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Li X, Jiang L, Di B, Hu C. Preparation of amphiphilic poly(divinylbenzene- co-N-vinylpyrrolidone)-functionalized polydopamine magnetic nanoadsorbents for enrichment of synthetic cannabinoids in wastewater. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3968-3982. [PMID: 38853581 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), which are among the most often trafficked and used illegal substances. An analytical method that holds promise for determining illicit drug use in the general population is wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Unfortunately, the concentration of SCs in wastewater is often extremely low on account of their hydrophobic nature, thus presenting a significant obstacle to the accurate detection and quantification of SCs using WBE. In this study, we present novel magnetic nanomaterials as amphiphilic adsorbents for pretreatment of wastewater using magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE). Polydopamine-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles were used as the magnetic core and further functionalized with poly(divinylbenzene-N-vinylpyrrolidone). Coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, an analytical method to simultaneously detect nine SCs at trace-levels in wastewater was developed and validated, enriching 50 mL wastewater to 100 μL with limits of detection (LOD) being 0.005-0.5 ng L-1, limits of quantification (LOQ) being 0.01-1.0 ng L-1, recoveries ranging from 73.99 to 110.72%, and the intra- and inter-day precision's relative standard deviations less than 15%. In comparison to the time-consuming conventional column-based solid phase extraction, the entire MSPE procedure from sample pre-treatment to data acquisition could be finished in one hour, thus largely facilitating the WBE method for drug surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Le Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bin Di
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chi Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Zhu Z, Wang L, Jia Y, Duan S, Li S, Jiang L, Lin X, Yan F, Hou C, Hu C, Di B. Magnetic Liposomes Infused with GPCR-Expressing Cell Membrane for Targeted Extraction Using Minimum Organic Solvent: An Investigative Study of Trace THC in Sewage. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12613-12622. [PMID: 37583350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Trace analysis of lipophilic substances in complex environmental, food, or biological matrices has proven to be a challenge, on account of their high susceptibility to adsorption by particulate matter and liquid-solid interfaces. For this purpose, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is often employed as the separation method, which uses water-immiscible organic solvents. As an alternative, magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) allows for adsorption, separation, and recovery of analytes from large volumes of aqueous samples with minimum usage of organic solvents. However, the poor selectivity hampers its performance in various scenarios, especially in sewage samples where complicated and unpredictable interference exists, resulting in block of the active adsorption sites of the sorbent. To this end, we propose receptor-affinity MSPE employing magnetic liposomes decorated with cell membranes expressing G-protein-coupled receptor as the sorbents. Application of the novel sorbent CM@Lip@Fe infused with CB1 cannabinoid receptors was demonstrated for the targeted extraction and enrichment of tetrahydrocannabinol from sewage matrix. Thanks to the high affinity and molecular selectivity of the ligand-receptor interactions, a limit of quantitation of 5.17 ng/L was achieved coupled with HPLC-MS/MS in unfiltered raw sewage, featuring minimum usage of organic solvents, fivefold enhanced sensitivity, low sorbent dosage (75 mg/L of sewage), and high efficiency as major advantages over conventional LLE. This work establishes a framework for efficient separation of specific molecules from complex media, thus promising to extend and refine standard LLE as the clean-up procedure for trace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Zhu
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lancheng Wang
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yan Jia
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shiqi Duan
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Siyu Li
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Le Jiang
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Lin
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fang Yan
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chenzhi Hou
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chi Hu
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Bin Di
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
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Atasoy Aydin A, Gören İE, Yavuz Guzel E, Daglioglu N. Method development, validation, and application for simultaneous determination of 56 new psychoactive substances in surface water by LC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:85920-85929. [PMID: 37394566 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite preventive legislation, the popularity and consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have been steadily increasing in recent years. This study provides a rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation and the detection of 56 NPS from surface water. Sample clean-up and pre-concentration were performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB (6 cc/500 mg) cartridge. Following the chromatographic separation with Shim-pack FC-ODS column, the all substances were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was optimized and validated for all NPS. Despite the wide variety of physicochemical properties of the analytes, the recoveries for all compounds studied were in the range of 69-117%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 2.5 to 15 ng/L was reached for reliable and accurate quantification of analytes. The analytical method developed was successfully applied to the surface water samples. While synthetic cannabinoids were not detected, mephedrone from the synthetic cathinone group was detected under the LOQ. This novel method was expected to be a part of future environmental routine analyses as a satisfactory method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Atasoy Aydin
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara University, 06620, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ethem Gören
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara University, 06620, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evsen Yavuz Guzel
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nebile Daglioglu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara University, 06620, Ankara, Turkey.
