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Hildebrandt K, Klöppel C, Gogel J, Hartenstein V, Walldorf U. Orthopedia expression during Drosophila melanogaster nervous system development and its regulation by microRNA-252. Dev Biol 2022; 492:87-100. [PMID: 36179878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During brain development of Drosophila melanogaster many transcription factors are involved in regulating neural fate and morphogenesis. In our study we show that the transcription factor Orthopedia (Otp), a member of the 57B homeobox gene cluster, plays an important role in this process. Otp is expressed in a stable pattern in defined lineages from mid-embryonic stages into the adult brain and therefore a very stable marker for these lineages. We determined the abundance of the two different otp transcripts in the brain and hindgut during development using qPCR. CRISPR/Cas9 generated otp mutants of the longer protein form significantly affect the expression of Otp in specific areas. We generated an otp enhancer trap strain by gene targeting and reintegration of Gal4, which mimics the complete expression of otp during development except the embryonic hindgut expression. Since in the embryo, the expression of Otp is posttranscriptionally regulated, we looked for putative miRNAs interacting with the otp 3'UTR, and identified microRNA-252 as a candidate. Further analyses with mutated and deleted forms of the microRNA-252 interacting sequence in the otp 3'UTR demonstrate an in vivo interaction of microRNA-252 with the otp 3'UTR. An effect of this interaction is seen in the adult brain, where Otp expression is partially abolished in a knockout strain of microRNA-252. Our results show that Otp is another important factor for brain development in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hildebrandt
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Christine Klöppel
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Jasmin Gogel
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Uwe Walldorf
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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2
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Eugenin von Bernhardi J, Biechl D, Miek L, Herget U, Ryu S, Wullimann MF. A versatile transcription factor: Multiple roles of orthopedia a (otpa) beyond its restricted localization in dopaminergic systems of developing and adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brains. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2537-2561. [PMID: 35708548 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many transcription factors boost neural development and differentiation in specific directions and serve for identifying similar or homologous structures across species. The expression of Orthopedia (Otp) is critical for the development of certain cell groups along the vertebrate neuraxis, for example, the medial amygdala or hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons. Therefore, the primary focus of the present study is the distribution of Orthopedia a (Otpa) in the larval and adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Since Otpa is also critical for the development of zebrafish basal diencephalic dopaminergic cells, colocalization of Otpa with the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is studied. Cellular colocalization of Otpa and dopamine is only seen in magnocellular neurons of the periventricular posterior tubercular nucleus and in the posterior tuberal nucleus. Otpa-positive cells occur in many additional structures along the zebrafish neuraxis, from the secondary prosencephalon down to the hindbrain. Furthermore, Otpa expression is studied in shh-GFP and islet1-GFP transgenic zebrafish. Otpa-positive cells only express shh in dopaminergic magnocellular periventricular posterior tubercular cells, and only colocalize with islet1-GFP in the ventral zone and prerecess caudal periventricular hypothalamic zone and the perilemniscal nucleus. The scarcity of cellular colocalization of Otpa in islet1-GFP cells indicates that the Shh-islet1 neurogenetic pathway is not active in most Otpa-expressing domains. Our analysis reveals detailed correspondences between mouse and zebrafish forebrain territories including the zebrafish intermediate nucleus of the ventral telencephalon and the mouse medial amygdala. The zebrafish preoptic Otpa-positive domain represents the neuropeptidergic supraopto-paraventricular region of all tetrapods. Otpa domains in the zebrafish basal plate hypothalamus suggest that the ventral periventricular hypothalamic zone corresponds to the otp-expressing basal hypothalamic tuberal field in the mouse. Furthermore, the mouse otp domain in the mammillary hypothalamus compares partly to our Otpa-positive domain in the prerecess caudal periventricular hypothalamic zone (Hc-a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Eugenin von Bernhardi
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, München, Bavaria, Germany.,The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Univeristy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniela Biechl
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, München, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Laura Miek
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, München, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herget
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Soojin Ryu
- Living Systems Institute University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK.,College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Mario F Wullimann
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, München, Bavaria, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Gattoni G, Andrews TGR, Benito-Gutiérrez È. Restricted Proliferation During Neurogenesis Contributes to Regionalisation of the Amphioxus Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:812223. [PMID: 35401089 PMCID: PMC8987370 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.812223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system of the cephalochordate amphioxus consists of a dorsal neural tube with an anterior brain. Two decades of gene expression analyses in developing amphioxus embryos have shown that, despite apparent morphological simplicity, the amphioxus neural tube is highly regionalised at the molecular level. However, little is known about the morphogenetic mechanisms regulating the spatiotemporal emergence of cell types at distinct sites of the neural axis and how their arrangements contribute to the overall neural architecture. In vertebrates, proliferation is key to provide appropriate cell numbers of specific types to particular areas of the nervous system as development proceeds, but in amphioxus proliferation has never been studied at this level of detail, nor in the specific context of neurogenesis. Here, we describe the dynamics of cell division during the formation of the central nervous system in amphioxus embryos, and identify specific regions of the nervous system that depend on proliferation of neuronal precursors at precise time-points for their maturation. By labelling proliferating cells in vivo at specific time points in development, and inhibiting cell division during neurulation, we demonstrate that localised proliferation in the anterior cerebral vesicle is required to establish the full cell type repertoire of the frontal eye complex and the putative hypothalamic region of the amphioxus brain, while posterior proliferating progenitors, which were found here to derive from the dorsal lip of the blastopore, contribute to elongation of the caudal floor plate. Between these proliferative domains, we find that trunk nervous system differentiation is independent from cell division, in which proliferation decreases during neurulation and resumes at the early larval stage. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of proliferation as a tightly controlled mechanism for shaping and regionalising the amphioxus neural axis during development, by addition of new cells fated to particular types, or by influencing tissue geometry.
