1
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Kato S, Inomata H. Blastopore gating mechanism to regulate extracellular fluid excretion. iScience 2023; 26:106585. [PMID: 37192977 PMCID: PMC10182286 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid uptake and efflux play roles in early embryogenesis as well as in adult homeostasis. Multicellular organisms have two main pathways for fluid movement: cellular-level, such as transcellular and paracellular pathways, and tissue-level, involving muscle contraction. Interestingly, early Xenopus embryos with immature functional muscles excrete archenteron fluid via a tissue-level mechanism that opens the blastopore through a gating mechanism that is unclear. Using microelectrodes, we show that the archenteron has a constant fluid pressure and as development progress the blastopore pressure resistance decreases. Combining physical perturbations and imaging analyses, we found that the pushing force exerted by the circumblastoporal collars (CBCs) at the slit periphery regulates pressure resistance. We show that apical constriction at the blastopore dorsoventral ends contributes to this pushing force, and relaxation of ventral constriction causes fluid excretion. These results indicate that actomyosin contraction mediates temporal control of tissue-level blastopore opening and fluid excretion in early Xenopus embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Kato
- Laboratory for Axial Pattern Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Corresponding author
| | - Hidehiko Inomata
- Laboratory for Axial Pattern Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Corresponding author
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2
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Burraco P, Hernandez-Gonzalez M, Metcalfe NB, Monaghan P. Ageing across the great divide: tissue transformation, organismal growth and temperature shape telomere dynamics through the metamorphic transition. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222448. [PMID: 36750187 PMCID: PMC9904946 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere attrition is considered a useful indicator of cellular and whole-organism ageing rate. While approximately 80% of animal species undergo metamorphosis that includes extensive tissue transformations (involving cell division, apoptosis, de-differentiation and de novo formation of stem cells), the effect on telomere dynamics is unknown. We measured telomeres in Xenopus laevis developing from larvae to adults under contrasting environmental temperatures. Telomere dynamics were linked to the degree of tissue transformation during development. Average telomere length in gut tissue increased dramatically during metamorphosis, when the gut shortens by 75% and epithelial cells de-differentiate into stem cells. In the liver (retained from larva) and hindlimb muscle (newly formed before metamorphosis), telomeres gradually shortened until adulthood, likely due to extensive cell division. Tail muscle telomere lengths were constant until tail resorption, and those in heart (retained from larva) showed no change over time. Telomere lengths negatively correlated with larval growth, but for a given growth rate, telomeres were shorter in cooler conditions, suggesting that growing in the cold is more costly. Telomere lengths were not related to post-metamorphic growth rate. Further research is now needed to understand whether telomere dynamics are a good indicator of ageing rate in species undergoing metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Burraco
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Ecology, Evolution and Development Group, Doñana Biological Station (CSIC), 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Hernandez-Gonzalez
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Neil B. Metcalfe
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pat Monaghan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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3
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Della Gaspera B, Weill L, Chanoine C. Evolution of Somite Compartmentalization: A View From Xenopus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790847. [PMID: 35111756 PMCID: PMC8802780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are transitory metameric structures at the basis of the axial organization of vertebrate musculoskeletal system. During evolution, somites appear in the chordate phylum and compartmentalize mainly into the dermomyotome, the myotome, and the sclerotome in vertebrates. In this review, we summarized the existing literature about somite compartmentalization in Xenopus and compared it with other anamniote and amniote vertebrates. We also present and discuss a model that describes the evolutionary history of somite compartmentalization from ancestral chordates to amniote vertebrates. We propose that the ancestral organization of chordate somite, subdivided into a lateral compartment of multipotent somitic cells (MSCs) and a medial primitive myotome, evolves through two major transitions. From ancestral chordates to vertebrates, the cell potency of MSCs may have evolved and gave rise to all new vertebrate compartments, i.e., the dermomyome, its hypaxial region, and the sclerotome. From anamniote to amniote vertebrates, the lateral MSC territory may expand to the whole somite at the expense of primitive myotome and may probably facilitate sclerotome formation. We propose that successive modifications of the cell potency of some type of embryonic progenitors could be one of major processes of the vertebrate evolution.
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4
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Ontogeny of the anuran urostyle and the developmental context of evolutionary novelty. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3034-3044. [PMID: 31988131 PMCID: PMC7022158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917506117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of caudal vertebrae has evolved multiple times independently: the pygostyle of birds, coccyx in apes and humans, ural plate of fish, and the urostyle of frogs. The anuran urostyle, however, is structurally and developmentally distinct because of the contribution of an ossifying hypochord. To date, the developmental mechanisms behind an ossifying hypochord have remained obscure. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of the development of this evolutionary innovative structure and of how neuromusculature, cell death, and proliferation paved their way to facilitate its formation. Finally, we propose that the ossifying hypochord plays a role in tail loss in anurans and reorganizing the dorsal aorta and thus is pivotal in the evolution of the anuran bauplan. Developmental novelties often underlie the evolutionary origins of key metazoan features. The anuran urostyle, which evolved nearly 200 MYA, is one such structure. It forms as the tail regresses during metamorphosis, when locomotion changes from an axial-driven mode in larvae to a limb-driven one in adult frogs. The urostyle comprises of a coccyx and a hypochord. The coccyx forms by fusion of caudal vertebrae and has evolved repeatedly across vertebrates. However, the contribution of an ossifying hypochord to the coccyx in anurans is unique among vertebrates and remains a developmental enigma. Here, we focus on the developmental changes that lead to the anuran urostyle, with an emphasis on understanding the ossifying hypochord. We find that the coccyx and hypochord have two different developmental histories: First, the development of the coccyx initiates before metamorphic climax whereas the ossifying hypochord undergoes rapid ossification and hypertrophy; second, thyroid hormone directly affects hypochord formation and appears to have a secondary effect on the coccygeal portion of the urostyle. The embryonic hypochord is known to play a significant role in the positioning of the dorsal aorta (DA), but the reason for hypochordal ossification remains obscure. Our results suggest that the ossifying hypochord plays a role in remodeling the DA in the newly forming adult body by partially occluding the DA in the tail. We propose that the ossifying hypochord-induced loss of the tail during metamorphosis has enabled the evolution of the unique anuran bauplan.
