1
|
Hidalgo-Sánchez M, Andreu-Cervera A, Villa-Carballar S, Echevarria D. An Update on the Molecular Mechanism of the Vertebrate Isthmic Organizer Development in the Context of the Neuromeric Model. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:826976. [PMID: 35401126 PMCID: PMC8987131 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.826976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial event during the development of the central nervous system (CNS) is the early subdivision of the neural tube along its anterior-to-posterior axis to form neuromeres, morphogenetic units separated by transversal constrictions and programed for particular genetic cascades. The narrower portions observed in the developing neural tube are responsible for relevant cellular and molecular processes, such as clonal restrictions, expression of specific regulatory genes, and differential fate specification, as well as inductive activities. In this developmental context, the gradual formation of the midbrain-hindbrain (MH) constriction has been an excellent model to study the specification of two major subdivisions of the CNS containing the mesencephalic and isthmo-cerebellar primordia. This MH boundary is coincident with the common Otx2-(midbrain)/Gbx2-(hindbrain) expressing border. The early interactions between these two pre-specified areas confer positional identities and induce the generation of specific diffusible morphogenes at this interface, in particular FGF8 and WNT1. These signaling pathways are responsible for the gradual histogenetic specifications and cellular identity acquisitions with in the MH domain. This review is focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the specification of the midbrain/hindbrain territory and the formation of the isthmic organizer. Emphasis will be placed on the chick/quail chimeric experiments leading to the acquisition of the first fate mapping and experimental data to, in this way, better understand pioneering morphological studies and innovative gain/loss-of-function analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez Diego Echevarria
| | - Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Villa-Carballar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez Diego Echevarria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alhalabi KT, Stichel D, Sievers P, Peterziel H, Sommerkamp AC, Sturm D, Wittmann A, Sill M, Jäger N, Beck P, Pajtler KW, Snuderl M, Jour G, Delorenzo M, Martin AM, Levy A, Dalvi N, Hansford JR, Gottardo NG, Uro-Coste E, Maurage CA, Godfraind C, Vandenbos F, Pietsch T, Kramm C, Filippidou M, Kattamis A, Jones C, Øra I, Mikkelsen TS, Zapotocky M, Sumerauer D, Scheie D, McCabe M, Wesseling P, Tops BBJ, Kranendonk MEG, Karajannis MA, Bouvier N, Papaemmanuil E, Dohmen H, Acker T, von Hoff K, Schmid S, Miele E, Filipski K, Kitanovski L, Krskova L, Gojo J, Haberler C, Alvaro F, Ecker J, Selt F, Milde T, Witt O, Oehme I, Kool M, von Deimling A, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Sahm F, Jones DTW. PATZ1 fusions define a novel molecularly distinct neuroepithelial tumor entity with a broad histological spectrum. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:841-857. [PMID: 34417833 PMCID: PMC8500868 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale molecular profiling studies in recent years have shown that central nervous system (CNS) tumors display a much greater heterogeneity in terms of molecularly distinct entities, cellular origins and genetic drivers than anticipated from histological assessment. DNA methylation profiling has emerged as a useful tool for robust tumor classification, providing new insights into these heterogeneous molecular classes. This is particularly true for rare CNS tumors with a broad morphological spectrum, which are not possible to assign as separate entities based on histological similarity alone. Here, we describe a molecularly distinct subset of predominantly pediatric CNS neoplasms (n = 60) that harbor PATZ1 fusions. The original histological diagnoses of these tumors covered a wide spectrum of tumor types and malignancy grades. While the single most common diagnosis was glioblastoma (GBM), clinical data of the PATZ1-fused tumors showed a better prognosis than typical GBM, despite frequent relapses. RNA sequencing revealed recurrent MN1:PATZ1 or EWSR1:PATZ1 fusions related to (often extensive) copy number variations on chromosome 22, where PATZ1 and the two fusion partners are located. These fusions have individually been reported in a number of glial/glioneuronal tumors, as well as extracranial sarcomas. We show here that they are more common than previously acknowledged, and together define a biologically distinct CNS tumor type with high expression of neural development markers such as PAX2, GATA2 and IGF2. Drug screening performed on the MN1:PATZ1 fusion-bearing KS-1 brain tumor cell line revealed preliminary candidates for further study. In summary, PATZ1 fusions define a molecular class of histologically polyphenotypic neuroepithelial tumors, which show an intermediate prognosis under current treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karam T Alhalabi
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research (B360), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Damian Stichel
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Sievers
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Peterziel
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander C Sommerkamp
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research (B360), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sturm
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research (B360), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Wittmann
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research (B360), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sill
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Jäger
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pengbo Beck
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Division of Neuropathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - George Jour
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Allison M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Adam Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nagma Dalvi
- Isabel Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jordan R Hansford
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Gottardo
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Uro-Coste
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1037, Team 11, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse, France
| | - Claude-Alain Maurage
- Department of Pathology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- INSERM U837 UMR-S1172, Centre de Recherche Jean Pierre Aubert, Team 1, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Godfraind
- Laboratory of Pathology, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University Clermont-Auvergne, M2iSH UMR1071, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fanny Vandenbos
