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Pinckaers NET, Blankesteijn WM, Mircheva A, Shi X, Opperhuizen A, van Schooten FJ, Vrolijk MF. In Vitro Activation of Human Adrenergic Receptors and Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 by Phenethylamine Analogues Present in Food Supplements. Nutrients 2024; 16:1567. [PMID: 38892500 PMCID: PMC11174489 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-workout supplements are popular among sport athletes and overweight individuals. Phenethylamines (PEAs) and alkylamines (AA) are widely present in these supplements. Although the health effects of these analogues are not well understood yet, they are hypothesised to be agonists of adrenergic (ADR) and trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Therefore, we aimed to pharmacologically characterise these compounds by investigating their activating properties of ADRs and TAAR1 in vitro. The potency and efficacy of the selected PEAs and AAs was studied by using cell lines overexpressing human ADRα1A/α1B/α1D/α2a/α2B/β1/β2 or TAAR1. Concentration-response relationships are expressed as percentages of the maximal signal obtained by the full ADR agonist adrenaline or the full TAAR1 agonist phenethylamine. Multiple PEAs activated ADRs (EC50 = 34 nM-690 µM; Emax = 8-105%). Almost all PEAs activated TAAR1 (EC50 = 1.8-92 µM; Emax = 40-104%). Our results reveal the pharmacological profile of PEAs and AAs that are often used in food supplements. Several PEAs have strong agonistic properties on multiple receptors and resemble potencies of the endogenous ligands, indicating that they might further stimulate the already activated sympathetic nervous system in exercising athletes via multiple mechanisms. The use of supplements containing one, or a combination of, PEA(s) may pose a health risk for their consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. T. Pinckaers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W. Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasiya Mircheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao Shi
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F. Vrolijk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Amidžić M, Banović Fuentes J, Banović J, Torović L. Notifications and Health Consequences of Unauthorized Pharmaceuticals in Food Supplements. PHARMACY 2023; 11:154. [PMID: 37888499 PMCID: PMC10609884 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Health concerns associated with the consumption of food supplements rise in parallel with the rise in the popularity and market availability of these products. In pursuit of data related to the unauthorized presence of pharmaceuticals in food supplements, the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database was searched for the 2011-2022 period. The most "popular" pharmaceuticals for the adulteration of food supplements were phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (235 records); anorexics and laxatives (76), including sibutramine and its active metabolite N-didesmethyl sibutramine, phenolphthalein and 2,4-dinitrophenol; stimulants, among which 1,3-dimethylamine (97), and synephrine (53) were the most numerous; nootropic drugs (24); anabolics and prohormones (16); and cannabinoid cannabidiol (14) (pending authorization as a novel food ingredient). Over 65% of notifications of interest were classified as serious risks, and over 80% of these were alert or border rejection notifications, mainly generated as a result of official control on the market. The alarming number of RASFF notifications should be considered a public health issue, demanding clear and targeted recommendation for action for the legislature and authorities. A harmonized nutrivigilance system should be considered as a tool to detect and scrutinize the adverse health effects of food supplements, along with measures to improve their safety, quality, and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Amidžić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.A.); (J.B.F.)
| | - Jelena Banović Fuentes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.A.); (J.B.F.)
| | - Jovica Banović
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ljilja Torović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.A.); (J.B.F.)
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Grazina L, Mafra I, Monaci L, Amaral JS. Mass spectrometry-based approaches to assess the botanical authenticity of dietary supplements. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3870-3909. [PMID: 37548598 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements are legally considered foods despite frequently including medicinal plants as ingredients. Currently, the consumption of herbal dietary supplements, also known as plant food supplements (PFS), is increasing worldwide and some raw botanicals, highly demanded due to their popularity, extensive use, and/or well-established pharmacological effects, have been attaining high prices in the international markets. Therefore, botanical adulteration for profit increase can occur along the whole PFS industry chain, from raw botanicals to plant extracts, until final PFS. Besides the substitution of high-value species, unintentional mislabeling can happen in morphologically similar species. Both cases represent a health risk for consumers, prompting the development of numerous works to access botanical adulterations in PFS. Among different approaches proposed for this purpose, mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques have often been reported as the most promising, particularly when hyphenated with chromatographic techniques. Thus, this review aims at describing an overview of the developments in this field, focusing on the applications of MS-based techniques to targeted and untargeted analysis to detect botanical adulterations in plant materials, extracts, and PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Grazina
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Linda Monaci
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production of National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | - Joana S Amaral
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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de Jonge MLL, Kieviet LC, Sierts M, Egberink LB, van der Heyden MAG. Review of Case Reports on Adverse Events Related to Pre-workout Supplements Containing Synephrine. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2023; 23:1-9. [PMID: 36639595 PMCID: PMC9859859 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of pre-workout supplements has become increasingly popular, including the use of supplements containing synephrine. Synephrine might stimulate weight loss and improve sports performance by its proposed adrenergic properties. However, with its increasing popularity, numerous cases of adverse events related to synephrine use have been reported. This study provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of current case reports related to the supplemental use of synephrine. The scientific literature on cases of adverse events related to synephrine intake was collected through August 2021 using Pubmed and Google Scholar and subsequently reviewed and analysed. We obtained 30 case reports describing a total of 35 patients who suffered from medical complaints following use of synephrine-containing supplements. The patients most often presented with chest pain, palpitations, syncope and dizziness. Commonly raised diagnoses were ischaemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias and cerebrovascular disease. Five patients were left disabled or remained on medication at last follow-up. We here show an association between the use of pre-workout supplements containing synephrine and adverse events, mainly related to the cardiovascular system. However, we cannot exclude a role of possible confounding factors such as caffeine. Thus, the use of pre-workout supplements containing synephrine may lead to serious adverse health events, and therefore, caution is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L L de Jonge
- Honours Program CRU+, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L C Kieviet
- Honours Program CRU+, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Sierts
- Honours Program CRU+, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L B Egberink
- Honours Program CRU+, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M A G van der Heyden
- Division of Heart & Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Shah P, Patil S, Koppula P, Koppula S. One Pot Synthesis of Deterenol, a Sympathomimetic Ingredient of the Dietary Supplement Dexaprine. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2022.2066421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parth Shah
- School of Liberal Studies and Education, Navrachana University, Vadodara, India
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Dietary Supplements as Source of Unintentional Doping. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8387271. [PMID: 35496041 PMCID: PMC9054437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8387271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The substances used in sport could be divided into two major groups: those banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency and those which are not. The prohibited list is extremely detailed and includes a wide variety of both medicinal and nonmedicinal substances. Professional athletes are exposed to intense physical overload every day. They follow a relevant food regime and take specific dietary supplements, which is essential for the better recovery between trainings and competitions. However, the use of “nonprohibited” dietary supplements (DS) is not always completely safe. One of the risks associated with the use of dietary supplements is the risk of unintended doping—originating from contaminated products. The presence of undeclared compounds in the composition of DS is a serious concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of unintentional doping. Materials and Methods Literature search was done through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Studies investigating the presence of undeclared compounds, in dietary supplements, banned by WADA met the inclusion criteria. The last search was conducted in June 2021. The present review is based on a total of 50 studies, which investigated the presence of undeclared compounds in DS. Results The total number of analyzed DS is 3132, 875 of which were found to contain undeclared substances. Most frequently found undeclared substances are sibutramine and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Conclusion More than 28% of the analyzed dietary supplements pose a potential risk of unintentional doping. Athletes and their teams need to be aware of the issues associated with the use of DS. They should take great care before inclusion of DS in the supplementation regime.