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Lewandowski D, Dubińska-Magiera M, Migocka-Patrzałek M, Niedbalska-Tarnowska J, Haczkiewicz-Leśniak K, Dzięgiel P, Daczewska M. Everybody wants to move-Evolutionary implications of trunk muscle differentiation in vertebrate species. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 104:3-13. [PMID: 31759871 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In our review we have completed current knowledge on myotomal myogenesis in model and non-model vertebrate species (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) at morphological and molecular levels. Data obtained from these studies reveal distinct similarities and differences between amniote and anamniote species. Based on the available data, we decided to present evolutionary implications in vertebrate trunk muscle development. Despite the fact that in all vertebrates muscle fibres are multinucleated, the pathways leading to them vary between vertebrate taxa. In fishes during early myogenesis myoblasts differentiate into multinucleated lamellae or multinucleate myotubes. In amphibians, myoblasts fuse to form multinucleated myotubes or, bypassing fusion, directly differentiate into mononucleated myotubes. Furthermore, mononucleated myotubes were also observed during primary myogenesis in amniotes. The mononucleated state of myogenic cells could be considered as an old phylogenetic, plesiomorphic feature, whereas direct multinuclearity of myotubes has a synapomorphic character. On the other hand, the explanation of this phenomenon could also be linked to the environmental conditions in which animals develop. The similarities observed in vertebrate myogenesis might result from a conservative myogenic programme governed by the Pax3/Pax7 and myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) network, whereas differences in anamniotes and amniotes are established by spatiotemporal pattern expression of MRFs during muscle differentiation and/or environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Lewandowski
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Migocka-Patrzałek
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Niedbalska-Tarnowska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Department of Tumor Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 6a, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
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6
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Prünster MM, Ricci L, Brown FD, Tiozzo S. Modular co-option of cardiopharyngeal genes during non-embryonic myogenesis. EvoDevo 2019; 10:3. [PMID: 30867897 PMCID: PMC6399929 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In chordates, cardiac and body muscles arise from different embryonic origins. In addition, myogenesis can be triggered in adult organisms, during asexual development or regeneration. In non-vertebrate chordates like ascidians, muscles originate from embryonic precursors regulated by a conserved set of genes that orchestrate cell behavior and dynamics during development. In colonial ascidians, besides embryogenesis and metamorphosis, an adult can propagate asexually via blastogenesis, skipping embryo and larval stages, and form anew the adult body, including the complete body musculature. Results To investigate the cellular origin and mechanisms that trigger non-embryonic myogenesis, we followed the expression of ascidian myogenic genes during Botryllus schlosseri blastogenesis and reconstructed the dynamics of muscle precursors. Based on the expression dynamics of Tbx1/10, Ebf, Mrf, Myh3 for body wall and of FoxF, Tbx1/10, Nk4, Myh2 for heart development, we show that the embryonic factors regulating myogenesis are only partially co-opted in blastogenesis, and that markers for muscle precursors are expressed in two separate domains: the dorsal tube and the ventral mesenchyma. Conclusions Regardless of the developmental pathway, non-embryonic myogenesis shares a similar molecular and anatomical setup as embryonic myogenesis, but implements a co-option and loss of molecular modules. We then propose that the cellular precursors contributing to heart and body muscles may have different origins and may be coordinated by different developmental pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13227-019-0116-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mandela Prünster
- 1Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | - Lorenzo Ricci
- 1Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche sur Mer, France.,2Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Federico D Brown
- 3Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-090 Brazil.,4Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP CEP 11612-109 Brazil
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- 1Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche sur Mer, France
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7
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8
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Shu Y, Xia J, Yu Q, Wang G, Zhang J, He J, Wang H, Zhang L, Wu H. Integrated analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression profiles reveals muscle growth differences between adult female and male Chinese concave-eared frogs (Odorrana tormota). Gene 2018; 678:241-251. [PMID: 30103010 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese concave-eared torrent frog (Odorrana tormota) is the first known non-mammalian vertebrate that can communicate using ultrasound. In this species, females are approximately four times as large as males, in which the female growth rate is obviously higher than that of male. Until now, the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle growth development differences between male and female frogs have not been reported. Here, we integrated mRNA and miRNA expression profiles to reveal growth differences in the hindlimb muscles of 2-year-old frogs. Among 569 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 69 were associated with muscle growth and regeneration. Fifty-one up-regulated genes in females were potentially involved in promoting muscle growth and regeneration, whereas 18 up-regulated genes in males may lead to muscle growth inhibition and fast-twitch muscle fiber contraction. 244 DEGs were enriched in mTOR and other protein synthesis signaling pathways, and protein degradation pathways, including lysosomal protease, calpain, caspase, and ubiquitin-proteasome system pathways. It may interpret why female muscles grow faster than males. Based on expression differences of genes involved in glycolysis and oxidative metabolism, we speculated that the proportion of slow muscle fiber was higher and that of fast muscle fiber was lower in female compared with male muscle. Additionally, 767 miRNAs were identified, including 217 new miRNAs, and 6248 miRNA-negatively regulated mRNAs were predicted. The miRNA target genes were enriched in pathways related to muscle growth, protein synthesis, and degradation. Thus, in addition to the identified mRNA differential expressions, miRNAs may play other important roles in the differential regulation of hindlimb muscle growth between female and male O. tormota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Shu
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Jinquan Xia
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Jihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Hailong Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
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9
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Tenente IM, Hayes MN, Ignatius MS, McCarthy K, Yohe M, Sindiri S, Gryder B, Oliveira ML, Ramakrishnan A, Tang Q, Chen EY, Petur Nielsen G, Khan J, Langenau DM. Myogenic regulatory transcription factors regulate growth in rhabdomyosarcoma. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28080960 PMCID: PMC5231408 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric malignacy of muscle with myogenic regulatory transcription factors MYOD and MYF5 being expressed in this disease. Consensus in the field has been that expression of these factors likely reflects the target cell of transformation rather than being required for continued tumor growth. Here, we used a transgenic zebrafish model to show that Myf5 is sufficient to confer tumor-propagating potential to RMS cells and caused tumors to initiate earlier and have higher penetrance. Analysis of human RMS revealed that MYF5 and MYOD are mutually-exclusively expressed and each is required for sustained tumor growth. ChIP-seq and mechanistic studies in human RMS uncovered that MYF5 and MYOD bind common DNA regulatory elements to alter transcription of genes that regulate muscle development and cell cycle progression. Our data support unappreciated and dominant oncogenic roles for MYF5 and MYOD convergence on common transcriptional targets to regulate human RMS growth. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19214.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Tenente