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Fasano G, Godoy RS, Angiulli E, Consalvo A, Franco C, Mancini M, Santucci D, Alleva E, Ciavardelli D, Toni M, Biffali E, Ekker M, Canzoniero LMT, Sordino P. Effects of low-dose methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl-derived manganese on the development of diencephalic dopaminergic neurons in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117151. [PMID: 34020261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fuel additive methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is counted as an organic manganese (Mn)-derived compound. The toxic effects of Mn (alone and complexed) on dopaminergic (DA) neurotransmission have been investigated in both cellular and animal models. However, the impact of environmentally relevant Mn exposure on DA neurodevelopment is rather poorly understood. In the present study, the MMT dose of 100 μM (about 5 mg Mn/L) caused up-regulation of DA-related genes in association with cell body swelling and increase in the number of DA neurons of the ventral diencephalon subpopulation DC2. Furthermore, our analysis identified significant brain Mn bioaccumulation and enhancement of total dopamine levels in association with locomotor hyperactivity. Although DA levels were restored at adulthood, we observed a deficit in the acquisition and consolidation of memory. Collectively, these findings suggest that developmental exposure to low-level MMT-derived Mn is responsible for the selective alteration of diencephalic DA neurons and with long-lasting effects on fish explorative behaviour in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fasano
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Francesco de Sanctis, 82100, Benevento, Italy; Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Rafael Soares Godoy
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Elisa Angiulli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ''Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Via Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Consalvo
- Centro Scienze Dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale - CeSI-MeT, Via Polacchi 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy; Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Franco
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Francesco de Sanctis, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Maria Mancini
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA; NYU Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, New York University School of Medicine, 222 East 41st Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Daniela Santucci
- Centro di Riferimento per le Scienze Comportamentali e La Salute Mentale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Alleva
- Centro di Riferimento per le Scienze Comportamentali e La Salute Mentale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciavardelli
- Centro Scienze Dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale - CeSI-MeT, Via Polacchi 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy; School of Human and Social Science, "Kore" University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100, Enna, Italy
| | - Mattia Toni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ''Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Via Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Elio Biffali
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Marc Ekker
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 9A7, Canada
| | | | - Paolo Sordino
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy.
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López JM, Jiménez S, Morona R, Lozano D, Moreno N. Analysis of Islet-1, Nkx2.1, Pax6, and Orthopedia in the forebrain of the sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus identifies conserved prosomeric characteristics. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:834-855. [PMID: 34547112 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The distribution patterns of a set of conserved brain developmental regulatory transcription factors were analyzed in the forebrain of the basal actinopterygian fish Acipenser ruthenus, consistent with the prosomeric model. In the telencephalon, the pallium was characterized by ventricular expression of Pax6. In the subpallium, the combined expression of Nkx2.1/Islet-1 (Isl1) allowed to propose ventral and dorsal areas, as the septo-pallidal (Nkx2.1/Isl1+) and striatal derivatives (Isl1+), respectively, and a dorsal portion of the striatal derivatives, ventricularly rich in Pax6 and devoid of Isl1 expression. Dispersed Orthopedia (Otp) cells were found in the supracommissural and posterior nuclei of the ventral telencephalon, related to the medial portion of the amygdaloid complex. The preoptic area was identified by the Nkx2.1/Isl1 expression. In the alar hypothalamus, an Otp-expressing territory, lacking Nkx2.1/Isl1, was identified as the paraventricular domain. The adjacent subparaventricular domain (Spa) was subdivided in a rostral territory expressing Nkx2.1 and an Isl1+ caudal one. In the basal hypothalamus, the tuberal region was defined by the Nkx2.1/Isl1 expression and a rostral Otp-expressing domain was identified. Moreover, the Otp/Nkx2.1 combination showed an additional zone lacking Isl1, tentatively identified as the mamillary area. In the diencephalon, both Pax6 and Isl1 defined the prethalamic domain, and within the basal prosomere 3, scattered Pax6- and Isl1-expressing cells were observed in the posterior tubercle. Finally, a small group of Pax6 cells was observed in the pretectal area. These results improve the understanding of the forebrain evolution and demonstrate that its basic bauplan is present very early in the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Jung J, Kim E, Rhee M. Kapd Is Essential for Specification of the Dopaminergic Neurogenesis in Zebrafish Embryos. Mol Cells 2021; 44:233-244. [PMID: 33820883 PMCID: PMC8112167 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To define novel networks of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis, the substantia nigra pars compacta of A53T mice, where a death-promoting protein, FAS-associated factor 1 was ectopically expressed for 2 weeks in the 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-month-old mice, and was subjected to transcriptomic analysis. Compendia of expression profiles and a hierarchical clustering heat map of differentially expressed genes associated with PD were bioinformatically generated. Transcripts level of a particular gene was fluctuated by 20, 60, and 0.75 fold in the 4-, 6-, and 8-month-old mice compared to the 2 months old. Because the gene contained Kelch domain, it was named as Kapd (Kelch-containing protein associated with PD). Biological functions of Kapd were systematically investigated in the zebrafish embryos. First, transcripts of a zebrafish homologue of Kapd, kapd were found in the floor plate of the neural tube at 10 h post fertilization (hpf), and restricted to the tegmentum, hypothalamus, and cerebellum at 24 hpf. Second, knockdown of kapd caused developmental defects of DA progenitors in the midbrain neural keel and midbrain? hindbrain boundary at 10 hpf. Third, overexpression of kapd increased transcripts level of the dopaminergic immature neuron marker, shha in the prethalamus at 16.5 hpf. Finally, developmental consequences of kapd knockdown reduced transcripts level of the markers for the immature and mature DA neurons, nkx2.2, olig2, otx2b, and th in the ventral diencephalon of the midbrain at 18 hpf. It is thus most probable that Kapd play a key role in the specification of the DA neuronal precursors in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangham Jung