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Shin D, Kwon J, Kang HS, Suh J, Lee E. The presence of unauthorized ingredients in dietary supplements: an analysis of the risk warning data in Korea. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Rangelov Kozhuharov V, Ivanov K, Ivanova S. Higenamine in Plants as a Source of Unintentional Doping. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:354. [PMID: 35161335 PMCID: PMC8838985 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higenamine is a β2 agonist of plant origin. The compound has been included in WADA's prohibited list since 2017. Higenamine may be detected in different plants and many food supplements of natural origin. METHODS Our literature search was conducted through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science studies investigating the presence of higenamine in plants that are used in traditional folk medicine or included in food supplements. Our study aimed to assess the risk of adverse analytical findings caused by higenamine-containing plants. RESULTS Based on our literature search, Nelumbo nucifera, Tinospora crispa, Nandina domestica, Gnetum parvifolium, Asarum siebodii,Asarum heterotropoides, Aconitum carmichaelii, and Aristolochia brasiliensis are higenamine-containing plants. Based on data from Eastern folk medicine, these plants can provide numerous health benefits. Professional athletes likely ingest these plants without knowing that they contain higenamine; these herbs are used in treatments for different conditions and various foods/food supplements in addition to folk medicine. CONCLUSION Athletes and their teams must be aware of the issues associated with the use of plant-based products. They should avoid consuming higenamine-containing plants during and outside of competition periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanya Rangelov Kozhuharov
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.I.); (S.I.)
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Fedoruk M, Geyer H. Sports drug testing and the athletes' exposome. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1814-1821. [PMID: 34694748 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Similar to the general population, elite athletes are exposed to a complex set of environmental factors including chemicals and radiation and also biological and physical stressors, which constitute an exposome that is, unlike for the general population, subjected to specific scrutiny for athletes due to applicable antidoping regulations and associated (frequent) routine doping controls. Hence, investigations into the athlete's exposome and how to distinguish between deliberate drug use and different contamination scenarios has become a central topic of antidoping research, as a delicate balance is to be managed between the vital and continually evolving developments of sensitive analytical techniques on the one hand, and the risk of the athletes' exposome potentially causing adverse analytical findings on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Fedoruk
- United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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Hua SV, Granger B, Bauer K, Roberto CA. A content analysis of marketing on the packages of dietary supplements for weight loss and muscle building. Prev Med Rep 2021; 23:101504. [PMID: 34367889 PMCID: PMC8326432 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight loss dietary supplement packages have a high prevalence of marketing claims. Such claims are potentially misleading and lack scientific evidence. Products with the FDA disclaimers and warnings displayed more claims on average. FDA disclaimers and warnings are never displayed on the front of the package.
Most dietary supplements for weight loss and muscle growth lack scientific evidence in support of product claims and contain ingredients that can be harmful to health. Many people, however, still use these products. This paper aims to address a gap in the knowledge of the number and types of marketing claims appearing on dietary supplements for weight loss and muscle building and how they relate to the presence of an FDA disclaimer. We identified all products (n = 110) found in the weight loss and muscle building section of three stores (a pharmacy, supermarket, and superstore) in the Boston, MA area during 2013. We performed a content analysis to assess the presence of marketing claims displayed on product packaging, including claims about weight loss, safety, quality, and scientific evidence. Warnings and the FDA disclaimer were also coded. We found that, on average, products displayed 6.5 claims. Among weight loss- and muscle building- related claims, claims about reducing weight, BMI, or body fat were most common (60.9%), followed by protein claims (40.0%). Nearly half of the products made claims that scientific research supported product use. Products with the FDA disclaimer (53.6%) or a warning for vulnerable populations (56.4%) had a higher average number of claims compared to products without the disclaimer or warning (p < 0.001). Dietary supplements for weight loss and muscle building displayed many marketing claims promising weight loss despite a lack of scientific evidence that such products can be used safely and effectively. Greater FDA regulation of these marketing claims are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia V Hua
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Brigitte Granger
- Supporti, LLC, 665 Huntington Ave., Building 2, Room 320, 300 Lenora Street #667, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
| | - Kelly Bauer
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, 550 16 Street, Mission Hall, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Christina A Roberto
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 423 Guardian Dr., Blockley Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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da Costa BRB, El Haddad LP, Freitas BT, Marinho PA, De Martinis BS. Pre-workout supplements marketed in Brazil: Caffeine quantification and caffeine daily intake assessment. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:567-577. [PMID: 33835708 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The stimulating and performance-enhancing properties of caffeine are often explored in one the most consumed types of supplements: the pre-workout supplements (PWS). However, despite the popularity of PWS, previous studies have reported incompatibilities between what is described in their labels and their actual caffeine content. This study aimed to develop, to optimize, and to validate a gas-chromatography coupled to nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD) method to quantify caffeine in PWS and to analyze commercial PWS marketed in Brazil to estimate the caffeine daily intake. For this purpose, three different extraction procedures were evaluated: agitation in vortex, shaker, and sonication. Sonication yielded the best extraction results. Next, the parameters' temperature and time were optimized by using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and response surface methodology, which revealed the optimal values of 70°C and 10 min. The method was validated and applied to quantify caffeine in 52 PWS. From the 36 PWS labels that specified the caffeine amount, seven (19%) presented more than 120% of the declared quantity, whereas 15 (42%) contained less than 80% of the labeled caffeine. Additionally, six products presented undeclared caffeine. Considering the label stated doses, five supplements exceeded the safe caffeine daily intake (400 mg). On the basis of these findings, supplement quality control remains an issue that deserves more attention from consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies. Finally, we suggest that PWS consumers be careful of the habit of ingesting caffeine through other sources and avoid ingesting two or more different PWS products in the same day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lohanna Pereira El Haddad
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Toledo Freitas
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pablo Alves Marinho
