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Hoeffner C, Worek F, Amend N. Effects of organophosphates on precision-cut kidney slices. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:855-866. [PMID: 38745427 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2356184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning, both accidental and with suicidal intent, is a global medical challenge. While the primary toxicity of these pesticides is based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), case reports describe patients developing OP-mediated renal insufficiency. We set out to investigate possible pathomechanisms utilizing rat precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS). Depending on the method of investigation, PCKS were observed for a maximum of 10 days. PCKS exposed to OP compounds (malaoxon, malathion, paraoxon, parathion) showed a dose-dependent loss of viability and a reduction of total protein content over the course of 10 days. A concentration of 500 µM OP showed the most differences between OP compounds. After two days of incubation parathion showed a significantly lower level of viability than malathion. The respective effects of paraoxon and malaoxon were not significantly different from the control. However, effects of OP were only observed in concentrations exceeding those that were needed to achieve significant AChE inhibition in rat kidney tissue. In addition, we observed histological changes, without inducing LDH leakage. Overall, results suggest that OP exert effects in kidney tissue, that exceed those expected from the sole inhibition of AChE and vary between compounds. Without signs of necrosis, findings call for studies that address other possible pathomechanisms, including inflammatory response, oxidative stress or activation of apoptosis to further understand the nephrotoxicity of OP compounds. Monitoring oxon concentration over time, we demonstrated reduced enzyme-inhibiting properties in the presence of PCKS, suggesting interactions between OP compound and kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hoeffner
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - F Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - N Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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2
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Wang L, Liu J, Gui W, Zhang R, Li X, Fang L, Li H, Pan D, Ye W. Molecular interaction mechanisms on (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate improving activities of inhibited acetylcholinesterase by selected organophosphorus pesticides in vitro & vivo. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22296. [PMID: 39333189 PMCID: PMC11436701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is reported to have benefits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease by binding with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to enhance the cholinergic neurotransmission. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) inhibited AChE and damaged the nervous system. This study investigated the combined effects of EGCG and OPs on AChE activities in vitro & vivo. The results indicated that EGCG significantly reversed the inhibition of AChE caused by OPs. In vitro, EGCG reactived AChE in three group tubes incubated for 110 min, and in vivo, it increased the relative activities of AChE from less than 20% to over 70% in brain and vertebral of zebrafish during the exposure of 34 h. The study also proposed the molecular interaction mechanisms through the reactive kinetics and computational analyses of density functional theory, molecular docking, and dynamic modeling. These analyses suggested that EGCG occupied the key residues, preventing OPs from binding to the catalytic center of AChE, and interfering with the initial affinity of OPs to the central active site. Hydrogen bonding, conjugation, and steric interactions were identified as playing important roles in the molecular interactions. The work suggests that EGCG antagonized the inhibitions of OPs on AChE activities and potentially offered the neuroprotection against the induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wenqian Gui
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Xinmei Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Liancheng Fang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Dandan Pan
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wenling Ye
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
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3
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Ghasemi SG, Khoshrou A, Kakhki S, Shirinzadeh Feizabadi A, Masoudi M, Bagherifar F, Beheshti F. Ascorbic Acid Supplementation Improves Adolescent Stress-induced Cognitive Impairment Through Restoration of Behavioral, Biochemical and Electrophysiological Alterations in Male Rats. Neuroscience 2024; 549:55-64. [PMID: 38718917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The present research study aimed to investigate the role of Ascorbic acid (AA) on synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory impairment induced by unpredicted chronic mild stress (CUMS) in adolescent male rats. Adolescent male rats were divided into: 1) vehicle, 2) CUMS, 3-5) CUMS plus various doses of AA by oral gavage (CUMS-10/100/400 mg/kg), and 6) AA400 mg/kg by oral gavage. In Morris Water Maze, the time latency decreased, while the time spent in the target quadrant increased in CUMS group treated with AA at the dose of 400 mg/kg. In passive avoidance, the latency of entering into the dark chamber decreased in CUMS group treated with AA (400 mg/kg). In biochemical test results, nitrite and MDA significantly decreased, while thiol content, SOD, and catalase activity in CUMS group that received AA400mg/kg was increased. IL-10, BDNF and Ki67 increased, while TNF-a and AChE activity were decreased in CUMS group treated with AA simultaneously. The results of our study showed that chronic stress during adolescence could cause learning and memory disorders as well as synaptic plasticity. In addition, we showed that AA can prevent this problem by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, increasing the amount of BDNF, and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Gul Ghasemi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plant, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Khoshrou
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Kakhki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Atefeh Shirinzadeh Feizabadi
- Department of Medical Anesthesiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Maha Masoudi
- Vice Chancellery of Education and Research, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Faezeh Bagherifar
- Vice Chancellery of Education and Research, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
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Mohan MK, Thorat K, Puthiyapurayil TP, Sunnapu O, Chandrashekharappa S, Ravula V, Khader R, Sankaranarayanan A, Muhammad H, Vemula PK. Oxime-functionalized anti-insecticide fabric reduces insecticide exposure through dermal and nasal routes, and prevents insecticide-induced neuromuscular-dysfunction and mortality. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4844. [PMID: 38844466 PMCID: PMC11156901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Farmers from South Asian countries spray insecticides without protective gear, which leads to insecticide exposure through dermal and nasal routes. Acetylcholinesterase plays a crucial role in controlling neuromuscular function. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, which leads to severe neuronal/cognitive dysfunction, breathing disorders, loss of endurance, and death. To address this issue, an Oxime-fabric is developed by covalently attaching silyl-pralidoxime to the cellulose of the fabric. The Oxime-fabric, when stitched as a bodysuit and facemask, efficiently deactivates insecticides (organophosphates and carbamates) upon contact, preventing exposure. The Oxime-fabric prevents insecticide-induced neuronal damage, neuro-muscular dysfunction, and loss of endurance. Furthermore, we observe a 100% survival rate in rats when repeatedly exposed to organophosphate-insecticide through the Oxime-fabric, while no survival is seen when organophosphate-insecticide applied directly or through normal fabric. The Oxime-fabric is washable and reusable for at least 50 cycles, providing an affordable solution to prevent insecticide-induced toxicity and lethality among farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Mohan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Ketan Thorat
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Theja Parassini Puthiyapurayil
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkatesh Ravula
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajamohammed Khader
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Aravind Sankaranarayanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS), inStem, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Hadi Muhammad
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Vemula
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (DBT-inStem), GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, Karnataka, India.
