 Axis in Encephalitogenic T Cells in the Brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:462-477. [PMID: 30941623 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) (RES) is a naturally-derived phytoestrogen found in the skins of red grapes and berries and has potential as a novel and effective therapeutic agent. In the current study, we investigated the role of microRNA (miRNA) in RES-mediated attenuation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Administration of RES effectively decreased disease severity, including inflammation and central nervous system immune cell infiltration. miRNA microarray analysis revealed an altered miRNA profile in encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells from EAE mice exposed to RES treatment. Additionally, bioinformatics and in silico pathway analysis suggested the involvement of RES-induced miRNA in pathways and processes that regulated cellular proliferation. Additional studies confirmed that RES affected cell cycle progression and apoptosis in activated T cells, specifically in the brain. RES treatment significantly upregulated miR-124 during EAE, while suppressing associated target gene, sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), and this too was specific to mononuclear cells in the brains of treated mice, as peripheral immune cells remained unaltered upon RES treatment. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that RES treatment leads to amelioration of EAE development through mechanism(s) potentially involving suppression of neuroinflammation via alteration of the miR-124/SK1 axis, thereby halting cell-cycle progression and promoting apoptosis in activated encephalitogenic T cells. Graphical Abstract Resveratrol alters the miR-124/sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) axis in encephalitogenic T cells, promotes cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, and decreases neuroinflammation in experiemental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
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21
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MiR-124 Enriched Exosomes Promoted the M2 Polarization of Microglia and Enhanced Hippocampus Neurogenesis After Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibiting TLR4 Pathway. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:811-828. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-02714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Tay TL, Carrier M, Tremblay MÈ. Physiology of Microglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:129-148. [PMID: 31583587 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia constitute the major immune cells that permanently reside in the central nervous system (CNS) alongside neurons and other glial cells. These resident immune cells are critical for proper brain development, actively maintain brain health throughout the lifespan and rapidly adapt their function to the physiological or pathophysiological needs of the organism. Cutting-edge fate mapping and imaging techniques applied to animal models enabled a revolution in our understanding of their roles during normal physiological conditions. Here, we highlight studies that demonstrate the embryonic yolk sac origin of microglia and describe factors, including crosstalk with the periphery and external environment, that regulate their differentiation, homeostasis and function in the context of healthy CNS. The diversity of microglial phenotypes observed across the lifespan, between brain compartments and between sexes is also discussed. Understanding what defines specific microglial phenotypes is critical for the development of innovative therapies to modulate their effector functions and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Leng Tay
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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23
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Wang W, Zhan R, Zhou J, Wang J, Chen S. MiR-10 targets NgR to modulate the proliferation of microglial cells and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:357-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Fumagalli M, Lombardi M, Gressens P, Verderio C. How to reprogram microglia toward beneficial functions. Glia 2018; 66:2531-2549. [PMID: 30195261 PMCID: PMC6585737 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, brain cells of nonneural origin, orchestrate the inflammatory response to diverse insults, including hypoxia/ischemia or maternal/fetal infection in the perinatal brain. Experimental studies have demonstrated the capacity of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells activating a cytotoxic response that can exacerbate brain damage. However, microglia display an enormous plasticity in their responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Despite the critical role of microglia in brain pathologies, the cellular mechanisms that govern the diverse phenotypes of microglia are just beginning to be defined. Here we review emerging strategies to drive microglia toward beneficial functions, selectively reporting the studies which provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic switch. A variety of approaches have been proposed which rely on microglia treatment with pharmacological agents, cytokines, lipid messengers, or microRNAs, as well on nutritional approaches or therapies with immunomodulatory cells. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms relevant for microglia reprogramming toward pro‐regenerative functions points to a central role of energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Manipulation of metabolic pathways may thus provide new therapeutic opportunities to prevent the deleterious effects of inflammatory microglia and to control excessive inflammation in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti, 9 -20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141 Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Health and Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Verderio