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center of the Society for Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christof Kramm
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Maria Filippidou
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Kattamis
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Ingrid Øra
- Children's Hospital, Paediatric Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torben Stamm Mikkelsen
- Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michal Zapotocky
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sumerauer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Scheie
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin McCabe
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers/VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan B J Tops
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte E G Kranendonk
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nancy Bouvier
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Computational Oncology Service, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hildegard Dohmen
- Department of Neuropathology, University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Till Acker
- Department of Neuropathology, University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja von Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Schmid
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelina Miele
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Cell Therapy, Gene Therapy and Haemopoietic Transplant, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Katharina Filipski
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lidija Kitanovski
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Haematooncology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lenka Krskova
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Gojo
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Haberler
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Alvaro
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- John Hunter Children's Hospital Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonas Ecker
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Selt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Till Milde
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Oehme
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research (B360), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Kuchryavyy AV, Zaraisky AG. Genome Duplications as the Basis of Vertebrates’ Evolutionary Success. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
Milman T, Mudhar HS, Eagle RC. PAX8 Expression in the Crystalline Lens and Lens-Derived Lesions. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2021; 1:100024. [PMID: 36249298 PMCID: PMC9562292 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Design Participants Methods Main Outcome Measures Results Conclusions
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Milman
- Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence: Tatyana Milman, MD, Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 840 Walnut Street, Suite 1410, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
| | - Hardeep Singh Mudhar
- National Specialist Ophthalmic Pathology Service (NSOPS), Department of Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph C. Eagle
- Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei H, Wang M, Lv N, Yang H, Zhao M, Huang B, Li R. Increased repetitive self-grooming occurs in Pax2 mutant mice generated using CRISPR/Cas9. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112803. [PMID: 32653558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and repetitive or restricted interest and behaviors. However, the specific pathogenesis of ASD is still unclear. It has been widely accepted that genetic and environmental risk factors are associated with the pathogenesis of ASD. Paired box2 (Pax2) gene encodes a transcription factor that plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system of humans and mice. In this study, we constructed Pax2 heterozygous gene knockout (Pax2+/-) mice using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and performed several autistic-like behavioral assays, including self-grooming test, sociability approach, the elevated plus maze test and Y maze test. Results showed increased repetitive self-grooming and possible abnormal anxiety-like behavior occur in Pax2+/- mice. Furthermore, no changes were observed in the abilities of sociability and working memory in Pax2+/- mice compared to wild-type C57BL/6 J mice. Finally, we speculated that possible mechanism of abnormal autistic-like behaviors due to the deletion of Pax2 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongen Wei
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Na Lv
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rongshan Li
- Nephrology Division, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Conceição R, Evans RS, Pearson CS, Hänzi B, Osborne A, Deshpande SS, Martin KR, Barber AC. Expression of Developmentally Important Axon Guidance Cues in the Adult Optic Chiasm. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:4727-4739. [PMID: 31731293 PMCID: PMC6859889 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Regeneration of optic nerve axons after injury can be facilitated by several approaches, but misguidance at the optic chiasm is often observed. We characterized guidance cues in the embryonic visual system and adult optic chiasm before and after optic nerve crush (ONC) injury to better understand barriers to optic nerve regeneration in adults. Methods Radial glial (RC2/BLBP/Slit1), developmental (Pax2) and extracellular markers (CSPG: H2B/CS-56) were assessed in C57BL/6J mice by immunohistochemistry. RC2, BLBP, Slit1, and CSPG are known inhibitory guidance cues while Pax2 is a permissive guidance cue. Results At embryonic day 15.5 (E.15.5), RC2 and BLBP were identified superior to, and extending through, the optic chiasm. The optic chiasm was BLBP-ve in adult uninjured mice but BLBP+ve in adult mice 10 days after ONC injury. The reverse was true for RC2. Both BLBP and RC2 were absent in adult mice 6 weeks post-ONC. Slit1 was present in the optic chiasm midline and optic tracts in embryonic samples but was absent in uninjured adult tissue. Slit1 was observed superior to and at the midline of the optic chiasm 10 days post-ONC but absent 6 weeks after injury. Pax2 was expressed at the junction between the optic nerve and optic chiasm in embryonic brain tissue. In embryonic sections, CS-56 was observed at the junction between the optic chiasm and optic tract, and immediately superior to the optic chiasm. Both 2H6 and CS-56 staining was absent in uninjured and ONC-injured adult brains. Conclusion Differences in guidance cue expression during development, in adulthood and after injury may contribute to misguidance of regenerating RGC axons in the adult optic chiasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Conceição