- Department of Life Science, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Eunhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Myungchull Rhee
- Department of Life Science, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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7
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Hildebrandt K, Bach N, Kolb D, Walldorf U. The homeodomain transcription factor Orthopedia is involved in development of the Drosophila hindgut. Hereditas 2020; 157:46. [PMID: 33213520 PMCID: PMC7678101 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-020-00160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Drosophila hindgut is commonly used model for studying various aspects of organogenesis like primordium establishment, further specification, patterning, and morphogenesis. During embryonic development of Drosophila, many transcriptional activators are involved in the formation of the hindgut. The transcription factor Orthopedia (Otp), a member of the 57B homeobox gene cluster, is expressed in the hindgut and nervous system of developing Drosophila embryos, but due to the lack of mutants no functional analysis has been conducted yet. Results We show that two different otp transcripts, a hindgut-specific and a nervous system-specific form, are present in the Drosophila embryo. Using an Otp antibody, a detailed expression analysis during hindgut development was carried out. Otp was not only expressed in the embryonic hindgut, but also in the larval and adult hindgut. To analyse the function of otp, we generated the mutant otp allele otpGT by ends-out gene targeting. In addition, we isolated two EMS-induced otp alleles in a genetic screen for mutants of the 57B region. All three otp alleles showed embryonic lethality with a severe hindgut phenotype. Anal pads were reduced and the large intestine was completely missing. This phenotype is due to apoptosis in the hindgut primordium and the developing hindgut. Conclusion Our data suggest that Otp is another important factor for hindgut development of Drosophila. As a downstream factor of byn Otp is most likely present only in differentiated hindgut cells during all stages of development rather than in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hildebrandt
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Saarland, Germany
| | - Nicole Bach
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Saarland, Germany
| | - Dieter Kolb
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Saarland, Germany
| | - Uwe Walldorf
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Saarland, Germany.
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Thomson AC, Sack AT. How to Design Optimal Accelerated rTMS Protocols Capable of Promoting Therapeutically Beneficial Metaplasticity. Front Neurol 2020; 11:599918. [PMID: 33224103 PMCID: PMC7674552 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.599918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alix C Thomson
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Hu Y, Li J, Zhu Y, Li M, Lin J, Yang L, Wang C, Lu Z. Development and characterization of an Otp conditional loss of function allele. Genesis 2020; 58:e23370. [PMID: 32468663 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Orthopedia (Otp) is a homeodomain transcription factor that plays an essential role in the development of hypothalamic neurosecretory systems. Loss of Otp results in the failure of differentiation of key hypothalamic neuroendocrine cell types, and pups die soon after birth. Although the constitutive knockout Otp mouse model (Otp KO ) has significantly expanded our understanding of Otp's function in vivo, a conditional loss of function Otp allele that enables tissue or cell-type specific ablation of Otp has not been developed. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology to generate a conditional Otp knockout mouse line in which exon 2 of the murine Otp gene is flanked by LoxP sites (Otp f/f ). Crossing the Otp f/f mouse with Agrp-Ires-cre mouse, we demonstrate the requirement for Otp in the continuous differentiation of AgRP neurons after cell fate determination. We also show that the residual AgRP neurons in Agrp-Ires-cre;Otp f/f mice project to similar downstream target regions. This newly developed Otp f/f mouse can be used to explore the functions of Otp with cell-type or temporal specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyuan Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Drug Addiction, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Drug Addiction, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianbang Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Mitsumoto K, Suga H, Sakakibara M, Soen M, Yamada T, Ozaki H, Nagai T, Kano M, Kasai T, Ozone C, Ogawa K, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Tsunekawa T, Takagi H, Hagiwara D, Ito Y, Iwama S, Goto M, Banno R, Arima H. Improved methods for the differentiation of hypothalamic vasopressin neurons using mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 40:101572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Qin C, Li J, Tang K. The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Development, Function, and Human Diseases. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3458-3472. [PMID: 30052854 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), located in the ventral diencephalon adjacent to the third ventricle, is a highly conserved brain region present in species from zebrafish to humans. The PVH is composed of three main types of neurons, magnocellular, parvocellular, and long-projecting neurons, which play imperative roles in the regulation of energy balance and various endocrinological activities. In this review, we focus mainly on recent findings about the early development of the hypothalamus and the PVH, the functions of the PVH in the modulation of energy homeostasis and in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, and human diseases associated with the PVH, such as obesity, short stature, hypertension, and diabetes insipidus. Thus, the investigations of the PVH will benefit not only understanding of the development of the central nervous system but also the etiology of and therapy for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Santos-Durán GN, Ferreiro-Galve S, Menuet A, Mazan S, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. The Shark Basal Hypothalamus: Molecular Prosomeric Subdivisions and Evolutionary Trends. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:17. [PMID: 29593505 PMCID: PMC5861214 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key integrative center of the vertebrate brain. To better understand its ancestral morphological organization and evolution, we previously analyzed the segmental organization of alar subdivisions in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a cartilaginous fish and thus a basal representative of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). With the same aim, we deepen here in the segmental organization of the catshark basal hypothalamus by revisiting previous data on ScOtp, ScDlx2/5, ScNkx2.1, ScShh expression and Shh immunoreactivity jointly with new data on ScLhx5, ScEmx2, ScLmx1b, ScPitx2, ScPitx3a, ScFoxa1, ScFoxa2 and ScNeurog2 expression and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity. Our study reveals a complex genoarchitecture for chondrichthyan basal hypothalamus on which a total of 21 microdomains were identified. Six belong to the basal acroterminal region, the rostral-most point of the basal neural tube; seven are described in the tuberal region (Tu/RTu); four in the perimamillar region (PM/PRM) and four in the mamillar one (MM/RM). Interestingly, the same set of genes does not necessarily describe the same microdomains in mice, which in part contributes to explain how forebrain diversity is achieved. This study stresses the importance of analyzing data from basal vertebrates to better understand forebrain diversity and hypothalamic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Santos-Durán
