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Madamanchi A, Mullins MC, Umulis DM. Diversity and robustness of bone morphogenetic protein pattern formation. Development 2021; 148:dev192344. [PMID: 33795238 PMCID: PMC8034876 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pattern formation by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) demonstrates remarkable plasticity and utility in several contexts, such as early embryonic development, tissue patterning and the maintenance of stem cell niches. BMPs pattern tissues over many temporal and spatial scales: BMP gradients as short as 1-2 cell diameters maintain the stem cell niche of the Drosophila germarium over a 24-h cycle, and BMP gradients of several hundred microns establish dorsal-ventral tissue specification in Drosophila, zebrafish and Xenopus embryos in timescales between 30 min and several hours. The mechanisms that shape BMP signaling gradients are also incredibly diverse. Although ligand diffusion plays a dominant role in forming the gradient, a cast of diffusible and non-diffusible regulators modulate gradient formation and confer robustness, including scale invariance and adaptability to perturbations in gene expression and growth. In this Review, we document the diverse ways that BMP gradients are formed and refined, and we identify the core principles that they share to achieve reliable performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasakiran Madamanchi
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Umulis
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Pérez LM, de Lucas B, Gálvez BG. BMPER is upregulated in obesity and seems to have a role in pericardial adipose stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:132-145. [PMID: 32468615 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pericardial adipose tissue (PAT), a visceral fat depot enveloping the heart, is an active endocrine organ and a source of free fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines. As in other fat adult tissues, PAT contains a population of adipose stem cells; however, whether these cells and/or their environment play a role in physiopathology is unknown. We analyzed several stem cell-related properties of pericardial adipose stem cells (PSCs) isolated from obese and ex-obese mice. We also performed RNA-sequencing to profile the transcriptional landscape of PSCs isolated from the different diet regimens. Finally, we tested whether these alterations impacted on the properties of cardiac mesoangioblasts isolated from the same mice. We found functional differences between PSCs depending on their source: specifically, PSCs from obese PSC (oPSC) and ex-obese PSC (dPSC) mice showed alterations in apoptosis and migratory capacity when compared with lean, control PSCs, with increased apoptosis in oPSCs and blunted migratory capacity in oPSCs and dPSCs. This was accompanied by different gene expression profiles across the cell types, where we identified some genes altered in obese conditions, such as BMP endothelial cell precursor-derived regulator (BMPER), an important regulator of BMP-related signaling pathways for endothelial cell function. The importance of BMPER in PSCs was confirmed by loss- and gain-of-function studies. Finally, we found an altered production of BMPER and some important chemokines in cardiac mesoangioblasts in obese conditions. Our findings point to BMPER as a potential new regulator of PSC function and suggest that its dysregulation could be associated with obesity and may impact on cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Pérez
- Health and Biomedical Sciences Faculty, European University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Lucas
- Health and Biomedical Sciences Faculty, European University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Gálvez
- Health and Biomedical Sciences Faculty, European University, Madrid, Spain
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Lockhart-Cairns MP, Lim KTW, Zuk A, Godwin ARF, Cain SA, Sengle G, Baldock C. Internal cleavage and synergy with twisted gastrulation enhance BMP inhibition by BMPER. Matrix Biol 2019; 77:73-86. [PMID: 30125619 PMCID: PMC6456722 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are essential signalling molecules involved in developmental and pathological processes and are regulated in the matrix by secreted glycoproteins. One such regulator is BMP-binding endothelial cell precursor-derived regulator (BMPER) which can both inhibit and enhance BMP signalling in a context and concentration-dependent manner. Twisted gastrulation (Tsg) can also promote or ablate BMP activity but it is unclear whether Tsg and BMPER directly interact and thereby exert a synergistic function on BMP signalling. Here, we show that human BMPER binds to Tsg through the N-terminal BMP-binding region which alone more potently inhibits BMP-4 signalling than full-length BMPER. Additionally, BMPER and Tsg cooperatively inhibit BMP-4 signalling suggesting a synergistic function to dampen BMP activity. Furthermore, full-length BMPER is targeted to the plasma membrane via binding of its C-terminal region to cell surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans but the active cleavage fragment is diffusible. Small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy show that BMPER has an elongated conformation allowing the N-terminal BMP-binding and C-terminal cell-interactive regions to be spatially separated. To gain insight into the regulation of BMPER bioavailability by internal cleavage, a disease-causing BMPER point mutation, P370L, previously identified in the acid-catalysed cleavage site, was introduced. The mutated protein was secreted but the mutation prevented intracellular cleavage resulting in a lack of bioactive cleavage fragment. Furthermore, mutant BMPER was extracellularly cleaved at a downstream site presumably becoming available due to the mutation. This susceptibility to extracellular proteases and loss of bioactive N-terminal cleavage fragment may result in loss of BMPER function in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Lockhart-Cairns
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK; Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Karen Tzia Wei Lim
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Alexandra Zuk
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Alan R F Godwin
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Stuart A Cain
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.