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S Evans
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S Pearson
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Barbara Hänzi
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Osborne
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarita S Deshpande
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R Martin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda C Barber
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huilgol D, Venkataramani P, Nandi S, Bhattacharjee S. Transcription Factors That Govern Development and Disease: An Achilles Heel in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E794. [PMID: 31614829 PMCID: PMC6826716 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development requires the careful orchestration of several biological events in order to create any structure and, eventually, to build an entire organism. On the other hand, the fate transformation of terminally differentiated cells is a consequence of erroneous development, and ultimately leads to cancer. In this review, we elaborate how development and cancer share several biological processes, including molecular controls. Transcription factors (TF) are at the helm of both these processes, among many others, and are evolutionarily conserved, ranging from yeast to humans. Here, we discuss four families of TFs that play a pivotal role and have been studied extensively in both embryonic development and cancer-high mobility group box (HMG), GATA, paired box (PAX) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) in the context of their role in development, cancer, and their conservation across several species. Finally, we review TFs as possible therapeutic targets for cancer and reflect on the importance of natural resistance against cancer in certain organisms, yielding knowledge regarding TF function and cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Huilgol
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
| | | | - Saikat Nandi
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Sonali Bhattacharjee
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Onimaru K, Kuraku S. Inference of the ancestral vertebrate phenotype through vestiges of the whole-genome duplications. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 17:352-361. [PMID: 29566222 PMCID: PMC6158797 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring the phenotype of the last common ancestor of living vertebrates is a challenging problem because of several unresolvable factors. They include the lack of reliable out-groups of living vertebrates, poor information about less fossilizable organs and specialized traits of phylogenetically important species, such as lampreys and hagfishes (e.g. secondary loss of vertebrae in adult hagfishes). These factors undermine the reliability of ancestral reconstruction by traditional character mapping approaches based on maximum parsimony. In this article, we formulate an approach to hypothesizing ancestral vertebrate phenotypes using information from the phylogenetic and functional properties of genes duplicated by genome expansions in early vertebrate evolution. We named the conjecture as ‘chronological reconstruction of ohnolog functions (CHROF)’. This CHROF conjecture raises the possibility that the last common ancestor of living vertebrates may have had more complex traits than currently thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koh Onimaru
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Hyogo Japan.,Department of biological science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hart MR, Anderson DJ, Porter CC, Neff T, Levin M, Horwitz MS. Activating PAX gene family paralogs to complement PAX5 leukemia driver mutations. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007642. [PMID: 30216339 PMCID: PMC6157899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5, one of nine members of the mammalian paired box (PAX) family of transcription factors, plays an important role in B cell development. Approximately one-third of individuals with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) acquire heterozygous inactivating mutations of PAX5 in malignant cells, and heterozygous germline loss-of-function PAX5 mutations cause autosomal dominant predisposition to ALL. At least in mice, Pax5 is required for pre-B cell maturation, and leukemic remission occurs when Pax5 expression is restored in a Pax5-deficient mouse model of ALL. Together, these observations indicate that PAX5 deficiency reversibly drives leukemogenesis. PAX5 and its two most closely related paralogs, PAX2 and PAX8, which are not mutated in ALL, exhibit overlapping expression and function redundantly during embryonic development. However, PAX5 alone is expressed in lymphocytes, while PAX2 and PAX8 are predominantly specific to kidney and thyroid, respectively. We show that forced expression of PAX2 or PAX8 complements PAX5 loss-of-function mutation in ALL cells as determined by modulation of PAX5 target genes, restoration of immunophenotypic and morphological differentiation, and, ultimately, reduction of replicative potential. Activation of PAX5 paralogs, PAX2 or PAX8, ordinarily silenced in lymphocytes, may therefore represent a novel approach for treating PAX5-deficient ALL. In pursuit of this strategy, we took advantage of the fact that, in kidney, PAX2 is upregulated by extracellular hyperosmolarity. We found that hyperosmolarity, at potentially clinically achievable levels, transcriptionally activates endogenous PAX2 in ALL cells via a mechanism dependent on NFAT5, a transcription factor coordinating response to hyperosmolarity. We also found that hyperosmolarity upregulates residual wild type PAX5 expression in ALL cells and modulates gene expression, including in PAX5-mutant primary ALL cells. These findings specifically demonstrate that osmosensing pathways may represent a new therapeutic target for ALL and more broadly point toward the possibility of using gene paralogs to rescue mutations driving cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hart
- Allen Discovery Center and Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Donovan J. Anderson
- Allen Discovery Center and Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Porter
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tobias Neff
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center and Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marshall S. Horwitz
- Allen Discovery Center and Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland, defined as thyroid dysgenesis, underlie the majority of cases of congenital hypothyroidism. Thyroid dysgenesis is predominantly a sporadic disorder although a reported familial enrichment, variation of incidence by ethnicity and the monogenic defects associated mainly with athyreosis or orthotopic thyroid hypoplasia, suggest a genetic contribution. Of note, the most common developmental anomaly, thyroid ectopy, remains unexplained. Ectopy may result from multiple genetic or epigenetic variants in the germline and/or at the somatic level. This review provides a brief overview of the monogenic defects in candidate genes that have been identified so far and of the syndromes which are known to be associated with thyroid dysgenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Abu-Khudir