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- UMR7355, CNRS, University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, UMR7232, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Moir L, Bochukova EG, Dumbell R, Banks G, Bains RS, Nolan PM, Scudamore C, Simon M, Watson KA, Keogh J, Henning E, Hendricks A, O'Rahilly S, Barroso I, Sullivan AE, Bersten DC, Whitelaw ML, Kirsch S, Bentley E, Farooqi IS, Cox RD. Disruption of the homeodomain transcription factor orthopedia homeobox (Otp) is associated with obesity and anxiety. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1419-1428. [PMID: 29107289 PMCID: PMC5681237 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Genetic studies in obese rodents and humans can provide novel insights into the mechanisms involved in energy homeostasis. Methods In this study, we genetically mapped the chromosomal region underlying the development of severe obesity in a mouse line identified as part of a dominant N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen. We characterized the metabolic and behavioral phenotype of obese mutant mice and examined changes in hypothalamic gene expression. In humans, we examined genetic data from people with severe early onset obesity. Results We identified an obese mouse heterozygous for a missense mutation (pR108W) in orthopedia homeobox (Otp), a homeodomain containing transcription factor required for the development of neuroendocrine cell lineages in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain important in the regulation of energy homeostasis. OtpR108W/+ mice exhibit increased food intake, weight gain, and anxiety when in novel environments or singly housed, phenotypes that may be partially explained by reduced hypothalamic expression of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin. R108W affects the highly conserved homeodomain, impairs DNA binding, and alters transcriptional activity in cells. We sequenced OTP in 2548 people with severe early-onset obesity and found a rare heterozygous loss of function variant in the homeodomain (Q153R) in a patient who also had features of attention deficit disorder. Conclusions OTP is involved in mammalian energy homeostasis and behavior and appears to be necessary for the development of hypothalamic neural circuits. Further studies will be needed to investigate the contribution of rare variants in OTP to human energy homeostasis. A mouse Otp mutation alters hypothalamic neuropeptide expression leading to increased food intake, obesity and anxiety. In severe early onset obesity, we found a heterozygous LOF variant in a patient with attention deficit disorder features. These studies show for the first time that mutations in the Otp/OTP gene cause obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Moir
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Elena G Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Rebecca Dumbell
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Gareth Banks
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Rasneer S Bains
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Patrick M Nolan
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Cheryl Scudamore
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Michelle Simon
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Kimberly A Watson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Julia Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Audrey Hendricks
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | - Adrienne E Sullivan
- Department Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David C Bersten
- Department Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Murray L Whitelaw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Susan Kirsch
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Bentley
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Roger D Cox
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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Santos-Durán GN, Ferreiro-Galve S, Menuet A, Quintana-Urzainqui I, Mazan S, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. The Shark Alar Hypothalamus: Molecular Characterization of Prosomeric Subdivisions and Evolutionary Trends. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:113. [PMID: 27932958 PMCID: PMC5121248 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is an important physiologic center of the vertebrate brain involved in the elaboration of individual and species survival responses. To better understand the ancestral organization of the alar hypothalamus we revisit previous data on ScOtp, ScDlx2/5, ScTbr1, ScNkx2.1 expression and Pax6 immunoreactivity jointly with new data on ScNeurog2, ScLhx9, ScLhx5, and ScNkx2.8 expression, in addition to immunoreactivity to serotonin (5-HT) and doublecortin (DCX) in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a key species for this purpose since cartilaginous fishes are basal representatives of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Our study revealed a complex genoarchitecture for the chondrichthyan alar hypothalamus. We identified terminal (rostral) and peduncular (caudal) subdivisions in the prosomeric paraventricular and subparaventricular areas (TPa/PPa and TSPa/PSPa, respectively) evidenced by the expression pattern of developmental genes like ScLhx5 (TPa) and immunoreactivity against Pax6 (PSPa) and 5-HT (PPa and PSPa). Dorso-ventral subdivisions were only evidenced in the SPa (SPaD, SPaV; respectively) by means of Pax6 and ScNkx2.8 (respectively). Interestingly, ScNkx2.8 expression overlaps over the alar-basal boundary, as Nkx2.2 does in other vertebrates. Our results reveal evidences for the existence of different groups of tangentially migrated cells expressing ScOtp, Pax6, and ScDlx2. The genoarchitectonic comparative analysis suggests alternative interpretations of the rostral-most alar plate in prosomeric terms and reveals a conserved molecular background for the vertebrate alar hypothalamus likely acquired before/during the agnathan-gnathostome transition, on which Otp, Pax6, Lhx5, and Neurog2 are expressed in the Pa while Dlx and Nkx2.2/Nkx2.8 are expressed in the SPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Santos-Durán
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- CNRS, UMR 7355, University of Orleans Orleans, France
| | - Idoia Quintana-Urzainqui