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Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Ghasemi S, Rahmani MA, Gharaei M, Mohammadi Bezanaj M, Beheshti F. Oral administration of coenzyme Q10 ameliorates memory impairment induced by nicotine-ethanol abstinence through restoration of biochemical changes in male rat hippocampal tissues. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11413. [PMID: 38762560 PMCID: PMC11102461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Substance abuse among adolescents has become a growing issue throughout the world. The significance of research on this life period is based on the occurrence of neurobiological changes in adolescent brain which makes the individual more susceptible for risk-taking and impulsive behaviors. Alcohol and nicotine are among the most available drugs of abuse in adolescents. Prolonged consumption of nicotine and alcohol leads to drug dependence and withdrawal which induce various dysfunctions such as memory loss. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is known to improve learning and memory deficits induced by various pathological conditions such as Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. In the present study we investigated whether CoQ10 treatment ameliorates memory loss following a nicotine-ethanol abstinence. Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests were done in male Wistar rats undergone nicotine-ethanol abstinence and the effect of CoQ10 was assessed on at behavioral and biochemical levels. Results indicated that nicotine-ethanol abstinence induces memory dysfunction which is associated with increased oxidative and inflammatory response, reduced cholinergic and neurotrophic function plus elevated Amyloid-B levels in hippocampi. CoQ10 treatment prevented memory deficits and biochemical alterations. Interestingly, this ameliorative effect of CoQ10 was found to be dose-dependent in most experiments and almost equipotential to that of bupropion and naloxone co-administration. CoQ10 treatment could effectively improve memory defects induced by nicotine-ethanol consumption through attenuation of oxidative damage, inflammation, amyloid-B level and enhancement of cholinergic and neurotrophic drive. Further studies are required to assess the unknown side effects and high dose tolerability of the drug in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohammad Ahmadi-Soleimani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Seyedalireza Ghasemi
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Torfe Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Amin Rahmani
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Moein Gharaei
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi Bezanaj
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
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Firdaus Z, Gutti G, Ganeshpurkar A, Kumar A, Krishnamurthy S, Singh SK, Singh TD. Centella asiatica improves memory and executive function in middle-aged rats by controlling oxidative stress and cholinergic transmission. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117888. [PMID: 38336185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, is a medicinal herb with rich history of traditional use in Indian subcontinent. This herb has been valued for its diverse range of medicinal properties including memory booster, and also as a folk treatment for skin diseases, wound healing and mild diuretic. AIM OF STUDY Aging is a gradual and continuous process of natural decay in the biological systems, including the brain. This work aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica (CAE) on age-associated cognitive impairments in rats, as well as the underlying mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats were allocated into five distinct groups of 5 animals each: Young rats (3 months old rats), middle-aged (m-aged) rats (13-14 months old), and the remaining three groups were comprised of m-aged rats treated with different concentrations of CAE, viz., 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg b. w., orally for 42 days. Y-maze, open field, novel object recognition, and elevated plus maze tests were used to assess animal behavior. The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assays; and H&E staining were done in the rat brain to assess the biochemical and structural changes. CAE was also subjected to HPLC analysis, in vitro antioxidant and anti-cholinergic activity. The active compounds of CAE were docked with AChE and BuChE in molecular docking study. RESULTS The results showed that CAE treatment improves behavioral performance; attenuates the age-associated increase in MDA content, SOD, and AChE activity; and reduces neuronal loss. In vitro study showed that CAE has concentration-dependent antioxidant and anti-AChE activity. Furthermore, the presence of Asiatic acid and Madecassic acid in CAE and their good binding with cholinergic enzymes (in silico) also suggest the anticholinergic effect of CAE. CONCLUSION The findings of the current study show that the anticholinergic and antioxidant effects of CAE are attributable to the presence of Asiatic acid and Madecassic acid, which not only provide neuroprotection against age-associated cognitive decline but also reverse it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Firdaus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gopichand Gutti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Tryambak Deo Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Lovins AR, Miller KA, Buck AK, Ensey DS, Homoelle RK, Murtha MC, Ward NA, Shanahan LA, Gutti G, Shriwas P, McElroy CA, Callam CS, Hadad CM. 4-Amidophenol Quinone Methide Precursors: Effective and Broad-Scope Nonoxime Reactivators of Organophosphorus-Inhibited Cholinesterases and Resurrectors of Organophosphorus-Aged Acetylcholinesterase. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1813-1827. [PMID: 38621296 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition by organophosphorus (OP) compounds poses a serious health risk to humans. While many therapeutics have been tested for treatment after OP exposure, there is still a need for efficient reactivation against all kinds of OP compounds, and current oxime therapeutics have poor blood-brain barrier penetration into the central nervous system, while offering no recovery in activity from the OP-aged forms of AChE. Herein, we report a novel library of 4-amidophenol quinone methide precursors (QMP) that provide effective reactivation against multiple OP-inhibited forms of AChE in addition to resurrecting the aged form of AChE after exposure to a pesticide or some phosphoramidates. Furthermore, these QMP compounds also reactivate OP-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) which is an in vivo, endogenous scavenger of OP compounds. The in vitro efficacies of these QMP compounds were tested for reactivation and resurrection of soluble forms of human AChE and BChE and for reactivation of cholinesterases within human blood as well as blood and brain samples from a humanized mouse model. We identify compound 10c as a lead candidate due to its broad-scope efficacy against multiple OP compounds as well as both cholinesterases. With methylphosphonates, compound 10c (250 μM, 1 h) shows >60% recovered activity from OEt-inhibited AChE in human blood as well as mouse blood and brain, thus highlighting its potential for future in vivo analysis. For 10c, the effective concentration (EC50) is less than 25 μM for reactivation of three different methylphosphonate-inhibited forms of AChE, with a maximum reactivation yield above 80%. Similarly, for OP-inhibited BChE, 10c has EC50 values that are less than 150 μM for two different methylphosphonate compounds. Furthermore, an in vitro kinetic analysis show that 10c has a 2.2- and 92.1-fold superior reactivation efficiency against OEt-inhibited and OiBu-inhibited AChE, respectively, when compared to an oxime control. In addition to 10c being a potent reactivator of AChE and BChE, we also show that 10c is capable of resurrecting (ethyl paraoxon)-aged AChE, which is another current limitation of oximes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Lovins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kevin A Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anne K Buck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - D Sophia Ensey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rose K Homoelle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Megan C Murtha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nathan A Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Liam A Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Gopichand Gutti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Pratik Shriwas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Craig A McElroy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher S Callam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Seddighi NS, Beheshti F, Masoudi M, Tabrizi AMA, Asl AAH, Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Azizi O. Oral administration of bacterial probiotics improves Helicobacter pylori-induced memory impairment in rats: Insights from behavioral and biochemical investigations. Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114903. [PMID: 38341103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
There are numerous evidence supporting the association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and the occurrence of cognitive deficits in humans. In this regard, treatment of H. pylori infection has been suggested as an effective strategy to decelerate the neurodegenerative processes of memory deficits in AD patients. Numerous studies support the beneficial effects of probiotics on various pathological conditions, particularly cognitive deficits, however, this concern has not been addressed in relation to the memory impairment induced by H. pylori infection. In the present study, we aimed to reveal whether oral administration of two bacterial probiotics (including Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus plantarum), could ameliorate H. pylori-induced memory deficits at behavioral level in rats. Besides, cellular mechanisms were investigated by biochemical methods to find out how probiotic effects are mediated in hippocampal circuitry. Male Wistar rats were infected by H. pylori for 3 consecutive days, then probiotic treatment was done for the next 3 days and after a drug-free period (12 days), animals were assessed by Morris Water Maze and Novel Object Recognition tests. Finally, rats were euthanized by CO2 and hippocampal tissues were excised for biochemical measurements. Results indicated that H. pylori infection markedly impairs memory function in rats which is associated with alterations of oxidative, inflammatory, neurotrophic, and cholinergic markers. Interestingly, treatment with either of the probiotics alone or in combination, significantly improved the H. pylori-induced memory deficits and this was associated with restoration of balance in biochemical factors within the hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Maha Masoudi
- Vice Chancellery for Education and Research, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Ali Tabrizi
- Imam Hossein Educational Hospital, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | | | - S Mohammad Ahmadi-Soleimani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Omid Azizi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
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9
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Emerick GL, da Silva Lima V, Costa BF, Nakamura VHDS, Lentz DV, Bonache JS, Ehrich M. Human blood markers of cholinergic neurotoxicity and neuropathy: A useful guide for laboratory applications. Neurotoxicology 2024; 101:16-25. [PMID: 38224782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are useful markers to assess the effects of exposure to anticholinesterase insecticides (Anti-AChE). In addition, lymphocyte neuropathy target esterase (LNTE) has been used as biomarker of neuropathic organophosphate compounds (OPs). Thus, this study evaluates the main types of circulating biomarkers related to the cholinergic system and to the neuropathy induced by OPs in standardized human samples. To achieve this objective, total protein of human plasma, erythrocytes and lymphocytes were first standardized, and then AChE, BChE and LNTE activities in human blood were evaluated in the presence of inhibitors. The acceptance criteria of the regulatory agency were respected with coefficients of regression of curves of 0.9972 for cholinesterase and 0.9956 for LNTE analyses. The wavelength established to perform cholinesterase assay was 450 nm and the time of incubation of the enzymes with inhibitors was 30 min. Differences were observed among the IC50 values regarding the in vitro inhibition of AChE, BChE and LNTE in the presence of OPs. In conclusion, the procedures demonstrated by the present work were simple, fast, inexpensive, sensitive, easy to be replicated and suitable to make conclusions about the neurotoxicity induced by Anti-AChE and neuropathic OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Luz Emerick
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - ICS/CUS/UFMT - Sinop, MT, Brazil.
