1
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Bahrami M, Darabi S, Roozbahany NA, Abbaszadeh HA, Moghadasali R. Great potential of renal progenitor cells in kidney: From the development to clinic. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113875. [PMID: 38092345 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian renal organ represents a pinnacle of complexity, housing functional filtering units known as nephrons. During embryogenesis, the depletion of niches containing renal progenitor cells (RPCs) and the subsequent incapacity of adult kidneys to generate new nephrons have prompted the formulation of protocols aimed at isolating residual RPCs from mature kidneys and inducing their generation from diverse cell sources, notably pluripotent stem cells. Recent strides in the realm of regenerative medicine and the repair of tissues using stem cells have unveiled critical signaling pathways essential for the maintenance and generation of human RPCs in vitro. These findings have ushered in a new era for exploring novel strategies for renal protection. The present investigation delves into potential transcription factors and signaling cascades implicated in the realm of renal progenitor cells, focusing on their protection and differentiation. The discourse herein elucidates contemporary research endeavors dedicated to the acquisition of progenitor cells, offering crucial insights into the developmental mechanisms of these cells within the renal milieu and paving the way for the formulation of innovative treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bahrami
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laser Applications in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Darabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Hojjat Allah Abbaszadeh
- Laser Applications in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Moghadasali
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Schuh MP, Yarlagadda S, Alkhudairy L, Preusse K, Kopan R. Characterizing post-branching nephrogenesis in the neonatal rabbit. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19234. [PMID: 37932368 PMCID: PMC10628296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human nephrogenesis ends prior to birth in term infants (34-36 week gestation), with most (60%) nephrons forming in late gestation in two post-branching nephrogenesis (PBN) periods: arcading and lateral branch nephrogenesis. Preterm infants, however, must execute PBN postnatally. Extreme prematurity is associated with low nephron counts. Identifying additional model(s) that undergo PBN postnatally will help support postnatal PBN in preterm infants. The rabbit exhibits longer postnatal nephrogenesis than the mouse but whether it forms nephrons through PBN has not been determined. We performed morphologic and immunohistological assessments of rabbit nephrogenesis from birth (post-conceptual day 31 or 32) to PC49 using H&E and antibodies against SIX1, SIX2, WT1, ZO-1, and JAG1 in the postnatal period. We performed 3D rendering of the nephrogenic niche to assess for PBN, and supplemented the staining with RNAScope to map the expression of Six1, Six2 (nephron progenitors, NPC), and Ret (ureteric bud tip) transcripts to determine the nephrogenic niche postnatal lifespan. Unlike the mouse, rabbit SIX2 disappeared from NPC before SIX1, resembling the human niche. Active nephrogenesis as defined by the presence of SIX1 + naïve NPC/tip population persisted only until PC35-36 (3-5 postnatal days). 3D morphologic assessments of the cortical nephrons identified an elongated tubule with attached glomeruli extending below the UB tip, consistent with PBN arcades, but not with lateral branch nephrogenesis. We conclude that the rabbit shows morphologic and molecular evidence of PBN arcades continuing postnatally for a shorter period than previously thought. The rabbit is the first non-primate expressing SIX1 in the progenitor population. Our findings suggest that studies of arcading in postnatal nephrogenic niche should be performed within the first 5 days of life in the rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith P Schuh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7022, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Sunitha Yarlagadda
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7022, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Lyan Alkhudairy
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7022, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kristina Preusse
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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3
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Zhang T, Xu PX. The role of Eya1 and Eya2 in the taste system of mice from embryonic stage to adulthood. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1126968. [PMID: 37181748 PMCID: PMC10167055 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1126968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Eya family, which are a class of transcription factors with phosphatase activity, are widely expressed in cranial sensory organs during development. However, it is unclear whether these genes are expressed in the taste system during development and whether they play any role in specifying taste cell fate. In this study, we report that Eya1 is not expressed during embryonic tongue development but that Eya1-expressing progenitors in somites or pharyngeal endoderm give rise to tongue musculature or taste organs, respectively. In the Eya1-deficient tongues, these progenitors do not proliferate properly, resulting in a smaller tongue at birth, impaired growth of taste papillae, and disrupted expression of