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS UMR7232 Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Biran J, Tahor M, Wircer E, Levkowitz G. Role of developmental factors in hypothalamic function. Front Neuroanat 2015. [PMID: 25954163 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00047.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region which regulates homeostasis by mediating endocrine, autonomic and behavioral functions. It is comprised of several nuclei containing distinct neuronal populations producing neuropeptides and neurotransmitters that regulate fundamental body functions including temperature and metabolic rate, thirst and hunger, sexual behavior and reproduction, circadian rhythm, and emotional responses. The identity, number and connectivity of these neuronal populations are established during the organism's development and are of crucial importance for normal hypothalamic function. Studies have suggested that developmental abnormalities in specific hypothalamic circuits can lead to obesity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression and autism. At the molecular level, the development of the hypothalamus is regulated by transcription factors (TF), secreted growth factors, neuropeptides and their receptors. Recent studies in zebrafish and mouse have demonstrated that some of these molecules maintain their expression in the adult brain and subsequently play a role in the physiological functions that are regulated by hypothalamic neurons. Here, we summarize the involvement of some of the key developmental factors in hypothalamic development and function by focusing on the mouse and zebrafish genetic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Biran
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maayan Tahor
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einav Wircer
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
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Biran J, Tahor M, Wircer E, Levkowitz G. Role of developmental factors in hypothalamic function. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:47. [PMID: 25954163 PMCID: PMC4404869 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region which regulates homeostasis by mediating endocrine, autonomic and behavioral functions. It is comprised of several nuclei containing distinct neuronal populations producing neuropeptides and neurotransmitters that regulate fundamental body functions including temperature and metabolic rate, thirst and hunger, sexual behavior and reproduction, circadian rhythm, and emotional responses. The identity, number and connectivity of these neuronal populations are established during the organism’s development and are of crucial importance for normal hypothalamic function. Studies have suggested that developmental abnormalities in specific hypothalamic circuits can lead to obesity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression and autism. At the molecular level, the development of the hypothalamus is regulated by transcription factors (TF), secreted growth factors, neuropeptides and their receptors. Recent studies in zebrafish and mouse have demonstrated that some of these molecules maintain their expression in the adult brain and subsequently play a role in the physiological functions that are regulated by hypothalamic neurons. Here, we summarize the involvement of some of the key developmental factors in hypothalamic development and function by focusing on the mouse and zebrafish genetic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Biran
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maayan Tahor
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einav Wircer
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
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Domínguez L, González A, Moreno N. Patterns of hypothalamic regionalization in amphibians and reptiles: common traits revealed by a genoarchitectonic approach. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:3. [PMID: 25691860 PMCID: PMC4315040 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies in mammals and birds have demonstrated common patterns of hypothalamic development highlighted by the combination of developmental regulatory genes (genoarchitecture), supporting the notion of the hypothalamus as a component of the secondary prosencephalon, topologically rostral to the diencephalon. In our comparative analysis we have summarized the data on the expression patterns of different transcription factors and neuroactive substances, used as anatomical markers, in the developing hypothalamus of the amphibian Xenopus laevis and the juvenile turtle Pseudemys scripta. This analysis served to highlight the organization of the hypothalamus in the anamniote/amniotic transition. We have identified supraoptoparaventricular and the suprachiasmatic regions (SCs) in the alar part of the hypothalamus, and tuberal and mammillary regions in the basal hypothalamus. Shared features in the two species are: (1) The supraoptoparaventricular region (SPV) is defined by the expression of Otp and the lack of Nkx2.1/Isl1. It is subdivided into rostral, rich in Otp and Nkx2.2, and caudal, only Otp-positive, portions. (2) The suprachiasmatic area contains catecholaminergic cell groups and lacks Otp, and can be further divided into rostral (rich in Nkx2.1 and Nkx2.2) and a caudal (rich in Isl1 and devoid of Nkx2.1) portions. (3) Expression of Nkx2.1 and Isl1 define the tuberal hypothalamus and only the rostral portion expresses Otp. (4) Its caudal boundary is evident by the lack of Isl1 in the adjacent mammillary region, which expresses Nkx2.1 and Otp. Differences in the anamnio-amniote transition were noted since in the turtle, like in other amniotes, the boundary between the alar hypothalamus and the telencephalic preoptic area shows distinct Nkx2.2 and Otp expressions but not in the amphibian (anamniote), and the alar SPV is defined by the expression of Otp/Pax6, whereas in Xenopus only Otp is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Domínguez
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Moreno
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Domínguez L, González A, Moreno N. Characterization of the hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis during development. II. The basal regions. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:1102-31. [PMID: 24122702 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The expression patterns of conserved developmental regulatory transcription factors and neuronal markers were analyzed in the basal hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis throughout development by means of combined immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques. The connectivity of the main subdivisions was investigated by in vitro tracing techniques with dextran amines. The basal hypothalamic region is topologically rostral to the basal diencephalon and is composed of the tuberal (rostral) and mammillary (caudal) subdivisions, according to the prosomeric model. It is dorsally bounded by the optic chiasm and the alar hypothalamus, and caudally by the diencephalic prosomere p3. The tuberal hypothalamus is defined by the expression of Nkx2.1, xShh, and Isl1, and rostral and caudal portions can be distinguished by the distinct expression of Otp rostrally and Nkx2.2 caudally. In the mammillary region the xShh/Nkx2.1 combination defined the rostral mammillary area, expressing Nkx2.1, and the caudal retromammillary area, expressing xShh. The expression of xLhx1, xDll4, and Otp in the mammillary area and Isl1 in the tuberal region highlights the boundary between the two basal hypothalamic territories. Both regions are strongly connected with subpallial regions, especially those conveying olfactory/vomeronasal information, and also possess abundant intrahypothalamic connections. They show reciprocal connections with the diencephalon (mainly the thalamus), project to the midbrain tectum, and are bidirectionally related to the rhombencephalon. These results illustrate that the basal hypothalamus of anurans shares many features of specification, regionalization, and hodology with amniotes, reinforcing the idea of a basic bauplan in the organization of this prosencephalic region in all tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Domínguez