| | - Valfran da Silva Lima
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - ICS/CUS/UFMT - Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Bruna Francisquete Costa
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - ICS/CUS/UFMT - Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Dayana Veruska Lentz
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - ICS/CUS/UFMT - Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Juliandra Spagnol Bonache
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - ICS/CUS/UFMT - Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Marion Ehrich
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Jha A, Hazra D, Yadav B, Zachariah A, Alex R. Prognostication and Prediction of Outcomes in Patients with Organophosphorus and Carbamate Poisoning: A Prospective Cohort Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024; 28:141-147. [PMID: 38323266 PMCID: PMC10839923 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate poisoning are significant concerns in developing nations. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the ChE check mobile, a cholinesterase-rapid bedside diagnostic test, in the diagnosis and management of OP and carbamate poisoning. Materials and methods We conducted this prospective observational study, involving patients with OP and carbamate poisoning over 1 year (June 2016 to June 2017) at a single tertiary care center. Levels of RBC cholinesterase (E-AChE), butyl cholinesterase (BChE), and various other determinants were systematically coded and analyzed. Results The study population (n = 60) consisted primarily of males (n = 43; 71.7%), with a mean age of 30.6 (SD: 13.7) years. Monocrotophos (n = 10; 20.4%) and carbofuran (n = 4; 8.1%) were the commonest OP and carbamate compounds, respectively. The median initial atropinization dose was 10 (IQR: 0, 61.5) mg, with a median total administered atropine dose of 116 (IQR: 32, 320) mg. A significant negative correlation was found between E-AChE levels and both the initial atropinization dose (ρ: -0.653, p-value < 0.001) and total atropine requirement (ρ: -0.659, p-value < 0.001) during admission. An E-AChE cut-off of 4 units/g hemoglobin provided an area under the curve of 0.73 (sensitivity: 80.0%, specificity: 68.6%, p-value < 0.001) for predicting moderate to severe peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning. Conclusion The check mobile device can be a valuable tool for prognosticating patients. There was a significant correlation between low E-AChE levels and the atropine requirement and severity. How to cite this article Jha A, Hazra D, Yadav B, Zachariah A, Alex R. Prognostication and Prediction of Outcomes in Patients with Organophosphorus and Carbamate Poisoning: A Prospective Cohort Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(2):141-147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanish Jha
- Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Darpanarayan Hazra
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bijesh Yadav
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Zachariah
- Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reginald Alex
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Thakur A, Patwa J, Pant S, Jeet Singh Flora S, Sharma A. Synthesis and evaluation of small organic molecule as reactivator of organophosphorus inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:26-41. [PMID: 36514993 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2150210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of uncharged salicylaldehyde oximes were synthesized and evaluated for the reactivation of organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents simulants Diethylchlorophosphonate (DCP) & Diethylcyanophosphonate (DCNP) and pesticides (paraoxon & malaoxon) inhibited electric eel Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The computational software Swiss ADME and molinspiration were used to unfold the probability of drug-likeness properties of the oximes derivatives. Substituted aromatic oximes with diethylamino or bromo group with free hydroxyl group ortho to oxime moiety were found efficient to regenerate the enzymatic activity in in-vitro AChE assay. The alkylation of the ortho hydroxyl group of derivatives led to the loss of reactivation potential. The derivatives with a hydroxyl group and without oxime group and vice versa did not show significant reactivation potency against tested OP toxicants. Further, we also evaluated the reactivation potential of these selected molecules on the rat brain homogenate against different OPs inhibited ChE and found maximum reactivation potency of oxime 2e. The in-vitro results were further validated by molecular docking and dynamic studies which showed that the hydroxyl group interacted with serine amino acids in the catalytic anionic site of AChE enzyme and was stable up to 200 ns consequently providing proper orientation to oxime moiety for reactivating the OP inhibited enzyme. It has thus been proved by the structure-activity relationship of oximes derivatives that hydroxyl group ortho to oxime is essential for reactivating OP inhibited electric eel AChE. Amongst the twenty-one oximes derivatives, 2e was found to be most active in regenerating the paraoxon, malaoxon, DCP and DCNP inhibited AChE enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Thakur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Jayant Patwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Suyash Pant
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Swaran Jeet Singh Flora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Abha Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
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Elblehi SS, Hafez MH, El-Far AH. Panax ginseng ameliorates hepatorenal oxidative alterations induced by commercially used cypermethrin in male rats: experimental and molecular docking approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109702-109723. [PMID: 37776425 PMCID: PMC10622388 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid utilized as an insecticide in agriculture and various pest eradication programs. However, it induces numerous health hazards for animals and humans. Therefore, the current study used Panax ginseng root extract (ginseng) to reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by commercially used CYP. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were distributed into control, ginseng (300 mg/kg B.W/day), CYP (4.67 mg/kg B.W.), and Ginseng+CYP (rats received both CYP and ginseng). All treatments were administered orally for 30 consecutive days. Cypermethrin induced harmful effects on hepatic and renal tissues through a substantial decline in body weight in addition to a considerable increase in liver enzymes, functional renal markers, and cholesterol. Also, CYP significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). Moreover, a marked increase in malondialdehyde level with a significant drop in reduced glutathione level and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities was reported in the CYP group in kidney and liver tissues. Additionally, CYP exhibited affinities to bind and inhibit AChE and antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD and CAT) in rats following the molecular docking modeling. The apparent hepatorenal oxidative damage was linked with obvious impairments in the liver and kidney histoarchitecture, immunohistochemical staining of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 proteins. Ginseng reduced CYP's oxidative alterations by repairing the metabolic functional markers, improving antioxidant status, reducing the inflammatory response, and enhancing the molecular docking evaluation. It also ameliorated the intensity of the histopathological alterations and improved the immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 proteins in the liver and kidney tissues. Finally, concomitant oral administration of ginseng mitigated CYP-prompted hepatorenal damage through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S Elblehi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt
| | - Mona H Hafez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt
| | - Ali H El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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Maiuolo J, Costanzo P, Masullo M, D’Errico A, Nasso R, Bonacci S, Mollace V, Oliverio M, Arcone R. Hydroxytyrosol-Donepezil Hybrids Play a Protective Role in an In Vitro Induced Alzheimer's Disease Model and in Neuronal Differentiated Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13461. [PMID: 37686262 PMCID: PMC10488223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative pathology among progressive dementias, and it is characterized by the accumulation in the brain of extracellular aggregates of beta-amyloid proteins and neurofibrillary intracellular tangles consisting of τ-hyperphosphorylated proteins. Under normal conditions, beta-amyloid peptides exert important trophic and antioxidant roles, while their massive presence leads to a cascade of events culminating in the onset of AD. The fibrils of beta-amyloid proteins are formed by the process of fibrillogenesis that, starting from individual monomers of beta-amyloid, can generate polymers of this protein, constituting the hypothesis of the "amyloid cascade". To date, due to the lack of pharmacological treatment for AD without toxic side effects, chemical research is directed towards the realization of hybrid compounds that can act as an adjuvant in the treatment of this neurodegenerative pathology. The hybrid compounds used in this work include moieties of a hydroxytyrosol, a nitrohydroxytyrosol, a tyrosol, and a homovanillyl alcohol bound to the N-benzylpiperidine moiety of donepezil, the main drug used in AD. Previous experiments have shown different properties of these hybrids, including low toxicity and antioxidant and chelating activities. The purpose of this work was to test the effects of hybrid compounds mixed with Aβ1-40 to induce fibrillogenesis and mimic AD pathogenesis. This condition has been studied both in test tubes and by an in vitro model of neuronal differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The results obtained from test tube experiments showed that some hybrids inhibit the activity of the enzymes AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1. Cell experiments suggested that hybrids could inhibit fibrillogenesis, negatively modulating caspase-3. They were also shown to exert antioxidant effects, and the acetylated hybrids were found to be more functional and efficient than nonacetylated forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paola Costanzo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12C, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Mariorosario Masullo
- Department of Movement Science and Well-Being, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Via Medina, 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Antonio D’Errico
- Department of Movement Science and Well-Being, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Via Medina, 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rosarita Nasso
- Department of Movement Science and Well-Being, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Via Medina, 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Sonia Bonacci
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Manuela Oliverio
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Rosaria Arcone
- Department of Movement Science and Well-Being, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Via Medina, 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.)