Six1 in the papillary epithelium. On the other hand, Eya2 is specifically expressed in endoderm-derived circumvallate and foliate papillae located on the posterior tongue during development. In adult tongues, Eya1 is predominantly expressed in IP3R3-positive taste cells in the taste buds of the circumvallate and foliate papillae, while Eya2 is persistently expressed in these papillae at higher levels in some epithelial progenitors and at lower levels in some taste cells. We found that conditional knockout of Eya1 in the third week or Eya2 knockout reduced Pou2f3+, Six1+ and IP3R3+ taste cells. Our data define for the first time the expression patterns of Eya1 and Eya2 during the development and maintenance of the mouse taste system and suggest that Eya1 and Eya2 may act together to promote lineage commitment of taste cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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4
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Treacy NJ, Clerkin S, Davis JL, Kennedy C, Miller AF, Saiani A, Wychowaniec JK, Brougham DF, Crean J. Growth and differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived kidney organoids using fully synthetic peptide hydrogels. Bioact Mater 2023; 21:142-156. [PMID: 36093324 PMCID: PMC9420433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived kidney organoids have prospective applications ranging from basic disease modelling to personalised medicine. However, there remains a necessity to refine the biophysical and biochemical parameters that govern kidney organoid formation. Differentiation within fully-controllable and physiologically relevant 3D growth environments will be critical to improving organoid reproducibility and maturation. Here, we matured hiPSC-derived kidney organoids within fully synthetic self-assembling peptide hydrogels (SAPHs) of variable stiffness (storage modulus, G'). The resulting organoids contained complex structures comparable to those differentiated within the animal-derived matrix, Matrigel. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was then used to compare organoids matured within SAPHs to those grown within Matrigel or at the air-liquid interface. A total of 13,179 cells were analysed, revealing 14 distinct clusters. Organoid compositional analysis revealed a larger proportion of nephron cell types within Transwell-derived organoids, while SAPH-derived organoids were enriched for stromal-associated cell populations. Notably, differentiation within a higher G' SAPH generated podocytes with more mature gene expression profiles. Additionally, maturation within a 3D microenvironment significantly reduced the derivation of off-target cell types, which are a known limitation of current kidney organoid protocols. This work demonstrates the utility of synthetic peptide-based hydrogels with a defined stiffness, as a minimally complex microenvironment for the selected differentiation of kidney organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J Treacy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD) Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Shane Clerkin
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD) Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jessica L Davis
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD) Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ciarán Kennedy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD) Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aline F Miller
- Department of Materials & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Alberto Saiani
- Department of Materials & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jacek K Wychowaniec
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dermot F Brougham
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Crean
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD) Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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5
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Li J, Cheng C, Xu J, Zhang T, Tokat B, Dolios G, Ramakrishnan A, Shen L, Wang R, Xu PX. The transcriptional coactivator Eya1 exerts transcriptional repressive activity by interacting with REST corepressors and REST-binding sequences to maintain nephron progenitor identity. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:10343-10359. [PMID: 36130284 PMCID: PMC9561260 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eya1 is critical for establishing and maintaining nephron progenitor cells (NPCs). It belongs to a family of proteins called phosphatase-transcriptional activators but without intrinsic DNA-binding activity. However, the spectrum of the Eya1-centered networks is underexplored. Here, we combined transcriptomic, genomic and proteomic approaches to characterize gene regulation by Eya1 in the NPCs. We identified Eya1 target genes, associated cis-regulatory elements and partner proteins. Eya1 preferentially occupies promoter sequences and interacts with general transcription factors (TFs), RNA polymerases, different types of TFs, chromatin-remodeling factors with ATPase or helicase activity, and DNA replication/repair proteins. Intriguingly, we identified REST-binding motifs in 76% of Eya1-occupied sites without H3K27ac-deposition, which were present in many Eya1 target genes upregulated in Eya1-deficient NPCs. Eya1 copurified REST-interacting chromatin-remodeling factors, histone deacetylase/lysine demethylase, and corepressors. Coimmunoprecipitation validated physical interaction between Eya1 and Rest/Hdac1/Cdyl/Hltf in the kidneys. Collectively, our results suggest that through interactions with chromatin-remodeling factors and specialized DNA-binding proteins, Eya1 may modify chromatin structure to facilitate the assembly of regulatory complexes that regulate transcription positively or negatively. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for how Eya1 exerts its activity by forming unique multiprotein complexes in various biological processes to maintain the cellular state of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bengu Tokat