- Instituto de Criminalística da Polícia Civil do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Cohen PA, Travis JC, Vanhee C, Ohana D, Venhuis BJ. Nine prohibited stimulants found in sports and weight loss supplements: deterenol, phenpromethamine (Vonedrine), oxilofrine, octodrine, beta-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA) and higenamine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 59:975-981. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1894333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Somerville, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Céline Vanhee
- Department of Medicines and Health Products, Sciensano, Belgium
| | - Dana Ohana
- Health Protection Center, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J. Venhuis
- Health Protection Center, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Krug O, Thomas A, Thevis M. Mass spectrometric identification and characterization of urinary metabolites of isopropylnorsynephrine for doping control purposes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
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Mosnaim AD, Wolf ME, Iii O'Donnell JJ, Hudzik T. β-Phenylethylamine and various monomethylated and para-halogenated analogs. Acute toxicity studies in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 43:369-372. [PMID: 30614291 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1551899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenylethylamine's acute toxic effects in a population of adult (10 to 12 weeks old; ∼30 g) Swiss male albino mice are significantly increased by para-position aromatic ring halogenation. LDLO, LD50, and LD100 values (mg/kg; x ± SEM) for p-F- (116.7 ± 3.3, 136.7 ± 1.7, and 160.0 ± 2.9), p-Br- (126.7 ± 3.3, 145.0 ± 2.9, and 163.3 ± 3.3), p-Cl- (133.3 ± 3.3, 146.7 ± 1.7, and 165.0 ± 2.9), and p-I-PEA (133.3 ± 3.3, 153.3 ± 1.7, and 168.3 ± 1.7), compared to PEA 203.3 ± 3.3, 226.7 ± 4.4, and 258.3 ± 8.8). Like PEA, the difference between LDLO and LD50, and LD50 and LD100 for individual amines were similar and in the range (10 to 20%). Toxicity variation between the various p-halogenatedPEAs also fell within a relatively narrow range (as a group: LDLO 116.7 ± 3.3 to 133.3 ± 3.3, LD50 136.7 ± 1.7 to 153.3 ± 1.7, and LD100 160.0 ± 2.9 to 168.3 ± 1.7 mg/kg). PEA methylation, (exception of its α-methyl derivative), results in relatively modest changes in acute toxicity. LDLO, LD50, and LD100 values (mg/kg; x ± SEM) for N-Me- (176.6 ± 3.3, 200.0 ± 2.9, and 221.7 ± 3.3), p-Me- (183.3 ± 3.3, 206.7 ± 3.3, and 225.0 ± 2.9), o-Me- (210.0 ± 5.8, 233.3 ± 3.3, and 258.3 ± 1.7), and β-MePEA (220.0 ± 5.8, 243.3 ± 4.4, and 278.3 ± 44). Similar to PEA, and the p-HPEAs, the difference between LDLO and LD50 and LD50 and LD100 values for individual amines fell within a relatively narrow range (10 to 20%). Variation in toxicity among the methylatedPEAs also fell within a limited range (as a group: LDLO 176 ± 3.3 to 220 ± 5.8, LD50 200.0 ± 2.9 to 243.3 ± 4.4 and LD100 221.7 ± 3.3 to 278.3 ± 4.4 mg/kg). With the exception of PEA's methyl derivative (amphetamine) all the amines studied are rapidly metabolized by monoamine oxidase. This pharmacokinetics difference would help to explain the markedly higher amphetamine toxicity [(LDLO, LD50 and LD100 (mg/kg; x ± SEM) of 21.3 ± 0.9, 25.0 ± 0.6, and 29.3 ± 0.7, respectively)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron D Mosnaim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, N. Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marion E Wolf
- International Neuropsychiatry Consultants, Highland Park, IL, USA
| | - James J Iii O'Donnell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, N. Chicago, IL, USA
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Pawar RS, Sagi S, Leontyev D. Analysis of bitter orange dietary supplements for natural and synthetic phenethylamines by LC–MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1241-1251. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Pawar
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration College Park MD USA
| | - Satyanarayanaraju Sagi
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration College Park MD USA
| | - Dmitry Leontyev
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration College Park MD USA
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16
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Muschietti L, Redko F, Ulloa J. Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:861-886. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muschietti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Flavia Redko
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Ulloa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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17
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Oketch-Rabah HA, Hardy ML, Patton AP, Chung M, Sarma ND, Yoe C, Ayyadurai VAS, Fox MA, Jordan SA, Mwamburi M, Mould DR, Osterberg RE, Hilmas C, Tiwari R, Valerio L, Jones D, Deuster PA, Giancaspro GI. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Model for Assessing the Risk from Multi-Ingredient Dietary Supplements (MIDS). J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:293-315. [PMID: 32319852 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1741485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Military personnel use dietary supplements (DS) for performance enhancement, bodybuilding, weight loss, and to maintain health. Adverse events, including cardiovascular (CV) effects, have been reported in military personnel taking supplements. Previous research determined that ingestion of multi-ingredient dietary supplements (MIDS), can lead to signals of safety concerns. Therefore, to assess the safety of MIDS, the Department of Defense via a contractor explored the development of a model-based risk assessment tool. We present a strategy and preliminary novel multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)-based tool for assessing the risk of adverse CV effects from MIDS. The tool integrates toxicology and other relevant data available on MIDS; likelihood of exposure, and biologic plausibility that could contribute to specific aspects of risk.Inputs for the model are values of four measures assigned based on the available evidence supplemented with the opinion of experts in toxicology, modeling, risk assessment etc. Measures were weighted based on the experts' assessment of measures' relative importance. Finally, all data for the four measures were integrated to provide a risk potential of 0 (low risk) to 100 (high risk) that defines the relative risk of a MIDS to cause adverse reactions.We conclude that the best available evidence must be supplemented with the opinion of experts in medicine, toxicology and pharmacology. Model-based approaches are useful to inform risk assessment in the absence of data. This MCDA model provides a foundation for refinement and validation of accuracy of the model predictions as new evidence becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary L Hardy
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA.,Chair, United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Mei Chung
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Charlie Yoe
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - V A Shiva Ayyadurai
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mary A Fox
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Scott A Jordan
- Chair, United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mkaya Mwamburi
- Chair, United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Diane R Mould
- Chair, United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert E Osterberg
- Chair, United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Corey Hilmas
- FDA liaison to the USP Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ram Tiwari
- FDA liaison to the USP Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Luis Valerio
- FDA liaison to the USP Dietary Supplements Safety Modeling Expert Panel, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Donnamaria Jones