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Dawdani S, O'Neill M, Castillo C, Sámano JEM, Higo H, Ibrahim A, Pernal SF, Plettner E. Effects of dialkoxybenzenes against Varroa destructor and identification of 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene as a promising acaricide candidate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11195. [PMID: 37433810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The honey bee is responsible for pollination of a large proportion of crop plants, but the health of honey bee populations has been challenged by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor. Mite infestation is the main cause of colony losses during the winter months, which causes significant economic challenges in apiculture. Treatments have been developed to control the spread of varroa. However, many of these treatments are no longer effective due to acaricide resistance. In a search of varroa-active compounds, we tested the effect of dialkoxybenzenes on the mite. A structure-activity relationship revealed that 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene is most active of a series of dialkoxybenzenes tested. We found that three compounds (1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene, 1,4-diallyloxybenzene and 1,4-dipropoxybenzene) cause paralysis and death of adult varroa mites, whereas the previously discovered compound, 1,3-diethoxybenzene, which alters host choice of adult mites in certain conditions, did not cause paralysis. Since paralysis can be caused by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a ubiquitous enzyme in the nervous system of animals, we tested dialkoxybenzenes on human, honey bee and varroa AChE. These tests revealed that 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene had no effects on AChE, which leads us to conclude that 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene does not exert its paralytic effect on mites through AChE. In addition to paralysis, the most active compounds affected the ability of the mites to find and remain at the abdomen of host bees provided during assays. A test of 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene in the field, during the autumn of 2019 in two locations, showed that this compound has promise in the treatment of varroa infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soniya Dawdani
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 Univ. Dr., Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Marissa O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 Univ. Dr., Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Carlos Castillo
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Beaverlodge Research Farm, P.O. Box 29, Beaverlodge, AB, T0H 0C0, Canada
| | - Jorge E Macias Sámano
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 Univ. Dr., Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Heather Higo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 Univ. Dr., Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Abdullah Ibrahim
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Beaverlodge Research Farm, P.O. Box 29, Beaverlodge, AB, T0H 0C0, Canada
| | - Stephen F Pernal
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Beaverlodge Research Farm, P.O. Box 29, Beaverlodge, AB, T0H 0C0, Canada
| | - Erika Plettner
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 Univ. Dr., Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Rastija V, Vrandečić K, Ćosić J, Kanižai Šarić G, Majić I, Agić D, Šubarić D, Karnaš M, Bešlo D, Brahmbhatt H, Komar M. Antifungal Activities of Fluorinated Pyrazole Aldehydes on Phytopathogenic Fungi, and Their Effect on Entomopathogenic Nematodes, and Soil-Beneficial Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119335. [PMID: 37298285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoro-substituted pyrazoles have a wide range of biological activities, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activities of fluorinated 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole derivatives on four phytopathogenic fungi: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, and F. culmorum. Moreover, they were tested on two soil beneficial bacteria-Bacillus mycoides and Bradyrhizobium japonicum-as well as two entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)-Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae. The molecular docking was performed on the three enzymes responsible for fungal growth, the three plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The most active compounds against fungi S. sclerotiorum were 2-chlorophenyl derivative (H9) (43.07% of inhibition) and 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl derivative (H7) (42.23% of inhibition), as well as H9 against F. culmorum (46.75% of inhibition). Compounds were shown to be safe for beneficial soil bacteria and nematodes, except for compound H9 on EPN H. bacteriophora (18.75% mortality), which also showed the strongest inhibition against AChE (79.50% of inhibition). The molecular docking study revealed that antifungal activity is possible through the inhibition of proteinase K, and nematicidal activity is possible through the inhibition of AChE. The fluorinated pyrazole aldehydes are promising components of future plant protection products that could be environmentally and toxicologically acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Rastija
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Karolina Vrandečić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jasenka Ćosić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Gabriella Kanižai Šarić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Majić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dejan Agić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Šubarić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Karnaš
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Drago Bešlo
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Harshad Brahmbhatt
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mario Komar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Nam JH, Kim MS, Song YJ, Kim CH, Kim WS, Yu CH, Joe HE, Hur GH, Seo MR, Kim Y, Park KE, Choi JY, Chung SJ, Shin YK. Pretreatment of rhesus monkeys with transdermal patches containing physostigmine and procyclidine: implications of the delivery system for the potential application against VX nerve agent intoxication in humans. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:697-710. [PMID: 36633609 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physostigmine (Phs) is a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and could be used to protect the central nervous system (CNS) against the effects of nerve agents. For prophylactic effectiveness, long, steady, and adequate inhibition of AChE activity by Phs is needed to broadly protect against the CNS effects of nerve agents. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of transdermal patches containing Phs and procyclidine (PC) as prophylactic agents. Patches (25 cm2) containing 4.4 mg Phs and 17.8 mg PC had a protective ratio of approximately 78.6-fold in rhesus monkeys challenged with VX nerve agent and given an antidote. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in conjunction with an indirect pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) was developed for Phs and scaled to rhesus monkeys. The model was able to reproduce the concentration profile and inhibitory effect on AChE of Phs in monkeys, as evidenced by correlation coefficients of 0.994 and 0.992 for 25 cm2 and 49 cm2 patches, respectively (i.e., kinetic data), and 0.989 and 0.968 for 25 cm2 and 49 cm2 patches, respectively (i.e., dynamic data). By extending the monkey PBPK/ PD model to humans, the effective human dose was predicted to be five applications of a 25 cm2 patch (i.e., 22 mg Phs), and two applications of a 49 cm2 patch (i.e., 17.4 mg Phs). Therefore, given that patch application of Phs in rhesus monkeys has a prolonged effect (namely, AChE inhibition of 19.6% for the 25 cm2 patch and 23.0% for the 49 cm2 patch) for up to 216 h, patch formulation of Phs may provide similar protection against nerve agent intoxication in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Nam
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Logone Bio-Convergence Research Foundation, Seoul, 08394, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jo Song
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Kim
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Soo Kim
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Ho Yu
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Eun Joe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeung Haeng Hur
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung-Ryun Seo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Abion Inc, Seoul, 08394, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Glimepiride Prevents 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Induced Dopamine Neurons Degeneration Through Attenuation of Glia Activation and Oxidative Stress in Mice. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:212-223. [PMID: 36705862 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that there is a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease (PD) evidenced in faster progression and more severe phenotype in patients living with diabetes suggestive of shared cellular pathways; hence, antidiabetic drugs could be a possible treatment options for disease modification. This study evaluated the effect of glimepiride (GMP), a third generation sulphonylurea, on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD in mice. Sixty mice were divided randomly into six individual groups of 10 mice each and dose orally as follows: group 1: vehicle (10 ml/kg, p.o.); group 2: MPTP (20 mg/kg, i.p. × 4 at 2-h interval); groups 3-5: GMP (1, 2, or 4 mg/kg, p.o.) + MPTP (20 mg/kg, i.p. × 4 at 2-h interval); and group 6: GMP (4 mg/kg, p.o.). Effect of glimepiride on motor activities were appraised with the use of open-field test and rotarod performance while non-motor activity was evaluated using force swim test (FST; depression) and Y-maze test (working memory). MPTP induced significant decrease in latency to fall on rotarod, distance covered/rearing in open field, mean speed and climbing in FST, and percentage alternation behavior in Y-maze suggestive of motor and non-motor dysfunction. However, MPTP-induced motor and non-motor dysfunction were ameliorated with glimepiride post-treatment. In addition, MPTP-induced increase in oxidative stress parameters and cholinergic neurotransmission was attenuated by glimepiride. In addition, MPTP-induced nigral dopamine neuron loss (decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neuron (TH)) and neuroinflammation (activation of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (iba-1)) were ameliorated by GMP administration. This study showed that glimepiride ameliorates MPTP-induced PD motor and non-motor deficits through enhancement of antioxidant defense signaling and attenuation of neuroinflammatory markers. Thus, this could be useful as a disease-modifying therapy in the management of PD.
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Job L, Köhler A, Testanera M, Escher B, Worek F, Skerra A. Engineering of a phosphotriesterase with improved stability and enhanced activity for detoxification of the pesticide metabolite malaoxon. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzad020. [PMID: 37941439 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are still widely applied but pose a severe toxicological threat if misused. For in vivo detoxification, the application of hydrolytic enzymes potentially offers a promising treatment. A well-studied example is the phosphotriesterase of Brevundimonas diminuta (BdPTE). Whereas wild-type BdPTE can hydrolyse pesticides like paraoxon, chlorpyrifos-oxon and mevinphos with high catalytic efficiencies, kcat/KM >2 × 107 M-1 min-1, degradation of malaoxon is unsatisfactory (kcat/KM ≈ 1 × 104 M-1 min-1). Here, we report the rational engineering of BdPTE mutants with improved properties and their efficient production in Escherichia coli. As result, the mutant BdPTE(VRNVVLARY) exhibits 37-fold faster malaoxon hydrolysis (kcat/KM = 4.6 × 105 M-1 min-1), together with enhanced expression yield, improved thermal stability and reduced susceptibility to oxidation. Therefore, this BdPTE mutant constitutes a powerful candidate to develop a biocatalytic antidote for the detoxification of this common pesticide metabolite as well as related OP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Job
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstr, 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Mauricio Testanera
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Escher
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstr, 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
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19
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Roy R, Khan J, Pradhan K, Nayak P, Sarkar A, Nandi S, Ghosh S, Ram H, Ghosh S. Short Peptoid Evolved from the Key Hydrophobic Stretch of Amyloid-β42 Peptide Serves as a Potent Therapeutic Lead of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:246-260. [PMID: 36583718 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β 42(Aβ42), an enzymatically cleaved (1-42 amino acid long) toxic peptide remnant, has long been reported to play the key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ42 also plays the key role in the onset of other AD-related factors including hyperphosphorylation of tau protein that forms intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, imbalances in the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and even generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting the cytoskeleton and homeostasis of the cell. To address these issues, researchers have tried to construct several strategies to target multiple aspects of the disease but failed to produce any clinically successful therapeutic molecules. In this article, we report a new peptoid called RA-1 that was designed and constructed from the hydrophobic stretch of the Aβ42 peptide, 16KLVFFA21. This hydrophobic stretch is primarily responsible for the Aβ42 peptide aggregation. Experimental study showed that the RA-1 peptoid is stable under proteolytic conditions, can stabilize the microtubule, and can inhibit the formation of toxic Aβ42 aggregates by attenuating hydrophobic interactions between Aβ42 monomers. Furthermore, results from various intracellular assays showed that RA-1 inhibits Aβ42 fibril formation caused by the imbalance in AchE activity, reduces the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and promotes neurite outgrowth even in the toxic environment. Remarkably, we have also demonstrated that our peptoid has significant ability to improve the cognitive ability and memory impairment in in vivo rats exposed to AlCl3 and d-galactose (d-gal) dementia model. These findings are also validated with histological studies. Overall, our newly developed peptoid emerges as a multimodal potent therapeutic lead molecule against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajsekhar Roy
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Juhee Khan
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India.,Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishnangsu Pradhan
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasunpriya Nayak
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Basni, Phase II, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Ankan Sarkar
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Subhadra Nandi
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Surojit Ghosh
- Interdisciplinary Research Platform, Smart Health Care, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH65, Nagaur Road, Karwar, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Heera Ram
- Department of Zoology, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India.,Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Interdisciplinary Research Platform, Smart Health Care, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH65, Nagaur Road, Karwar, Jodhpur 342037, India
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20
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Kandeda AK, Nguedia D, Djeuzong E, Kouamouo J, Dimo T. An aqueous macerate of Ziziphus jujuba reduces long-term spatial memory impairment in D-galactose treated rats: role of anti-inflammatory pathways. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2995-3009. [PMID: 35922734 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatments against Alzheimer disease provide only symptomatic relief and are associated with numerous side effects. Previous studies showed that a concoction of Ziziphus jujuba leaves possesses anti-amnesic effects in scopolamine-treated rats. More recently, an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba leaves has been shown to reduce short-term memory impairment in D-galactose-treated rats. However, no study on the effect of an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba on long-term memory impairment was performed. Therefore, this study evaluates the effect of an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba on long-term spatial memory impairment in D-galactose-treated rats. Long-term spatial memory impairment was induced in rats by administering D-galactose (350 mg/kg/day, s.c.), once dailyfor 21 days. On the 22nd day, the integrity of this memory was assessed using the Morris water maze task. Rats that developed memory impairment were treated with tacrine (10 mg/kg, p.o.), or aspirin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), or extract (41.5, 83, and 166 mg/kg, p.o.), once daily, for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, memory impairment was once more assessed using the same paradigm. Animals were then euthanized, and some pro-inflammatory cytokine markers were analyzed in the hippocampus or blood. The extract at all doses significantly reduced the latency to attain the platforming of the water maze test. The extract (83 mg/kg) also increased the time spent in the target quadrant during the retention phase. The extract markedly reduced the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine markers in the hippocampus and blood. Together, these results suggest that this aqueous extract Z. jujuba reduces long-term spatial memory impairment. This effect may be mediated in part by its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, P.O. Box 812, Cameroon.