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Georgia Dolios
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Li Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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6
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Xu J, Li J, Ramakrishnan A, Yan H, Shen L, Xu PX. Six1 and Six2 of the Sine Oculis Homeobox Subfamily are Not Functionally Interchangeable in Mouse Nephron Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:815249. [PMID: 35178390 PMCID: PMC8844495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.815249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate Six1 and Six2 arose by gene duplication from the Drosophila sine oculis and have since diverged in their developmental expression patterns. Both genes are expressed in nephron progenitors of human fetal kidneys, and mutations in SIX1 or SIX2 cause branchio-oto-renal syndrome or renal hypodysplasia respectively. Since ∼80% of SIX1 target sites are shared by SIX2, it is speculated that SIX1 and SIX2 may be functionally interchangeable by targeting common downstream genes. In contrast, in mouse kidneys, Six1 expression in the metanephric mesenchyme lineage overlaps with Six2 only transiently, while Six2 expression is maintained in the nephron progenitors throughout development. This non-overlapping expression between Six1 and Six2 in mouse nephron progenitors promoted us to examine if Six1 can replace Six2. Surprisingly, forced expression of Six1 failed to rescue Six2-deficient kidney phenotype. We found that Six1 mediated Eya1 nuclear translocation and inhibited premature epithelialization of the progenitors but failed to rescue the proliferation defects and cell death caused by Six2-knockout. Genome-wide binding analyses showed that Six1 selectively occupied a small subset of Six2 target sites, but many Six2-bound loci crucial to the renewal and differentiation of nephron progenitors lacked Six1 occupancy. Altogether, these data indicate that Six1 cannot substitute Six2 to drive nephrogenesis in mouse kidneys, thus demonstrating that the difference in physiological roles of Six1 and Six2 in kidney development stems from both transcriptional regulations of the genes and divergent biochemical properties of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Hanen Yan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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7
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Bourgeois S, Carr DF, Musumba CO, Penrose A, Esume C, Morris AP, Jorgensen AL, Zhang JE, Pritchard DM, Deloukas P, Pirmohamed M. Genome-Wide association between EYA1 and Aspirin-induced peptic ulceration. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103728. [PMID: 34864618 PMCID: PMC8646165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low-dose aspirin can cause gastric and duodenal ulceration, hereafter called peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Predisposition is thought to be related to clinical and genetic factors; our aim was to identify genetic risk factors associated with aspirin-induced PUD. Methods Patients (n=1478) were recruited from 15 UK hospitals. Cases (n=505) were defined as patients with endoscopically confirmed PUD within 2 weeks of using aspirin and non-aspirin Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). They were compared to two control groups: patients with endoscopically confirmed PUD without any history of NSAID use within 3 months of diagnosis (n=495), and patients with no PUD on endoscopy (n=478). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of aspirin-induced cases (n=247) was compared to 476 controls. The results were validated by replication in another 84 cases and 162 controls. Findings The GWAS identified one variant, rs12678747 (p=1·65×10−7) located in the last intron of EYA1 on chromosome 8. The association was replicated in another sample of 84 PUD patients receiving aspirin (p=0·002). Meta-analysis of discovery and replication cohort data for rs12678747, yielded a genome-wide significant association (p=3·12×10−11; OR=2·03; 95% CI 1·65-2·50). Expression of EYA1 was lower at the gastric ulcer edge when compared with the antrum. Interpretation Genetic variation in an intron of the EYA1 gene increases the risk of endoscopically confirmed aspirin-induced PUD. Reduced EYA1 expression in the upper gastrointestinal epithelium may modulate risk, but the functional basis of this association will need mechanistic evaluation. Funding Department of Health Chair in Pharmacogenetics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science and the Barts Cardiovascular NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation (BHF)
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Bourgeois
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London UK
| | - Daniel F Carr
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Crispin O Musumba
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Alexander Penrose
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Celestine Esume
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, UK; Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - J Eunice Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London UK.
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK.