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Bridwell RE, Yoo MJ, Grove JJ, Ng PC. Chest Pain From Supplement Use in an Active Duty Soldier: A Case Report. Mil Med 2020; 185:e1857-e1859. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In the active duty population, over-the-counter performance enhancing supplements are readily available and consumed, primarily in an unsupervised manner. While some of the active ingredients, such as caffeine and creatine, have been well studied, other sympathomimetic and vasoactive components in these products have minimal data regarding their safety profile. Further potentiating the associated risks of consumption, the quantities and purities of the reported ingredients are often unverified and can vary from serving to serving. We present a case of the deleterious side effect profiles of these lesser studied components in overconsumption in an active duty soldier. Although improvements are being made regarding product safety, the paucity of ingredient regulation and quality assurance can result in warfighter morbidity and mortality, especially when these supplements are abused or combined with other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Bridwell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, 3551 Roger Brooke Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234
| | - Michael J Yoo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, 3551 Roger Brooke Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234
| | - Jordan J Grove
- University of Alabama Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 53233
| | - Patrick C Ng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, 3551 Roger Brooke Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234
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19
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Tsumura Y, Kiguchi A, Komatsuzaki S, Ieuji K. A novel method to distinguish β-methylphenylethylamines from isomeric α-methylphenylethylamines by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Various phenylethylamines have been detected lately in dietary or sports supplements. N-Methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (phenpromethamine) and 2-phenylpropan-1-amine (β-methylphenylethylamine, BMPEA) are known to produce mass spectra almost identical to those produced by methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AP), respectively, when analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). They may interfere with the analysis of MA and AP. The aims of the present study were to determine whether some substances other than phenpromethamine and BMPEA give mass spectra similar to those given by MA or AP and to develop an analytical method of distinguishing phenpromethamine from MA and BMPEA from AP by derivatization.
Methods
Twenty isomers of MA or AP were selected to be analyzed using LC/MS. Six reagents were examined for derivatization of MA, AP, phenpromethamine, and BMPEA. Three mass spectrometers from two manufacturers were evaluated for their ability to reproduce the data.
Results
All isomers except phenpromethamine and BMPEA were shown to be distinguishable from MA and AP by their mass spectra. For the discrimination of isomeric pairs, derivatization using N-succinimidyl-4-nitrophenylacetate was found to be the best for tandem mass spectrometry and that using 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride was the best for in-source collision-induced dissociation. One or more ions from each pair of isomers gave adequate difference in their relative intensities according to the World Anti-Doping Agency criteria.
Conclusions
The newly developed method was proved to be usable for discriminating among those phenylethylamines.
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Abstract
The popularity of pre-workout supplements is rising amongst professional athletes and fitness enthusiasts. Despite increased usage, the safety profile of pre-workout supplements is likely to be not well understood. Additionally, many different brands use various undisclosed proprietary blends of active ingredients creating safety regulation difficulties. This lack of oversight could prove unsafe for certain patients. This patient MK is a 33-year-old healthy housewife who presented with central chest tightness, pre-syncope and mild dyspnoea to the emergency department via ambulance. The presentation was in the context of recent strenuous exercise and ingestion of a pre-workout supplement (Alpha Lean-7). Most striking in her presentation was a troponin rise of 50 ng/L, while not very high it is unusual given her lack of cardiac risk factors. She had a 3-day uneventful admission with a downtrending troponin prior to discharge. This case highlights the possible dangers of pharmacologically active ingredients in pre-workout supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Y Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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21
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Ahmad R, Ahmad N, AlHudaithi N, AlHebshi A, Bukhari A. Extraction and UHPLC–DAD detection of undeclared substances in market‐available dietary supplements and slimming products in Eastern region, Saudi Arabia: An application of principal component analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4698. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Natural Products and Alternative Medicines, College of Clinical PharmacyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia
| | - Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical PharmacyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical PharmacyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourah AlHudaithi
- College of Clinical PharmacyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa AlHebshi
- College of Clinical PharmacyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Bukhari
- College of Clinical PharmacyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia
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22
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Keizers PHJ, Bakker F, Ferreira J, Wackers PFK, van Kollenburg D, van der Aa E, van Beers A. Benchtop NMR spectroscopy in the analysis of substandard and falsified medicines as well as illegal drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 178:112939. [PMID: 31672579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Substandard and falsified medical products may cause harm to patients and fail to treat the diseases or conditions for which they were intended. It is therefore required to have analytical methods available to assess medical product quality. Benchtop NMR spectroscopy provides a generic, inherently quantitative, analytical method capable of separating specific signals from those of a matrix. We have developed an analytical method for the analysis of active ingredients in pharmaceutical products and illegal drugs, based on benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Within its resolution limits, benchtop NMR spectroscopy is useful in determining the identity of the active ingredients in products containing acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, sildenafil, tadalafil and sibutramine, cocaine, and gamma hydroxybutyric acid, with a limit of detection of about 1 mg/mL. Furthermore, the content of the active ingredient can be determined with an error of 10%. Additionally, a chemometrics approach is shown to be useful to classify spectra in order to identify the active substances present in the sample, reducing the need for expert interpretation of the spectra acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H J Keizers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Frank Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - José Ferreira
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Paul F K Wackers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dion van Kollenburg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eva van der Aa
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Amy van Beers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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23