- Endocrinology Service and Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Stéphanie Larrivée-Vanier
- Endocrinology Service and Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Jonathan D Wasserman
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Johnny Deladoëy
- Endocrinology Service and Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martin-Montalvo A, Lorenzo PI, López-Noriega L, Gauthier BR. Targeting pancreatic expressed PAX genes for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 21:77-89. [PMID: 27841034 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1257000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Four members of the PAX family, PAX2, PAX4, PAX6 and PAX8 are known to be expressed in the pancreas. Accumulated evidences indicate that several pancreatic expressed PAX genes play a significant role in pancreatic development/functionality and alterations in these genes are involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases. Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the ongoing research related to pancreatic PAX genes in diabetes mellitus and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. We dissect the current knowledge at different levels; from mechanistic studies in cell lines performed to understand the molecular processes controlled by pancreatic PAX genes, to in vivo studies using rodent models that over-express or lack specific PAX genes. Finally, we describe human studies associating variants on pancreatic-expressed PAX genes with pancreatic diseases. Expert opinion: Based on the current literature, we propose that future interventions to treat pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and diabetes mellitus could be developed via the modulation of PAX4 and/or PAX6 regulated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martin-Montalvo
- a Department of Stem Cells, CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Avenida Américo Vespucio , Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology (PIDRU LAB) , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Petra I Lorenzo
- a Department of Stem Cells, CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Avenida Américo Vespucio , Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology (PIDRU LAB) , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Livia López-Noriega
- a Department of Stem Cells, CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Avenida Américo Vespucio , Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology (PIDRU LAB) , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- a Department of Stem Cells, CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Avenida Américo Vespucio , Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology (PIDRU LAB) , Sevilla , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Curto GG, Gard C, Ribes V. Structures and properties of PAX linked regulatory networks architecting and pacing the emergence of neuronal diversity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
13
|
Paixão-Côrtes VR, Salzano FM, Bortolini MC. Evolutionary history of chordate PAX genes: dynamics of change in a complex gene family. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73560. [PMID: 24023886 PMCID: PMC3759438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired box (PAX) genes are transcription factors that play important roles in embryonic development. Although the PAX gene family occurs in animals only, it is widely distributed. Among the vertebrates, its 9 genes appear to be the product of complete duplication of an original set of 4 genes, followed by an additional partial duplication. Although some studies of PAX genes have been conducted, no comprehensive survey of these genes across the entire taxonomic unit has yet been attempted. In this study, we conducted a detailed comparison of PAX sequences from 188 chordates, which revealed restricted variation. The absence of PAX4 and PAX8 among some species of reptiles and birds was notable; however, all 9 genes were present in all 74 mammalian genomes investigated. A search for signatures of selection indicated that all genes are subject to purifying selection, with a possible constraint relaxation in PAX4, PAX7, and PAX8. This result indicates asymmetric evolution of PAX family genes, which can be associated with the emergence of adaptive novelties in the chordate evolutionary trajectory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Rodrigues Paixão-Côrtes
- Departamento de Genética and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krück S, Nesemann J, Scaal M. Development of somites, muscle, and skeleton is independent of signals from the wolffian duct. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:941-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Nesemann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Department of Molecular Embryology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg; Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shulha HP, Cheung I, Guo Y, Akbarian S, Weng Z. Coordinated cell type-specific epigenetic remodeling in prefrontal cortex begins before birth and continues into early adulthood. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003433. [PMID: 23593028 PMCID: PMC3623761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of prefrontal and other higher-order association cortices is associated with widespread changes in the cortical transcriptome, particularly during the transitions from prenatal to postnatal development, and from early infancy to later stages of childhood and early adulthood. However, the timing and longitudinal trajectories of neuronal gene expression programs during these periods remain unclear in part because of confounding effects of concomitantly occurring shifts in neuron-to-glia ratios. Here, we used cell type–specific chromatin sorting techniques for genome-wide profiling of a histone mark associated with transcriptional regulation—H3 with trimethylated lysine 4 (H3K4me3)—in neuronal chromatin from 31 subjects from the late gestational period to 80 years of age. H3K4me3 landscapes of prefrontal neurons were developmentally regulated at 1,157 loci, including 768 loci that were proximal to transcription start sites. Multiple algorithms consistently revealed that the overwhelming majority and perhaps all of developmentally regulated H3K4me3 peaks were on a unidirectional trajectory defined by either rapid gain or loss of histone methylation during the late prenatal period and the first year after birth, followed by similar changes but with progressively slower kinetics during