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Cariboni A, Conti L, Andrè V, Aprile D, Zasso J, Maggi R. Establishment of a radial glia-like mouse fetal hypothalamic neural stem cell line (AC1) able to differentiate into neuroendocrine cells. NEUROGENESIS 2014; 1:e29950. [PMID: 28255570 PMCID: PMC5322806 DOI: 10.4161/neur.29950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the generation and the characterization of a stable cell line of neural stem cells derived from embryonic mouse hypothalamus. These cells (AC1) grow as an adherent culture in defined serum-free medium and express typical markers of neurogenic radial glia and of hypothalamic precursors. After prolonged expansion, AC1 cells may be efficiently induced to differentiate into neurons and astroglial cells in vitro and start to express some hormonal neuropeptides, like TRH, CRH, and POMC. Based on the capabilities of AC1 cells to be stably expanded and to develop neuroendocrine lineages in vitro, these cells might represent a novel tool to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the development of the hypothalamus and in the specific differentiation of neuroendocrine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cariboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Sez. Biomedicina e Endocrinologia;
Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario per lo studio delle Malattie della Riproduzione (CIRMAR); Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Conti
- Centro per la Biologia Integrata (CIBIO); Università degli Studi di Trento; Trento, Italy
| | - Valentina Andrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Sez. Biomedicina e Endocrinologia;
Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Aprile
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Sez. Biomedicina e Endocrinologia;
Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Zasso
- Centro per la Biologia Integrata (CIBIO); Università degli Studi di Trento; Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Sez. Biomedicina e Endocrinologia;
Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario per lo studio delle Malattie della Riproduzione (CIRMAR); Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
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Fernandes AM, Beddows E, Filippi A, Driever W. Orthopedia transcription factor otpa and otpb paralogous genes function during dopaminergic and neuroendocrine cell specification in larval zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75002. [PMID: 24073233 PMCID: PMC3779234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor Orthopedia (Otp) is an important regulator for specification of defined subsets of neuroendocrine cells and dopaminergic neurons in vertebrates. In zebrafish, two paralogous otp genes, otpa and otpb, are present in the genome. Neither complete loss of Otp activity nor differential contributions of Otpa and Otpb to specification of defined neuronal populations have been analyzed in detail. We characterized zebrafish embryos and early larvae mutant for null alleles of otpa, otpb, or both genes to determine their individual contributions to the specification of th expressing dopaminergic neuronal populations as well as of crh, oxt, avp, trh or sst1.1 expressing neuroendocrine cells. otpa mutant larvae show an almost complete reduction of ventral diencephalic dopaminergic neurons, as reported previously. A small reduction in the number of trh cells in the preoptic region is detectable in otpa mutants, but no significant loss of crh, oxt and avp preoptic neuroendocrine cells. otpb single mutant larvae do not display a reduction in dopaminergic neurons or neuroendocrine cells in the otp expressing regions. In contrast, in otpa and otpb double mutant larvae specific groups of dopaminergic neurons as well as of crh, oxt, avp, trh and sst1.1-expressing neuroendocrine cells are completely lost. These observations suggest that the requirement for otpa and otpb function during development of the larval diencephalon is partially redundant. During evolutionary diversification of the paralogous otp genes, otpa maintained the prominent role in ventral diencephalic dopaminergic and neuroendocrine cell specification and is capable of partially compensating otpb loss of function. In addition, we identified a role of Otp in the development of a domain of somatostatin1-expressing cells in the rostral hindbrain, a region with strong otp expression but so far uncharacterized Otp function. Otp may thus be crucial for defined neuronal cell types also in the hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- António M. Fernandes
- Developmental Biology Unit, Faculty of Biology, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erin Beddows
- Developmental Biology Unit, Faculty of Biology, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alida Filippi
- Developmental Biology Unit, Faculty of Biology, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Driever
- Developmental Biology Unit, Faculty of Biology, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Domínguez L, Morona R, González A, Moreno N. Characterization of the hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis during development. I. The alar regions. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:725-59. [PMID: 22965483 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of expression of a set of conserved developmental regulatory transcription factors and neuronal markers were analyzed in the alar hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis throughout development. Combined immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques were used for the identification of subdivisions and their boundaries. The alar hypothalamus was located rostral to the diencephalon in the secondary prosencephalon and represents the rostral continuation of the alar territories of the diencephalon and brainstem, according to the prosomeric model. It is composed of the supraoptoparaventricular (dorsal) and the suprachiasmatic (ventral) regions, and limits dorsally with the preoptic region, caudally with the prethalamic eminence and the prethalamus, and ventrally with the basal hypothalamus. The supraoptoparaventricular area is defined by the orthopedia (Otp) expression and is subdivided into rostral and caudal portions, on the basis of the Nkx2.2 expression only in the rostral portion. This region is the source of many neuroendocrine cells, primarily located in the rostral subdivision. The suprachiasmatic region is characterized by Dll4/Isl1 expression, and was also subdivided into rostral and caudal portions, based on the expression of Nkx2.1/Nkx2.2 and Lhx1/7 exclusively in the rostral portion. Both alar regions are mainly connected with subpallial areas strongly implicated in the limbic system and show robust intrahypothalamic connections. Caudally, both regions project to brainstem centers and spinal cord. All these data support that in terms of topology, molecular specification, and connectivity the subdivisions of the anuran alar hypothalamus possess many features shared with their counterparts in amniotes, likely controlling similar reflexes, responses, and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Domínguez