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Lee HJ, Oh JE. Target and suspect screening of (new) psychoactive substances in South Korean wastewater by LC-HRMS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162613. [PMID: 36871726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are a type of abused drug designed to mimic the effects of the currently known illicit drugs, whose structures are constantly changing to escape surveillance. The quick identification of NPS use in the community therefore demands immediate action. This study aimed to develop a target and suspect screening method using LC-HRMS to identify NPS in wastewater samples. An in-house database of 95 traditional and NPS was built using the reference standards, and an analytical method was developed. Wastewater samples were collected from 29 wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) across South Korea, representing 50 % of the total population. The psychoactive substances in waste water samples were screened using in-house database and developed analytical methods. A total of 14 substances were detected in the target analysis, including three NPS (N-methyl-2-AI, 25E-NBOMe, and 25D-NBOMe) and 11 traditional psychoactive substances and their metabolites (zolpidem phenyl-4-COOH, ephedrine, ritalinic acid, tramadol, phenmetrazine, phendimetrazine, phentermine, methamphetamine, codeine, morphine, and ketamine). Out of these, N-methyl-2-AI, zolpidem phenyl-4-COOH, ephedrine, ritalinic acid, tramadol, phenmetrazine, and phendimetrazine were detected with a detection frequency of over 50 %. Primarily, N-methyl-2-Al was detected in all the wastewater samples. Additionally, four NPSs (amphetamine-N-propyl, benzydamine, isoethcathinone, methoxyphenamine) were tentatively identified at level 2b in a suspect screening analysis. This is the most comprehensive study to investigate NPS using target and suspect analysis methods at the national level. This study raises a need for continuous monitoring of NPS in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon-Jun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Institute for Environmental and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Chen S, Qie Y, Hua Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Di B, Su M. Preparation of poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)-functionalized magnetic polydopamine nanoparticles for the extraction of six cannabinoids in wastewater followed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Talanta 2023; 264:124752. [PMID: 37276675 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids and their synthetic analogs (natural and synthetic cannabinoids) are illicit drugs that are widely abused worldwide. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an objective approach for the estimation of population-level exposure to a wide range of substances, especially drugs of abuse. However, the concentrations of cannabinoids in wastewater are extremely low (frequently at the levels of nanograms per liter), and the existing pretreatment procedures for wastewater have the disadvantages of time-consumption or low extraction recoveries. This study aimed to propose a novel poly (methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)-functionalized polydopamine-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticle (Fe3O4@PDA@poly (MAA-co-EGDMA)) as an adsorbent, and provide a highly sensitive quantitative analytical technique for the detection of five synthetic cannabinoids (SCs: 5 F-EDMB-PINACA, FUB-APINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, and PB-22) and one cannabis-related human metabolite (THC-COOH) in wastewater. The magnetic adsorbents were fully characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Subsequently, an MSPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of six trace analytes in wastewater. The validation results showed that the method has limits of quantification as low as 0.1-1.0 ng/L. Additionally, the recoveries ranged from 62.81 to 124.02%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intraday and interday precision were less than 15%. This MSPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to real wastewater samples, and the whole analytical process of one sample from pretreatment to the obtained quantitative results was completed in less than 30 min. Thus, the proposed method based on Fe3O4@PDA@poly (MAA-co-EGDMA) is a convenient, rapid, sensitive and reliable method for the determination of trace psychoactive drugs in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yiqi Qie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhendong Hua
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100741, China
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Youmei Wang
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100741, China.