early and later childhood and only minimal changes later in life. Developmentally downregulated H3K4me3 peaks in prefrontal neurons were enriched for Paired box (Pax) and multiple Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) motifs, which are known to promote glial differentiation. In contrast, H3K4me3 peaks subject to a progressive increase in maturing prefrontal neurons were enriched for activating protein-1 (AP-1) recognition elements that are commonly associated with activity-dependent regulation of neuronal gene expression. We uncovered a developmental program governing the remodeling of neuronal histone methylation landscapes in the prefrontal cortex from the late prenatal period to early adolescence, which is linked to cis-regulatory sequences around transcription start sites. Prolonged maturation of the human cerebral cortex, which extends into the third decade of life, is critical for proper development of executive functions such as higher-order problem-solving and complex cognition. Little is known about changes of post-mitotic neurons during this prolonged maturation period, including changes in epigenetic regulation, and more broadly, in genome organization and function. Such knowledge is critical for a deeper understanding of human development, cognitive abilities, and psychiatric diseases. Here, we identify 1,157 genomic loci in neuronal cells from the prefrontal cortex that show developmental changes in a chromatin mark, histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3), which has been associated with regulation of gene expression. Interestingly, the overwhelming majority of these developmentally regulated H3K4me3 peaks were defined by rapid gain or loss of histone methylation during the late prenatal period and the first year after birth, followed by slower changes during early and later childhood and minimal changes thereafter. The genomic sequences showing these dynamic changes in H3K4me3 were enriched with distinct transcription factor motifs. Our findings suggest that there is highly regulated, pre-programmed remodeling of neuronal histone methylation landscapes in the human brain that begins before birth and continues into adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hennady P. Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iris Cheung
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yin Guo
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SA); (ZW)
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SA); (ZW)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Manousaki T, Feiner N, Begemann G, Meyer A, Kuraku S. Co-orthology of Pax4 and Pax6 to the fly eyeless gene: molecular phylogenetic, comparative genomic, and embryological analyses. Evol Dev 2013; 13:448-59. [PMID: 23016906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2011.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The functional equivalence of Pax6/eyeless genes across distantly related animal phyla has been one of central findings on which evo-devo studies is based. In this study, we show that Pax4, in addition to Pax6, is a vertebrate ortholog of the fly eyeless gene (and its duplicate, twin of eyeless [toy] gene, unique to Insecta). Molecular phylogenetic trees published to date placed the Pax4 gene outside the Pax6/eyeless subgroup as if the Pax4 gene originated from a gene duplication before the origin of bilaterians. However, Pax4 genes had only been reported for mammals. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis, including previously unidentified teleost fish pax4 genes, equally supported two scenarios: one with the Pax4-Pax6 duplication early in vertebrate evolution and the other with this duplication before the bilaterian radiation. We then investigated gene compositions in the genomic regions containing Pax4 and Pax6, and identified (1) conserved synteny between these two regions, suggesting that the Pax4-Pax6 split was caused by a large-scale duplication and (2) its timing within early vertebrate evolution based on the duplication timing of the members of neighboring gene families. Our results are consistent with the so-called two-round genome duplications in early vertebrates. Overall, the Pax6/eyeless ortholog is merely part of a 2:2 orthology relationship between vertebrates (with Pax4 and Pax6) and the fly (with eyeless and toy). In this context, evolution of transcriptional regulation associated with the Pax4-Pax6 split is also discussed in light of the zebrafish pax4 expression pattern that is analyzed here for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Manousaki
- Laboratory for Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Parrilla M, Lillo C, Herrero-Turrión M, Arévalo R, Aijón J, Lara J, Velasco A. Pax2+ astrocytes in the fish optic nerve head after optic nerve crush. Brain Res 2013; 1492:18-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
18
|
Yiannakouris N, Cooper J, Shah S, Drenos F, Ireland H, Stephens J, Li KW, Elkeles R, Godsland I, Kivimaki M, Hingorani A, Kumari M, Talmud P, Humphries S. IRS1 gene variants, dysglycaemic metabolic changes and type-2 diabetes risk. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:1024-1030. [PMID: 21917432 PMCID: PMC3657179 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A recent genome-wide association study identified rs2943641C > T, 500 kb from the insulin receptor substrate-1 gene (IRS1), as a type-2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility locus. We aimed to replicate this association by meta-analysis and examine whether common variants within IRS1, present on the HumanCVD BeadChip, were associated with T2D risk. METHODS AND RESULTS We genotyped rs2943641 in 2389 prevalent or incident T2D patients and 6494 controls from two prospective and three case studies based in UK and in the European Atherosclerosis Research Study-II (EARSII; n = 714). Thirty-three IRS1 variants had been genotyped in the prospective Whitehall-II study (n = 4752) using the HumanCVD BeadChip. In a fixed-effects meta-analysis of the UK study cohorts rs2943641T allele was associated with 6% lower risk of T2D (p = 0.18), with T-allele carriers having an odds ratio (OR) of 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80-1.00, p = 0.056) compared to CC subjects. The T-allele was also associated with lower fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance in Whitehall-II and with lower post-load insulin after an oral glucose tolerance test in EARSII (all p < 0.05). None of the IRS1 variants on the chip showed linkage disequilibrium with rs2943641. In silico analysis with follow-up genotyping (total n = 9313) identified that the rare allele of the IRS1 promoter variant rs6725556A > G showed association with reduced T2D risk (OR per G-allele: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.69-0.96, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS We confirm the association of rs2943641T with T2D protection. There is a possible independent effect on risk of a putative IRS1 promoter variant.