| | - Danide Nguedia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Etienne Djeuzong
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Jonas Kouamouo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Théophile Dimo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
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21
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Álvarez-Berbel I, Espargaró A, Viayna A, Caballero AB, Busquets MA, Gámez P, Luque FJ, Sabaté R. Three to Tango: Inhibitory Effect of Quercetin and Apigenin on Acetylcholinesterase, Amyloid-β Aggregation and Acetylcholinesterase-Amyloid Interaction. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2342. [PMID: 36365159 PMCID: PMC9699245 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of amyloid-β plaques. Since acetylcholinesterase (AChE) promotes the formation of such plaques, the inhibition of this enzyme could slow down the progression of amyloid-β aggregation, hence being complementary to the palliative treatment of cholinergic decline. Antiaggregation assays performed for apigenin and quercetin, which are polyphenolic compounds that exhibit inhibitory properties against the formation of amyloid plaques, reveal distinct inhibitory effects of these compounds on Aβ40 aggregation in the presence and absence of AChE. Furthermore, the analysis of the amyloid fibers formed in the presence of these flavonoids suggests that the Aβ40 aggregates present different quaternary structures, viz., smaller molecular assemblies are generated. In agreement with a noncompetitive inhibition of AChE, molecular modeling studies indicate that these effects may be due to the binding of apigenin and quercetin at the peripheral binding site of AChE. Since apigenin and quercetin can also reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species, the data achieved suggest that multitarget catechol-type compounds may be used for the simultaneous treatment of various biological hallmarks of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Álvarez-Berbel
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Viayna
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB) and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Caballero
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB) and NanoBIC, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antònia Busquets
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Gámez
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB) and NanoBIC, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB) and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Seong Y, Moon J, Chun B, Cho Y. An exploratory study; the gap between real reference interval and currently used reference interval of RBC AChE activities in South Korea. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:739-749. [PMID: 35635073 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2080133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current reference interval (RI) FOR red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC AChE) activity in South Korea was established with data obtained from populations outside the country. The aim of this study was to assess the transferability of current RI of RBC AChE activity for organophosphate (OP) poisoning and determine the biological characteristics, real RI, and interindividual variation in RBC AChE activity in South Korea. Data were retrospectively collected for RBC AChE activity as measured by the modified Ellman's method for 782 patients who presented to our hospital. The clinical course did not differ significantly with the degree of deviation of RBC AChE activity from the currently used RI in 195 patients exposed to OP. RBC AChE activity was associated with gender and smoking status but not age or body mass index (BMI); however, a regression model incorporating age, gender, smoking status and BMI explained only a small portion of the variance in RBC AChE activity in South Korea. The RI of RBC AChE activity was 9,403-16,825 U/L, with 13.9% interindividual variation. The range of RBC AChE activity in South Korea is wider than RI currently used in clinical practice and exhibited a high degree of interindividual variation. In the absence of collecting pre-exposure values, it is recommended to conduct serial measurements, rather than one-point measurements, of RBC AChE activity as evidenced by the RI in OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonji Seong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeongmi Moon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Byeongjo Chun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yongsoo Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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23
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Ramos De Dios SM, Tiwari VK, McCune CD, Dhokale RA, Berkowitz DB. Biomacromolecule-Assisted Screening for Reaction Discovery and Catalyst Optimization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13800-13880. [PMID: 35904776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction discovery and catalyst screening lie at the heart of synthetic organic chemistry. While there are efforts at de novo catalyst design using computation/artificial intelligence, at its core, synthetic chemistry is an experimental science. This review overviews biomacromolecule-assisted screening methods and the follow-on elaboration of chemistry so discovered. All three types of biomacromolecules discussed─enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids─have been used as "sensors" to provide a readout on product chirality exploiting their native chirality. Enzymatic sensing methods yield both UV-spectrophotometric and visible, colorimetric readouts. Antibody sensors provide direct fluorescent readout upon analyte binding in some cases or provide for cat-ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay)-type readouts. DNA biomacromolecule-assisted screening allows for templation to facilitate reaction discovery, driving bimolecular reactions into a pseudo-unimolecular format. In addition, the ability to use DNA-encoded libraries permits the barcoding of reactants. All three types of biomacromolecule-based screens afford high sensitivity and selectivity. Among the chemical transformations discovered by enzymatic screening methods are the first Ni(0)-mediated asymmetric allylic amination and a new thiocyanopalladation/carbocyclization transformation in which both C-SCN and C-C bonds are fashioned sequentially. Cat-ELISA screening has identified new classes of sydnone-alkyne cycloadditions, and DNA-encoded screening has been exploited to uncover interesting oxidative Pd-mediated amido-alkyne/alkene coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virendra K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Christopher D McCune
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ranjeet A Dhokale
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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24
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Teng M, Zhao X, Wang C, Zhou L, Wu X, Wu F. Combined toxicity of chlorpyrifos, abamectin, imidacloprid, and acetamiprid on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54348-54358. [PMID: 35297002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18025-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mixed pesticides have been broadly used in agriculture. However, assessing the combined effects of pesticides in the environment is essential for potential risk assessment, though the task is far from complete. Median lethal concentrations of pesticides as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels and cellulose activities were measured in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) individually and jointly exposed to pesticides imidacloprid (IMI), acetamiprid (ACE), chlorpyrifos (CRF), and abamectin (ABM)). A 3:1 mixture of CRF and IMI had additive effects, while a 3:1 mixture of CRF and ACE had synergic effects. The joint effects of ABM with IMI or with ACE were synergistic. As CRF concentration increased, AChE activities were significantly decreased. For high concentrations of IMI, AChE activities under combined CRF and IMI applications were significantly inhibited following increased exposure time. Moreover, the cellulase activities under combined applications of CRF with IMI or with ACE had similar effects. This study provides basic data for scientifically evaluating the environmental risk and safety of combined uses of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8#, Beijing, 100012, Chaoyang District, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8#, Beijing, 100012, Chaoyang District, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8#, Beijing, 100012, Chaoyang District, China
| | - Lingfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8#, Beijing, 100012, Chaoyang District, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8#, Beijing, 100012, Chaoyang District, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8#, Beijing, 100012, Chaoyang District, China
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25
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Synthesis and evaluation of new 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamides as potent inhibitors against acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Baetz N, Schmidt TC, Tuerk J. High-performance thin-layer chromatography in combination with an acetylcholinesterase-inhibition bioassay with pre-oxidation of organothiophosphates to determine neurotoxic effects in storm, waste, and surface water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4167-4178. [PMID: 35583680 PMCID: PMC9124651 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides such as organothiophosphates (OTPs) are neurotoxically active and enter the aquatic environment. Bioassays, using acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a suitable substrate and reactant, can be applied for the photometric detection of AChE-inhibiton (AChE-I) effects. The oxidized forms of OTPs, so-called oxons, have higher inhibition potentials for AChE. Therefore, a higher sensitivity is achieved for application of oxidized samples to the AChE assay. In this study, the oxidation of malathion, parathion, and chlorpyrifos by n-bromosuccinimide (NBS) was investigated in an approach combining high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with an AChE-I assay. Two AChE application approaches, immersion and spraying, were compared regarding sensitivity, precision, and general feasibility of the OTP effect detection. The oxidation by NBS led to an activation of the OTPs and a strong increase in sensitivity similar to the oxons tested. The sensitivity and precision of the two application techniques were similar, although the spray method was slightly more sensitive to the oxidized OTPs. The 10% inhibition concentrations (IC10) for the spray approach were 0.26, 0.75, and 0.35 ng/spot for activated malathion, parathion, and chlorpyrifos, respectively. AChE-I effect recoveries in samples from a stormwater retention basin and receiving stream were between 69 and 92% for malathion, parathion, and chlorpyrifos. The overall workflow, including sample enrichment by solid-phase extraction, HPTLC, oxidation of OTPs, and AChE-I assay, was demonstrated to be suitable for the detection of AChE-I effects in native water samples. An effect of unknown origin was found in a sample from a stormwater retention basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Baetz
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany.
- Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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27
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A sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for acetylcholinesterase: synthesis, performance, mechanism and application. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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28
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John H, Dentzel M, Siegert M, Thiermann H. Nontargeted High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Workflow for the Detection of Butyrylcholinesterase-Derived Adducts with Organophosphorus Toxicants and Structural Characterization of Their Phosphyl Moiety after In-Source Fragmentation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2048-2055. [PMID: 35041786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents were used for chemical warfare, assassination, and attempted murder of individuals. Therefore, forensic methods are required to identify known and unknown incorporated OP poisons. Serum is tested for the presence of covalent reaction products (adducts) of the toxicant with, e.g., butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) typically by targeted analysis, thus only detecting known OP adducts. We herein present a nontargeted two-step mass spectrometry (MS)-based workflow taking advantage of a high-resolution (HR) Orbitrap mass spectrometer and its option for in-source collision-induced dissociation (IS-CID) highly valuable for the detection of unknown agents. BChE adducts are extracted by immunomagnetic separation and proteolyzed with pepsin yielding a phosphylated nonapeptide (NP) biomarker NP(OP). In step 1, the sample is separated by micro liquid chromatography (μLC) detecting the NP(OP) by nontargeted HR MS followed by data-dependent tandem-MS (ddMS2). Extracted ion chromatograms of diagnostic product ions at m/z 778.33661, 673.29402, and 602.25690 reveal the accurate mass of the NP(OP) precursor ion as well as the elemental composition of the adducted phosphyl moiety. Considering this information, a second μLC run is performed (step 2) for nonselective IS-CID of NP(OP) yielding the cleaved charged phosphyl moiety. This fragment ion is immediately subjected to targeted CID in parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The accurate mass of its product ions allows the determination of their elemental composition and thus supports its structural elucidation. The described workflow was exemplarily applied to NP(OP) of three Tamelin esters and VX providing highly appropriate abilities for the detection of adducts even of unknown OP poisons like Novichok agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Dentzel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Siegert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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29
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Deshwal A, Gill AK, Nain S, Patra D, Maiti S. Inhibitory effect of nucleotides on acetylcholine esterase activity and its microflow-based actuation in blood plasma. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3501-3504. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of nucleotides on the catalytic activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) was rationalized and similar inhibition trend was observed when analyzing the macroscopic fluid flow generated by surface...
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30
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Suárez-Montenegro ZJ, Ballesteros-Vivas D, Gallego R, Valdés A, Sánchez-Martínez JD, Parada-Alfonso F, Ibáñez E, Cifuentes A. Neuroprotective Potential of Tamarillo ( Cyphomandra betacea) Epicarp Extracts Obtained by Sustainable Extraction Process. Front Nutr 2021; 8:769617. [PMID: 34869538 PMCID: PMC8634709 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.769617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendt.), or tree tomato, is a tropical fruit from the Andean region of South America; it is highly rich in vitamins, minerals, and polyphenolic compounds. In this study, extracts from tamarillo epicarp (TE) were obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and their in-vitro neuroprotective potential was assessed. A central composite design with response surface methodology was performed to optimize PLE as a function of solvent composition and temperature. Selected response variables were extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total carotenoid content (TCC), antioxidant (ABTS), and anti-inflammatory (LOX) activities, and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory capacity. According to the desirability function, the optimal conditions were 100% ethanol and 180°C with a 0.87 desirability value. Next, the anti-butyrylcholinesterase enzyme (BChE), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) inhibition as well as cytotoxicity in HK-2, THP-1 monocytes, and SH-5YSY neuroblastoma cell lines were studied for the TE extract obtained under optimized conditions. The optimum TE extract provided the following results: extraction yield (36.25%), TPC (92.09 mg GAE/g extract), TFC (4.4 mg QE/g extract), TCC (107.15 mg CE/g extract), antioxidant capacity (ABTS, IC50 = 6.33 mg/ml extract), LOX (IC50 = 48.3 mg/ml extract), and AChE (IC50 = 97.46 mg/ml extract), and showed no toxicity at concentration up to 120 μg/ml extract for all the tested cell lines. Finally, chemical characterization by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-q-TOF-MS/MS) of the optimum TE extract exhibited an important presence of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and other phenolic acids as well as quercetin hexoside and rutin, as main metabolites responsible for the observed biological properties. All these results suggested that TE, which represents between 8 and 15% of the total fruit, could become a promising natural by-product with a potential "multitarget" activity against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zully Jimena Suárez-Montenegro
- Foodomics Laboratory, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Procesos Industriales, Facultad de Ingenieria Agroindustrial, Universidad de Nariño, Pasto, Colombia
| | - Diego Ballesteros-Vivas
- High Pressure Laboratory, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Food Chemistry Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rocío Gallego
- Foodomics Laboratory, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Valdés
- Foodomics Laboratory, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fabián Parada-Alfonso
- High Pressure Laboratory, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Food Chemistry Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Foodomics Laboratory, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Foodomics Laboratory, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Exploring the Bioactive Sites of New Sulfonamide Metal Chelates for Multi-Drug Resistance: An Experimental Versus Theoretical Design. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Morato NM, Le MT, Holden DT, Graham Cooks R. Automated High-Throughput System Combining Small-Scale Synthesis with Bioassays and Reaction Screening. SLAS Technol 2021; 26:555-571. [PMID: 34697962 DOI: 10.1177/24726303211047839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Purdue Make It system is a unique automated platform capable of small-scale in situ synthesis, screening small-molecule reactions, and performing direct label-free bioassays. The platform is based on desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), an ambient ionization method that allows for minimal sample workup and is capable of accelerating reactions in secondary droplets, thus conferring unique advantages compared with other high-throughput screening technologies. By combining DESI with liquid handling robotics, the system achieves throughputs of more than 1 sample/s, handling up to 6144 samples in a single run. As little as 100 fmol/spot of analyte is required to perform both initial analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) and further MSn structural characterization. The data obtained are processed using custom software so that results are easily visualized as interactive heatmaps of reaction plates based on the peak intensities of m/z values of interest. In this paper, we review the system's capabilities as described in previous publications and demonstrate its utilization in two new high-throughput campaigns: (1) the screening of 188 unique combinatorial reactions (24 reaction types, 188 unique reaction mixtures) to determine reactivity trends and (2) label-free studies of the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase enzyme directly from the bioassay buffer. The system's versatility holds promise for several future directions, including the collection of secondary droplets containing the products from successful reaction screening measurements, the development of machine learning algorithms using data collected from compound library screening, and the adaption of a variety of relevant bioassays to high-throughput MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - MyPhuong T Le
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Dylan T Holden
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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33
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Zhang P, Wang Z, Mou C, Zou J, Xie Y, Liu Z, Benjamin Naman C, Mao Y, Wei J, Huang X, Dong J, Yang M, Wang N, Jin H, Liu F, Lin D, Liu H, Zhou F, He S, Zhang B, Cui W. Design and synthesis of novel tacrine-dipicolylamine dimers that are multiple-target-directed ligands with potential to treat Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105387. [PMID: 34628225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that has multiple causes. Therefore, multiple-target-directed ligands (MTDLs), which act on multiple targets, have been developed as a novel strategy for AD therapy. In this study, novel drug candidates were designed and synthesized by the covalent linkings of tacrine, a previously used anti-AD acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, and dipicolylamine, an β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation inhibitor. Most tacrine-dipicolylamine dimers potently inhibited AChE and Aβ1-42 aggregation in vitro, and 13a exhibited nanomolar level inhibition. Molecular docking analysis suggested that 13a could interact with the catalytic active sites and the peripheral anion site of AChE, and bind to Aβ1-42 pentamers. Moreover, 13a effectively attenuated Aβ1-42 oligomers-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice by activating the cAMP-response element binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway, decreasing tau phosphorylation, preventing synaptic toxicity, and inhibiting neuroinflammation. The safety profile of 13a in mice was demonstrated by acute toxicity experiments. All these results suggested that novel tacrine-dipicolylamine dimers, especially 13a, have multi-target neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing potentials, and therefore might be developed as MTDLs to combat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chenye Mou
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiamei Zou
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yanfei Xie
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - C Benjamin Naman
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Yuechun Mao
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiaxin Wei
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xinghan Huang
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiahui Dong
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mengxiang Yang
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Haixiao Jin
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Dongdong Lin
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Hao Liu
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Fei Zhou
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Shan He
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Wei Cui