| | - Bin Di
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Mengxiang Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Pilařová V, Hadysová Z, Švec F, Nováková L. Supercritical fluids in analysis of cannabinoids in various Cannabis products. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1232:340452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Campos-Mañas MC, Van Wichelen N, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN, Ort C, Béen F, Castiglioni S, Hernández F, Bijlsma L. Analytical investigation of cannabis biomarkers in raw urban wastewater to refine consumption estimates. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:119020. [PMID: 36049245 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) biomarkers can provide essential information on trends in cannabis consumption. Although analysis is mostly focused on the aqueous phase, previous studies have illustrated the need of improving the measurements of raw influent wastewater (IWW) considering also suspended solids. This is important for cannabis biomarkers, because a substantial part of them is expected to be found in the suspended solids due to their more lipophilic character compared with other metabolites/drugs included in these types of studies. However, it remains open to which extent trend estimates might be affected by solely analysing the liquid phase. To investigate this aspect, robust analytical methodologies are required to measure both the liquid and solid phases of IWW. In this work, we firstly tested liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for THC and its major metabolites (THCOH, and THCCOOH). Using LLE, no filtration or centrifugation step was required for raw IWW analysis, and the three analytes were extracted from both the liquid and the solid phase simultaneously. In parallel, the raw IWW was centrifuged and the obtained solid and liquid phases were analyzed separately: the liquid phase by both LLE and solid phase extraction (SPE) for comparison of data, and the suspended solids by solid-liquid extraction (SLE). The separate analysis of both phases in a number of samples revealed that a significant amount of cannabis biomarkers (ranging from 42 to 90%) was found in the suspended solids. In addition, the total amount of cannabis biomarkers obtained by analysing raw IWW on the one hand, and by separate analysis of the liquid and the solid phases, on the other hand, was in good agreement. Data from this study show that the sole analysis of the liquid phase would lead to a notable underestimation of cannabis biomarkers concentrations in IWW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Celia Campos-Mañas
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Christoph Ort
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Béen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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Pandopulos AJ, Simpson BS, Bade R, O'Brien JW, Yadav MK, White JM, Gerber C. A method and its application to determine the amount of cannabinoids in sewage sludge and biosolids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59652-59664. [PMID: 34143389 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic cannabinoids (phyto and synthetic) are highly lipophilic compounds and have been shown to accumulate within the particulate fraction of wastewater. Limited research has been conducted to investigate the occurrence of cannabinoids in sewage sludge and/or biosolids. The analysis of excreted cannabinoids from sewage sludge or biosolids can provide information about community health, as well as potentially long-term environmental impacts. In this study, a liquid-liquid extraction method was developed for the extraction and detection method for 50 cannabinoids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, including the cannabis urinary biomarker 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and a variety of different generation synthetic cannabinoids and their respective metabolites. Method validation assessed criteria including linearity, selectivity, recovery, and matrix effects. The method was applied to samples collected from a conventional activated sludge reactor treatment facility from various stages of the treatment process. Three cannabinoids were abundant in primary sludge including THC, THC-COOH, and CBD, where THC was the most ubiquitous with concentrations up to 3200 μg kg-1. Only THC and THC-COOH were detectable in aged biosolids. The detection of some cannabinoids in biosolids demonstrated that these compounds are stable throughout the treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Pandopulos
- Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Bradley S Simpson
- Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Meena K Yadav
- Allwater, Adelaide Services Alliance, 77 Wakefield Street, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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9
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Hehet P, Köke N, Zahn D, Frömel T, Rößler T, Knepper TP, Pütz M. Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and their human metabolites in sewage water: Stability assessment and identification of transformation products. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1758-1767. [PMID: 34272823 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since their first appearance in 2008, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) remain the most popular new psychoactive substances (NPS) in the EU. Following consumption, these drugs and their metabolites are urinary excreted and enter the sewage system enabling the application of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Knowing the fate of target analytes in sewage water is essential for successful application of WBE. This study investigates the stability of several chemically diverse SCRAs and selected human metabolites under sewage conditions utilizing a combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Target analytes included SCRAs with indole (5F-PB-22, PB-22 pentanoic acid), indazole (AMB-FUBINACA, 5F-ADB, 5F-ADB dimethylbutanoic acid), carbazole (MDMB-CHMCZCA, EG-018), and γ-carboline (Cumyl-PeGaClone) chemical core structures representing most of the basic core structures that have occurred up to now. Stability tests were performed using wastewater effluent containing 5% activated sludge as inoculum to monitor degradation processes and formation of transformation products (TPs). The majority of investigated SCRAs, excluding the selected human metabolites, was recalcitrant to microbial degradation in sewage systems over a period of 29 days. Their stability was rather controlled by physico-chemical processes like sorption and hydrolysis. Considering a typical hydraulic in-sewer retention time of 24 h, the concentration of AMB-FUBINACA decreased by 90% thus representing the most unstable SCRA investigated in this study. Among the 10 newly identified TPs, three could be considered as relevant markers and should be included into future WBE studies to gain further insight into use and prevalence of SCRAs on the drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hehet