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States.,GABBA Program, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madeline N Hayes
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Myron S Ignatius
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Molecular Medicine, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, San Antonio, United States
| | - Karin McCarthy
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Marielle Yohe
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, United States
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, United States
| | - Berkley Gryder
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, United States
| | - Mariana L Oliveira
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ashwin Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Qin Tang
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Eleanor Y Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - G Petur Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Javed Khan
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, United States
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
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10
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Park CJ, Song SH, Kim DH, Gye MC. Nickel affects gill and muscle development in oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis) embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 182:67-78. [PMID: 27871005 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The developmental toxicity of nickel was examined in the embryos of Bombina orientalis, a common amphibian in Korea. Based on a standard frog embryo teratogenesis assay, the LC50 and EC50 for malformation of nickel after 168h of treatment were 33.8μM and 5.4μM, respectively. At a lethal concentration (100μM), nickel treatment decreased the space between gill filaments and caused epithelial swelling and abnormal fusion of gill filaments. These findings suggest that nickel affects the functional development of gills, leading to embryonic death. At sublethal concentrations (1-10μM), nickel produced multiple embryonic abnormalities, including bent tail and tail dysplasia. At 10μM, nickel significantly decreased tail length and tail muscle fiber density in tadpoles, indicating inhibition of myogenic differentiation. Before hatching, the pre-muscular response to muscular response stages (stages 26-31) were the most sensitive period to nickel with respect to tail muscle development. During these stages, MyoD mRNA was upregulated, whereas myogenic regulatory factor 4 mRNA was downregulated by 0.1μM nickel. Calcium-dependent kinase activities in muscular response stage embryos were significantly decreased by nickel, whereas these activities were restored by exogenous calcium. In tadpoles, 10μM nickel significantly decreased the expression of the myosin heavy chain and the 12/101 muscle marker protein in the tail. Expression was restored by exogenous calcium. Our results indicate that nickel affects muscle development by disrupting calcium-dependent myogenesis in developing B. orientalis embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jin Park
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Sang Ha Song
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Dae Han Kim
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
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11
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Sabillo A, Ramirez J, Domingo CR. Making muscle: Morphogenetic movements and molecular mechanisms of myogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:80-91. [PMID: 26853935 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis offers unprecedented access to the intricacies of muscle development. The large, robust embryos make it ideal for manipulations at both the tissue and molecular level. In particular, this model system can be used to fate map early muscle progenitors, visualize cell behaviors associated with somitogenesis, and examine the role of signaling pathways that underlie induction, specification, and differentiation of muscle. Several characteristics that are unique to X. laevis include myogenic waves with distinct gene expression profiles and the late formation of dermomyotome and sclerotome. Furthermore, myogenesis in the metamorphosing frog is biphasic, facilitating regeneration studies. In this review, we describe the morphogenetic movements that shape the somites and discuss signaling and transcriptional regulation during muscle development and regeneration. With recent advances in gene editing tools, X. laevis remains a premier model organism for dissecting the complex mechanisms underlying the specification, cell behaviors, and formation of the musculature system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armbien Sabillo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Julio Ramirez
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, CA 94132, USA
| | - Carmen R Domingo
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, CA 94132, USA.
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12
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Grifone R, Xie X, Bourgeois A, Saquet A, Duprez D, Shi DL. The RNA-binding protein Rbm24 is transiently expressed in myoblasts and is required for myogenic differentiation during vertebrate development. Mech Dev 2014; 134:1-15. [PMID: 25217815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBP) contribute to gene regulation through post-transcriptional events. Despite the important roles demonstrated for several RBP in regulating skeletal myogenesis in vitro, very few RBP coding genes have been characterized during skeletal myogenesis in vertebrate embryo. In the present study we report that Rbm24, which encodes the RNA-binding motif protein 24, is required for skeletal muscle differentiation in vivo. We show that Rbm24 transcripts are expressed at all sites of skeletal muscle formation during embryogenesis of different vertebrates, including axial, limb and head muscles. Interestingly, we find that Rbm24 protein starts to accumulate in MyoD-positive myoblasts and is transiently expressed at the onset of muscle cell differentiation. It accumulates in myotomal and limb myogenic cells, but not in Pax3-positive progenitor cells. Rbm24 expression is under the direct regulation by MyoD, as demonstrated by in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Using morpholino knockdown approach, we further show that Rbm24 is required for somitic myogenic progenitor cells to differentiate into muscle cells during chick somitic myogenesis. Altogether, these results highlight Rbm24 as a novel key regulator of the myogenic differentiation program during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Grifone
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Xin Xie
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Adeline Bourgeois
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Audrey Saquet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Delphine Duprez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France
| | - De-Li Shi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France.
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13
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Ziermann JM, Diogo R. Cranial muscle development in frogs with different developmental modes: direct development versus biphasic development. J Morphol 2014; 275:398-413. [PMID: 24877162 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Normal development in anurans includes a free swimming larva that goes through metamorphosis to develop into the adult frog. We have investigated cranial muscle development and adult cranial muscle morphology in three different anuran species. Xenopus laevis is obligate aquatic throughout lifetime, Rana(Lithobates) pipiens has an aquatic larvae and a terrestrial adult form, and Eleutherodactylus coqui has direct developing juveniles that hatch from eggs deposited on leaves (terrestrial). The adult morphology shows hardly any differences between the investigated species. Cranial muscle development of E. coqui shows many similarities and only few differences to the development of Rana (Lithobates) and Xenopus. The differences are missing muscles of the branchial arches (which disappear during metamorphosis of biphasic anurans) and a few heterochronic changes. The development of the mandibular arch (adductor mandibulae) and hyoid arch (depressor mandibulae) muscles is similar to that observed in Xenopus and Rana (Lithobates), although the first appearance of these muscles displays a midmetamorphic pattern in E. coqui. We show that the mix of characters observed in E. coqui indicates that the larval stage is not completely lost even without a free swimming larval stage. Cryptic metamorphosis is the process in which morphological changes in the larva/embryo take place that are not as obvious as in normal metamorphosing anurans with a clear biphasic lifestyle. During cryptic metamorphosis, a normal adult frog develops, indicating that the majority of developmental mechanisms towards the functional adult cranial muscles are preserved.