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Turfus S, Smith J, Mansingh A, Alexander-Lindo R, Roopchand-Martin S. Supplementation practices, perceptions and knowledge about anti-doping among Jamaican high school athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Avula B, Bae JY, Chittiboyina AG, Wang YH, Wang M, Khan IA. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometric method for targeted analysis of 111 nitrogen-based compounds in weight loss and ergogenic supplements. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:305-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Eichner AK, Coyles J, Fedoruk M, Maxey TD, Lenaghan RA, Novitzky J, Lindsey AT, Deuster PA. Essential Features of Third-Party Certification Programs for Dietary Supplements: A Consensus Statement. Curr Sports Med Rep 2019; 18:178-182. [PMID: 31082891 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of performance-enhancing drugs in dietary supplements poses serious anti-doping and health risks to athletes and military service members. A positive drug test, suboptimal health, or adverse event can ruin a career in either setting. These populations need to be certain in advance that a product is of high quality and free from performance-enhancing drugs and other banned substances. However, no regulatory authority conducts or mandates a quality review before dietary supplements are sold. Under the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Food and Drug Administration does not have a role in the premarket safety review of dietary supplements. Due to the increasing demand for high-quality, properly labeled dietary supplements, multiple companies have stepped into this void by offering testing and quality review programs for dietary supplements. Each of these third-party programs has its own quality assurance program with varying testing components. It is difficult for consumers in the sport and military settings to assess whether a particular certification program reduces the risks enough so that they can use a product with confidence. This article puts forward the consensus of the authors on current best practices for third-party certification programs for dietary supplements consumed by athletes and military service members. Also discussed are important ways that third-party programs can develop in the future to improve access to safe, high-quality dietary supplements for these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Timothy D Maxey
- Major League Baseball/Major League Baseball Players Association, New York, NY
| | | | - Jeff Novitzky
- Vice President of Athlete Health and Performance UFC, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Andrea T Lindsey
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD
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26
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Oostdijk NHJ, Lambooij MS, Beinema P, Wong A, Kunneman FA, Keizers PHJ. Fora fuelling the discovery of fortified dietary supplements - An exploratory study directed at monitoring the internet for contaminated food supplements based on the reported effects of their users. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215858. [PMID: 31091253 PMCID: PMC6519783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are products that are widely used for instance as energisers or to lose weight. There have been cases reported where undeclared ingredients present in such supplements have caused adverse effects on the health of the user. As there are many different products to choose from, it seems impossible to predict which might contain harmful components and to ban them from the market. Nonetheless, the use of dietary supplements and the experiences of users are shared in online discussions. We describe the development of a search engine to retrieve products associated with certain effects. Upon application we were able to retrieve a list of dietary supplements that are repeatedly associated with excessive effects by users on public fora. The top of the list contains supplements that have previously been banned because they contained undeclared harmful components. The use of the search engine as described here is a powerful method for making a risk-based selection of dietary supplements which can then be analysed for the presence of illegal or other unwanted components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelleke H. J. Oostdijk
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Language and Speech, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mattijs S. Lambooij
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Albert Wong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Florian A. Kunneman
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Language and Speech, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H. J. Keizers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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27
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Schindler CW, Thorndike EB, Rice KC, Partilla JS, Baumann MH. The Supplement Adulterant β-Methylphenethylamine Increases Blood Pressure by Acting at Peripheral Norepinephrine Transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:328-336. [PMID: 30898867 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Methylphenethylamine [(BMPEA), 2-phenylpropan-1-amine] is a structural isomer of amphetamine (1-phenylpropan-2-amine) that has been identified in preworkout and weight loss supplements, yet little information is available about its pharmacology. Here, the neurochemical and cardiovascular effects of BMPEA and its analogs, N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (MPPA) and N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (DMPPA), were compared with structurally related amphetamines. As expected, amphetamine and methamphetamine were potent substrate-type releasing agents at dopamine transporters (DATs) and norepinephrine transporters (NETs) in rat brain synaptosomes. BMPEA and MPPA were also substrates at DATs and NETs, but they were at least 10-fold less potent than amphetamine. DMPPA was a weak substrate only at NETs. Importantly, the releasing actions of BMPEA and MPPA were more potent at NETs than DATs. Amphetamine produced significant dose-related increases in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and locomotor activity in conscious rats fitted with surgically implanted biotelemetry transmitters. BMPEA, MPPA, and DMPPA produced increases in BP that were similar to the effects of amphetamine, but the compounds failed to substantially affect HR or activity. The hypertensive effect of BMPEA was reversed by the α-adrenergic antagonist prazosin but not the ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine. Radioligand binding at various G protein-coupled receptors did not identify nontransporter sites of action that could account for cardiovascular effects of BMPEA or its analogs. Our results show that BMPEA, MPPA, and DMPPA are biologically active. The compounds are unlikely to be abused due to weak effects at DATs, but they could produce adverse cardiovascular effects via substrate activity at peripheral NET sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Schindler
- Designer Drug Research Unit (C.W.S., J.S.P., M.H.B.) and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T.), National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland; and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Intramural Research Programs, Rockville, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Eric B Thorndike
- Designer Drug Research Unit (C.W.S., J.S.P., M.H.B.) and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T.), National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland; and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Intramural Research Programs, Rockville, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Designer Drug Research Unit (C.W.S., J.S.P., M.H.B.) and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T.), National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland; and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Intramural Research Programs, Rockville, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - John S Partilla
- Designer Drug Research Unit (C.W.S., J.S.P., M.H.B.) and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T.), National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland; and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Intramural Research Programs, Rockville, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit (C.W.S., J.S.P., M.H.B.) and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T.), National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland; and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Intramural Research Programs, Rockville, Maryland (K.C.R.)