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Institute for Analytical Research, Idstein, Germany.,Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Niklas Köke
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Institute for Analytical Research, Idstein, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Institute for Analytical Research, Idstein, Germany
| | - Tobias Frömel
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Institute for Analytical Research, Idstein, Germany
| | - Thorsten Rößler
- Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Institute for Analytical Research, Idstein, Germany
| | - Michael Pütz
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Institute for Analytical Research, Idstein, Germany.,Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
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10
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Nahar L, Uddin SJ, Alam MA, Sarker SD. Extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids: an update. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:228-241. [PMID: 32893413 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic molecules that interact with the cannabinoid receptors are called cannabinoids, which can be endogenous, natural or synthetic compounds. They possess similar pharmacological properties as produced by the plant, Cannabis sativa L. Before cannabinoids can be analysed, they need to be extracted from the matrices. OBJECTIVE To review literature on the methods and protocols for the extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids. METHODOLOGY An extensive literature search was performed incorporating several databases, notably, Web of Knowledge, PubMed and Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials. The keywords used in the search, in various combinations, with cannabinoids and extraction being present in all combinations, were Cannabis, hemp, cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, and extraction. RESULTS In addition to classical maceration with organic solvents, e.g. ethanol, pressurised solvent extraction, solvent heat reflux, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction, are routinely used nowadays for the extraction of cannabinoids from plant materials and cannabis consumer products. For the extraction of cannabinoids from biological samples, e.g. human blood, and also from food and beverages, and wastewater, solid-phase extraction and its variants, as well as liquid-liquid extraction are commonly used. Parameters for extraction can be optimised by response surface methodology or other mathematical modelling tools. There are at least six US patents on extraction of cannabinoids available to date. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of the extraction method, extraction temperature, extraction time and extraction pressure play a vital role in overall yield of extraction. Solvent polarity can also be an important factor in some extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashraful Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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11
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Qamar S, Torres YJM, Parekh HS, Robert Falconer J. Extraction of medicinal cannabinoids through supercritical carbon dioxide technologies: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1167:122581. [PMID: 33639334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical importance of cannabis is growing due to the natural non-psychoactive and psychoactive cannabinoids. For medicinal and forensic purposes, the effective extraction and quantification are essential to fully utilise the natural cannabinoids. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process has gained increasing interest due to its selective extraction, short processing time (partly due to the efficient solvent removal process - supercritical fluid to vapour - leaving a solvent free product), low running cost, and low impact on the environment, compared to that of most conventional extraction methods. In this review, the extraction of cannabinoids through SFE methods have been summarised. The advantages of SFE of cannabinoids over conventional extraction procedures; such as microwave-assisted extraction, solid phase microextraction, hard-cap espresso, soxhlet extraction, high-throughput homogenization, ultrasound-assisted extraction, vacuum distillation of lipid-based extract, and liquid-liquid extraction are discussed. Furthermore, this review examines the importance of the SFE of cannabinoids by coupling with various conventional extraction methods, separation techniques, selection of a suitable co-solvent/modifier, and appropriate sample preparation. Additionally, the applications of using SFE technology and cannabinoids are reviewed with a focus on industrial, pharmaceutical, waste by-products, and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Qamar
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yady J M Torres
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Harendra S Parekh
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James Robert Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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12
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Chen X, Wu X, Luan T, Jiang R, Ouyang G. Sample preparation and instrumental methods for illicit drugs in environmental and biological samples: A review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1640:461961. [PMID: 33582515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of illicit drugs in the environmental samples has been challenged as the consumption increases globally. Current review examines the recent developments and applications of sample preparation techniques for illicit drugs in solid, liquid, and gas samples. For solid samples, traditional sample preparation methods such as liquid-phase extraction, solid-phase extraction, and the ones with external energy including microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted, and pressurized liquid extraction were commonly used. The sample preparation methods mainly applied for liquid samples were microextraction techniques including solid-phase microextraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction, and so on. Capillary microextraction of volatiles and airborne particulate sampling were primarily utilized to extract illicit drugs from gas samples. Besides, the paper introduced recently developed instrumental techniques applied to detect illicit drugs. Liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry and gas chromatograph mass spectrometry were the most widely used methods for illicit drugs samples. In addition, the development of ambient mass spectrometry techniques, such as desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and paper spray mass spectrometry, created potential for rapid in-situ analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlv Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and safety, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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13