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8
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Li J, Xu J, Jiang H, Zhang T, Ramakrishnan A, Shen L, Xu PX. Chromatin Remodelers Interact with Eya1 and Six2 to Target Enhancers to Control Nephron Progenitor Cell Maintenance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2815-2833. [PMID: 34716243 PMCID: PMC8806105 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eya1 is a critical regulator of nephron progenitor cell specification and interacts with Six2 to promote NPC self-renewal. Haploinsufficiency of these genes causes kidney hypoplasia. However, how the Eya1-centered network operates remains unknown. METHODS We engineered a 2×HA-3×Flag-Eya1 knock-in mouse line and performed coimmunoprecipitation with anti-HA or -Flag to precipitate the multitagged-Eya1 and its associated proteins. Loss-of-function, transcriptome profiling, and genome-wide binding analyses for Eya1's interacting chromatin-remodeling ATPase Brg1 were carried out. We assayed the activity of the cis-regulatory elements co-occupied by Brg1/Six2 in vivo. RESULTS Eya1 and Six2 interact with the Brg1-based SWI/SNF complex during kidney development. Knockout of Brg1 results in failure of metanephric mesenchyme formation and depletion of nephron progenitors, which has been linked to loss of Eya1 expression. Transcriptional profiling shows conspicuous downregulation of important regulators for nephrogenesis in Brg1-deficient cells, including Lin28, Pbx1, and Dchs1-Fat4 signaling, but upregulation of podocyte lineage, oncogenic, and cell death-inducing genes, many of which Brg1 targets. Genome-wide binding analysis identifies Brg1 occupancy to a distal enhancer of Eya1 that drives nephron progenitor-specific expression. We demonstrate that Brg1 enrichment to two distal intronic enhancers of Pbx1 and a proximal promoter region of Mycn requires Six2 activity and that these Brg1/Six2-bound enhancers govern nephron progenitor-specific expression in response to Six2 activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal an essential role for Brg1, its downstream pathways, and its interaction with Eya1-Six2 in mediating the fine balance among the self-renewal, differentiation, and survival of nephron progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Huihui Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neurosciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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9
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Meurer L, Ferdman L, Belcher B, Camarata T. The SIX Family of Transcription Factors: Common Themes Integrating Developmental and Cancer Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707854. [PMID: 34490256 PMCID: PMC8417317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The sine oculis (SIX) family of transcription factors are key regulators of developmental processes during embryogenesis. Members of this family control gene expression to promote self-renewal of progenitor cell populations and govern mechanisms of cell differentiation. When the function of SIX genes becomes disrupted, distinct congenital defects develops both in animal models and humans. In addition to the embryonic setting, members of the SIX family have been found to be critical regulators of tumorigenesis, promoting cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. Research in both the fields of developmental biology and cancer research have provided an extensive understanding of SIX family transcription factor functions. Here we review recent progress in elucidating the role of SIX family genes in congenital disease as well as in the promotion of cancer. Common themes arise when comparing SIX transcription factor function during embryonic and cancer development. We highlight the complementary nature of these two fields and how knowledge in one area can open new aspects of experimentation in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Meurer
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Leonard Ferdman
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Beau Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Troy Camarata
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
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10
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Chan K, Li X. Current Epigenetic Insights in Kidney Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081281. [PMID: 34440455 PMCID: PMC8391601 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is among the best characterized developing tissues, with the genes and signaling pathways that regulate embryonic and adult kidney patterning and development having been extensively identified. It is now widely understood that DNA methylation and histone modification patterns are imprinted during embryonic development and must be maintained in adult cells for appropriate gene transcription and phenotypic stability. A compelling question then is how these epigenetic mechanisms play a role in kidney development. In this review, we describe the major genes and pathways that have been linked to epigenetic mechanisms in kidney development. We also discuss recent applications of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) techniques in the study of kidney development. Additionally, we summarize the techniques of single-cell epigenomics, which can potentially be used to characterize epigenomes at single-cell resolution in embryonic and adult kidneys. The combination of scRNA-seq and single-cell epigenomics will help facilitate the further understanding of early cell lineage specification at the level of epigenetic modifications in embryonic and adult kidney development, which may also be used to investigate epigenetic mechanisms in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Chan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-266-0110
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11
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Abstract