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14
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Marti M, Montserrat N, Pardo C, Mulero L, Miquel-Serra L, Rodrigues AMC, Andrés Vaquero J, Kuebler B, Morera C, Barrero MJ, Izpisua Belmonte JC. M-cadherin-mediated intercellular interactions activate satellite cell division. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5116-31. [PMID: 24046443 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.123562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult muscle stem cells and their committed myogenic precursors, commonly referred to as the satellite cell population, are involved in both muscle growth after birth and regeneration after damage. It has been previously proposed that, under these circumstances, satellite cells first become activated, divide and differentiate, and only later fuse to the existing myofiber through M-cadherin-mediated intercellular interactions. Our data show that satellite cells fuse with the myofiber concomitantly to cell division, and only when the nuclei of the daughter cells are inside the myofiber, do they complete the process of differentiation. Here we demonstrate that M-cadherin plays an important role in cell-to-cell recognition and fusion, and is crucial for cell division activation. Treatment of satellite cells with M-cadherin in vitro stimulates cell division, whereas addition of anti-M-cadherin antibodies reduces the cell division rate. Our results suggest an alternative model for the contribution of satellite cells to muscle development, which might be useful in understanding muscle regeneration, as well as muscle-related dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merce Marti
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Nasipak B, Kelley DB. Developing laryngeal muscle of Xenopus laevis as a model system: androgen-driven myogenesis controls fiber type transformation. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:664-75. [PMID: 21954146 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The developmental programs that contribute to myogenic stem cell proliferation and muscle fiber differentiation control fiber numbers and twitch type. In this study, we describe the use of an experimental model system-androgen-regulated laryngeal muscle of juvenile clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis-to examine the contribution of proliferation by specific populations of myogenic stem cells to expression of the larynx-specific myosin heavy chain isoform, LM. Androgen treatment of juveniles (Stage PM0) resulted in upregulation of an early (Myf-5) and a late (myogenin) myogenic regulatory factor; the time course of LM upregulation tracked that of myogenin. Myogenic stem cells stimulated to proliferate by androgen include a population that expresses Pax-7, a marker for the satellite cell myogenic stem cell population. Since androgen can switch muscle fiber types from fast to slow even in denervated larynges, we developed an ex vivo culture system to explore the relation between proliferation and LM expression. Cultured whole larynges maintain sensitivity to androgen, increasing in size and LM expression. Blockade of cell proliferation with cis-platin prevents the switch from slow to fast twitch muscle fibers as assayed by ATPase activity. Blockade of cell proliferation in vivo also resulted in inhibition of LM expression. Thus, both in vivo and ex vivo, inhibition of myogenic stem cell proliferation blocks androgen-induced LM expression and fiber type switching in juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Nasipak
- Department of Cell Biology, UMass Medical School, Worchester, MA 01655, USA
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16
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Della Gaspera B, Armand AS, Sequeira I, Chesneau A, Mazabraud A, Lécolle S, Charbonnier F, Chanoine C. Myogenic waves and myogenic programs during Xenopus embryonic myogenesis. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:995-1007. [PMID: 22434732 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although Xenopus is a key model organism in developmental biology, little is known about the myotome formation in this species. Here, we assessed the expression of myogenic regulatory factors of the Myod family (MRFs) during embryonic development and revealed distinct MRF programs. RESULTS The expression pattern of each MRF during embryonic development highlights three successive myogenic waves. We showed that a first median and lateral myogenesis initiates before dermomyotome formation: the median cell population expresses Myf5, Myod, and Mrf4, whereas the lateral one expresses Myod, moderate levels of Myogenin and Mrf4. The second wave of myoblasts arising from the dermomyotome is characterized by the full MRF program expression, with high levels of Myogenin. The third wave is revealed by Myf5 expression in the myotome and could contribute to the formation of plurinucleated fibers at larval stages. Furthermore, Myf5- or Myod-expressing anlagen are identified in craniofacial myogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The first median and lateral myogenesis and their associated MRF programs have probably disappeared in mammals. However, some aspects of Xenopus myogenesis have been conserved such as the development of somitic muscles by successive myogenic waves and the existence of Myf5-dependent and -independent lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Della Gaspera
- Centre d'Etude de la Sensori-Motricité, UMR 8194 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
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17
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Manzano A, Abdala V, Ponssa ML, Soliz M. Ontogeny and tissue differentiation of the pelvic girdle and hind limbs of anurans. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2012.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Manzano
- CONICET-UADER; Matteri y España (3105); Diamante; Entre Ríos; Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Herpetología; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales (UNT); Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET; Miguel Lillo 251 (4000), Tucumán; Argentina
| | - María L. Ponssa
- Instituto de Herpetología; Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET; Miguel Lillo 251 (4000), Tucumán; Argentina
| | - Mónica Soliz
- Instituto de Herpetología; Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET; Miguel Lillo 251 (4000), Tucumán; Argentina
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18
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Green YS, Vetter ML. EBF proteins participate in transcriptional regulation of Xenopus muscle development. Dev Biol 2011; 358:240-50. [PMID: 21839736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
EBF proteins have diverse functions in the development of multiple lineages, including neurons, B cells and adipocytes. During Drosophila muscle development EBF proteins are expressed in muscle progenitors and are required for muscle cell differentiation, but there is no known function of EBF proteins in vertebrate muscle development. In this study, we examine the expression of ebf genes in Xenopus muscle tissue and show that EBF activity is necessary for aspects of Xenopus skeletal muscle development, including somite organization, migration of hypaxial muscle anlagen toward the ventral abdomen, and development of jaw muscle. From a microarray screen, we have identified multiple candidate targets of EBF activity with known roles in muscle development. The candidate targets we have verified are MYOD, MYF5, M-Cadherin and SEB-4. In vivo overexpression of the ebf2 and ebf3 genes leads to ectopic expression of these candidate targets, and knockdown of EBF activity causes downregulation of the endogenous expression of the candidate targets. Furthermore, we found that MYOD and MYF5 are likely to be direct targets. Finally we show that MYOD can upregulate the expression of ebf genes, indicating the presence of a positive feedback loop between EBF and MYOD that we find to be important for maintenance of MYOD expression in Xenopus. These results suggest that EBF activity is important for both stabilizing commitment and driving aspects of differentiation in Xenopus muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsook Song Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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19
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Targets and effects of yessotoxin, okadaic acid and palytoxin: a differential review. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:658-77. [PMID: 20411120 PMCID: PMC2857362 DOI: 10.3390/md8030658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on processes, organs and systems targeted by the marine toxins yessotoxin (YTX), okadaic acid (OA) and palytoxin (PTX). The effects of YTX and their basis are analyzed from data collected in the mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis, the annelid Enchytraeus crypticus, Swiss CD1 mice and invertebrate and vertebrate cell cultures. OA and PTX, two toxins with a better established mode of action, are analyzed with regard to their effects on development. The amphibian Xenopus laevis is used as a model, and the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) as the experimental protocol.
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20
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Goda T, Takagi C, Ueno N. Xenopus Rnd1 and Rnd3 GTP-binding proteins are expressed under the control of segmentation clock and required for somite formation. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2867-76. [PMID: 19795516 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of segmentation in vertebrates is described by a clock and wavefront model consisting of a Notch signal and an fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF8) gradient, respectively. To further investigate the segmentation process, we screened gene expression profiles for downstream targets of the segmentation clock. The Rnd1 and Rnd3 GTP-binding proteins comprise a subgroup of the Rho GTPase family that show a specific expression pattern similar to the Notch signal component ESR5, suggesting an association between Rnd1/3 and the segmentation clock. Rnd1/3 expression patterns are disrupted by overexpression of dominant-negative or active forms of Notch signaling genes, and responds to the FGF inhibitor SU5402 by a posterior shift analogous to other segmentation-related genes, suggesting that Rnd1/3 expressions are regulated by the segmentation clock machinery. We also show that antisense morpholino oligonucleotides to Rnd1/3 inhibit somite segmentation and differentiation in Xenopus embryos. These results suggest that Rnd1/3 are required for Xenopus somitogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Goda
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan.