- IRCCS Humanitas, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
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25
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Cheray M, Joseph B. Epigenetics Control Microglia Plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:243. [PMID: 30123114 PMCID: PMC6085560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, resident immune cells of the central nervous system, fulfill multiple functions in the brain throughout life. These microglial functions range from participation in innate and adaptive immune responses, involvement in the development of the brain and its homeostasis maintenance, to contribution to degenerative, traumatic, and proliferative diseases; and take place in the developing, the aging, the healthy, or the diseased brain. Thus, an impressive level of cellular plasticity, appears as a requirement for the pleiotropic biological functions of microglia. Epigenetic changes, including histone modifications or DNA methylation as well as microRNA expression, are important modifiers of gene expression, and have been involved in cell phenotype regulation and reprogramming and are therefore part of the mechanisms regulating cellular plasticity. Here, we review and discuss the epigenetic mechanisms, which are emerging as contributors to this microglial cellular plasticity and thereby can constitute interesting targets to modulate microglia associated brain diseases, including developmental diseases, neurodegenerative diseases as well as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Cheray
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Lannes N, Eppler E, Etemad S, Yotovski P, Filgueira L. Microglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114393-114413. [PMID: 29371994 PMCID: PMC5768411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have a special origin, as they derive from the embryonic yolk sac and enter the developing CNS at a very early stage. They play an important role during CNS development and adult homeostasis. They have a major contribution to adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Thus, they participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to aging. They play an important role in sustaining and breaking the blood-brain barrier. As innate immune cells, they contribute substantially to the immune response against infectious agents affecting the CNS. They play also a major role in the growth of tumours of the CNS. Microglia are consequently the key cell population linking the nervous and the immune system. This review covers all different aspects of microglia biology and pathology in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Eppler
- Pestalozzistrasse Zo, Department of BioMedicine, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samar Etemad
- Building 71/218 RBWH Herston, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD 4029 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Yotovski
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Pinto S, Cunha C, Barbosa M, Vaz AR, Brites D. Exosomes from NSC-34 Cells Transfected with hSOD1-G93A Are Enriched in miR-124 and Drive Alterations in Microglia Phenotype. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:273. [PMID: 28567000 PMCID: PMC5434170 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons (MNs). Evidences indicate that ALS is a non-cell autonomous disease in which glial cells participate in both disease onset and progression. Exosomal transfer of mutant copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD1) from cell-to-cell was suggested to contribute to disease dissemination. Data from our group and others showed that exosomes from activated cells contain inflammatory-related microRNAs (inflamma-miRNAs) that recapitulate the donor cell. While glia-derived exosomes and their effects in neurons have been addressed by several studies, only a few investigated the influence of motor neuron (MN)-derived exosomes in other cell function, the aim of the present study. We assessed a set of inflamma-miRs in NSC-34 MN-like cells transfected with mutant SOD1(G93A) and extended the study into their derived exosomes (mSOD1 exosomes). Then, the effects produced by mSOD1 exosomes in the activation and polarization of the recipient N9 microglial cells were investigated. Exosomes in coculture with N9 microglia and NSC-34 cells [either transfected with either wild-type (wt) human SOD1 or mutant SOD1(G93A)] showed to be transferred into N9 cells. Increased miR-124 expression was found in mSOD1 NSC-34 cells and in their derived exosomes. Incubation of mSOD1 exosomes with N9 cells determined a sustained 50% reduction in the cell phagocytic ability. It also caused a persistent NF-kB activation and an acute generation of NO, MMP-2, and MMP-9 activation, as well as upregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α, MHC-II, and iNOS gene expression, suggestive of induced M1 polarization. Marked elevation of IL-10, Arginase 1, TREM2, RAGE, and TLR4 mRNA levels, together with increased miR-124, miR-146a, and miR-155, at 24 h incubation, suggest the switch to mixed M1 and M2 subpopulations in the exosome-treated N9 microglial cells. Exosomes from mSOD1 NSC-34 MNs also enhanced the number of senescent-like positive N9 cells. Data suggest that miR-124 is translocated from the mSOD1 MNs to exosomes, which determine early and late phenotypic alterations in the recipient N9-microglial cells. In conclusion, modulation of the inflammatory-associated miR-124, in mSOD1 NSC-34 MNs, with potential benefits in the cargo of their exosomes may reveal a promising therapeutic strategy in halting microglia activation and associated effects in MN degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pinto