The kidney plays an integral role in filtering the blood-removing metabolic by-products from the body and regulating blood pressure. This requires the establishment of large numbers of efficient and specialized blood filtering units (nephrons) that incorporate a system for vascular exchange and nutrient reabsorption as well as a collecting duct system to remove waste (urine) from the body. Kidney development is a dynamic process which generates these structures through a delicately balanced program of self-renewal and commitment of nephron progenitor cells that inhabit a constantly evolving cellular niche at the tips of a branching ureteric "tree." The former cells build the nephrons and the latter the collecting duct system. Maintaining these processes across fetal development is critical for establishing the normal "endowment" of nephrons in the kidney and perturbations to this process are associated both with mutations in integral genes and with alterations to the fetal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Kubik MJ, Wyczanska M, Gasparitsch M, Keller U, Weber S, Schaefer F, Lange-Sperandio B. Renal developmental genes are differentially regulated after unilateral ureteral obstruction in neonatal and adult mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19302. [PMID: 33168884 PMCID: PMC7653944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital obstructive nephropathy hinders normal kidney development. The severity and the duration of obstruction determine the compensatory growth of the contralateral, intact opposite kidney. We investigated the regulation of renal developmental genes, that are relevant in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in obstructed and contralateral (intact opposite) kidneys after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in neonatal and adult mice. Newborn and adult mice were subjected to complete UUO or sham-operation, and were sacrificed 1, 5, 12 and 19 days later. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed in obstructed, intact opposite kidneys and sham controls for Gdnf, Pax2, Six4, Six2, Dach1, Eya1, Bmp4, and Hnf-1β. Neonatal UUO induced an early and strong upregulation of all genes. In contrast, adult UUO kidneys showed a delayed and less pronounced upregulation. Intact opposite kidneys of neonatal mice revealed a strong upregulation of all developmental genes, whereas intact opposite kidneys of adult mice demonstrated only a weak response. Only neonatal mice exhibited an increase in BMP4 protein expression whereas adult kidneys strongly upregulated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase class III, essential for compensatory hypertrophy. In conclusion, gene regulation differs in neonatal and adult mice with UUO. Repair and compensatory hypertrophy involve different genetic programs in developing and adult obstructed kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Kubik
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maja Wyczanska
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Lindwurmstr.4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Mojca Gasparitsch
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Lindwurmstr.4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Keller
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Lindwurmstr.4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Weber
- University Children's Hospital, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bärbel Lange-Sperandio
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Lindwurmstr.4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
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13
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Connaughton DM, Dai R, Owen DJ, Marquez J, Mann N, Graham-Paquin AL, Nakayama M, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, St-Germain JR, Blok LS, Vino A, Klämbt V, Deutsch K, Wu CHW, Kolvenbach CM, Kause F, Ottlewski I, Schneider R, Kitzler TM, Majmundar AJ, Buerger F, Onuchic-Whitford AC, Youying M, Kolb A, Salmanullah D, Chen E, van der Ven AT, Rao J, Ityel H, Seltzsam S, Rieke JM, Chen J, Vivante A, Hwang DY, Kohl S, Dworschak GC, Hermle T, Alders M, Bartolomaeus T, Bauer SB, Baum MA, Brilstra EH, Challman TD, Zyskind J, Costin CE, Dipple KM, Duijkers FA, Ferguson M, Fitzpatrick DR, Fick R, Glass IA, Hulick PJ, Kline AD, Krey I, Kumar S, Lu W, Marco EJ, Wentzensen IM, Mefford HC, Platzer K, Povolotskaya IS, Savatt JM, Shcherbakova NV, Senguttuvan P, Squire AE, Stein DR, Thiffault I, Voinova VY, Somers MJG, Ferguson MA, Traum AZ, Daouk GH, Daga A, Rodig NM, Terhal PA, van Binsbergen E, Eid LA, Tasic V, Rasouly HM, Lim TY, Ahram DF, Gharavi AG, Reutter HM, Rehm HL, MacArthur DG, Lek M, Laricchia KM, Lifton RP, Xu H, Mane SM, Sanna-Cherchi S, Sharrocks AD, Raught B, Fisher SE, Bouchard M, Khokha MK, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. Mutations of the Transcriptional Corepressor ZMYM2 Cause Syndromic Urinary Tract Malformations. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:727-742. [PMID: 32891193 PMCID: PMC7536580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) constitute one of the most frequent birth defects and represent the most common cause of chronic kidney disease in the first three decades of life. Despite the discovery of dozens of monogenic causes of CAKUT, most pathogenic pathways remain elusive. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 551 individuals with CAKUT and identified a heterozygous de novo stop-gain variant in ZMYM2 in two different families with CAKUT. Through collaboration, we identified in total 14 different heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in ZMYM2 in 15 unrelated families. Most mutations occurred de novo, indicating possible interference with reproductive function. Human disease features are replicated in X. tropicalis larvae with morpholino knockdowns, in which expression of truncated ZMYM2 proteins, based on individual mutations, failed to rescue renal and craniofacial defects. Moreover, heterozygous Zmym2-deficient mice recapitulated features of CAKUT with high penetrance. The ZMYM2 protein is a component of a transcriptional corepressor complex recently linked to the silencing of developmentally regulated endogenous retrovirus elements. Using protein-protein interaction assays, we show that ZMYM2 interacts with additional epigenetic silencing complexes, as well as confirming that it binds to FOXP1, a transcription factor that has also been linked to CAKUT. In summary, our findings establish that loss-of-function mutations of ZMYM2, and potentially that of other proteins in its interactome, as causes of human CAKUT, offering new routes for studying the pathogenesis of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervla M Connaughton
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital - London Health Sciences Centre, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Rufeng Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102 Shanghai, China
| | - Danielle J Owen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jonathan Marquez