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21
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Franchini A, Casarini L, Malagoli D, Ottaviani E. Expression of the genes siamois, engrailed-2, bmp4 and myf5 during Xenopus development in presence of the marine toxins okadaic acid and palytoxin. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:308-312. [PMID: 19683326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation examines the effects of the marine toxins, okadaic acid (OA) and palytoxin (PTX), on some genes involved in the neural and muscular specification and patterning of Xenopus laevis. The RT-PCR analyses performed at different stages of embryonic and larval development (stages 11-47) demonstrated that both toxins induce an over-expression of the genes siamois and engrailed-2 and a different behaviour in bmp4 and myf5. Indeed, OA provoked a significant increase in bmp4 in the earliest stage (11) examined, a down-regulation from stages 12 to 17, and a renewed increase from the beginning of hatching onwards (stages 35-47). In contrast, myf5 was up-regulated in all stages up to 35. PTX induced an over-expression of both bmp4 and myf5 during the embryonic and early larval development stages. The results show that PTX induces an increase in expression levels in all tested genes, while the response to OA seems to be more stage-dependent, with the embryonic development stage more sensitive to the toxin than the larval stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Franchini
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, 41100 Modena, Italy
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22
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Cornish EJ, Hassan SM, Martin JD, Li S, Merzdorf CS. A microarray screen for direct targets of Zic1 identifies an aquaporin gene, aqp-3b, expressed in the neural folds. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1179-94. [PMID: 19384961 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zic1 transcription factor plays multiple roles during early development, for example, in patterning the early neural plate and formation of the neural crest, somites, and cerebellum. To identify direct downstream target genes of Zic1, a microarray screen was conducted in Xenopus laevis that identified 85 genes upregulated twofold or more. These include transcription factors, receptors, enzymes, proteins involved in retinoic acid signaling, and an aquaglyceroporin (aqp-3b), but surprisingly no genes known to be involved in cell proliferation. We show that both aqp-3 and aqp-3b were expressed in adult tissues, while during early embryonic development, only aqp-3b was transcribed. During neurula stages, aqp-3b was expressed specifically in the neural folds. This pattern of aqp-3b expression closely resembled that of NF-protocadherin (NFPC), which is involved in cell adhesion and neural tube closure. Aqp-3b may also be involved in neural tube closure, since mammalian Aqp-3 promotes cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jean Cornish
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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23
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della Gaspera B, Armand AS, Sequeira I, Lecolle S, Gallien CL, Charbonnier F, Chanoine C. The Xenopus MEF2 gene family: evidence of a role for XMEF2C in larval tendon development. Dev Biol 2009; 328:392-402. [PMID: 19389348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
MEF2 transcription factors are well-established regulators of muscle development. In this report, we describe the cloning of multiple splicing isoforms of the XMEF2A and XMEF2C encoding genes, differentially expressed during Xenopus development. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization, we found that the accumulation of XMEF2C mRNA in the tadpole stages was restricted to intersomitic regions and to the peripheral edges of hypaxial and cranial muscle masses in contrast to XMEF2A and XMEF2D, characterized by a continuous muscle cell expression. The XMEF2C positive cells express the bHLH transcription factor, Xscleraxis, known as a specific marker for tendons. Gain of function experiments revealed that the use of a hormone-inducible XMEF2C construct is able to induce Xscleraxis expression. Furthermore, XMEF2C specifically cooperates with Xscleraxis to induce tenascin C and betaig-h3, two genes preferentially expressed in Xenopus larval tendons. These findings 1) highlight a previously unappreciated and specific role for XMEF2C in tendon development and 2) identify a novel gene transactivation pathway where MEF2C cooperates with the bHLH protein, Xscleraxis, to activate specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno della Gaspera
- UMR 7060 CNRS, Equipe Biologie du Développement et de la Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, Université Paris Descartes, F-75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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24
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Lin L, Penaloza C, Ye Y, Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z. Detection of apoptosis in mammalian development. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 559:259-72. [PMID: 19609762 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-017-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian development is dependent on an intricate orchestration of cell proliferation and death. Deregulation in the levels, localization, and type of cell death can lead to disease and even death of the developing embryo. The mechanisms involved in such deregulation are many; alterations and or manipulations of these can aid in the detection, prevention and possible treatments of any effects this de-regulation may have. Here we describe how cell death can be detected during mammalian development, using diverse staining and microscopy methods, while taking advantage of the advancements in cell death mechanisms, derived from biochemical and teratological studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Medarex Inc, Bloomsbury, NY, USA
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25
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Old Wares and New: Five Decades of Investigation of Somitogenesis in Xenopus laevis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 638:73-94. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09606-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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The myocardin-related transcription factor, MASTR, cooperates with MyoD to activate skeletal muscle gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1545-50. [PMID: 18230740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703918105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The myocardin family proteins (myocardin, MRTF-A, and MRTF-B) are serum response factor (SRF) cofactors and potent transcription activators. Gene-ablation studies have indicated important developmental functions for myocardin family proteins primarily in regulation of cardiac and smooth muscle development. Using Xenopus genome and cDNA databases, we identified a myocardin-related transcription factor expressed specifically in the skeletal muscle lineage. Synteny and sequence alignments indicate that this gene is the frog orthologue of mouse MASTR [Creemers EE, Sutherland LB, Oh J, Barbosa AC, Olson EN (2006) Coactivation of MEF2 by the SAP domain proteins myocardin and MASTR. Mol Cell 23:83-96]. Inhibition of MASTR function in the Xenopus embryo by using dominant-negative constructions or morpholino knockdown results in a dramatic reduction in expression of skeletal muscle marker genes. Overexpression of MASTR in whole embryos or embryonic tissue explants induces ectopic expression of muscle marker genes. Furthermore, MASTR cooperates with the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and Myf5 to activate transcription of skeletal muscle genes. An essential function for MASTR in regulation of myogenic development in the vertebrate embryo has not been previously indicated.