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Cunha
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Barbosa
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana R Vaz
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
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28
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Cocaine-Mediated Downregulation of miR-124 Activates Microglia by Targeting KLF4 and TLR4 Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3196-3210. [PMID: 28478506 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is known to activate microglia both in vitro and in vivo. High expression of microglial Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their downstream signal transducers play critical roles in determining microglial activation status. Emerging reports have also demonstrated that cocaine can enhance the strength of TLR signaling. Detailed molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, however, remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the role(s) of miR-124 in regulating microglial TLR4 signaling in the context of cocaine. Herein, we found a dose- and time-dependent upregulation of KLF4 in cocaine-exposed BV-2 cells and rat primary microglial cells (rPMs). KLF4 also identified as a novel 3'-UTR target directly regulated by miR-124. In parallel, miR-124 regulated multiple TLR4 signaling molecules including TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, and IRAK1. Repeated doses of cocaine (20 mg/kg; i.p.) administration in mice for 7 days further validated the in vitro key findings. Also, miR-124 overexpression significantly blocked the cocaine-mediated upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, miR-124 overexpression notably increased the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators in cocaine-exposed microglial cells. Intriguingly, stereotactic administration of lentivirus-miR-124 in the striatum significantly inhibited cocaine-mediated microglial activation and locomotor hyperactivity in vivo. In summary, these findings implicate the role of miR-124 in regulating TLR4 signaling, thereby indicating a new pathway responsible for cocaine-mediated microglial activation.
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Nelson LH, Lenz KM. The immune system as a novel regulator of sex differences in brain and behavioral development. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:447-461. [PMID: 27870450 PMCID: PMC8008603 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexual differentiation of the brain occurs early in life as a result of sex-typical hormone action and sex chromosome effects. Immunocompetent cells are being recognized as underappreciated regulators of sex differences in brain and behavioral development, including microglia, astrocytes, and possibly other less well studied cell types, including T cells and mast cells. Immunocompetent cells in the brain are responsive to steroid hormones, but their role in sex-specific brain development is an emerging field of interest. This Review presents a summary of what is currently known about sex differences in the number, morphology, and signaling profile of immune cells in the developing brain and their role in the early-life programming of sex differences in brain and behavior. We review what is currently known about sex differences in the response to early-life perturbations, including stress, inflammation, diet, and environmental pollutants. We also discuss how and why understanding sex differences in the developing neuroimmune environment may provide insight into understanding the etiology of several neurodevelopmental disorders. This Review also highlights what remains to be discovered in this emerging field of developmental neuroimmunology and underscores the importance of filling in these knowledge gaps. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Nelson
- Program in Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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30
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MiR-124 contributes to M2 polarization of microglia and confers brain inflammatory protection via the C/EBP-α pathway in intracerebral hemorrhage. Immunol Lett 2016; 182:1-11. [PMID: 28025043 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia mediated inflammation contributes to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induced secondary injury. Activated microglia has dual functions as pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) factors in brain injury and repair. MiR-124 is a potent anti-inflammatory agent which affects microglia after brain injury. However, the potential of modulating the M1/M2 polarization of microglia after ICH has not been reported. In this experiment, we detected the effect of miR-124 on the M1/M2 polarization state. In addition, the ability miR-124 to subsequently impacted neurological deficit and cerebral water content of ICH mice were studied. Furthermore, the relationship between miR-124 and C/EBP-α target was detected. We found that miR-124 significantly increased in M2-polarized microglia. Transduction of miR-124 mimics decreased proinflammatory cytokine levels. A coculture model of microglia and neuron indicated that M2-polarized microglia protected neuron damage. Furthermore, miR-124 banded to the 3-untranslated region of C/EBP-α and downregulated its protein levels. In vivo, infusion of miR-124 decreased brain levels of C/EBP-α and significantly reduced brain injury in ICH mice. Thus, miR-124 ameliorated ICH-induced inflammatory injury by modulating microglia polarization toward the M2 phenotype via C/EBP-α. MiR-124 regulatory mechanisms also might represent new therapeutic strategy in ICH.