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McGarvey AC, Rybtsov S, Souilhol C, Tamagno S, Rice R, Hills D, Godwin D, Rice D, Tomlinson SR, Medvinsky A. A molecular roadmap of the AGM region reveals BMPER as a novel regulator of HSC maturation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3731-3751. [PMID: 29093060 PMCID: PMC5716029 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Through transcriptional profiling of the mouse AGM region, McGarvey et al. identify potential niche regulators of HSC development. They show a new function of BMPER in regulating HSC maturation, likely via its modulation of BMP signalling. In the developing embryo, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, but the molecular regulation of this process is poorly understood. Recently, the progression from E9.5 to E10.5 and polarity along the dorso-ventral axis have been identified as clear demarcations of the supportive HSC niche. To identify novel secreted regulators of HSC maturation, we performed RNA sequencing over these spatiotemporal transitions in the AGM region and supportive OP9 cell line. Screening several proteins through an ex vivo reaggregate culture system, we identify BMPER as a novel positive regulator of HSC development. We demonstrate that BMPER is associated with BMP signaling inhibition, but is transcriptionally induced by BMP4, suggesting that BMPER contributes to the precise control of BMP activity within the AGM region, enabling the maturation of HSCs within a BMP-negative environment. These findings and the availability of our transcriptional data through an accessible interface should provide insight into the maintenance and potential derivation of HSCs in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C McGarvey
- Stem Cell Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Céline Souilhol
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sara Tamagno
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ritva Rice
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Hills
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Duncan Godwin
- Stem Cell Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - David Rice
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon R Tomlinson
- Stem Cell Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Lockyer P, Mao H, Fan Q, Li L, Yu-Lee LY, Eissa NT, Patterson C, Xie L, Pi X. LRP1-Dependent BMPER Signaling Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Vascular Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1524-1535. [PMID: 28596374 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)-mediated sepsis involves dysregulated systemic inflammation, which injures the lung and other organs, often fatally. Vascular endothelial cells act as both targets and mediators of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses. Dysfunction of endothelium results in increases of proinflammatory cytokine production and permeability leakage. BMPER (bone morphogenetic protein-binding endothelial regulator), an extracellular modulator of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, has been identified as a vital component in chronic endothelial inflammatory responses and atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear whether BMPER also regulates inflammatory response in an acute setting such as sepsis. To address this question, we investigated the role of BMPER during lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS Mice missing 1 allele of BMPER (BMPER+/- mice used in the place of BMPER-/- mice that die at birth) were used for lipopolysaccharide challenge. Lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury was reduced in BMPER+/- mice as shown by several measures, including survival rate, infiltration of inflammatory cells, edema, and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, we have demonstrated that BMPER is required and sufficient for the activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1. This BMPER-induced nuclear factor of activated T cells activation is coordinated by multiple signaling pathways, including bone morphogenetic protein-independent low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1-extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, calcineurin signaling, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1β-mediated nuclear factor 45 nuclear export in response to BMPER treatment. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that BMPER plays a pivotal role in pulmonary inflammatory response, which provides new therapeutic options against sepsis shock. The new signaling pathway initiated by BMPER/low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 axis broadens our understanding about BMPER's role in vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Lockyer
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M., Q.F., L.L., L.X., X.P.), Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (L.Y.Y.L.), and Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology (N.T.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York (C.P.)
| | - Hua Mao
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M., Q.F., L.L., L.X., X.P.), Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (L.Y.Y.L.), and Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology (N.T.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York (C.P.)
| | - Qiying Fan
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M., Q.F., L.L., L.X., X.P.), Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (L.Y.Y.L.), and Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology (N.T.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York (C.P.)
| | - Luge Li
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M., Q.F., L.L., L.X., X.P.), Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (L.Y.Y.L.), and Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology (N.T.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York (C.P.)
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M., Q.F., L.L., L.X., X.P.), Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (L.Y.Y.L.), and Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology (N.T.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York (C.P.)
| | - N Tony Eissa
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M., Q.F., L.L., L.X., X.P.), Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (L.Y.Y.L.), and Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology (N.T.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York (C.P.)
| | - Cam Patterson
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M., Q.F., L.L., L.X., X.P.), Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (L.Y.Y.L.), and Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology (N.T.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York (C.P.)
| | - Liang Xie
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M., Q.F., L.L., L.X., X.P.), Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (L.Y.Y.L.), and Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology (N.T.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York (C.P.)
| | - Xinchun Pi
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M., Q.F., L.L., L.X., X.P.), Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (L.Y.Y.L.), and Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology (N.T.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York (C.P.).
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Abstract
The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive research that has identified a multitude of extracellular modulators of TGF-β family ligands, uncovered their functions in developmental and pathophysiological processes, defined the mechanisms of their activities, and explored potential modulator-based therapeutic applications in treating human diseases. These studies revealed a diverse repertoire of extracellular and membrane-associated molecules that are capable of modulating TGF-β family signals via control of ligand availability, processing, ligand-receptor interaction, and receptor activation. These molecules include not only soluble ligand-binding proteins that were conventionally considered as agonists and antagonists of TGF-β family of growth factors, but also extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans that can serve as "sink" and control storage and release of both the TGF-β family ligands and their regulators. This extensive network of soluble and ECM modulators helps to ensure dynamic and cell-specific control of TGF-β family signals. This article reviews our knowledge of extracellular modulation of TGF-β growth factors by diverse proteins and their molecular mechanisms to regulate TGF-β family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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Liu SQ, Ma XL, Qin G, Liu Q, Li YC, Wu YH. Trans-system mechanisms against ischemic myocardial injury. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:167-92. [PMID: 25589268 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A mammalian organism possesses a hierarchy of naturally evolved protective mechanisms against ischemic myocardial injury at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. These mechanisms comprise regional protective processes, including upregulation and secretion of paracrine cell-survival factors, inflammation, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and resident stem cell-based cardiomyocyte regeneration. There are also interactive protective processes between the injured heart, circulation, and selected remote organs, defined as trans-system protective mechanisms, including upregulation and secretion of endocrine cell-survival factors from the liver and adipose tissue as well as mobilization of bone marrow, splenic, and hepatic cells to the injury site to mediate myocardial protection and repair. The injured heart and activated remote organs exploit molecular and cellular processes, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, mobilization, and/or extracellular matrix production, to establish protective mechanisms. Both regional and trans-system cardioprotective mechanisms are mediated by paracrine and endocrine messengers and act in coordination and synergy to maximize the protective effect, minimize myocardial infarction, and improve myocardial function, ensuring the survival and timely repair of the injured heart. The concept of the trans-system protective mechanisms may be generalized to other organ systems-injury in one organ may initiate regional as well as trans-system protective responses, thereby minimizing injury and ensuring the survival of the entire organism. Selected trans-system processes may serve as core protective mechanisms that can be exploited by selected organs in injury. These naturally evolved protective mechanisms are the foundation for developing protective strategies for myocardial infarction and injury-induced disorders in other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Q Liu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, China Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Mattox TA, Young ME, Rubel CE, Spaniel C, Rodríguez JE, Grevengoed TJ, Gautel M, Xu Z, Anderson EJ, Willis MS. MuRF1 activity is present in cardiac mitochondria and regulates reactive oxygen species production in vivo. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:173-87. [PMID: 24733503 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
MuRF1 is a previously reported ubiquitin-ligase found in striated muscle that targets troponin I and myosin heavy chain for degradation. While MuRF1 has been reported to interact with mitochondrial substrates in yeast two-hybrid studies, no studies have identified MuRF1's role in regulating mitochondrial function to date. In the present study, we measured cardiac mitochondrial function from isolated permeabilized muscle fibers in previously phenotyped MuRF1 transgenic and MuRF1-/- mouse models to determine the role of MuRF1 in intermediate energy metabolism and ROS production. We identified a significant decrease in reactive oxygen species production in cardiac muscle fibers from MuRF1 transgenic mice with increased α-MHC driven MuRF1 expression. Increased MuRF1 expression in ex vivo and in vitro experiments revealed no alterations in the respiratory chain complex I and II function. Working perfusion experiments on MuRF1 transgenic hearts demonstrated significant changes in glucose oxidation. However, total oxygen consumption was decreased [corrected]. This data provides evidence for MuRF1 as a novel regulator of cardiac ROS, offering another mechanism by which increased MuRF1 expression may be cardioprotective in ischemia reperfusion injury, in addition to its inhibition of apoptosis via proteasome-mediate degradation of c-Jun. The lack of mitochondrial function phenotype identified in MuRF1-/- hearts may be due to the overlapping interactions of MuRF1 and MuRF2 with energy regulating proteins found by yeast two-hybrid studies reported here, implying a duplicity in MuRF1 and MuRF2's regulation of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Mattox
- Department of Pharmacology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Reichert S, Randall RA, Hill CS. A BMP regulatory network controls ectodermal cell fate decisions at the neural plate border. Development 2013; 140:4435-44. [PMID: 24089471 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During ectodermal patterning the neural crest and preplacodal ectoderm are specified in adjacent domains at the neural plate border. BMP signalling is required for specification of both tissues, but how it is spatially and temporally regulated to achieve this is not understood. Here, using a transgenic zebrafish BMP reporter line in conjunction with double-fluorescent in situ hybridisation, we show that, at the beginning of neurulation, the ventral-to-dorsal gradient of BMP activity evolves into two distinct domains at the neural plate border: one coinciding with the neural crest and the other abutting the epidermis. In between is a region devoid of BMP activity, which is specified as the preplacodal ectoderm. We identify the ligands required for these domains of BMP activity. We show that the BMP-interacting protein Crossveinless 2 is expressed in the BMP activity domains and is under the control of BMP signalling. We establish that Crossveinless 2 functions at this time in a positive-feedback loop to locally enhance BMP activity, and show that it is required for neural crest fate. We further demonstrate that the Distal-less transcription factors Dlx3b and Dlx4b, which are expressed in the preplacodal ectoderm, are required for the expression of a cell-autonomous BMP inhibitor, Bambi-b, which can explain the specific absence of BMP activity in the preplacodal ectoderm. Taken together, our data define a BMP regulatory network that controls cell fate decisions at the neural plate border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Reichert
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Rodriguez-Leon J, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Expression and functional study of extracellular BMP antagonists during the morphogenesis of the digits and their associated connective tissues. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60423. [PMID: 23573253 PMCID: PMC3616094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to gain insight into the role of BMP signaling in the diversification of the embryonic limb mesodermal progenitors destined to form cartilage, joints, and tendons. Given the importance of extracellular BMP modulators in in vivo systems, we performed a systematic search of those expressed in the developing autopod during the formation of the digits. Here, we monitored the expression of extracellular BMP modulators including: Noggin, Chordin, Chordin-like 1, Chordin-like 2, Twisted gastrulation, Dan, BMPER, Sost, Sostdc1, Follistatin, Follistatin-like 1, Follistatin-like 5 and Tolloid. These factors show differential expression domains in cartilage, joints and tendons. Furthermore, they are induced in specific temporal patterns during the formation of an ectopic extra digit, preceding the appearance of changes that are identifiable by conventional histology. The analysis of gene regulation, cell proliferation and cell death that are induced by these factors in high density cultures of digit progenitors provides evidence of functional specialization in the control of mesodermal differentiation but not in cell proliferation or apoptosis. We further show that the expression of these factors is differentially controlled by the distinct signaling pathways acting in the developing limb at the stages covered by this study. In addition, our results provide evidence suggesting that TWISTED GASTRULATION cooperates with CHORDINS, BMPER, and NOGGIN in the establishment of tendons or cartilage in a fashion that is dependent on the presence or absence of TOLLOID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I. Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan A. Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Juan A. Garcia-Porrero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan M. Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- * E-mail:
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11