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Köhler A, Job L, Worek F, Skerra A. Inhibition of an organophosphate-detoxifying bacterial phosphotriesterase by albumin and plasma thiol components. Toxicol Lett 2021; 350:194-201. [PMID: 34303790 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphotriesterase of the bacterium Brevundimonas diminuta (BdPTE) is a naturally occurring enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents as well as pesticides and offers a potential treatment of corresponding intoxications. While BdPTE mutants with improved catalytic efficiencies against several OPs have been described, unexpectedly, less efficient breakdown of an OP was observed upon application in an animal model compared with in vitro measurements. Here, we describe detailed inhibition studies with the high-activity BdPTE mutant 10-2C3(C59M/C227A) by human plasma components, indicating that this enzyme is inhibited by serum albumin. The inhibitory activity is mediated by depletion of crucial zinc ions from the BdPTE active site, either via the known high-affinity zinc binding site of albumin or via chemical complex formation with its free thiol side chain at position Cys34. Albumin pre-charged with zinc ions or carrying a chemically blocked Cys34 side chain showed significantly reduced inhibitory activity; in fact, the combination of both measures completely abolished BdPTE inhibition. Consequently, the available zinc ion concentration in blood plays an important role for BdPTE activity in vivo and should be taken into account for therapeutic development and application of a catalytic OP scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Köhler
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany; Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Laura Job
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Arne Skerra
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) Alleviates Working Memory Impairment and Restores Neurochemical Alterations in the Prefrontal Cortex of D-Galactose-Treated Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6610864. [PMID: 34194520 PMCID: PMC8184324 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6610864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive cognitive dysfunction. However, pharmacological treatments are symptomatic and have many side effects, opening the opportunity to alternative medicine. This study investigated the antiamnesic effect of the aqueous extract of Ziziphus jujuba on D-galactose-induced working memory impairment in rats. Impairment of working memory was induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of D-galactose (350 mg/kg/day) to rats for 21 days. These animals were then subjected to object recognition and Y-maze tests. Rats with confirmed memory impairment were treated per os (p.o.) with tacrine (10 mg/kg), aspirin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), extract (41.5, 83, and 166 mg/kg, p.o.), and distilled water (10 mL/kg, p.o.) daily for 14 days. At the end of the treatments, alteration in working memory was assessed using the above paradigms. Afterward, these animals were euthanized, and cholinergic, proinflammatory, and neuronal damage markers were analyzed in the prefrontal cortex. Rats administered D-galactose and treated with distilled water had impaired working memory (evidenced by decreased time spent on the novel object and discrimination index) and decreased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze. D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Treatment with the extract (166 mg/kg) reversed the time spent on the novel object and the discrimination index. It equally increased the percentage of spontaneous alternation. Neurochemical analysis revealed that the extract markedly alleviated acetylcholinesterase activity and neuroinflammation. These observations were corroborated by the reduction in neuronal loss. Taken together, these results suggest that Ziziphus jujuba aqueous extract possesses an antiamnesic effect. This effect seems to involve cholinergic and anti-inflammatory modulations. This, therefore, claims using this plant in the treatment of dementia in Cameroon subject to further studies and trials.
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36
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John H, Richter A, Siegert M, Eyer F, Thiermann H. Evidence of exposure to organophosphorus toxicants by detection of the propionylated butyrylcholinesterase-derived nonapeptide-adduct as a novel biomarker. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 323:110818. [PMID: 33990018 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents represent a class of highly toxic chemical warfare agents banned by the Chemical Weapons Convention. Nevertheless, in the past few years they have been used repeatedly for warfare, assassination and attempted murder. In addition, the chemically related OP pesticides were frequently used for suicide and may be deployed for terroristic attacks. Therefore, sensitive and selective bioanalytical methods are indispensable to investigate biological specimens as pieces of evidence to prove poisoning. OP agents form long-lived covalent reaction products (adducts) with endogenous proteins like human serum albumin (HSA) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The adducted nonapeptide (NP) obtained by proteolysis of the BChE-adduct is one of the most sensitive and important biomarkers. We herein present a novel class of NP-adducts propionylated at its N-terminal phenylalanine residue (F195). The biomarker derivative is produced by addition of propionic anhydride to the NP-adduct inducing its quantitative conversion in aqueous buffer within 5 min at room temperature. Afterwards the mixture is directly analyzed by micro-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem-mass spectrometry (µLC-ESI MS/MS). The sensitivity of the method is comparable to that of the non-derivatized NP-adduct. These characteristics make the method highly beneficial for forensic analysis especially in cases in which the OP agent does not form adducts with HSA that are typically targeted as a second biomarker of exposure. This novel procedure was successfully applied to nerve agent-spiked samples sent by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) as well as to plasma samples of real cases of pesticide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Annika Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Siegert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Eyer
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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Figueroa-Villar JD, Petronilho EC, Kuca K, Franca TCC. Review about Structure and Evaluation of Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited with Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1422-1442. [PMID: 32334495 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200425213215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotoxic chemical warfare agents can be classified as some of the most dangerous chemicals for humanity. The most effective of those agents are the Organophosphates (OPs) capable of restricting the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which in turn, controls the nerve impulse transmission. When AChE is inhibited by OPs, its reactivation can be usually performed through cationic oximes. However, until today, it has not been developed one universal defense agent, with complete effective reactivation activity for AChE inhibited by any of the many types of existing neurotoxic OPs. For this reason, before treating people intoxicated by an OP, it is necessary to determine the neurotoxic compound that was used for contamination, in order to select the most effective oxime. Unfortunately, this task usually requires a relatively long time, raising the possibility of death. Cationic oximes also display a limited capacity of permeating the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). This fact compromises their capacity to reactivating AChE inside the nervous system. METHODS We performed a comprehensive search on the data about OPs available on the scientific literature today in order to cover all the main drawbacks still faced in the research for the development of effective antidotes against those compounds. RESULTS Therefore, this review about neurotoxic OPs and the reactivation of AChE, provides insights for the new agents' development. The most expected defense agent is a molecule without toxicity and effective to reactivate AChE inhibited by all neurotoxic OPs. CONCLUSION To develop these new agents, the application of diverse scientific areas of research, especially theoretical procedures as computational science (computer simulation, docking and dynamics), organic synthesis, spectroscopic methodologies, biology, biochemical and biophysical information, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Daniel Figueroa-Villar
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 22270- 090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Petronilho
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 22270- 090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
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Shi L, Yang F, Xu Y, Wang S. Expression of Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase ( DmAChE) gene splice variants in Pichia pastoris and evaluation of its sensitivity to organophosphorus pesticides. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:204-213. [PMID: 33719225 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme used to detect organophosphorus pesticide residues by the enzyme inhibition method. An accidental discovery of a mutant strain with AChE activity was made in our laboratory during the process of AChE expression by Pichia pastoris. The pPIC9K-Drosophilamelanogaster acetylcholinesterase (DmAChE)-like expression vector was constructed by codon optimization of this mutant strain, which was transformed into P. pastoris GS115, and positive clones were selected on yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) plate with G418 at 4.0 mg/mL. The GS115-pPIC9K-DmAChE-like strain was subjected to 0.5% methanol induction expression for 120 h, with a protein band at 4.3 kDa found by the tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) pattern of the fermentation supernatant. After preliminary purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation, the enzyme activity was detected to be 76.9 U/(mL⋅min). In addition, the pesticide sensitivity test proved that DmAChE-like is selective and sensitive to organophosphorus pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujia Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shoufeng Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Chen Y, Liu W, Zhang B, Suo Z, Xing F, Feng L. A New Strategy Using a Fluorescent Probe Combined with Polydopamine for Detecting the Activity of Acetylcholinesterase. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble and sensitive fluorescent probe N,N′-bis[tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine]-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTRIS) was synthesized and, in combination with polydopamine (PDA), utilised in the detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. PDA is spontaneously polymerized from dopamine (DA) in aerobic and alkaline solutions. The excellent absorption of PDA results in the aggregation of PTRIS around PDA as well as π–π stacking between them, which consequently quenched the fluorescence of PTRIS due to aggregation induced quenching (AIQ) in 9min. The hydrolysis product of acetylthiocholine (ATCh) catalyzed by AChE, thiocholine (TCh), was proved to inhibit the polymerization of DA, therefore the free monomeric PTRIS retained its strong fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence was switched off and on depending on the activity of AChE. According to the change of fluorescence intensity at 550nm, the detection limit of AChE was quantified as 0.02mUmL−1. It was also proved that this probe possessed excellent selectivity for AChE. Tacrine and the organophosphate pesticide diazinon were further evaluated for inhibitor screening. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of tacrine and diazinon was calculated to be 1.4 and 1.6μM respectively, revealing potential applications for inhibition and pesticide detecting.