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31
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Guo ML, Periyasamy P, Liao K, Kook YH, Niu F, Callen SE, Buch S. Cocaine-mediated downregulation of microglial miR-124 expression involves promoter DNA methylation. Epigenetics 2016; 11:819-830. [PMID: 27786595 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1232233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development of reward-related behavior in cocaine self-administration rodents. Cocaine, one of most commonly abused drugs, has been shown to activate microglia both in vitro and in vivo. Detailed molecular mechanisms underlying cocaine-mediated microglial activation remain poorly understood. microRNAs (miRs) belonging to a class of small noncoding RNA superfamily have been shown to modulate the activation status of microglia. miR-124, one of the microglia-enriched miRs, functions as an anti-inflammatory regulator that maintains microglia in a quiescent state. To date, the possible effects of cocaine on microglial miR-124 levels and the associated underlying mechanisms have not been explored. In the current study, we demonstrated that cocaine exposure decreased miR-124 levels in both BV-2 cells and rat primary microglia. These findings were further validated in vivo, wherein we demonstrated decreased abundance of miR-124 in purified microglia isolated from cocaine-administered mice brains compared with cells from saline administered animals. Molecular mechanisms underlying these effects involved cocaine-mediated increased mRNA and protein expression of DNMTs in microglia. Consistently, cocaine substantially increased promoter DNA methylation levels of miR-124 precursors (pri-miR-124-1 and -2), but not that of pri-miR-124-3, both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our findings demonstrated that cocaine exposure increased DNA methylation of miR-124 promoter resulting into its downregulation, which, in turn, led to microglial activation. Our results thus implicate that epigenetic modulation of miR-124 could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach to ameliorate microglial activation and, possibly, the development of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lei Guo
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Ke Liao
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Yeon Hee Kook
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Fang Niu
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Shannon E Callen
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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32
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Chen L, Mo M, Li G, Cen L, Wei L, Xiao Y, Chen X, Li S, Yang X, Qu S, Xu P. The biomarkers of immune dysregulation and inflammation response in Parkinson disease. Transl Neurodegener 2016; 5:16. [PMID: 27570618 PMCID: PMC5002148 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-016-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is referring to the multi-systemic α-synucleinopathy with Lewy bodies deposited in midbrain. In ageing, the environmental and genetic factors work together and overactive major histocompatibility complex pathway to regulate immune reactions in central nerve system which resulting in neural degeneration, especially in dopaminergic neurons. As a series of biomarkers, the human leukocyte antigen genes with its related proteomics play cortical roles on the antigen presentation of major histocompatibility complex molecules to stimulate the differentiation of T lymphocytes and i-proteasome activities under their immune response to the PD-related environmental alteration and genetic variation. Furthermore, dopaminergic drugs change the biological characteristic of T lymphatic cells, affect the α-synuclein presentation pathway, and inhibit T lymphatic cells to release cytotoxicity in PD development. Taking together, the serum inflammatory factors and blood T cells are involved in the immune dysregulation of PD and inspected as the potential clinic biomarkers for PD prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120 China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120 China
| | - Guangning Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huadu Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510800 China
| | - Luan Cen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510080 China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120 China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510082 China
| | - Yousheng Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510080 China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120 China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Xinling Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011 China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510900 China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120 China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510080 China
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33
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Tay TL, Savage JC, Hui CW, Bisht K, Tremblay MÈ. Microglia across the lifespan: from origin to function in brain development, plasticity and cognition. J Physiol 2016; 595:1929-1945. [PMID: 27104646 DOI: 10.1113/jp272134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the only immune cells that permanently reside in the central nervous system (CNS) alongside neurons and other types of glial cells. The past decade has witnessed a revolution in our understanding of their roles during normal physiological conditions. Cutting-edge techniques revealed that these resident immune cells are critical for proper brain development, actively maintain health in the mature brain, and rapidly adapt their function to physiological or pathophysiological needs. In this review, we highlight recent studies on microglial origin (from the embryonic yolk sac) and the factors regulating their differentiation and homeostasis upon brain invasion. Elegant experiments tracking microglia in the CNS allowed studies of their unique roles compared