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28
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Skinner CM, Miousse IR, Ewing LE, Sridharan V, Cao M, Lin H, Williams DK, Avula B, Haider S, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, ElSohly MA, Boerma M, Gurley BJ, Koturbash I. Impact of obesity on the toxicity of a multi-ingredient dietary supplement, OxyELITE Pro™ (New Formula), using the novel NZO/HILtJ obese mouse model: Physiological and mechanistic assessments. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:21-32. [PMID: 30282009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbal dietary supplement (HDS)-induced hepato- and cardiotoxicity is an emerging clinical problem. In this study, we investigated the liver and heart toxicity of HDS OxyELITE-PRO™ New Formula (OEP-NF), a dietary supplement marketed for weight loss and performance enhancement that was recently withdrawn from the market. Using a novel NZO/HlLtJ obese mouse model, we demonstrated that administration of clinically relevant mouse equivalent doses (MED) of OEP-NF produced cardio- and hepatotoxic risks following both short- and long-term administration schedules. Specifically, gavaging female NZO/HlLtJ with up to 2X MED of OEP-NF resulted in 40% mortality within two weeks. Feeding mice with either 1X or 3X MED of OEP-NF for eight weeks, while not exhibiting significant effects on body weights, significantly altered hepatic gene expression, increased the number of apoptotic and mast cells in the heart and affected cardiac function. The degree of toxicity in NZO/HlLtJ mice was higher than that observed previously in non-obese CD-1 and B6C3F1 strains, suggesting that an overweight/obese condition can sensitize mice to OEP-NF. Adverse health effects linked to OEP-NF, together with a number of other hepato- and cardiotoxicity cases associated with HDS ingestion, argue strongly for introduction of quality standards and pre-marketing safety assessments for multi-ingredient HDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Skinner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA.
| | - Maohua Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA.
| | - Haixia Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - D Keith Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Saqlain Haider
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Phyto Chemical Services, Inc. (PSI), 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, USA.
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Kerpel dos Santos M, Gleco E, Davidson JT, Jackson GP, Pereira Limberger R, Arroyo LE. DART-MS/MS screening for the determination of 1,3-dimethylamylamine and undeclared stimulants in seized dietary supplements from Brazil. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Venhuis BJ, Oostlander AE, Giorgio DD, Mosimann R, du Plessis I. Oncology drugs in the crosshairs of pharmaceutical crime. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19:e209-e217. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Detection and quantification of phenethylamines in sports dietary supplements by NMR approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:347-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Brown AC. Heart Toxicity Related to Herbs and Dietary Supplements: Online Table of Case Reports. Part 4 of 5. J Diet Suppl 2017; 15:516-555. [PMID: 28981338 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1356418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this review was to create an online research summary table of heart toxicity case reports related to dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs). METHODS Documented PubMed case reports of DS appearing to contribute to heart-related problems were used to create a "Toxic Table" that summarized the research (1966 to April, 2016, and cross-referencing). Keywords included "herb," "dietary supplement," and cardiac terms. Case reports were excluded if they were herb combinations (some exceptions), Chinese herb mixtures, teas of mixed herb contents, mushrooms, poisonous plants, self-harm (e.g. suicide), excess dose (except vitamins/minerals), drugs or illegal drugs, drug-herbal interactions, and confounders of drugs or diseases. The spectrum of heart toxicities included hypertension, hypotension, hypokalemia, bradycardia, tachycardia, arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, heart attack, cardiac arrest, heart failure, and death. RESULTS Heart related problems were associated with approximately seven herbs: Four traditional Chinese medicine herbs - Don quai (Angelica sinensis), Jin bu huan (Lycopodium serratum), Thundergod vine or lei gong teng (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F), and Ting kung teng (Erycibe henryi prain); one an Ayruvedic herb - Aswagandha, (Withania somnifera); and two North American herbs - blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), and Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe). Aconitum and Ephedra species are no longer sold in the United States. The DS included, but are not limited to five DS - bitter orange, caffeine, certain energy drinks, nitric oxide products, and a calming product. Six additional DS are no longer sold. Licorice was the food related to heart problems. CONCLUSION The online "Toxic Table" forewarns clinicians, consumers and the DS industry by listing DS with case reports related to heart toxicity. It may also contribute to Phase IV post marketing surveillance to diminish adverse events that Government officials use to regulate DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Brown
- a Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , HI , USA
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Hondebrink L, Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen JJ, Rietjens SJ, Brunt TM, Venhuis B, Soerdjbalie-Maikoe V, Smink BE, van Riel AJHP, de Vries I. Fatalities, Cerebral Hemorrhage, and Severe Cardiovascular Toxicity After Exposure to the New Psychoactive Substance 4-Fluoroamphetamine: A Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Emerg Med 2017; 71:294-305. [PMID: 28969928 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.07.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We study adverse health effects after use of the new psychoactive substance 4-fluoroamphetamine. METHODS All patients who reported 4-fluoroamphetamine exposure and for whom the Dutch Poisons Information Center was consulted by their physician in 2016 were included in a prospective cohort study. The clinical course was investigated through telephone interviews with the physician and/or patient, using standardized questionnaires. 4-Fluoroamphetamine was analyzed in remaining drug material and biological samples with liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. RESULTS We included 45 patients, and follow-up with the physician and/or patient was performed in 33 cases. All patients experienced adverse effects after 4-fluoroamphetamine use. Severe toxicity was reported in 8 patients. In 5 of these patients, 4-fluoroamphetamine exposure was confirmed in biological specimens. Severe toxicity that was reported included 2 fatalities, 4 patients with cerebral hemorrhage (1 fatal), 2 patients with inverted Takotsubo's cardiomyopathy, 1 patient with myocardial infarction, 1 patient with acute heart failure, and an overall high prevalence of pronounced hypertension and tachycardia. CONCLUSION Since the introduction of 4-fluoroamphetamine to the Dutch drug market in 2007, its use continues to increase, possibly because users perceive it as "ecstasy light" and thus relatively safe. However, the proportion of patients with severe toxicity after 4-fluoroamphetamine use is relatively large in our study population. Therefore, users should be warned about the risks of 4-fluoroamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hondebrink
- Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Saskia J Rietjens
- Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tibor M Brunt
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Department of Drug Monitoring, Utrecht, the Netherlands, and the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Venhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Health Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Vidija Soerdjbalie-Maikoe
- Division of Specialist Services and Expertise, Forensic Toxicology and Pathology, Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Beitske E Smink
- Division of Specialist Services and Expertise, Forensic Toxicology and Pathology, Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | | | - Irma de Vries
- Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Axon DR, Vanova J, Edel C, Slack M. Dietary Supplement Use, Knowledge, and Perceptions Among Student Pharmacists. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2017; 81:92. [PMID: 28720920 PMCID: PMC5508091 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe81592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To compare dietary supplement use between student pharmacists and the general population, and assess knowledge, attitudes toward use, and dietary supplement effectiveness; and to explore how student pharmacists view their education on dietary supplements. Methods. Paper questionnaires administered to student pharmacists collected data about their use, knowledge, and attitudes of dietary supplements. Use was compared to the 2007 National Health Interview survey findings. Results. Of 179 students who responded, 52% had used at least one dietary supplement in their lifetime versus 25% in the general population. Students perceived supplement label information as unhelpful, research into supplements inadequate, and supplements non-essential to health. Students thought supplement knowledge was important but their education was inadequate. Conclusion. Dietary supplement use was higher in this sample of student pharmacists than the general population. Student pharmacists had limited knowledge and need more education on dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Axon
- University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Janka Vanova
- University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Courtney Edel
- University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Marion Slack
- University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona
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Behavioral effects of β-phenylethylamine and various monomethylated and monohalogenated analogs in mice are mediated by catecholaminergic mechanisms. Am J Ther 2016; 22:412-22. [PMID: 26544964 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the administration [intraperitoneally, 15 and 75 mg/kg, except α-MePEA (amphetamine, AMPH) at 5 and 10 mg/kg] of β-phenylethylamine (PEA), its methylated (o-Me-, p-Me-, α-Me-, β-Me-, N-Me-, p-OMe-, N,N-di-Me-, and 3,4-diOH-N-Me-), para-halogenated (Br-, Cl-, F-, and I-), and other derivatives for example, p-OHPEA (p-tyramine), on Swiss male albino mice caged behavior fall into 3 broad categories. (1) N,N-diMe-, 3,4-diOH-N-Me-, and o-MePEA tend to reduce the behavioral activity, (2) p-OH and p-IPEA were without noticeable effects, and (3) the remaining compounds increased locomotor activity, produced hyperexcitability and fighting, jumping and vocalization, and convulsion in a graded manner (listed in increasing order p-OMe-, β-Me-, p-Cl-, p-Br-, p-F-, p-Me-, and N-MePEA, PEA itself and α-MePEA). The latter compound (amphetamine) being the most potent among them; equieffective but with lower potency were p-MePEA, N-MePEA, and PEA itself. The effects of PEAs upon group cage behavior were increased by pretreatment with pargyline (1.5 hours; 15 mg/kg) and decreased after reserpine or haloperidol [4 hours and/or 24 hours (2.5 and/or 2.5 mg/kg) and 1 hour (1 mg/kg), respectively], reaching full suppression with the double-dose regimen of reserpine and single dose of haloperidol. As expected, none of these substances by themselves were noticeable changed group mice activity or stereotypic behavior. The effects of test amines and catecholamine-modulating agents on stereotypy were assessed by rating the sequentially occurring behaviors: increased exploratory behavior with increased sniffing; occasional side-to-side head weaving; paw-licking and other grooming; gnawing, fighting and continuous side-to-side head weaving, and periodic episodes of "popcorn" behavior, during which all mice in the cage ran, jumped, and vocalized. In general, rank efficacy in eliciting stereotype aligned with rank efficacy in affecting group cage behavior. Our results show that a number of as yet little studied monomethylated and monohalogenated PEA analogs share a similar behavioral profile with PEA and AMPH. Behavioral changes observed appear to be, at least in part, mediated by catecholaminergic mechanism as they are modulated by drugs known to influence catecholamine activity. PEA analogs provide a large number of clinically useful drugs; whether further studies on these novel amines will lead to the rational design of newer, safer, and effective PEA-class drugs remains to be seen.
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Beauchamp GA, Johnson AR, Crouch BI, Valento M, Horowitz BZ, Hendrickson RG. A Retrospective Study of Clinical Effects of Powdered Caffeine Exposures Reported to Three US Poison Control Centers. J Med Toxicol 2016; 12:295-300. [PMID: 27043735 PMCID: PMC4996785 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anhydrous caffeine, often sold on the Internet as a powdered caffeine product, is sold as "pure caffeine" to be used as an additive to beverages and has also been used as an ingredient in energy supplement products. METHODS This is a retrospective multiple-poison center chart review of calls regarding powdered caffeine to poison centers covering Oregon, Alaska, Guam, Washington, and Utah between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2015. RESULTS There were 40 calls to three poison centers over 30 months for powdered caffeine exposure. The majority of patients were over age 19 (52.5 %; 21/40) and male (70 %; 28/40). Sixty percent (24/40) of the patients were symptomatic but only 10 % (4/40) required admission; 52.5 % (21/40) of the patient calls were for inadvertent overdose of powdered caffeine; one patient overdosed in a self-harm attempt. DISCUSSION Powdered caffeine calls to three poison centers during a 30-month study period were rare, and severe caffeine toxicity due to exposure was found in few patients. The majority of symptoms were reported after an inadvertent powdered caffeine overdose. CONCLUSIONS An analysis of calls to three poison centers for powdered caffeine found that exposures were uncommon, but did result in toxicity, and highlighted that the lack of clear dosing instructions on product packaging may place patients at risk of inadvertent overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Beauchamp
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Oregon, Alaska and Guam Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Amberly R Johnson
- Utah Poison Control Center, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Barbara I Crouch
- Utah Poison Control Center, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew Valento
- Washington Poison Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B Zane Horowitz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Oregon, Alaska and Guam Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
- Utah Poison Control Center, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert G Hendrickson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Oregon, Alaska and Guam Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
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Henning A. Challenges to promoting health for amateur athletes through anti-doping policy. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016; 24:306-313. [PMID: 28736489 DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2016.1208732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-doping regulations are intended, at least in part, to promote the health of athletes. While most anti-doping efforts target elite and professional competitors, there have been recent moves by sport governing bodies to expand anti-doping testing to include amateur athletes. Drawing on previous critiques of anti-doping policies and illustrating cases, this article outlines five of the challenges to health promotion of applying the current detect and ban model to the amateur level of sport. I argue that the current approach is not effective and, in some ways, may undermine the goal of health promotion at the amateur level. In order to address these challenges, I propose alternative, health-centred strategies that focus on athlete empowerment and choice through critical awareness of a variety of substances, associated risks and rewards, and the role of expertise in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Henning
- Behavioral Sciences Training, National Development and Research Institutes, New York, NY, USA
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Pawar RS, Grundel E. Overview of regulation of dietary supplements in the USA and issues of adulteration with phenethylamines (PEAs). Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:500-517. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Pawar
- Office of Regulatory Science; Center for Food Safety Applied Nutrition; College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Erich Grundel
- Office of Regulatory Science; Center for Food Safety Applied Nutrition; College Park MD 20740 USA
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Cohen PA, Avula B, Venhuis B, Travis JC, Wang YH, Khan IA. Pharmaceutical doses of the banned stimulant oxilofrine found in dietary supplements sold in the USA. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:135-142. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Cohen