Collapse
Key Words
- irs1
- gwas
- genetic variation
- type-2 diabetes
- hyperinsulinemia
- insulin resistance
- irs1, insulin receptor substrate-1
- t2d, type-2 diabetes
- cvd, cardiovascular disease
- gwas, genome-wide association studies
- snp, single nucleotide polymorphism
- homa-ir, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
- ogtt, oral glucose tolerance test
- ld, linkage disequilibrium
- whii, whitehall-ii
- nphsii, northwick park heart study-ii
- udacs, universitycollege london diabetes and cardiovascular study
- eds, ealing diabetes study
- predict, prospective evaluation of diabetic ischemic heart disease by computed tomography
- earsii, european atherosclerosis research study-ii
- diagram, diabetes genetics replication and meta-analysis consortium
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J.A. Cooper
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - S. Shah
- University College London Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - F. Drenos
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - H.A. Ireland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - J.W. Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - K.-W. Li
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - R. Elkeles
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London and St Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - I.F. Godsland
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London and St Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - M. Kivimaki
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A.D. Hingorani
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - M. Kumari
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - P.J. Talmud
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - S.E. Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Evolution of a tissue-specific silencer underlies divergence in the expression of pax2 and pax8 paralogues. Nat Commun 2012; 3:848. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
20
|
Parrilla M, Lillo C, Herrero-Turrión MJ, Arévalo R, Aijón J, Lara JM, Velasco A. Characterization of Pax2 expression in the goldfish optic nerve head during retina regeneration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32348. [PMID: 22384226 PMCID: PMC3288081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pax2 transcription factor plays a crucial role in axon-guidance and astrocyte differentiation in the optic nerve head (ONH) during vertebrate visual system development. However, little is known about its function during regeneration. The fish visual system is in continuous growth and can regenerate. Müller cells and astrocytes of the retina and ONH play an important role in these processes. We demonstrate that pax2a in goldfish is highly conserved and at least two pax2a transcripts are expressed in the optic nerve. Moreover, we show two different astrocyte populations in goldfish: Pax2+ astrocytes located in the ONH and S100+ astrocytes distributed throughout the retina and the ONH. After peripheral growth zone (PGZ) cryolesion, both Pax2+ and S100+ astrocytes have different responses. At 7 days after injury the number of Pax2+ cells is reduced and coincides with the absence of young axons. In contrast, there is an increase of S100+ astrocytes in the retina surrounding the ONH and S100+ processes in the ONH. At 15 days post injury, the PGZ starts to regenerate and the number of S100+ astrocytes increases in this region. Moreover, the regenerating axons reach the ONH and the pax2a gene expression levels and the number of Pax2+ cells increase. At the same time, S100+/GFAP+/GS+ astrocytes located in the posterior ONH react strongly. In the course of the regeneration, Müller cell vitreal processes surrounding the ONH are primarily disorganized and later increase in number. During the whole regenerative process we detect a source of Pax2+/PCNA+ astrocytes surrounding the posterior ONH. We demonstrate that pax2a expression and the Pax2+ astrocyte population in the ONH are modified during the PGZ regeneration, suggesting that they could play an important role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Almudena Velasco
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Leon, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Lorenzo PI, Jimenez Moreno CM, Delgado I, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Meier R, Gomez-Izquierdo L, Berney T, Garcia-Carbonero R, Rojas A, Gauthier BR. Immunohistochemical assessment of Pax8 expression during pancreatic islet development and in human neuroendocrine tumors. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:595-607. [PMID: 21932072 PMCID: PMC3192949 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The paired box transcription factor Pax8 is critical for development of the eye, thyroid gland as well as the urinary and reproductive organs. In adult, Pax8 overexpression is associated with kidney, ovarian and thyroid tumors and has emerged as a specific marker for these cancers. Recently, Pax8 expression was also reported in human pancreatic islets and in neuroendocrine tumors, identifying Pax8 as a novel member of the Pax family expressed in the pancreas. Herein, we sought to provide a comprehensive analysis of Pax8 expression during pancreogenesis and in adult islets. Immunohistochemical analysis using the most employed Pax8 polyclonal antibody revealed strong nuclear staining in the developing mouse pancreas and in mature human and mouse islets. Astonishingly, Pax8 mRNA in mouse islets was undetectable while human islets exhibited low levels. These discrepancies raised the possibility of antibody cross-reactivity. This premise was confirmed by demonstrating that the polyclonal Pax8 antibody also recognized the islet-enriched Pax6 protein both by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Thus, in islets polyclonal Pax8 staining corresponds mainly to Pax6. In order to circumvent this caveat, a novel Pax8 monoclonal antibody was used to re-evaluate whether Pax8 was indeed expressed in islets. Surprisingly, Pax8 was not detected in neither the developing pancreas or in mature islets. Reappraisal of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors using this Pax8 monoclonal antibody exhibited no immunostaining as compared to the Pax8 polyclonal antibody. In conclusion, Pax8 is not expressed in the pancreas and cast doubts on the value of Pax8 as a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra I Lorenzo
- Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit, Department of Stem Cells, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hayashi S, Rocancourt D, Buckingham M, Relaix F. Lack of in vivo functional compensation between Pax family groups II and III in rodents. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28:2787-98. [PMID: 21512107 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax genes encode evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that play critical roles in embryonic development and organogenesis. Pax proteins are subdivided into four subfamilies: group I (Pax1and 9), II (Pax2, 5, and 8), III (Pax3 and 7), and IV (Pax4 and 6), based on the presence of a paired domain, an octapeptide motif and part or all of the homeodomain. Studies of the evolution of this gene family are incomplete. Nevertheless, it is known that each family evolved via duplication from four corresponding ancestral genes. Pax gene functions have been shown to be conserved within subgroups. It remains unclear, however, whether any (early) conserved function is shared between subgroups. To investigate conserved functions between subfamily II and III, we replaced an allele of Pax3 with a Pax8-coding sequence via gene targeting in the mouse. Homozygote Pax3(Pax8/Pax8) embryos display phenotypes indistinguishable from Pax3-deficient mutant embryos, with neural tube closure defects, a deficit in neural crest cells in the trunk, and skeletal muscle defects including absence of long-range migratory myogenic progenitors and impaired somite development. Interestingly, despite Pax8 expression in the neural tube in a domain ventral to that of Pax3, Pax8 cannot replace Pax3 function in the dorsal neural tube. Altogether, our results demonstrate that expression of Pax8 fails to compensate for Pax3 deficiency, demonstrating the absence of functional compensation between one subfamily of Pax genes and another in the mouse embryo. Our result suggests that Pax3/7 and Pax2/5/8 functions evolved independently after duplication of the ancestral progenitor Pax genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Hayashi
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 787, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Modrell MS, Buckley D, Baker CV. Molecular analysis of neurogenic placode development in a basal ray-finned fish. Genesis 2011; 49:278-94. [PMID: 21381180 PMCID: PMC4212515 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenic placodes are transient, thickened patches of embryonic vertebrate head ectoderm that give rise to the paired peripheral sense organs and most neurons in cranial sensory ganglia. We present the first analysis of gene expression during neurogenic placode development in a basal actinopterygian (ray-finned fish), the North American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula). Pax3 expression in the profundal placode confirms its homology with the ophthalmic trigeminal placode of amniotes. We report the conservation of expression of Pax2 and Pax8 in the otic and/or epibranchial placodes, Phox2b in epibranchial placode-derived neurons, Sox3 during epibranchial and lateral line placode development, and NeuroD in developing cranial sensory ganglia. We identify Sox3 as a novel marker for developing fields of electrosensory ampullary organs and for ampullary organs themselves. Sox3 is also the first molecular marker for actinopterygian ampullary organs. This is consistent with, though does not prove, a lateral line placode origin for actinopterygian ampullary organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S. Modrell
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Buckley
- Department Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clare V.H. Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu B, Zeng DQ, Wu Y, Zheng R, Gu L, Lin X, Hua X, Jin GH. Tumor suppressor menin represses paired box gene 2 expression via Wilms tumor suppressor protein-polycomb group complex. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13937-44. [PMID: 21378168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.197830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor menin, the product of the MEN1 gene, plays a key role in controlling histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and gene transcription, which can regulate proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. However, little is known as to whether menin controls gene expression and cell proliferation and survival via regulating Polycomb group (PcG) protein complex/H3K27me3. Here we show that menin specifically represses transcription factor Paired box gene 2 (Pax2) through PcG-mediated H3K27me3 and Wilms tumor suppressor protein (WT1), a zinc finger domain-containing DNA-binding protein. Menin does not directly bind to the Pax2 locus, instead, it up-regulates WT1 expression. WT1 recruits PcG complex to the Pax2 promoter and represses expression of Pax2 through PcG-dependent H3K27me3. Moreover, WT1 also interacts with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and recruits DNMT1 to the Pax2 promoter, resulting in hypermethylation of CpG in the Pax2 promoter. Together, these studies have uncovered a novel epigenetic mechanism whereby menin regulates H3K27me3 and promoter DNA methylation via WT1 and suggest that WT1 protein plays an important, yet previously unappreciated role in regulating the function of the menin/PcG axis, H3K27 methylation, and DNA methylation, resulting in repression of gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China 361005
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Drews C, Senkel S, Ryffel GU. The nephrogenic potential of the transcription factors osr1, osr2, hnf1b, lhx1 and pax8 assessed in Xenopus animal caps. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:5. [PMID: 21281489 PMCID: PMC3042965 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The three distinct types of kidneys, pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros, develop consecutively in vertebrates. The earliest form of embryonic kidney, the pronephros, is derived from intermediate mesoderm and the first expressed genes localized in the pronephros anlage are the transcription factors osr1, osr2, hnf1b, lhx1 and pax8, here referred to as the early nephrogenic transcription factors. However, the pathway inducing nephrogenesis and the network of theses factors are poorly understood. Treatment of the undifferentiated animal pole explant (animal cap) of Xenopus with activin A and retinoic acid induces pronephros formation providing a powerful tool to analyze key molecular events in nephrogenesis. RESULTS We have investigated the expression kinetics of the early nephrogenic transcription factors in activin A and retinoic acid treated animal caps and their potential to induce pronephric differentiation. In treated animal caps, expression of osr1, osr2, hnf1b and lhx1 are induced early, whereas pax8 expression occurs later implying an indirect activation. Activin A alone is able to induce osr2 and lhx1 after three hours treatment in animal caps while retinoic acid fails to induce any of these nephrogenic transcription factors. The early expression of the five transcription factors and their interference with pronephros development when overexpressed in embryos suggest that these factors potentially induce nephrogenesis upon expression in animal caps. But no pronephros development is achieved by either overexpression of OSR1, by HNF1B injection with activin A treatment, or the combined application of LHX1 and PAX8, although they influenced the expression of several early nephrogenic transcription factors in some cases. In an additional approach we could show that HNF1B induces several genes important in nephrogenesis and regulates lhx1 expression by an HNF1 binding site in the lhx1 promoter. CONCLUSIONS The early nephrogenic transcription factors play an important role in nephrogenesis, but have no pronephros induction potential upon overexpression in animal caps. They activate transcriptional cascades that partially reflect the gene activation initiated by activin A and retinoic acid. Significantly, HNF1B activates the lhx1 promoter directly, thus extending the known activin A regulation of the lhx1 gene via an activin A responsive element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Drews