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Willis MS, Dyer LA, Ren R, Lockyer P, Moreno-Miralles I, Schisler JC, Patterson C. BMPER regulates cardiomyocyte size and vessel density in vivo. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012. [PMID: 23200275 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMPER, an orthologue of Drosophila melanogaster Crossveinless-2, is a secreted factor that regulates bone morphogenetic protein activity in endothelial cell precursors and during early cardiomyocyte differentiation. Although previously described in the heart, the role of BMPER in cardiac development and function remain unknown. METHODS BMPER-deficient hearts were phenotyped histologically and functionally using echocardiography and Doppler analysis. Since BMPER -/- mice die perinatally, adult BMPER +/- mice were challenged to pressure-overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and hindlimb ischemia to determine changes in angiogenesis and regulation of cardiomyocyte size. RESULTS We identify for the first time the cardiac phenotype associated with BMPER haploinsufficiency. BMPER messenger RNA and protein are present in the heart during cardiac development through at least E14.5 but is lost by E18.5. BMPER +/- ventricles are thinner and less compact than sibling wild-type hearts. In the adult, BMPER +/- hearts present with decreased anterior and posterior wall thickness, decreased cardiomyocyte size and an increase in cardiac vessel density. Despite these changes, BMPER +/- mice respond to pressure-overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy challenge largely to the same extent as wild-type mice. CONCLUSION BMPER appears to play a role in regulating both vessel density and cardiac development in vivo; however, BMPER haploinsufficiency does not result in marked effects on cardiac function or adaptation to pressure overload hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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12
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Chen J, Honeyager SM, Schleede J, Avanesov A, Laughon A, Blair SS. Crossveinless d is a vitellogenin-like lipoprotein that binds BMPs and HSPGs, and is required for normal BMP signaling in the Drosophila wing. Development 2012; 139:2170-6. [PMID: 22573617 DOI: 10.1242/dev.073817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of the posterior crossvein in the pupal wing of Drosophila to reductions in the levels and range of BMP signaling has been used to isolate and characterize novel regulators of this pathway. We show here that crossveinless d (cv-d) mutations, which disrupt BMP signaling during the development of the posterior crossvein, mutate a lipoprotein that is similar to the vitellogenins that comprise the major constituents of yolk in animal embryos. Cv-d is made in the liver-like fat body and other tissues, and can diffuse into the pupal wing via the hemolymph. Cv-d binds to the BMPs Dpp and Gbb through its Vg domain, and to heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which are well-known for their role in BMP movement and accumulation in the wing. Cv-d acts over a long range in vivo, and does not have BMP co-receptor-like activity in vitro. We suggest that, instead, it affects the range of BMP movement in the pupal wing, probably as part of a lipid-BMP-lipoprotein complex, similar to the role proposed for the apolipophorin lipid transport proteins in Hedgehog and Wnt movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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13
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Billington CJ, Fiebig JE, Forsman CL, Pham L, Burbach N, Sun M, Jaskoll T, Mansky K, Gopalakrishnan R, O'Connor MB, Mueller TD, Petryk A. Glycosylation of Twisted Gastrulation is Required for BMP Binding and Activity during Craniofacial Development. Front Physiol 2011; 2:59. [PMID: 21941513 PMCID: PMC3170884 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Twisted gastrulation (TWSG1) is a conserved, secreted glycoprotein that modulates signaling of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the extracellular space. Deletion of exon 4 of mouse Twsg1 (mTwsg1) is associated with significant craniofacial defects. However, little is understood about the biochemical properties of the corresponding region of the protein. We have uncovered a significant role for exon 4 sequences as encoding the only two glycosylation sites of the mTWSG1 protein. Deletion of the entire exon 4 or mutation of both glycosylation sites within exon 4 abolishes glycosylation of mTWSG1. Importantly, we find that constructs with mutated glycosylation sites have significantly reduced BMP binding activity. We further show that glycosylation and activity of TWSG1 recombinant proteins vary markedly by cellular source. Non-glycosylated mTWSG1 made in E. coli has both reduced affinity for BMPs, as shown by surface plasmon resonance analysis, and reduced BMP inhibitory activity in a mandibular explant culture system compared to glycosylated proteins made in insect cells or murine myeloma cells. This study highlights an essential role for glycosylation in Twisted gastrulation action.
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14
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Abuqarn M, Allmeling C, Amshoff I, Menger B, Nasser I, Vogt PM, Reimers K. The yeast two hybrid system in a screen for proteins interacting with axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Msx1 during early limb regeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:843-9. [PMID: 21571103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians are exceptional in their ability to regenerate complex body structures such as limbs. Limb regeneration depends on a process called dedifferentiation. Under an inductive wound epidermis terminally differentiated cells transform to pluripotent progenitor cells that coordinately proliferate and eventually redifferentiate to form the new appendage. Recent studies have developed molecular models integrating a set of genes that might have important functions in the control of regenerative cellular plasticity. Among them is Msx1, which induced dedifferentiation in mammalian myotubes in vitro. Herein, we screened for interaction partners of axolotl Msx1 using a yeast two hybrid system. A two hybrid cDNA library of 5-day-old wound epidermis and underlying tissue containing more than 2×10⁶ cDNAs was constructed and used in the screen. 34 resulting cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced. We then compared sequences of the isolated clones to annotated EST contigs of the Salamander EST database (BLASTn) to identify presumptive orthologs. We subsequently searched all no-hit clone sequences against non redundant NCBI sequence databases using BLASTx. It is the first time, that the yeast two hybrid system was adapted to the axolotl animal model and successfully used in a screen for proteins interacting with Msx1 in the context of amphibian limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Abuqarn
- Departmen tof Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical School of Hannover, Podbielskistrasse 380, D-30659 Hannover, Germany
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15
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Zhang JL, Patterson LJ, Qiu LY, Graziussi D, Sebald W, Hammerschmidt M. Binding between Crossveinless-2 and Chordin von Willebrand factor type C domains promotes BMP signaling by blocking Chordin activity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12846. [PMID: 20886103 PMCID: PMC2944808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crossveinless-2 (CV2) is an extracellular BMP modulator protein of the Chordin family, which can either enhance or inhibit BMP activity. CV2 binds to BMP2 via subdomain 1 of the first of its five N-terminal von Willebrand factor type C domains (VWC1). Previous studies showed that this BMP binding is required for the anti-, but not for the pro-BMP effect of CV2. More recently, it was shown that CV2 can also bind to the BMP inhibitor Chordin. However, it remained unclear which domains mediate this binding, and whether it accounts for an anti- or pro-BMP effect. Principal Findings Here we report that a composite interface of CV2 consisting of subdomain 2 of VWC1 and of VWC2-4, which are dispensable for BMP binding, binds to the VWC2 domain of Chordin. Functional data obtained in zebrafish embryos indicate that this binding of Chordin is required for CV2's pro-BMP effect, which actually is an anti-Chordin effect and, at least to a large extent, independent of Tolloid-mediated Chordin degradation. We further demonstrate that CV2 mutant versions that per se are incapable of BMP binding can attenuate the Chordin/BMP interaction. Conclusions We have physically dissected the anti- and pro-BMP effects of CV2. Its anti-BMP effect is obtained by binding to BMP via subdomain1 of the VWC1 domain, a binding that occurs in competition with Chordin. In contrast, its pro-BMP effect is achieved by direct binding to Chordin via subdomain 2 of VWC1 and VWC2-4. This binding seems to induce conformational changes within the Chordin protein that weaken Chordin's affinity to BMP. We propose that in ternary Chordin-CV2-BMP complexes, both BMP and Chordin are directly associated with CV2, whereas Chordin is pushed away from BMP, ensuring that BMPs can be more easily delivered to their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Zhang