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nina Mann
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adda L Graham-Paquin
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network & Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network & Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jonathan R St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network & Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lot Snijders Blok
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arianna Vino
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Verena Klämbt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Konstantin Deutsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen-Han Wilfred Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline M Kolvenbach
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Franziska Kause
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isabel Ottlewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas M Kitzler
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amar J Majmundar
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Florian Buerger
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana C Onuchic-Whitford
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mao Youying
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy Kolb
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daanya Salmanullah
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amelie T van der Ven
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jia Rao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102 Shanghai, China
| | - Hadas Ityel
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steve Seltzsam
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johanna M Rieke
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Tel Aviv University, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801, Israel
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefan Kohl
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriel C Dworschak
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Hermle
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mariëlle Alders
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Bartolomaeus
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal- Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stuart B Bauer
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle A Baum
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eva H Brilstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas D Challman
- Geisinger, Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, 100 N Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Jacob Zyskind
- Department of Clinical Genomics, GeneDx, 207 Perry Pkwy, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Carrie E Costin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Akron Children's Hospital, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH 44308, USA
| | - Katrina M Dipple
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Floor A Duijkers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcia Ferguson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, 6701 Charles St, Towson, MD 21204, USA
| | - David R Fitzpatrick
- MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Edinburgh, 2XU, Crewe Rd S, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Roger Fick
- Mary Bridge Childrens Hospital, 316 Martin Luther King JR Way, Tacoma, WA 98405, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Peter J Hulick
- Center for Medical Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1000 Central Street, Suite 610, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Antonie D Kline
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, 6701 Charles St, Towson, MD 21204, USA
| | - Ilona Krey
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal- Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Swiss Epilepsy Center, Klinik Lengg, Bleulerstrasse 60, 8000 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Selvin Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Tamil Salai, Egmore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600008, India
| | - Weining Lu
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elysa J Marco
- Cortica Healthcare, 4000 Civic Center Drive, Ste 100, San Rafael, CA 94939, USA
| | - Ingrid M Wentzensen
- Department of Clinical Genomics, GeneDx, 207 Perry Pkwy, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal- Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inna S Povolotskaya
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Juliann M Savatt
- Geisinger, Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, 100 N Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Natalia V Shcherbakova
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Prabha Senguttuvan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Dr. Mehta's Multi-Specialty Hospital, No.2, Mc Nichols Rd, Chetpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600031, India
| | - Audrey E Squire
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic Medicine, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Deborah R Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, 5000 Holmes St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Victoria Y Voinova
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Michael J G Somers
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avram Z Traum
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ghaleb H Daouk
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ankana Daga
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nancy M Rodig
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paulien A Terhal
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Binsbergen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Loai A Eid
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Hila Milo Rasouly
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tze Y Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dina F Ahram
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Heiko M Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Section of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Clinic for Pediatrics, University Hospital Bonn, Adenauerallee 119, 53313 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristen M Laricchia
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102 Shanghai, China
| | - Shrikant M Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew D Sharrocks