- Department of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance; Somerville MA 02143 USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University; MS 38677 USA
| | - Bastiaan Venhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven Netherlands
| | | | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University; MS 38677 USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University; MS 38677 USA
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40
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Hachem R, Assemat G, Martins N, Balayssac S, Gilard V, Martino R, Malet-Martino M. Proton NMR for detection, identification and quantification of adulterants in 160 herbal food supplements marketed for weight loss. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:34-47. [PMID: 26928212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
One hundred and sixty food supplements (FS) marketed for weight loss and mainly purchased on the Internet were analyzed. All the FS were claimed as 100% natural containing only natural compounds, plant extracts and/or vitamins and the presence of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was never mentioned. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was used for detecting the presence of adulterants and for their identification and quantification. Mass spectrometry was used as a complementary method for supporting their identification. Among the 164 samples considered because capsules from 5 different blisters of the same FS were analyzed, 56% were tainted with six API. Forty three contained sibutramine as single adulterant (26%), 9 phenolphthalein (6%) and 23 a mixture of these API (14%) that were both withdrawn from the market several years ago because of toxicity concerns. Sildenafil was found in 12 samples, either as a single adulterant (n=5) or in combination with sibutramine (n=3), phenolphthalein (n=3) and both sibutramine and phenolphthalein (n=1). Fluoxetine was present in 4 formulations, alone (n=3) or in combination with sibutramine and orlistat (n=1). At last, lorcaserine was detected in one FS. The content of sibutramine per dosage unit was comprised between 0.1 and 22 mg and that of phenolphthalein between 0.05 and 56 mg. The study also highlights poor manufacturing practices as evidenced for instance by the variability of API in capsules from different blisters of the same box. This paper demonstrates the need for more effective quality control of weight loss FS and the efficiency of (1)H NMR spectroscopy for the detection of tainted FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Hachem
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Gaëtan Assemat
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Martins
- Service commun de spectrométrie de masse, Université de Toulouse, UPS, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Stéphane Balayssac
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Gilard
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Robert Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Myriam Malet-Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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41
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Cohen PA, Venhuis BJ, Brandt SD. Advancing supplement science: challenges and solutions. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:e1–3. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bastiaan J. Venhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9 3721 MA Bilthoven the Netherlands
| | - Simon D. Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
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Beauchamp GA, Lin T, Zeng WZD, Hendrickson RG, Gerona R. Quantitative analysis of powdered caffeine products purchased from the Internet using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016; 54:339-43. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2016.1138225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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Rasmussen N, Keizers PHJ. History full circle: 'Novel' sympathomimetics in supplements. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:283-6. [PMID: 27072841 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since the banning of ephedrine in over-the-counter nutritional supplements a decade ago, a plethora of untested and/or unsafe sympathomimetic stimulants have taken its place. This paper argues that these 'novel' stimulants in supplements recapitulate the work of synthetic chemists at commercial pharmaceutical firms during the 1930s and 1940s, all seeking substitutes for recently successful products based on ephedrine and amphetamine. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rasmussen
- School of Humanities & Languages, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Peter H J Keizers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan, 9, 3721, MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Wójtowicz M, Jarek A, Chajewska K, Turek-Lepa E, Kwiatkowska D. Determination of designer doping agent – 2-ethylamino-1-phenylbutane – in dietary supplements and excretion study following single oral supplement dose. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:523-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Liu Y, Santillo MF. Cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 enzyme inhibition by amine stimulants in dietary supplements. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:307-10. [PMID: 26360628 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A number of dietary supplements used for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement have been recently shown to contain a variety of stimulants, for which there is a lack of pharmacological and toxicological information. One concern for these emerging compounds is their potential to inhibit metabolic enzymes in the liver such as cytochromes P450 (CYP), which can lead to unexpected interactions among dietary supplements, drugs, and other xenobiotics. In this study, inhibition of human recombinant CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 by 27 amine stimulants associated with dietary supplements and their analogs was evaluated by luminescence assays. The strongest CYP2D6 inhibitors were coclaurine (IC50 = 0.14 ± 0.01 μM) and N-benzylphenethylamine (IC50 = 0.7 ± 0.2 μM), followed by several other relatively strong inhibitors (IC50 , 2-12 μM) including β-methylphenethylamine, N,β-dimethylphenethylamine (phenpromethamine), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA), N,α-diethylphenethylamine, higenamine (norcoclaurine) and N,N-diethylphenethylamine. Only nine compounds inhibited CYP3A4 by 20-55% at 100 μM. Results of this study illustrate that several amine stimulants associated with dietary supplements inhibit CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in vitro, and these compounds may participate in adverse drug-dietary supplement interactions in vivo. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Michael F Santillo
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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46
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Brown DH, Hansson R, Oosthuizen F, Sumner N. β
‐Methylphenylethylamines: common fragmentation pathways with amphetamines in electrospray ionization collision‐induced dissociation. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:344-50. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Brown
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
- Department of ChemistryCurtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
| | - Robert Hansson
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
| | - Francois Oosthuizen
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
| | - Nathan Sumner
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
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47
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Cohen PA, Bloszies C, Yee C, Gerona R. An amphetamine isomer whose efficacy and safety in humans has never been studied, β‐methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), is found in multiple dietary supplements. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:328-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Cohen
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance Somerville MA 02143 USA
| | | | - Caleb Yee
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco CA 94143 USA
| | - Roy Gerona
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco CA 94143 USA
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Gurley BJ, Steelman SC, Thomas SL. Multi-ingredient, Caffeine-containing Dietary Supplements: History, Safety, and Efficacy. Clin Ther 2015; 37:275-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Santillo MF. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) by α-ethylphenethylamine and N,α-diethylphenethylamine, two compounds related to dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:265-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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