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Akawi NA, Al-Jasmi F, Al-Shamsi AM, Ali BR, Al-Gazali L. LINS, a modulator of the WNT signaling pathway, is involved in human cognition. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:87. [PMID: 23773660 PMCID: PMC3847167 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited intellectual disability (ID) conditions are a group of genetically heterogeneous disorders that lead to variable degrees of cognition deficits. It has been shown that inherited ID can be caused by mutations in over 100 different genes and there is evidence for the presence of as yet unidentified genes in a significant proportion of patients. We aimed at identifying the defective gene underlying an autosomal recessive ID in two sibs of an Emirati family. METHODS A combined approach involving homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing was used to identify the causative mutation. RNA analysis was performed to gain further insight into the pathogenic effect of the detected mutation. RESULTS We have identified a homozygous splicing mutation (c.1219_1222+1delAAAGG) in the LINS gene in the affected children. LINS is the human homologue of the Drosophila segment polarity gene lin that encodes an essential regulator of the wingless/Wnt signaling. The identified mutation alters the first consensus nucleotide of the 5' donor splice junction of intron 5 and the 3' end of exon 5. Transcript analysis revealed that this change leads to an exon skipping event resulting in direct splicing of exon 4 to exon 6. Another mutation in LINS has been described very briefly in an Iranian family with autosomal recessive ID and microcephaly. CONCLUSION Our study confirms that LINS, a modulator of the WNT pathway, is an indispensable gene to human cognition and this finding sheds further light on the importance of WNT signaling in human brain development and/or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Akawi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences United Arab Emirates University, P,O, Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Maximino C, Lima MG, Oliveira KRM, Batista EDJO, Herculano AM. “Limbic associative” and “autonomic” amygdala in teleosts: A review of the evidence. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 48-49:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Nesan D, Vijayan MM. Role of glucocorticoid in developmental programming: evidence from zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 181:35-44. [PMID: 23103788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate corticosteroid stress response is highly conserved and a key function is to restore homeostasis by mobilizing and reallocating energy stores. This process is primarily initiated by activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to the release of corticosteroids into the circulation. In teleosts, cortisol is the primary corticosteroid that is released into the circulation in response to stress. This steroid activates corticosteroid receptors that are ligand-bound transcription factors, modulating downstream gene expression in target tissues. Recent research in zebrafish (Danio rerio) has identified novel roles for cortisol in early developmental processes, including organogenesis and mesoderm formation. As cortisol biosynthesis commences only around the time of hatch in teleosts, the early developmental events are orchestrated by cortisol that is maternally deposited prior to fertilization. This review will highlight the molecular events leading to the development of the corticosteroid stress axis, and the possible role of cortisol in the developmental programming of stress axis function. Use of zebrafish as a model may lead to significant insights into the conserved role of glucocorticoids during early development with potential implications in biomedical research, including fetal stress syndromes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinushan Nesan
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Santagata S, Resh C, Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Passamaneck YJ. Development of the larval anterior neurogenic domains of Terebratalia transversa (Brachiopoda) provides insights into the diversification of larval apical organs and the spiralian nervous system. EvoDevo 2012; 3:3. [PMID: 22273002 PMCID: PMC3314550 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larval features such as the apical organ, apical ciliary tuft, and ciliated bands often complicate the evaluation of hypotheses regarding the origin of the adult bilaterian nervous system. Understanding how neurogenic domains form within the bilaterian head and larval apical organ requires expression data from animals that exhibit aspects of both centralized and diffuse nervous systems at different life history stages. Here, we describe the expression of eight neural-related genes during the larval development of the brachiopod, Terebratalia transversa. RESULTS Radially symmetric gastrulae broadly express Tt-Six3/6 and Tt-hbn in the animal cap ectoderm. Tt-NK2.1 and Tt-otp are restricted to a central subset of these cells, and Tt-fez and Tt-FoxQ2 expression domains are already asymmetric at this stage. As gastrulation proceeds, the spatial expression of these genes is split between two anterior ectodermal domains, a more dorsal region comprised of Tt-Six3/6, Tt-fez, Tt-FoxQ2, and Tt-otp expression domains, and an anterior ventral domain demarcated by Tt-hbn and Tt-NK2.1 expression. More posteriorly, the latter domains are bordered by Tt-FoxG expression in the region of the transverse ciliated band. Tt-synaptotagmin 1 is expressed throughout the anterior neural ectoderm. All genes are expressed late into larval development. The basiepithelial larval nervous system includes three neurogenic domains comprised of the more dorsal apical organ and a ventral cell cluster in the apical lobe as well as a mid-ventral band of neurons in the mantle lobe. Tt-otp is the only gene expressed in numerous flask-shaped cells of the apical organ and in a subset of neurons in the mantle lobe. CONCLUSIONS Our expression data for Tt-Six3/6, Tt-FoxQ2, and Tt-otp confirm some aspects of bilaterian-wide conservation of spatial partitioning within anterior neurogenic domains and also suggest a common origin for central otp-positive cell types within the larval apical organs of spiralians. However, the field of sensory neurons within the larval apical organ of Terebratalia is broader and composed of more cells relative to those of other spiralian larvae. These cellular differences are mirrored in the broader spatial and temporal expression patterns of Tt-FoxQ2 and Tt-otp. Corresponding differences in the expression of Tt-hbn, Tt-NK2.1, and Tt-FoxG are also observed relative to their respective domains within the cerebral ganglia of spiralians. Based on these data we argue that the anterior region of the bilaterian stem species included Six3/6, NK2.1, otp, hbn, fez, and FoxQ2 expression domains that were subsequently modified within larval and adult neural tissues of protostome and deuterostome animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Santagata
- Long Island University-Post, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville, NY 11709, USA
| | - Carlee Resh
- Long Island University-Post, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville, NY 11709, USA
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Center for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Yale J Passamaneck