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Stereoselective analysis of ephedrine and its stereoisomers as impurities and/or by-products in seized methamphetamine by supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 318:110591. [PMID: 33246868 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In forensic science, drug profiling is clarifying the identity of seized drugs of abuse based on their physicochemical properties and it is applied to various drugs, including crystalline methamphetamine. Impurity analysis is particularly important in drug profiling because the impurities can be a measure for speculating how the methamphetamine was synthesized in the clandestine laboratories. However, developments in scientific techniques have allowed the synthesis of high-purity, homogeneous crystalline methamphetamine, and thus new techniques to characterize methamphetamine are needed. In this study, we developed a method for chiral separation of ephedrine and its stereoisomers by supercritical fluid chromatography. Ephedrine is a common starting compound for methamphetamine synthesis. It possesses two chiral center carbon atoms and has four stereoisomers, (1R,2S)-(-)-ephedrine, (1S,2R)-(+)-ephedrine, (1S,2S)-(+)-pseudoephedrine, and (1R,2R)-(-)-pseudoephedrine. Because the stereostructure of ephedrines contained in methamphetamine seizure reflects the starting materials and the synthetic pathways, the stereoisomer ratio will provide additional information for drug profiling. The developed method achieved rapid separation of four isomers in about 11min with low limits of detection (1pg on column). Due to a switching valve connecting a chromatograph to a mass spectrometer, dense methamphetamine sample solutions containing small amount of ephedrines could be analyzed directly with a simple pre-treatment. Using multivariate analysis, 44 real samples were objectively grouped based on stereoisomer ratio. Our method is expected to improve the profiling of crystalline methamphetamine.
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Bijlsma L, Bade R, Been F, Celma A, Castiglioni S. Perspectives and challenges associated with the determination of new psychoactive substances in urine and wastewater - A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1145:132-147. [PMID: 33453874 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS), often designed as (legal) substitutes to conventional illicit drugs, are constantly emerging in the drug market and being commercialized in different ways and forms. Their use continues to cause public health problems and is therefore of major concern in many countries. Monitoring NPS use, however, is arduous and different sources of information are required to get more insight of the prevalence and diffusion of NPS use. The determination of NPS in pooled urine and wastewater has shown great potential, adding a different and complementary light on this issue. However, it also presents analytical challenges and limitations that must be taken into account such as the complexity of the matrices, the high sensitivity and selectivity required in the analytical methods as a consequence of the low analyte concentrations as well as the rapid transience of NPS on the drug market creating a scenario with constantly moving analytical targets. Analytical investigation of NPS in pooled urine and wastewater is based on liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry and can follow different strategies: target, suspect and non-target analysis. This work aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different data acquisition workflows and data exploration approaches in mass spectrometry, but also pays attention to new developments such as ion mobility and the use of in-silico prediction tools to improve the identification capabilities in high-complex samples. This tutorial gives an insight into this emerging topic of current concern, and describes the experience gathered within different collaborations and projects supported by key research articles and illustrative practical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - R Bade
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - F Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - A Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - S Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 20156, Milan, Italy
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15
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Pandopulos AJ, Bade R, O'Brien JW, Tscharke BJ, Mueller JF, Thomas K, White JM, Gerber C. Towards an efficient method for the extraction and analysis of cannabinoids in wastewater. Talanta 2020; 217:121034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Nahar L, Onder A, Sarker SD. A review on the recent advances in HPLC, UHPLC and UPLC analyses of naturally occurring cannabinoids (2010-2019). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:413-457. [PMID: 31849137 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors are called cannabinoids, and they have similar pharmacological properties like the plant, Cannabis sativa L. Hyphenated liquid chromatography (LC), incorporating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, also known as ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography, UHPLC), usually coupled to an ultraviolet (UV), UV-photodiode array (PDA) or mass spectrometry (MS) detector, has become a popular analytical tool for the analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids in various matrices. OBJECTIVE To review literature on the use of various LC-based analytical methods for the analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids published since 2010. METHODOLOGY A comprehensive literature search was performed utilising several databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed and Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with cannabinoids being present in all combinations, in the search were Cannabis, hemp, cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, analysis, HPLC, UHPLC, UPLC, quantitative, qualitative and quality control. RESULTS Since 2010, several LC methods for the analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids have been reported. While simple HPLC-UV or HPLC-UV-PDA-based methods were common in cannabinoids analysis, HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS, UPLC (or UHPLC)-UV-PDA, UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS and UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS/MS, were also used frequently. Applications of mathematical and computational models for optimisation of different protocols were observed, and pre-analyses included various environmentally friendly extraction protocols. CONCLUSIONS LC-based analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids has dominated the cannabinoids analysis during the last 10 years, and UPLC and UHPLC methods have been shown to be superior to conventional HPLC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alev Onder