- Institute for Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Physiological Chemistry II, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MH); (JLZ)
| | - Lucy J. Patterson
- Institute for Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Li-Yan Qiu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry II, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daria Graziussi
- Institute for Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Walter Sebald
- Department of Physiological Chemistry II, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CEDAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail: (MH); (JLZ)
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16
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Cv2, functioning as a pro-BMP factor via twisted gastrulation, is required for early development of nephron precursors. Dev Biol 2010; 337:405-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Umulis D, O'Connor MB, Blair SS. The extracellular regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Development 2009; 136:3715-28. [PMID: 19855014 DOI: 10.1242/dev.031534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In many cases, the level, positioning and timing of signaling through the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway are regulated by molecules that bind BMP ligands in the extracellular space. Whereas many BMP-binding proteins inhibit signaling by sequestering BMPs from their receptors, other BMP-binding proteins cause remarkably context-specific gains or losses in signaling. Here, we review recent findings and hypotheses on the complex mechanisms that lead to these effects, with data from developing systems, biochemical analyses and mathematical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Umulis
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, IN 47907, USA
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18
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Plouhinec JL, De Robertis EM. Systems biology of the self-regulating morphogenetic gradient of the Xenopus gastrula. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009; 1:a001701. [PMID: 20066084 PMCID: PMC2742089 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a001701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenetic field concept was proposed by experimental embryologists to account for the self-regulative behavior of embryos. Such fields have remained an abstract concept until the recent identification of their molecular components using a combination of genetics, biochemistry, and theoretical modeling. One of the best studied models of a morphogenetic field is the Dorsal-Ventral (D-V) patterning of the early frog embryo. This patterning system is regulated by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway and an intricate network of secreted protein antagonists. This biochemical pathway of interacting proteins functions in the extracellular space to generate a D-V gradient of BMP signaling, which is maintained during extensive morphogenetic movements of cell layers during gastrulation. The D-V field is divided into a dorsal and a ventral center, in regions of low and high BMP signaling respectively, under opposite transcriptional control by BMPs. The robustness of the patterning is assured at two different levels. First, in the extracellular space by secreted BMP antagonists that generate a directional flow of BMP ligands to the ventral side. The flow is driven by the regulated proteolysis of the Chordin inhibitor and by the presence of a molecular sink on the ventral side that concentrates BMP signals. The tolloid metalloproteinases and the Chordin-binding protein Crossveinless-2 (CV2) are key components of this ventral sink. Second, by transcriptional feedback at the cellular level: The dorsal and ventral signaling centers adjust their size and level of BMP signaling by transcriptional feedback. This allows cells on one side of a gastrula containing about 10,000 cells to communicate with cells in the opposite pole of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. M. De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662
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19
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Kwon HJ, Riley BB. Mesendodermal signals required for otic induction: Bmp-antagonists cooperate with Fgf and can facilitate formation of ectopic otic tissue. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1582-94. [PMID: 19418450 PMCID: PMC2835543 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of otic placodes requires Fgf from surrounding tissues. We tested the hypothesis that mesendodermally derived Bmp-antagonists Chordin, Follistatin-a, and Crossveinless-2 cooperate in this process. Injecting morpholinos for all three genes, or treatment with the Nodal inhibitor SB431542 to block mesoderm-formation, reduces otic induction and strongly enhances the effects of disrupting fgf3 or fgf8. In contrast, using a lower dose of SB431542, combined with partial loss of Fgf, causes a dramatic medial expansion of otic tissue and formation of a single, large otic vesicle spanning the width of the hindbrain. Under these conditions, paraxial cephalic mesoderm forms ectopically at the midline, migrates into the head, and later transfates to form otic tissue beneath the hindbrain. Blocking expression of Bmp-antagonists blocks formation of medial otic tissue. These data show the importance of mesendodermal Bmp-antagonists for otic induction and that paraxial cephalic mesendoderm can facilitate its own otic differentiation under certain circumstances. Developmental Dynamics 238:1582-1594, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Joo Kwon
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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20
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Kelley R, Ren R, Pi X, Wu Y, Moreno I, Willis M, Moser M, Ross M, Podkowa M, Attisano L, Patterson C. A concentration-dependent endocytic trap and sink mechanism converts Bmper from an activator to an inhibitor of Bmp signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 184:597-609. [PMID: 19221194 PMCID: PMC2654123 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200808064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bmper, which is orthologous to Drosophila melanogaster crossveinless 2, is a secreted factor that regulates Bmp activity in a tissue- and stage-dependent manner. Both pro- and anti-Bmp activities have been postulated for Bmper, although the molecular mechanisms through which Bmper affects Bmp signaling are unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that as molar concentrations of Bmper exceed Bmp4, Bmper dynamically switches from an activator to an inhibitor of Bmp4 signaling. Inhibition of Bmp4 through a novel endocytic trap-and-sink mechanism leads to the efficient degradation of Bmper and Bmp4 by the lysosome. Bmper-mediated internalization of Bmp4 reduces the duration and magnitude of Bmp4-dependent Smad signaling. We also determined that Noggin and Gremlin, but not Chordin, trigger endocytosis of Bmps. This endocytic transport pathway expands the extracellular roles of selective Bmp modulators to include intracellular regulation. This dosage-dependent molecular switch resolves discordances among studies that examine how Bmper regulates Bmp activity and has broad implications for Bmp signal regulation by secreted mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusty Kelley
- Department of Medicine, Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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Crossveinless-2 Is a BMP feedback inhibitor that binds Chordin/BMP to regulate Xenopus embryonic patterning. Dev Cell 2008; 15:248-60. [PMID: 18694564 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate Crossveinless-2 (CV2) is a secreted protein that can potentiate or antagonize BMP signaling. Through embryological and biochemical experiments we find that: (1) CV2 functions as a BMP4 feedback inhibitor in ventral regions of the Xenopus embryo; (2) CV2 complexes with Twisted gastrulation and BMP4; (3) CV2 is not a substrate for tolloid proteinases; (4) CV2 binds to purified Chordin protein with high affinity (K(D) in the 1 nM range); (5) CV2 binds even more strongly to Chordin proteolytic fragments resulting from Tolloid digestion or to full-length Chordin/BMP complexes; (6) CV2 depletion causes the Xenopus embryo to become hypersensitive to the anti-BMP effects of Chordin overexpression or tolloid inhibition. We propose that the CV2/Chordin interaction may help coordinate BMP diffusion to the ventral side of the embryo, ensuring that BMPs liberated from Chordin inhibition by tolloid proteolysis cause peak signaling levels.