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27
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Ziermann JM, Olsson L. Patterns of spatial and temporal cranial muscle development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae). J Morphol 2008; 268:791-804. [PMID: 17624928 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis, has been a major vertebrate model organism for developmental studies for half a century. Because most studies have focused on the early stages of development, this has had the effect that many aspects of organogenesis and later development remain relatively poorly known in this species. In particular, little is known about cranial muscle development even at the level of morphology and histological differentiation of muscle anlagen and muscle fibers. In this study, we document the morphogenesis and histological differentiation of cranial muscles in X. laevis. We provide a detailed account of the timing of development for each of the cranial muscles, and also describe a new muscle, the m. transversus anterior. The cranial musculature of X. laevis larvae generally develops in a rostrocaudal sequence. The first muscles to differentiate are the extrinsic eye muscles. Muscles of the mandibular and hyoid arches develop almost simultaneously, and are followed by the muscles of the branchial arches and the larynx, and by the mm. geniohyoideus and rectus cervicis. Despite the fact that differentiation starts at different stages in the different muscles, most are fully developed at Stage 14. These baseline data on the timing of muscle differentiation in the X. laevis can serve as a foundation for comparative studies of heterochronic changes in cranial muscle development in frogs and other lissamphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Ziermann
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstr. 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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28
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Abstract
Knowledge of muscle development in a vertebrate reflects strengths of the particular model system. For example, the origin of mesoderm is very well characterized in Xenopus laevis, where development of somites is less well understood. The major problem in muscle development, presented by frogs, is the complete replacement of larval muscles by adult muscles at thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis. All tail muscles die, all leg muscles form de novo, and muscles in the jaw and trunk show both processes. The nature of adult muscle progenitors remains unclear. Comparison of X. laevis development with divergent amphibian patterns, such as direct developers, which lack the larval tadpole, should highlight important steps in adult muscle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Elinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA.
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29
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Iijima R, Kunieda T, Yamaguchi S, Kamigaki H, Fujii-Taira I, Sekimizu K, Kubo T, Natori S, Homma KJ. The extracellular adenosine deaminase growth factor, ADGF/CECR1, plays a role in Xenopus embryogenesis via the adenosine/P1 receptor. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2255-64. [PMID: 18032387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709279200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase-related growth factors (ADGF), also known as CECR1 in vertebrates, are a novel family of growth factors with sequence similarity to classical cellular adenosine deaminase. Although genes for ADGF/CECR1 have been identified in both invertebrates as well as vertebrates, their in vivo functions in vertebrates remain unknown. We isolated cDNA clones for two cerc 1s from Xenopus laevis. Both recombinant Xenopus CECR1s exhibited adenosine deaminase and growth factor activity, and the adenosine deaminase activity was found to be indispensable for growth factor activity. The Xenopus cerc 1s are expressed in the somites, pronephros, eyes, cement gland, neural tube, and neural floor plate of the embryos. Knock-down of these two genes using morpholino oligonucleotides caused a reduction in the body size and abnormalities of the body axis in the Xenopus embryos, accompanied by selective changes in the expression of developmental marker genes. Injection of adenosine, agonists for adenosine/P1 receptors, or adenosine deaminase inhibitor into late gastrula archenteron embryos resulted in developmental defects similar to those caused by morpholino oligonucleotide injection. These results show, for the first time, the involvement of CECR1s via the adenosine/P1 receptors in vertebrate embryogenesis via regulation of extracellular adenosine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Iijima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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30
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Campinho MA, Sweeney GE, Power DM. Regulation of troponin T expression during muscle development in sea bream Sparus auratus Linnaeus: the potential role of thyroid hormones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 209:4751-67. [PMID: 17114408 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the sea bream Sparus auratus three stage-specific fast troponin T (fTnT) isoforms have been cloned and correspond to embryonic-, larval- and adult-specific isoforms. Characterisation, using database searches, of the putative genomic organisation of Fugu rubripes and Tetraodon nigroviridis fTnT indicates that alternative exon splicing in the 5 region of the gene generates the different isoforms. Moreover, comparison of teleost fTnTs suggests that alternative splicing of fTnT appears to be common in teleosts. A different temporal expression pattern for each fTnT splice varotnt is found during sea bream development and probably relates to differing functional demands, as a highly acidic embryonic form (pI 5.16) is substituted by a basic larval form (pI 9.57). Thyroid hormones (THs), which play an important regulatory role in muscle development in flatfish and tetrapods, appear also to influence TnT gene expression in the sea bream. However, THs have a divergent action on different sea bream TnT genes and although the slow isoform (sTnT1) is TH-responsive, fTnT, sTnT2 and the itronless isoform (iTnT) are unaffected. The present results taken together with those published for flatfish seem to suggest differences may exist in the regulation of larval muscle development in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Campinho
- CCMAR, FERN, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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31
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Biressi S, Molinaro M, Cossu G. Cellular heterogeneity during vertebrate skeletal muscle development. Dev Biol 2007; 308:281-93. [PMID: 17612520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although skeletal muscles appear superficially alike at different anatomical locations, in reality there is considerably more diversity than previously anticipated. Heterogeneity is not only restricted to completely developed fibers, but is clearly apparent during development at the molecular, cellular and anatomical level. Multiple waves of muscle precursors with different features appear before birth and contribute to muscular diversification. Recent cell lineage and gene expression studies have expanded our knowledge on how skeletal muscle is formed and how its heterogeneity is generated. This review will present a comprehensive view of relevant findings in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Stem Cell Research Institute, DiBiT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 58 via Olgettina, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Satoh A, Sakamaki K, Ide H, Tamura K. Characteristics of initiation and early events for muscle development in the Xenopus limb bud. Dev Dyn 2006; 234:846-57. [PMID: 16245333 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In Xenopus laevis, limb buds start to develop at a later point of the larval stage, prior to metamorphosis. This onset of limb development in Xenopus is totally different from that in amniotes such as birds and mammals, in which limb buds emerge at an early stage of embryogenesis, in parallel with other organogenesis. We investigated limb myogenesis in Xenopus, focusing on myogenic gene expression, myogenic ability of limb bud cells in the early stage, and the origin of myogenic precursor cells in the limb bud. The Xenopus early limb bud contains myoD/cardiac actin-positive and pax3/pax7-negative cells. Interestingly, results of transplantation experiments have revealed that this early limb bud contains myogenic precursor cells. In order to know the contribution of myogenic cells in somites to myogenic precursor cells in the early limb bud, we used a Cre-LoxP system for tracing over a long period. The results of fate tracing for myogenic cells in somites of the Xenopus embryo suggested that early-specified myogenic cells in somites do not contribute to limb muscle in Xenopus. Taken together, the results suggest that limb muscle development in Xenopus has characteristics of initiation and early events distinct from those of other vertebrate clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Satoh