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Bijlsma L, Burgard DA, Been F, Ort C, Matias J, Yargeau V. The estimation of cannabis consumption through wastewater analysis. ANALYSIS OF CANNABIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Supercritical fluid chromatography – Mass spectrometry: Recent evolution and current trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Pilařová V, Plachká K, Khalikova MA, Svec F, Nováková L. Recent developments in supercritical fluid chromatography – mass spectrometry: Is it a viable option for analysis of complex samples? Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Gonçalves J, Rosado T, Soares S, Simão AY, Caramelo D, Luís Â, Fernández N, Barroso M, Gallardo E, Duarte AP. Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E31. [PMID: 30813390 PMCID: PMC6473697 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the medicinal properties of Cannabis species have been known for centuries, the interest on its main active secondary metabolites as therapeutic alternatives for several pathologies has grown in recent years. This potential use has been a revolution worldwide concerning public health, production, use and sale of cannabis, and has led inclusively to legislation changes in some countries. The scientific advances and concerns of the scientific community have allowed a better understanding of cannabis derivatives as pharmacological options in several conditions, such as appetite stimulation, pain treatment, skin pathologies, anticonvulsant therapy, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. However, there is some controversy regarding the legal and ethical implications of their use and routes of administration, also concerning the adverse health consequences and deaths attributed to marijuana consumption, and these represent some of the complexities associated with the use of these compounds as therapeutic drugs. This review comprehends the main secondary metabolites of Cannabis, approaching their therapeutic potential and applications, as well as their potential risks, in order to differentiate the consumption as recreational drugs. There will be also a focus on the analytical methodologies for their analysis, in order to aid health professionals and toxicologists in cases where these compounds are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Soares
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Y Simão
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Débora Caramelo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ângelo Luís
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Nicolás Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Toxicología y Química Legal, Laboratorio de Asesoramiento Toxicológico Analítico (CENATOXA). Junín 956 7mo piso. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Paula Duarte
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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21
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Bade R, Tscharke BJ, White JM, Grant S, Mueller JF, O'Brien J, Thomas KV, Gerber C. LC-HRMS suspect screening to show spatial patterns of New Psychoactive Substances use in Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2181-2187. [PMID: 30290358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) are an ever-changing class of compounds designed to imitate the effects of current recreational drugs. Such a diverse market is difficult to assess by traditional means, while collected information can become obsolete before it is available. Wastewater-based epidemiology is one technique which can capture information on where and when NPS appear at the community level. The aim of this study was to identify NPS in wastewater samples using a suspect screening approach. Weekend samples were collected from 50 wastewater treatment plants from Australian capital cities and regional areas across all eight States and Territories and screened against a database containing almost 200 NPS. A total of 22 different NPS were found across all regional and metropolitan wastewater treatment plants. Results showed that the most detected compounds were of the cathinone class, with both Alpha-PVP and methcathinone found in every region. In addition, five different synthetic cannabinoids were detected, at least once in half of the regions analysed. Herein, we report the first comprehensive nationwide analysis of NPS and show the utility of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry screening for delivering spatial information of the NPS being consumed in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Sharon Grant
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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23
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Rapid analysis of tristyrylphenol ethoxylates in cucumber-field system using supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2018; 266:119-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Bade R, Stockham P, Painter B, Celma A, Bijlsma L, Hernandez F, White JM, Gerber C. Investigating the appearance of new psychoactive substances in South Australia using wastewater and forensic data. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:250-256. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide 5001 Australia
| | - Peter Stockham
- Forensic Science SA; GPO Box 2790 Adelaide 5001 Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Ben Painter
- Forensic Science SA; GPO Box 2790 Adelaide 5001 Australia
| | - Alberto Celma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water; University Jaume I; Avda. Sos Baynat s/n E-12071 Castellon Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water; University Jaume I; Avda. Sos Baynat s/n E-12071 Castellon Spain
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water; University Jaume I; Avda. Sos Baynat s/n E-12071 Castellon Spain
| | - Jason M. White
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide 5001 Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide 5001 Australia
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25
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Characterization of Novel Polymer-Based Pyridine Stationary Phases for Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Shulaev V, Isaac G. Supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry – A metabolomics perspective. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1092:499-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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27
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Current trends in supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6441-6457. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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