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Moreno N, González A. The non-evaginated secondary prosencephalon of vertebrates. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:12. [PMID: 21427782 PMCID: PMC3049325 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary prosencephalon (telencephalon plus hypothalamus) is probably the most complex area of the brain, with complicated patterning specifications. As yet, no prosomeric subdivisions have been reported and only distinct histogenetic territories have been recognized. In the present comparative study we analyzed cross-correlated expression maps in the non-evaginated territories of the secondary prosencephalon in different vertebrates throughout development, to assess the existence of comparable divisions and subdivisions in the different groups. Each division is characterized by expression of a unique combination of developmental regulatory genes, and each appears to represent a self-regulated and topologically constant histogenetic brain compartment that gives rise to a specific cell group. The non-evaginated area of the telencephalon corresponds to the preoptic region, whereas the hypothalamus, topologically rostral to the diencephalic prethalamus, includes basal (mammillary and tuberal) and alar (paraventricular and suprachiasmatic) parts. This complex area is specified by a cascade of transcription factors, among which the Dlx family members and Nkx2.1 are essential for the correct development. The only exception is found in the subdivision named termed the supraoptoparaventricular area, in which the transcription factor Orthopedia is essential in restricting the fate of multiple categories of neuroendocrine neurons, in the absence of the Dlx/Nkx2.1 combination. Our analysis, based on own data and published results by other researchers, suggests that common features are shared at least by all tetrapods and, therefore, they most likely were present in the stem tetrapods. The available data for agnathans (lampreys) and other fish groups indicate that not all subdivisions of the secondary prosencephalon were present at the origin of vertebrates, raising important questions about their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Domínguez L, González A, Moreno N. Ontogenetic distribution of the transcription factor nkx2.2 in the developing forebrain of Xenopus laevis. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:11. [PMID: 21415915 PMCID: PMC3049246 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the Nkx2.2 gene is involved in the organization of the alar-basal boundary in the forebrain of vertebrates. Its expression in different diencephalic and telencephalic regions, helped to define distinct progenitor domains in mouse and chick. Here we investigated the pattern of Nkx2.2 protein distribution throughout the development of the forebrain of the anuran amphibian, Xenopus laevis. We used immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques for its detection in combination with other essential territorial markers in the forebrain. No expression was observed in the telencephalon. In the alar hypothalamus, Nkx2.2 positive cells were scattered in the suprachiasmatic territory, but also in the supraopto-paraventricular area, as defined by the expression of the transcription factor Orthopedia (Otp) and the lack of xDll4. In the basal hypothalamus Nkx2.2 expressing cells were localized in the tuberal region, with the exception of the arcuate nucleus, rich in Otp expressing cells. In the diencephalon it was expressed in all three prosomeres (P1–P3) and not in the zona limitans intrathalamica. The presence of Nkx2.2 expressing cells in P3 was restricted to the alar portion, as well as in prosomere P2, whereas in P1 the Nkx2.2 expressing cells were located in the basal plate and identified the alar/basal boundary. These results showed that Nkx2.2 and Sonic hedgehog are expressed in parallel adjacent stripes along the anterior–posterior axis. The results of this study showed a conserved distribution pattern of Nkx2.2 among vertebrates, crucial to recognize subdivisions that are otherwise indistinct, and supported the relevance of this transcription factor in the organization of the forebrain, particularly in the delineation of the alar/basal boundary of the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Domínguez
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Tsai PS, Brooks LR, Rochester JR, Kavanaugh SI, Chung WCJ. Fibroblast growth factor signaling in the developing neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Front Neuroendocrinol 2011; 32:95-107. [PMID: 21129392 PMCID: PMC3050526 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is pivotal to the formation of numerous central regions. Increasing evidence suggests FGF signaling also directs the development of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus, a collection of neuroendocrine neurons originating primarily within the nose and the ventricular zone of the diencephalon. This review outlines evidence for a role of FGF signaling in the prenatal and postnatal development of several hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems. The emphasis is placed on the nasally derived gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, which depend on neurotrophic cues from FGF signaling throughout the neurons' lifetime. Although less is known about neuroendocrine neurons derived from the diencephalon, recent studies suggest they also exhibit variable levels of dependence on FGF signaling. Overall, FGF signaling provides a broad spectrum of cues that ranges from genesis, cell survival/death, migration, morphological changes, to hormone synthesis in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Abnormal FGF signaling will deleteriously impact multiple hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems, resulting in the disruption of diverse physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-San Tsai
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
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Guella I, Pistocchi A, Asselta R, Rimoldi V, Ghilardi A, Sironi F, Trotta L, Primignani P, Zini M, Zecchinelli A, Coviello D, Pezzoli G, Del Giacco L, Duga S, Goldwurm S. Mutational screening and zebrafish functional analysis of GIGYF2 as a Parkinson-disease gene. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:1994-2005. [PMID: 20060621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Grb10-Interacting GYF Protein-2 (GIGYF2) gene has been proposed as the Parkinson-disease (PD) gene underlying the PARK11 locus. However, association of GIGYF2 with PD has been challenged and a functional validation of GIGYF2 mutations is lacking. In this frame, we performed a mutational screening of GIGYF2 in an Italian PD cohort. Exons containing known mutations were analyzed in 552 cases and 552 controls. Thereafter, a subset of 184 familial PD cases and controls were subjected to a full coding-exon screening. These analyses identified 8 missense variations in 9 individuals (4 cases, 5 controls). Furthermore, we developed a zebrafish model of gigyf2 deficiency. Abrogation of gigyf2 function in zebrafish embryos did not lead to a drastic cell loss in diencephalic dopaminergic (DA) neuron clusters, suggesting that gigyf2 is not required for DA neuron differentiation. Notably, gigyf2 functional abrogation did not increase diencephalic DA neurons susceptibility to the PD-inducing drug MPP+. These data, together with those recently reported by other groups, suggest that GIGYF2 is unlikely to be the PARK11 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Guella
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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