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40
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Kasteel EEJ, Nijmeijer SM, Darney K, Lautz LS, Dorne JLCM, Kramer NI, Westerink RHS. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in electric eel and human donor blood: an in vitro approach to investigate interspecies differences and human variability in toxicodynamics. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:4055-4065. [PMID: 33037899 PMCID: PMC7655571 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In chemical risk assessment, default uncertainty factors are used to account for interspecies and interindividual differences, and differences in toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics herein. However, these default factors come with little scientific support. Therefore, our aim was to develop an in vitro method, using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition as a proof of principle, to assess both interspecies and interindividual differences in toxicodynamics. Electric eel enzyme and human blood of 20 different donors (12 men/8 women) were exposed to eight different compounds (chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-oxon, phosmet, phosmet-oxon, diazinon, diazinon-oxon, pirimicarb, rivastigmine) and inhibition of AChE was measured using the Ellman method. The organophosphate parent compounds, chlorpyrifos, phosmet and diazinon, did not show inhibition of AChE. All other compounds showed concentration-dependent inhibition of AChE, with IC50s in human blood ranging from 0.2-29 µM and IC20s ranging from 0.1-18 µM, indicating that AChE is inhibited at concentrations relevant to the in vivo human situation. The oxon analogues were more potent inhibitors of electric eel AChE compared to human AChE. The opposite was true for carbamates, pointing towards interspecies differences for AChE inhibition. Human interindividual variability was low and ranged from 5-25%, depending on the concentration. This study provides a reliable in vitro method for assessing human variability in AChE toxicodynamics. The data suggest that the default uncertainty factor of ~ 3.16 may overestimate human variability for this toxicity endpoint, implying that specific toxicodynamic-related adjustment factors can support quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolations that link kinetic and dynamic data to improve chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E J Kasteel
- Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M Nijmeijer
- Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Keyvin Darney
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Leonie S Lautz
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean Lou C M Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Morato NM, Holden DT, Cooks RG. High‐Throughput Label‐Free Enzymatic Assays Using Desorption Electrospray‐Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M. Morato
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Dylan T. Holden
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Mirbabaei F, Mohammad-Khah A, Babri M, Naseri MT. Verification of exposure to sarin nerve agent through the chemical analysis of red blood cell samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sensitive and reversible perylene derivative-based fluorescent probe for acetylcholinesterase activity monitoring and its inhibitor. Anal Biochem 2020; 607:113835. [PMID: 32739347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A reversible fluorescence probe for acetylcholinesterase activity detection was developed based on water soluble perylene derivative, N,N'-di(2-aspartic acid)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PASP). Based on the photo-induced electron transfer (PET), PASP fluorescence in aqueous is quenched after combining with copper ions (Cu2+). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is well known to catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ATCh) to produce thiocholine, whose affinity is strong enough to capture Cu2+ by thiol (-SH) group from the complex PASP-Cu, resulting in the fluorescence signal of PASP recovers up to 90%. This optical switch is highly sensitive depended on the coordination and dissociation between PASP and Cu2+. We proposed its application for AChE activity detection, as well as its inhibitor screening. According to the change of fluorescence intensity, quantifying the detection limit of AChE was 1.78 mU·mL-1. Classical inhibitors, tacrine and organophosphate pesticide diazinon, were further evaluated for drug screening. The IC50 value of tacrine was calculated to be 0.43 μM, and the detection limit of diazinon was 0.22 μM. Both of these performances were much better than previous results, revealing our probe is sensitive and reversible for screening applications.
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Morato NM, Holden DT, Cooks RG. High‐Throughput Label‐Free Enzymatic Assays Using Desorption Electrospray‐Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20459-20464. [PMID: 32735371 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M. Morato
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Dylan T. Holden
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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45
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Azadniya E, Mollergues J, Stroheker T, Billerbeck K, Morlock GE. New incorporation of the S9 metabolizing system into methods for detecting acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1129:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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The inefficacy of donepezil on glycated-AChE inhibition: Binding affinity, complex stability and mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:35-46. [PMID: 32454110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Donepezil (DPZ) is a well-known drug for Alzheimer's disease that inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE). In the present study, the inhibitory effect of DPZ on non-enzymatic glycated-AChE (GLY-AChE) was studied by different experimental and simulation techniques. The initial investigation revealed that glycation process could reduce AChE activity approximately 60% in the pure enzyme and 38% in the extracted crude AChE from neural cells cultured in the presence of high glucose (HG) concentration. It is suggested that glycation of lysine residues on the structure of AChE could change the conformation of the active site (Trp-86 and His-447) in a way that the orientation of acetylcholine interrupted. The further studies indicated that DPZ is although a strong inhibitor for the native enzyme, it is not able to affect the GLY-AChE activity. The KD values of AChE-DPZ and GLY-AChE-DPZ complexes were estimated to be 1.88 × 10-9 and 2.10 × 10-6, respectively. The stability assessment showed that AChE-DPZ complex is more stable than the glycated complex. Our results indicate that, glycation process could impact on the conformation of the residues involved in the DPZ binding cavity on α-helix domain. Therefore, DPZ is not able to bind its specific cavity to induce its inhibitory effects on GLY-AChE.
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Amend N, Niessen KV, Seeger T, Wille T, Worek F, Thiermann H. Diagnostics and treatment of nerve agent poisoning—current status and future developments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:13-28. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Karin V. Niessen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Seeger
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
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Wille T, Djordjević S, Worek F, Thiermann H, Vučinić S. Early diagnosis of nerve agent exposure with a mobile test kit and implications for medical countermeasures: a trigger to react. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 166:99-102. [PMID: 32086265 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2019-001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent uses of nerve agents underline the need of early diagnosis as trigger to react (initiating medical countermeasures, avoiding cross-contamination). As organophosphorus (OP) pesticide poisoning exerts the same pathomechanism, that is, inhibition of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a portable cholinesterase (ChE) test kit was applied in an emergency room for rapid diagnosis of OP poisoning. OP nerve agents or pesticides result in the inhibition of AChE. As AChE is also expressed on erythrocytes, patient samples are easily available. However, in most clinics only determination of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is established which lacks a pathophysiological correlate, shows higher variability in the population and behaves different regarding inhibition by OP and reactivation by oximes. The ChE test kit helped to diagnose atypical cases of OP poisoning, for example, missing of typical muscarinic symptoms, and resulted in administration of pralidoxime, the oxime used in Serbia. The ChE test kit also allows an initial assessment whether an oxime therapy is successful. In one case report, AChE activity increased after oxime administration indicating therapeutic success whereas BChE activity did not. With only BChE at hand, this therapeutic effect would have been missed. As inhibition of AChE or BChE activity is determined, the CE-certified device is a global diagnostic tool for all ChE inhibitors including carbamates which might also be misused as chemical weapon. The ChE test kit is a helpful point-of-care device for the diagnosis of ChE inhibitor poisoning. Its small size and easy menu-driven use advocate procurement where nerve agent and OP pesticide exposure are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Snezana Djordjević
- Military Medical Academy, National Poison Control Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Slavica Vučinić
- Military Medical Academy, National Poison Control Center, Belgrade, Serbia
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Andersen PL, Vermette P, Khalil A, Witkowski JM, Fülöp T. Characterization of three-dimensional rat central nervous system culture maturation, with applications to monitor cholinergic integrity. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2976. [PMID: 32012477 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studying age-related neuropathologies in vitro requires a three-dimensional (3D) culture system presenting mature phenotypes. In this study, we aimed to determine whether aged reaggregate cultures physiologically represent mature brain tissue. Results support that embryo-derived rat central nervous system (CNS) reaggregate cultures develop into mature-like tissues, comparable to in vivo maturation, including the following characteristics: (a) progressive reduction in cell proliferation (reduced anti-Ki-67 immunoreactivity), (b) progressive restriction of long neurite growth potential (as explant cultures), and (c) increased and sustained synaptic enzyme (acetylcholine esterase, AChE) activity. The acquisition of mature-like reaggregate cultures has allowed us to pursue the hypothesis that the physiological integrity of 3D CNS cultures may be monitored by synaptic enzyme activity. To assess this hypothesis, mature-like reaggregates were exposed to H2 O2 , glutamate, or amyloid β(1-42); each resulted in diminished AChE activity. H2 O2 exposure resulted in nuclear fragmentation. Glutamate and amyloid β(1-42) exposure resulted in acetylcholine content reduction. Simultaneous reduction of AChE activity and acetylcholine content verified diminished cholinergic integrity. This scheme exploiting synapse enzyme activity of mature-like 3D CNS tissue is therefore applicable to age-related neuropathology research including in vitro screening of conditions potentially affecting synapse integrity, including the promotion of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker L Andersen
- Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Vermette
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tamas Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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50
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Fentabil M, Gebremedhin M, Barry J, Mikler J, Cochrane L. In vivo efficacy of the Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL®) kit against organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 318:108980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.108980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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