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22
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Twisted gastrulation mutation suppresses skeletal defect phenotypes in Crossveinless 2 mutant mice. Mech Dev 2008; 125:832-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Zakin L, Metzinger CA, Chang EY, Coffinier C, De Robertis EM. Development of the vertebral morphogenetic field in the mouse: interactions between Crossveinless-2 and Twisted Gastrulation. Dev Biol 2008; 323:6-18. [PMID: 18789316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Crossveinless-2 (Cv2), Twisted Gastrulation (Tsg) and Chordin (Chd) are components of an extracellular biochemical pathway that regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) activity during dorso-ventral patterning of Drosophila and Xenopus embryos, the formation of the fly wing, and mouse skeletogenesis. Because the nature of their genetic interactions remained untested in the mouse, we generated a null allele for Cv2 which was crossed to Tsg and Chd mutants to obtain Cv2; Tsg and Cv2; Chd compound mutants. We found that Cv2 is essential for skeletogenesis as its mutation caused the loss of multiple bone structures and posterior homeotic transformation of the last thoracic vertebra. During early vertebral development, Smad1 phosphorylation in the intervertebral region was decreased in the Cv2 mutant, even though CV2 protein is normally located in the future vertebral bodies. Because Cv2 mutation affects BMP signaling at a distance, this suggested that CV2 is involved in the localization of the BMP morphogenetic signal. Cv2 and Chd mutations did not interact significantly. However, mutation of Tsg was epistatic to all CV2 phenotypes. We propose a model in which CV2 and Tsg participate in the generation of a BMP signaling morphogenetic field during vertebral formation in which CV2 serves to concentrate diffusible Tsg/BMP4 complexes in the vertebral body cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Zakin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
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24
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Harada K, Ogai A, Takahashi T, Kitakaze M, Matsubara H, Oh H. Crossveinless-2 controls bone morphogenetic protein signaling during early cardiomyocyte differentiation in P19 cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:26705-13. [PMID: 18662983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801485200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are crucial for cardiac induction, specification, and development. Although signaling of BMPs is tightly regulated through soluble BMP-binding proteins, how they regulate BMP signaling during cardiac differentiation remains unknown. To identify molecules responsible for BMP signaling during early cardiomyocyte differentiation of P19 cells, cDNA subtraction was performed. We found a bimodal expression of the BMP-binding protein Crossveinless-2 (Cv2) during cardiomyocyte differentiation; Cv2 is temporally expressed earlier than cardiac transcription factors such as Nkx2.5 and Tbx5 and acts as a suppressor for BMP signaling in P19 cells. We established a P19 clonal cell line harboring a cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein gene to monitor cardiac differentiation by flow cytometry. Treatment with BMP2 during the first 2 days of differentiation suppressed cardiomyocyte differentiation through activation of down-stream targets Smad1/5/8 protein and Id1 gene, whereas treatment with Cv2 conversely inhibited Smad1/5/8 activation and Id1 expression, leading to increased generation of cardiac cells. RNA interference-mediated knockdown (KD) of endogenous Cv2 showed increased Smad1/5/8 activation and impaired cardiomyocyte differentiation. Expression of cardiac mesoderm markers was reduced, whereas expression of Id1 and endoderm markers such as Sox7, Hnf4, and E-cadherin was induced in Cv2-kinase dead cells. These phenotypes were rescued by the addition of Cv2 protein to the culture media during the first 2 days of differentiation or co-culture with parental cells. These data suggest that Cv2 may specify cardiac mesodermal lineage through inhibition of BMP signaling at early stage of cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Harada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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25
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Serpe M, Umulis D, Ralston A, Chen J, Olson DJ, Avanesov A, Othmer H, O'Connor MB, Blair SS. The BMP-binding protein Crossveinless 2 is a short-range, concentration-dependent, biphasic modulator of BMP signaling in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2008; 14:940-53. [PMID: 18539121 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, the secreted BMP-binding protein Short gastrulation (Sog) inhibits signaling by sequestering BMPs from receptors, but enhances signaling by transporting BMPs through tissues. We show that Crossveinless 2 (Cv-2) is also a secreted BMP-binding protein that enhances or inhibits BMP signaling. Unlike Sog, however, Cv-2 does not promote signaling by transporting BMPs. Rather, Cv-2 binds cell surfaces and heparan sulfate proteoglygans and acts over a short range. Cv-2 binds the type I BMP receptor Thickveins (Tkv), and we demonstrate how the exchange of BMPs between Cv-2 and receptor can produce the observed biphasic response to Cv-2 concentration, where low levels promote and high levels inhibit signaling. Importantly, we show also how the concentration or type of BMP present can determine whether Cv-2 promotes or inhibits signaling. We also find that Cv-2 expression is controlled by BMP signaling, and these combined properties enable Cv-2 to exquisitely tune BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Serpe
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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26
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Crystal structure analysis reveals how the Chordin family member crossveinless 2 blocks BMP-2 receptor binding. Dev Cell 2008; 14:739-50. [PMID: 18477456 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Crossveinless 2 (CV-2) is an extracellular BMP modulator protein belonging to the Chordin family. During development it is expressed at sites of high BMP signaling and like Chordin CV-2 can either enhance or inhibit BMP activity. CV-2 binds to BMP-2 via its N-terminal Von Willebrand factor type C (VWC) domain 1. Here we report the structure of the complex between CV-2 VWC1 and BMP-2. The tripartite VWC1 binds BMP-2 only through a short N-terminal segment, called clip, and subdomain (SD) 1. Mutational analysis establishes that the clip segment and SD1 together create high-affinity BMP-2 binding. All four receptor-binding sites of BMP-2 are blocked in the complex, demonstrating that VWC1 acts as competitive inhibitor for all receptor types. In vivo experiments reveal that the BMP-enhancing (pro-BMP) activity of CV-2 is independent of BMP-2 binding by VWC1, showing that pro- and anti-BMP activities are structurally separated in CV-2.