with other types of resident macrophages. Here we review the emerging roles of microglia in brain development, plasticity and cognition, and discuss the implications of the depletion or dysfunction of microglia for our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Immune activation, inflammation and various other conditions resulting in undesirable microglial activity at different stages of life could severely impair learning, memory and other essential cognitive functions. The diversity of microglial phenotypes across the lifespan, between compartments of the CNS, and sexes, as well as their crosstalk with the body and external environment, is also emphasised. Understanding what defines particular microglial phenotypes is of major importance for future development of innovative therapies controlling their effector functions, with consequences for cognition across chronic stress, ageing, neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Leng Tay
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julie C Savage
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Chin Wai Hui
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
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34
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Giacomotto J, Carroll AP, Rinkwitz S, Mowry B, Cairns MJ, Becker TS. Developmental suppression of schizophrenia-associated miR-137 alters sensorimotor function in zebrafish. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e818. [PMID: 27219344 PMCID: PMC5070046 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurodevelopmentally regulated microRNA miR-137 was strongly implicated as risk locus for schizophrenia in the most recent genome wide association study coordinated by the Psychiatric Genome Consortium (PGC). This molecule is highly conserved in vertebrates enabling the investigation of its function in the developing zebrafish. We utilized this model system to achieve overexpression and suppression of miR-137, both transiently and stably through transgenesis. While miR-137 overexpression was not associated with an observable specific phenotype, downregulation by antisense morpholino and/or transgenic expression of miR-sponge RNA induced significant impairment of both embryonic and larval touch-sensitivity without compromising overall anatomical development. We observed miR-137 expression and activity in sensory neurons including Rohon-Beard neurons and dorsal root ganglia, two neuronal cell types that confer touch-sensitivity in normal zebrafish, suggesting a role of these cell types in the observed phenotype. The lack of obvious anatomical or histological pathology in these cells, however, suggested that subtle axonal network defects or a change in synaptic function and neural connectivity might be responsible for the behavioral phenotype rather than a change in the cellular morphology or neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Giacomotto
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,Psychiatric Genomics Group, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia. E-mail: or or
| | - A P Carroll
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - S Rinkwitz
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - B Mowry
- Psychiatric Genomics Group, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia. E-mail: or or
| | - T S Becker
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia. E-mail: or or
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35
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Laird AS, Mackovski N, Rinkwitz S, Becker TS, Giacomotto J. Tissue-specific models of spinal muscular atrophy confirm a critical role of SMN in motor neurons from embryonic to adult stages. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1728-38. [PMID: 26908606 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disease linked to survival motor neuron (SMN) protein deficiency. While SMN protein is expressed ubiquitously, its deficiency triggers tissue-specific hallmarks, including motor neuron death and muscle atrophy, leading to impaired motor functions and premature death. Here, using stable miR-mediated knockdown technology in zebrafish, we developed the first vertebrate system allowing transgenic spatio-temporal control of the smn1 gene. Using this new model it is now possible to investigate normal and pathogenic SMN function(s) in specific cell types, independently or in synergy with other cell populations. We took advantage of this new system to first test the effect of motor neuron or muscle-specific smn1 silencing. Anti-smn1 miRNA expression in motor neurons, but not in muscles, reproduced SMA hallmarks, including abnormal motor neuron development, poor motor function and premature death. Interestingly, smn1 knockdown in motor neurons also induced severe late-onset phenotypes including scoliosis-like body deformities, weight loss, muscle atrophy and, seen for the first time in zebrafish, reduction in the number of motor neurons, indicating motor neuron degeneration. Taken together, we have developed a new transgenic system allowing spatio-temporal control of smn1 expression in zebrafish, and using this model, we have demonstrated that smn1 silencing in motor neurons alone is sufficient to reproduce SMA hallmarks in zebrafish. It is noteworthy that this research is going beyond SMA as this versatile gene-silencing transgenic system can be used to knockdown any genes of interest, filling the gap in the zebrafish genetic toolbox and opening new avenues to study gene functions in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Laird
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nikolce Mackovski
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Silke Rinkwitz
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia and
| | - Thomas S Becker
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia and
| | - Jean Giacomotto
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia and Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building #79, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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