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Penaloza C, Lin L, Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z. Cell death in development: shaping the embryo. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 126:149-58. [PMID: 16816938 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell death in animals is normally classified as type I (apoptotic), type II (autophagic) or necrotic. Of the biologically controlled types of death, in most embryos apoptosis is the most common, although in metamorphosis and in cells with massive cytoplasm type II is often seen, and intermediate forms are seen. For vertebrate embryos other than mammals, apoptosis is not seen prior to gastrulation but thereafter is used to sculpt the organs of the embryo, while overproduction of cells with subsequent death of excess cells is a common means of generating high specificity with low information cost. In zebrafish at least, the inability of embryos prior to the maternal-zygotic transition to undergo apoptosis appears to derive from the inability of the cells to resist lysis once apoptosis begins, rather than any inhibition of apoptosis. In mammalian embryos, apoptosis is seen during cavitation. Thereafter, as in other embryos, cell death plays a major role in shaping and sculpting the embryo. In those situations that have been carefully studied, cell death is under tight genetic control (including regulation of gene products whose function in cell death is not yet known, such as cdk5), with activation of apoptosis sometimes regulated by local environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Penaloza
- Department of Biology, Queens College and Graduate Center of CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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Mantecca P, Panseri S, Bacchetta R, Vismara C, Vailati G, Camatini M. Histopathological effects induced by paraquat during Xenopus laevis primary myogenesis. Tissue Cell 2006; 38:209-17. [PMID: 16712890 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative agent paraquat induced tail abnormalities during Xenopus laevis development. Specimens exposed from blastula to the tadpole stage revealed pear-shaped myocytes and irregular intersomitic boundaries. The histological feature of the axial musculature was evaluated in embryos sampled at significant stages of the primary myogenesis. During the somitogenesis PQ-treated embryos showed normal appearing myotomes, but reduced PAS activity in the post-rotating myotomal cells, and myoblasts with slight vacuolations. Once etched from the vitelline envelope, embryos showed severely altered myoblasts with irregular cellular apexes, heavy sarcoplasmic vacuolations, pyknotic nuclei and disorganizing intersomitic boundaries. Myotomes with many necrotic myocytes containing disorganized contractile material and heavily malformed intersomitic boundaries characterized the late myogenic stages. Our results evidence the heaviest PQ histopathological effects to affect myogenesis of post-etched embryos, suggesting a possible linkage between the swimming activity and the oxidative damage to muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mantecca
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 1, Piazza della Scienza, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
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Brown DD, Davis AC, Conlon FL. Xtn3 is a developmentally expressed cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific novex-3 titin isoform. Gene Expr Patterns 2006; 6:913-8. [PMID: 16630749 PMCID: PMC1635806 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Titin proteins play an essential role in maintaining muscle function and structure. Recent work has implicated the involvement of the novex-3 titin isoform in sarcomere restructuring and disease. Unlike avian and mammalian systems, Xenopus laevis myogenesis is characterized by a wave of primary myogenesis followed by apoptosis of the primary muscles and formation of new muscles by secondary myogenesis. We show here that the Xenopus laevis novex-3 titin isoform (Xtn3) is developmentally expressed throughout the somites, heart, and primary muscles of the developing embryo. Downregulation of Xtn3 expression at tadpole stages appears to coincide with the change in myofiber composition from solely embryonic "fast" fiber types to myofibers containing both "fast" and "slow" fiber types. We demonstrate that Xtn3 is expressed early in the presomitic mesoderm and remains expressed in the somites, ventral myoblasts, and developing jaw muscles through late tailbud stage. Furthermore, we show that Xtn3 is expressed in the cardiac primordia prior to linear heart tube formation and remains expressed in the heart until tadpole stage, at which point it is downregulated in the heart except in discrete patches of cardiac cells. Finally, we demonstrate that Xtn3 transcripts are detectable in adult heart and muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Brown
- Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7126, USA
- Department of Genetics, 220 Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
- Department of Biology, 220 Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Anna C. Davis
- Biology Department, Geneva College, 3200 College Avenue, Beaver Falls, PA 15010, USA
| | - Frank L. Conlon
- Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7126, USA
- Department of Genetics, 220 Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
- Department of Biology, 220 Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 919 843 5500; fax: +1 919 843 3399. E-mail address: (F.L. Conlon)
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Kragtorp KA, Miller JR. Regulation of somitogenesis by Ena/VASP proteins and FAK during Xenopus development. Development 2006; 133:685-95. [PMID: 16421193 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The metameric organization of the vertebrate body plan is established during somitogenesis as somite pairs sequentially form along the anteroposterior axis. Coordinated regulation of cell shape, motility and adhesion are crucial for directing the morphological segmentation of somites. We show that members of the Ena/VASP family of actin regulatory proteins are required for somitogenesis in Xenopus. Xenopus Ena (Xena) localizes to the cell periphery in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM), and is enriched at intersomitic junctions and at myotendinous junctions in somites and the myotome, where it co-localizes with β1-integrin, vinculin and FAK. Inhibition of Ena/VASP function with dominant-negative mutants results in abnormal somite formation that correlates with later defects in intermyotomal junctions. Neutralization of Ena/VASP activity disrupts cell rearrangements during somite rotation and leads to defects in the fibronectin (FN) matrix surrounding somites. Furthermore, inhibition of Ena/VASP function impairs FN matrix assembly, spreading of somitic cells on FN and autophosphorylation of FAK, suggesting a role for Ena/VASP proteins in the modulation of integrin-mediated processes. We also show that inhibition of FAK results in defects in somite formation, blocks FN matrix deposition and alters Xena localization. Together, these results provide evidence that Ena/VASP proteins and FAK are required for somite formation in Xenopus and support the idea that Ena/VASP and FAK function in a common pathway to regulate integrin-dependent migration and adhesion during somitogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Kragtorp