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27
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Zhang JL, Huang Y, Qiu LY, Nickel J, Sebald W. von Willebrand Factor Type C Domain-containing Proteins Regulate Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling through Different Recognition Mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20002-14. [PMID: 17483092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700456200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) function is regulated in the extracellular space by many modulator proteins, including those containing a von Willebrand factor type C (VWC) domain. The function of the VWC domain-containing proteins in development and diseases has been extensively studied. The structural basis, however, for the mechanism by which BMP is regulated by these proteins is still poorly understood. By analyzing chordin, CHL2 (chordin-like 2), and CV2 (crossveinless 2) as well as their individual VWC domains, we show that the VWC domain is a versatile binding module that in its multiple forms and environments can expose a variety of binding specificities. Three of four, two of three, and one of five VWCs from chordin, CHL2, and CV2, respectively, can bind BMPs. Using an array of BMP-2 mutant proteins, it can be demonstrated that the binding-competent VWC domains all use a specific subset of BMP-2 binding determinants that overlap with the binding site for the type II receptors (knuckle epitope) or for the type I receptors (wrist epitope). This explains the competition between modulator proteins and receptors for BMP binding and therefore the inhibition of BMP signaling. A subset of VWC domains from CHL2 binds to the Tsg (twisted gastrulation) protein similar to chordin. A stable ternary complex consisting of BMP-2, CHL2, and Tsg can be formed, thus making CHL2 a more efficient BMP-2 inhibitor. The VWCs of CV2, however, do not interact with Tsg. The present results show that chordin, CHL2, and CV2 regulate BMP-2 signaling by different recognition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Zhang
- Department of Physiological Chemistry II, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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28
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Ikeya M, Kawada M, Kiyonari H, Sasai N, Nakao K, Furuta Y, Sasai Y. Essential pro-Bmp roles of crossveinless 2 in mouse organogenesis. Development 2006; 133:4463-73. [PMID: 17035289 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We here report essential roles of the Bmp-binding protein crossveinless 2 (Cv2; Bmper) in mouse organogenesis. In the null Cv2 mutant mouse, gastrulation occurs normally, but a number of defects are found in Cv2-expressing tissues such as the skeleton. Cartilage differentiation by Bmp4 treatment is reduced in cultured Cv2(-/-) fibroblasts. Moreover, the defects in the vertebral column and eyes of the Cv2(-/-) mouse are substantially enhanced by deleting one copy of the Bmp4 gene, suggesting a pro-Bmp role of Cv2 in the development of these organs. In addition, the Cv2(-/-) mutant exhibits substantial defects in Bmp-dependent processes of internal organ formation, such as nephron generation in the kidney. This kidney hypoplasia is synergistically enhanced by the additional deletion of Kcp (Crim2) which encodes a pro-Bmp protein structurally related to Cv2. This study demonstrates essential pro-Bmp functions of Cv2 for locally restricted signal enhancement in multiple aspects of mammalian organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ikeya
- Organogenesis and Neurogenesis Group, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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29
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Caruana G, Cullen-McEwen L, Nelson AL, Kostoulias X, Woods K, Gardiner B, Davis MJ, Taylor DF, Teasdale RD, Grimmond SM, Little MH, Bertram JF. Spatial gene expression in the T-stage mouse metanephros. Gene Expr Patterns 2006; 6:807-25. [PMID: 16545622 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The E11.5 mouse metanephros is comprised of a T-stage ureteric epithelial tubule sub-divided into tip and trunk cells surrounded by metanephric mesenchyme (MM). Tip cells are induced to undergo branching morphogenesis by the MM. In contrast, signals within the mesenchyme surrounding the trunk prevent ectopic branching of this region. In order to identify novel genes involved in the molecular regulation of branching morphogenesis we compared the gene expression profiles of isolated tip, trunk and MM cells using Compugen mouse long oligo microarrays. We identified genes enriched in the tip epithelium, sim-1, Arg2, Tacstd1, Crlf-1 and BMP7; genes enriched in the trunk epithelium, Innp1, Itm2b, Mkrn1, SPARC, Emu2 and Gsta3 and genes spatially restricted to the mesenchyme surrounding the trunk, CSPG2 and CV-2, with overlapping and complimentary expression to BMP4, respectively. This study has identified genes spatially expressed in regions of the developing kidney involved in branching morphogenesis, nephrogenesis and the development of the collecting duct system, calyces, renal pelvis and ureter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Caruana
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.
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O’Connor MB, Umulis D, Othmer HG, Blair SS. Shaping BMP morphogen gradients in the Drosophila embryo and pupal wing. Development 2006; 133:183-93. [PMID: 16368928 PMCID: PMC6469686 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the early Drosophila embryo, BMP-type ligands act as morphogens to suppress neural induction and to specify the formation of dorsal ectoderm and amnioserosa. Likewise, during pupal wing development, BMPs help to specify vein versus intervein cell fate. Here, we review recent data suggesting that these two processes use a related set of extracellular factors, positive feedback, and BMP heterodimer formation to achieve peak levels of signaling in spatially restricted patterns. Because these signaling pathway components are all conserved, these observations should shed light on how BMP signaling is modulated in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Authors for correspondence ( and )
| | - David Umulis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hans G. Othmer
- School of Mathematics and Digital Technology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Seth S. Blair
- Department of Zoology, 250 North Mills Street, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Authors for correspondence ( and )
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31
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Rentzsch F, Zhang J, Kramer C, Sebald W, Hammerschmidt M. Crossveinless 2 is an essential positive feedback regulator of Bmp signaling during zebrafish gastrulation. Development 2006; 133:801-11. [PMID: 16439480 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) plays a pivotal role in developmental and pathological processes, and is regulated by a complex interplay with secreted Bmp binding factors, including Crossveinless 2 (Cvl2). Although structurally related to the Bmp antagonist Chordin, Crossveinless 2 has been described to be both a Bmp agonist and antagonist. Here, we present the first loss-of-function study of a vertebrate cvl2 homologue, showing that zebrafish cvl2 is required in a positive feedback loop to promote Bmp signaling during embryonic dorsoventral patterning. In vivo, Cvl2 protein undergoes proteolytic cleavage and this cleavage converts Cvl2 from an anti- to a pro-Bmp factor. Embryonic epistasis analyses and protein interaction assays indicate that the pro-Bmp function of Cvl2 is partly accomplished by competing with Chordin for binding to Bmps. Studies in cell culture and embryos further suggest that the anti-Bmp effect of uncleaved Cvl2 is due to its association with the extracellular matrix, which is not found for cleaved Cvl2. Our data identify Cvl2 as an essential pro-Bmp factor during zebrafish embryogenesis, emphasizing the functional diversity of Bmp binding CR-domain proteins. Differential proteolytic processing as a mode of regulation might account for anti-Bmp effects in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Rentzsch