- Institut für Zellbiologie (Tumorforschung) Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Senkel
- Institut für Zellbiologie (Tumorforschung) Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Gerhart U Ryffel
- Institut für Zellbiologie (Tumorforschung) Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Goode DK, Callaway HA, Cerda GA, Lewis KE, Elgar G. Minor change, major difference: divergent functions of highly conserved cis-regulatory elements subsequent to whole genome duplication events. Development 2011; 138:879-84. [PMID: 21247963 DOI: 10.1242/dev.055996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the vertebrate lineage, a high proportion of duplicate genes have been retained after whole genome duplication (WGD) events. It has been proposed that many of these duplicate genes became indispensable because the ancestral gene function was divided between them. In addition, novel functions may have evolved, owing to changes in cis-regulatory elements. Functional analysis of the PAX2/5/8 gene subfamily appears to support at least the first part of this hypothesis. The collective role of these genes has been widely retained, but sub-functions have been differentially partitioned between the genes in different vertebrates. Conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) represent an interesting and readily identifiable class of putative cis-regulatory elements that have been conserved from fish to mammals, an evolutionary distance of 450 million years. Within the PAX2/5/8 gene subfamily, PAX2 is associated with the highest number of CNEs. An additional WGD experienced in the teleost lineage led to two copies of pax2, each of which retained a large proportion of these CNEs. Using a reporter gene assay in zebrafish embryos, we have exploited this rich collection of regulatory elements in order to determine whether duplicate CNEs have evolved different functions. Remarkably, we find that even highly conserved sequences exhibit more functional differences than similarities. We also discover that short flanking sequences can have a profound impact on CNE function. Therefore, if CNEs are to be used as candidate enhancers for transgenic studies or for multi-species comparative analyses, it is paramount that the CNEs are accurately delineated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie K Goode
- Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, Anatomy Building, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Characterization of a New Monoclonal Antibody Against PAX5/BASP in 1525 Paraffin-embedded Human and Animal Tissue Samples. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2010; 18:561-72. [PMID: 20697266 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3181e79013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We describe the newly generated DAK-PAX5 monoclonal antibody raised against a fixation-resistant epitope of the human PAX5/BSAP molecule. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following Western-blot, absorption, and chess-board titration tests, and optimization of antigen-retrieval and detection methods, DAK-Pax5 was used in parallel with a reference antibody (clone 24) on tissue micro-arrays (TMAs) constructed from normal human and animal tissues and from hematologic and nonhematologic human malignancies. Such TMAs were also tested with an anti-PAX2 antibody. RESULTS DAK-Pax5 reacted with normal human and animal B-cells and with 460/473 B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs). All plasmacytomas/plasmablastic tumors (n=13) and T/NK-cell neoplasms (n=264) turned out consistently negative as did acute myelogenous leukaemias (n=19) except 2 carrying t(8;21). Positivity was found in 6/6 and 155/169 lymphocyte predominant and classical HLs, respectively, although the staining intensity varied through cases. Among 521 nonhematologic malignancies, DAK-Pax5 reacted with 22/399 carcinomas (4/11 neuroendocrine, 2/4 Merkel-cell, 4/21 prostatic, 1/11 urothelial, 1/26 renal, 2/12 cervical squamous-cell, 3/13 ovarian, and 5/75 colonic). When compared with clone 24, DAK-Pax5 produced a stronger positivity in most if not all B-NHLs and HLs. No cross-reactivity with the anti-PAX2 antibody was recorded. DISCUSSION DAK-Pax5 represents a new reliable tool for diagnostics and research.
Collapse
|
29
|
Bouchard M, de Caprona D, Busslinger M, Xu P, Fritzsch B. Pax2 and Pax8 cooperate in mouse inner ear morphogenesis and innervation. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:89. [PMID: 20727173 PMCID: PMC2939565 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pax2;5;8 transcription factors play diverse roles in vertebrate and invertebrate organogenesis, including the development of the inner ear. Past research has suggested various cochlear defects and some vestibular defects in Pax2 null mice but the details of the cochlear defects and the interaction with other Pax family members in ear development remain unclear. RESULTS We show that Pax2;8 double null mice do not develop an ear past the otocyst stage and show little to no sensory as well as limited and transient neuronal development, thus indicating that these two family members are essential for overall ear morphogenesis and sustained neurosensory development. In support of functional redundancy between Pax proteins, Pax2 can be substituted by a Pax5 minigene, a gene normally not expressed in the embryonic mouse ear. There is no detectable morphological defect in Pax8 null mice suggesting that Pax2 expression can compensate for Pax8. Conversely, Pax8 cannot compensate for Pax2 leading to a cochlear phenotype not fully appreciated previously: Cochlear development is delayed until E15.5 when the cochlea extrudes as a large sack into the brain case. Immunocytochemistry and tracing from the brain show that a cochlear spiral ganglia form as a small addition to the inferior vestibular ganglion. However, the empty cochlear sack, devoid of any sensory epithelium development as indicated by the absence of Sox2 or MyoVII expression, nevertheless develop a dense innervation network of small neurons situated in the wall of the cochlear sack. CONCLUSIONS Combined these data suggest that Pax2 is needed for organ of Corti formation and is directly or indirectly involved in the coordination of spiral ganglion formation which is partially disrupted in the Pax2 null ears. All three Pax genes can signal redundantly in the ear with their function being determined primarily by the spatio-temporal expression driven by the three distinct promoters of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bouchard
- Biochemistry Department, Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominique de Caprona
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pinxian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| |
Collapse
|