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development and Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Della Gaspera B, Sequeira I, Charbonnier F, Becker C, Shi DL, Chanoine C. Spatio-temporal expression of MRF4 transcripts and protein duringXenopus laevis embryogenesis. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:524-9. [PMID: 16258964 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas there have been extensive studies of the expression of XMyf5 and XMyoD during Xenopus embryogenesis, nothing is known about the spatio-temporal accumulation of XMRF4 transcripts and protein. In this report, we describe the cloning and characterization of two full-length MRF4 cDNAs and of their proximal promoters in Xenopus laevis. The comparison of the relative transcript levels of the XMRF4-a and -b genes in developing and adult muscles is highly suggestive of specific functions for the corresponding XMRF4 proteins. Whole-mount embryo in situ hybridization revealed the first XMRF4 transcripts in the more differentiated anterior myocytes of the embryo when the myosin heavy chain E3 mRNA begins to be detectable. XMRF4 mRNA accumulation later extended posteriorly but was never detected in the posterior unsegmented mesoderm, in contrast to XMyoD and XMyf-5. Whole-mount embryo immunohistochemistry revealed that XMRF4 protein accumulated in somite nuclei slightly after XMRF4 transcripts.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/chemistry
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Embryonic Development
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myogenic Regulatory Factors/chemistry
- Myogenic Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Myogenic Regulatory Factors/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Xenopus laevis/embryology
- Xenopus laevis/genetics
- Xenopus laevis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Della Gaspera
- UMR 7060 CNRS, Equipe Biologie du Développement et de la Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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Chanoine C, Della Gaspera B, Charbonnier F. Myogenic regulatory factors: Redundant or specific functions? Lessons fromXenopus. Dev Dyn 2004; 231:662-70. [PMID: 15499556 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery, in the late 1980s, of the MyoD gene family of muscle transcription factors has proved to be a milestone in understanding the molecular events controlling the specification and differentiation of the muscle lineage. From gene knock-out mice experiments progressively emerged the idea that each myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) has evolved a specialized as well as a redundant role in muscle differentiation. To date, MyoD serves as a paradigm for the MRF mode of function. The features of gene regulation by MyoD support a model in which subprograms of gene expression are achieved by the combination of promoter-specific regulation of MyoD binding and MyoD-mediated binding of various ancillary proteins. This binding likely includes site-specific chromatin reorganization by means of direct or indirect interaction with remodeling enzymes. In this cascade of molecular events leading to the proper and reproducible activation of muscle gene expression, the role and mode of function of other MRFs still remains largely unclear. Recent in vivo findings using the Xenopus embryo model strongly support the concept that a single MRF can specifically control a subset of muscle genes and, thus, can be substituted by other MRFs albeit with dramatically lower efficiency. The topic of this review is to summarize the molecular data accounting for a redundant and/or specific involvement of each member of the MyoD family in myogenesis in the light of recent studies on the Xenopus model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Chanoine
- UMR 7060 CNRS, Equipe Biologie du Développement et de la Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université René Descartes, Paris, France.
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39
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Grimaldi A, Tettamanti G, Martin BL, Gaffield W, Pownall ME, Hughes SM. Hedgehog regulation of superficial slow muscle fibres inXenopusand the evolution of tetrapod trunk myogenesis. Development 2004; 131:3249-62. [PMID: 15201218 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In tetrapod phylogeny, the dramatic modifications of the trunk have received less attention than the more obvious evolution of limbs. In somites,several waves of muscle precursors are induced by signals from nearby tissues. In both amniotes and fish, the earliest myogenesis requires secreted signals from the ventral midline carried by Hedgehog (Hh) proteins. To determine if this similarity represents evolutionary homology, we have examined myogenesis in Xenopus laevis, the major species from which insight into vertebrate mesoderm patterning has been derived. Xenopus embryos form two distinct kinds of muscle cells analogous to the superficial slow and medial fast muscle fibres of zebrafish. As in zebrafish, Hh signalling is required for XMyf5 expression and generation of a first wave of early superficial slow muscle fibres in tail somites. Thus, Hh-dependent adaxial myogenesis is the likely ancestral condition of teleosts, amphibia and amniotes. Our evidence suggests that midline-derived cells migrate to the lateral somite surface and generate superficial slow muscle. This cell re-orientation contributes to the apparent rotation of Xenopussomites. Xenopus myogenesis in the trunk differs from that in the tail. In the trunk, the first wave of superficial slow fibres is missing,suggesting that significant adaptation of the ancestral myogenic programme occurred during tetrapod trunk evolution. Although notochord is required for early medial XMyf5 expression, Hh signalling fails to drive these cells to slow myogenesis. Later, both trunk and tail somites develop a second wave of Hh-independent slow fibres. These fibres probably derive from an outer cell layer expressing the myogenic determination genes XMyf5, XMyoD and Pax3 in a pattern reminiscent of amniote dermomyotome. Thus, Xenopus somites have characteristics in common with both fish and amniotes that shed light on the evolution of somite differentiation. We propose a model for the evolutionary adaptation of myogenesis in the transition from fish to tetrapod trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Grimaldi
- Randall Centre, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Leise WF, Mueller PR. Inhibition of the cell cycle is required for convergent extension of the paraxial mesoderm during Xenopus neurulation. Development 2004; 131:1703-15. [PMID: 15084456 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of morphogenesis and cell proliferation is essential during development. In Xenopus, cell divisions are rapid and synchronous early in development but then slow and become spatially restricted during gastrulation and neurulation. One tissue that transiently stops dividing is the paraxial mesoderm, a dynamically mobile tissue that forms the somites and body musculature of the embryo. We have found that cessation of cell proliferation is required for the proper positioning and segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm as well as the complete elongation of the Xenopusembryo. Instrumental in this cell cycle arrest is Wee2, a Cdk inhibitory kinase that is expressed in the paraxial mesoderm from mid-gastrula stages onwards. Morpholino-mediated depletion of Wee2 increases the mitotic index of the paraxial mesoderm and this results in the failure of convergent extension and somitogenesis in this tissue. Similar defects are observed if the cell cycle is inappropriately advanced by other mechanisms. Thus, the low mitotic index of the paraxial mesoderm plays an essential function in the integrated cell movements and patterning of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter F Leise
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Becker C, Della Gaspera B, Guyot M, Donsez E, Armand AS, Charbonnier F, Launay T, Chanoine C. Expression of MRF4 protein in adult and in regenerating muscles in Xenopus. Dev Dyn 2003; 227:445-9. [PMID: 12815631 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In Xenopus, previous studies showed that the transcripts of the myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) MRF4 accumulate during skeletal muscle differentiation, but nothing is known about the accumulation of XMRF4 protein during myogenesis. In this report, an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody against Xenopus MRF4 was developed and used to describe the pattern of expression of this myogenic factor in the adult and in regenerating muscles. From young forming myotubes, XMRF4 protein persistently accumulated in nuclei during the regeneration process and was strongly expressed in nuclei of adult muscles. No selective accumulation of XMRF4 protein was detectable at neuromuscular junctions, but XMRF4 immunoreactivity was observed in sole plate nuclei as well as in extrasynaptic myofiber nuclei. We also report that XMRF4 protein accumulated before the establishment of neuromuscular connections, showing that innervation is not necessary for the appearance of XMRF4 protein during muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Becker
- Biologie du Développement et de la Différenciation Musculaire, LNRS UMR 7060 CNRS, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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