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51,79108 Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Little SC, Mullins MC. Extracellular modulation of BMP activity in patterning the dorsoventral axis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 78:224-42. [PMID: 17061292 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Signaling via bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulates a vast array of diverse biological processes in the developing embryo and in postembryonic life. Many insights into BMP signaling derive from studies of the BMP signaling gradients that pattern cell fates along the embryonic dorsal-ventral (DV) axis of both vertebrates and invertebrates. This review examines recent developments in the field of DV patterning by BMP signaling, focusing on extracellular modulation as a key mechanism in the formation of BMP signaling gradients in Drosophila, Xenopus, and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C Little
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058, USA
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Shimmi O, Ralston A, Blair SS, O'Connor MB. The crossveinless gene encodes a new member of the Twisted gastrulation family of BMP-binding proteins which, with Short gastrulation, promotes BMP signaling in the crossveins of the Drosophila wing. Dev Biol 2005; 282:70-83. [PMID: 15936330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 02/26/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the early Drosophila embryo, Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) activity is positively and negatively regulated by the BMP-binding proteins Short gastrulation (Sog) and Twisted gastrulation (Tsg). We show here that a similar mechanism operates during crossvein formation, utilizing Sog and a new member of the tsg gene family, encoded by the crossveinless (cv) locus. The initial specification of crossvein fate in the Drosophila wing requires signaling mediated by Dpp and Gbb, two members of the BMP family. cv is required for the promotion of BMP signaling in the crossveins. Large sog clones disrupt posterior crossvein formation, suggesting that Sog and Cv act together in this context. We demonstrate that sog and cv can have both positive and negative effects on BMP signaling in the wing. Moreover, Cv is functionally equivalent to Tsg, since Tsg and Cv can substitute for each other's activity. We also confirm that Tsg and Cv have similar biochemical activities: Sog/Cv complex binds a Dpp/Gbb heterodimer with high affinity. Taken together, these studies suggest that Sog and Cv promote BMP signaling by transporting a BMP heterodimer from the longitudinal veins into the crossvein regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Shimmi
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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34
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Serpe M, Ralston A, Blair SS, O'Connor MB. Matching catalytic activity to developmental function: Tolloid-related processes Sog in order to help specify the posterior crossvein in theDrosophilawing. Development 2005; 132:2645-56. [PMID: 15872004 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila tolloid (tld) and tolloid related(tlr) gene products belong to a family of developmentally important proteases that includes Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 (Bmp1). Tld is required early in Drosophila development for proper patterning of dorsal embryonic structures, whereas Tlr is required later during larval and pupal stages of development. The major function of Tld is to augment the activity of Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Screw (Scw), two members of the Bmp subgroup of the Tgfβ superfamily, by cleaving the Bmp inhibitor Short gastrulation (Sog). In this study, we provide evidence that Tlr also contributes to Sog processing. Tlr cleaves Sog in vitro in a Bmp-dependent manner at the same three major sites as does Tld. However, Tlr shows different site selection preferences and cleaves Sog with slower kinetics. To test whether these differences are important in vivo, we investigated the role of Tlr and Tld during development of the posterior crossvein (PCV) in the pupal wing. We show that tlr mutants lack the PCV as a result of too little Bmp signaling. This is probably caused by excess Sog activity, as the phenotype can be suppressed by lowering Sog levels. However, Tld cannot substitute for Tlr in the PCV; in fact, misexpressed Tld can cause loss of the PCV. Reducing levels of Sog can also cause loss of the PCV, indicating that Sog has not only an inhibitory but also a positive effect on signaling in the PCV. We propose that the specific catalytic properties of Tlr and Tld have evolved to achieve the proper balance between the inhibitory and positive activities of Sog in the PCV and early embryo, respectively. We further suggest that, as in the embryo, the positive effect of Sog upon Bmp signaling probably stems from its role in a ligand transport process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Serpe
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, and the Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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35
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Abstract
The developing limb bud provides one of the best examples in which programmed cell death exerts major morphogenetic functions. In this work, we revise the distribution and the developmental significance of cell death in the embryonic vertebrate limb and its control by the BMP signalling pathway. In addition, paying special attention to the interdigital apoptotic zones, we review current data concerning the intracellular death machinery implicated in mesodermal limb apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zuzarte-Luis
- Departamento de Anatomia y Biologia Celular, Universidad de Cantabria, C/Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n, 39011 Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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36
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Yamamoto Y, Oelgeschläger M. Regulation of bone morphogenetic proteins in early embryonic development. Naturwissenschaften 2004; 91:519-34. [PMID: 15517134 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-004-0575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a large subgroup of the TGF-beta family of secreted growth factors, control fundamental events in early embryonic development, organogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. The plethora of dose-dependent cellular processes regulated by BMP signalling demand a tight regulation of BMP activity. Over the last decade, a number of proteins have been identified that bind BMPs in the extracellular space and regulate the interaction of BMPs with their cognate receptors, including the secreted BMP antagonist Chordin. In the early vertebrate embryo, the localized secretion of BMP antagonists from the dorsal blastopore lip establishes a functional BMP signalling gradient that is required for the determination of the dorsoventral - or back to belly - body axis. In particular, inhibition of BMP activity is essential for the formation of neural tissue in the development of vertebrate and invertebrate embryos. Here we review recent studies that have provided new insight into the regulation of BMP signalling in the extracellular space. In particular, we discuss the recently identified Twisted gastrulation protein that modulates, in concert with metalloproteinases of the Tolloid family, the interaction of Chordin with BMP and a family of proteins that share structural similarities with Chordin in the respective BMP binding domains. In addition, genetic and functional studies in zebrafish and frog provide compelling evidence that the secreted protein Sizzled functionally interacts with the Chd-BMP pathway, despite being expressed ventrally in the early gastrula-stage embryo. These intriguing discoveries may have important implications, not only for our current concept of early embryonic patterning, but also for the regulation of BMP activity at later developmental stages and tissue homeostasis in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiyo Yamamoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
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