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network & Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Vanslambrouck JM, Woodard LE, Suhaimi N, Williams FM, Howden SE, Wilson SB, Lonsdale A, Er PX, Li J, Maksimovic J, Oshlack A, Wilson MH, Little MH. Direct reprogramming to human nephron progenitor-like cells using inducible piggyBac transposon expression of SNAI2-EYA1-SIX1. Kidney Int 2019; 95:1153-1166. [PMID: 30827514 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
All nephrons in the mammalian kidney arise from a transient nephron progenitor population that is lost close to the time of birth. The generation of new nephron progenitors and their maintenance in culture are central to the success of kidney regenerative strategies. Using a lentiviral screening approach, we previously generated a human induced nephron progenitor-like state in vitro using a pool of six transcription factors. Here, we sought to develop a more efficient approach for direct reprogramming of human cells that could be applied in vivo. PiggyBac transposons are a non-viral integrating gene delivery system that is suitable for in vivo use and allows for simultaneous delivery of multiple genes. Using an inducible piggyBac transposon system, we optimized a protocol for the direct reprogramming of HK2 cells to induced nephron progenitor-like cells with expression of only 3 transcription factors (SNAI2, EYA1, and SIX1). Culture in conditions supportive of the nephron progenitor state further increased the expression of nephron progenitor genes. The refined protocol was then applied to primary human renal epithelial cells, which integrated into developing nephron structures in vitro and in vivo. Such inducible reprogramming to nephron progenitor-like cells could facilitate direct cellular reprogramming for kidney regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Vanslambrouck
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lauren E Woodard
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Norseha Suhaimi
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felisha M Williams
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sean B Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Lonsdale
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pei X Er
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joan Li
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jovana Maksimovic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alicia Oshlack
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew H Wilson
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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15
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Chapman DL. Impaired intermediate formation in mouse embryos expressing reduced levels of Tbx6. Genesis 2019; 57:e23270. [PMID: 30548789 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate mesoderm (IM) is the strip of tissue lying between the paraxial mesoderm (PAM) and the lateral plate mesoderm that gives rise to the kidneys and gonads. Chick fate mapping studies suggest that IM is specified shortly after cells leave the primitive streak and that these cells do not require external signals to express IM-specific genes. Surgical manipulations of the chick embryo, however, revealed that PAM-specific signals are required for IM differentiation into pronephros-the first kidney. Here, we use a genetic approach in mice to examine the dependency of IM on proper PAM formation. In Tbx6 null mutant embryos, which form 7-9 improperly patterned anterior somites, IM formation is severely compromised, while in Tbx6 hypomorphic embryos, where somites form but are improperly patterned along the axis, the impact to IM formation is lessened. These results suggest that IM and its derivatives, the kidneys and the gonads, are directly or indirectly dependent on proper PAM formation. This has implications for humans harboring Tbx6 mutations which are known to have somite-derived defects including congenital scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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16
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Davidson AJ, Lewis P, Przepiorski A, Sander V. Turning mesoderm into kidney. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:86-93. [PMID: 30172050 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intermediate mesoderm is located between the somites and the lateral plate mesoderm and gives rise to renal progenitors that contribute to the three mammalian kidney types (pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros). In this review, focusing largely on murine kidney development, we examine how the intermediate mesoderm forms during gastrulation/axis elongation and how it progressively gives rise to distinct renal progenitors along the rostro-caudal axis. We highlight some of the potential signalling cues and core transcription factor circuits that direct these processes, up to the point of early metanephric kidney formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 921019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Paula Lewis
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 921019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Aneta Przepiorski
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 921019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Veronika Sander
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 921019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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17
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Endlich N, Kliewe F, Kindt F, Schmidt K, Kotb AM, Artelt N, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Döring F, Kuss AW, Amann K, Moeller MJ, Kabgani N, Blumenthal A, Endlich K. The transcription factor Dach1 is essential for podocyte function. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2656-2669. [PMID: 29498212 PMCID: PMC5908116 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiation and loss of podocytes are the major cause of chronic kidney disease. Dach1, a transcription factor that is essential for cell fate, was found in genome‐wide association studies to be associated with the glomerular filtration rate. We found that podocytes express high levels of Dach1 in vivo and to a much lower extent in vitro. Parietal epithelial cells (PECs) that are still under debate to be a type of progenitor cell for podocytes expressed Dach1 only at low levels. The transfection of PECs with a plasmid encoding for Dach1 induced the expression of synaptopodin, a podocyte‐specific protein, demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Furthermore, synaptopodin was located along actin fibres in a punctate pattern in Dach1‐expressing PECs comparable with differentiated podocytes. Moreover, dedifferentiating podocytes of isolated glomeruli showed a significant reduction in the expression of Dach1 together with synaptopodin after 9 days in cell culture. To study the role of Dach1 in vivo, we used the zebrafish larva as an animal model. Knockdown of the zebrafish ortholog Dachd by morpholino injection into fertilized eggs resulted in a severe renal phenotype. The glomeruli of the zebrafish larvae showed morphological changes of the glomerulus accompanied by down‐regulation of nephrin and leakage of the filtration barrier. Interestingly, glomeruli of biopsies from patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy showed also a significant reduction of Dach1 and synaptopodin in contrast to control biopsies. Taken together, Dach1 is a transcription factor that is important for podocyte differentiation and proper kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frances Kindt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ahmed M Kotb
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nadine Artelt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Döring
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas W Kuss
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus J Moeller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nazanin Kabgani
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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18
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O’Brien LL, Guo Q, Bahrami-Samani E, Park JS, Hasso SM, Lee YJ, Fang A, Kim AD, Guo J, Hong TM, Peterson KA, Lozanoff S, Raviram R, Ren B, Fogelgren B, Smith AD, Valouev A, McMahon AP. Transcriptional regulatory control of mammalian nephron progenitors revealed by multi-factor cistromic analysis and genetic studies. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007181. [PMID: 29377931 PMCID: PMC5805373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephron progenitor number determines nephron endowment; a reduced nephron count is linked to the onset of kidney disease. Several transcriptional regulators including Six2, Wt1, Osr1, Sall1, Eya1, Pax2, and Hox11 paralogues are required for specification and/or maintenance of nephron progenitors. However, little is known about the regulatory intersection of these players. Here, we have mapped nephron progenitor-specific transcriptional networks of Six2, Hoxd11, Osr1, and Wt1. We identified 373 multi-factor associated 'regulatory hotspots' around genes closely associated with progenitor programs. To examine their functional significance, we deleted 'hotspot' enhancer elements for Six2 and Wnt4. Removal of the distal enhancer for Six2 leads to a ~40% reduction in Six2 expression. When combined with a Six2 null allele, progeny display a premature depletion of nephron progenitors. Loss of the Wnt4 enhancer led to a significant reduction of Wnt4 expression in renal vesicles and a mildly hypoplastic kidney, a phenotype also enhanced in combination with a Wnt4 null mutation. To explore the regulatory landscape that supports proper target gene expression, we performed CTCF ChIP-seq to identify insulator-boundary regions. One such putative boundary lies between the Six2 and Six3 loci. Evidence for the functional significance of this boundary was obtained by deep sequencing of the radiation-induced Brachyrrhine (Br) mutant allele. We identified an inversion of the Six2/Six3 locus around the CTCF-bound boundary, removing Six2 from its distal enhancer regulation, but placed next to Six3 enhancer elements which support ectopic Six2 expression in the lens where Six3 is normally expressed. Six3 is now predicted to fall under control of the Six2 distal enhancer. Consistent with this view, we observed ectopic Six3 in nephron progenitors. 4C-seq supports the model for Six2 distal enhancer interactions in wild-type and Br/+ mouse kidneys. Together, these data expand our view of the regulatory genome and regulatory landscape underpinning mammalian nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L. O’Brien
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Bioinformatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Emad Bahrami-Samani
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joo-Seop Park
- Division of Pediatric Urology and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Hasso
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Young-Jin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alan Fang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Albert D. Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Trudy M. Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | | | - Scott Lozanoff
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Ramya Raviram
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anton Valouev
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Bioinformatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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19
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Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are one of the leading congenital defects to be identified on prenatal ultrasound. CAKUT represent a broad spectrum of abnormalities, from transient hydronephrosis to severe bilateral renal agenesis. CAKUT are a major contributor to chronic and end stage kidney disease (CKD/ESKD) in children. Prenatal imaging is useful to identify CAKUT, but will not detect all defects. Both genetic abnormalities and the fetal environment contribute to CAKUT. Monogenic gene mutations identified in human CAKUT have advanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms of renal development. Low nephron number and solitary kidneys are associated with increased risk of adult onset CKD and ESKD. Premature and low birth weight infants represent a high risk population for low nephron number. Additional research is needed to identify biomarkers and appropriate follow-up of premature and low birth weight infants into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Rosenblum
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Montefiore/Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Abhijeet Pal
- Department of Pediatrics/Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Montefiore/Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kimberly Reidy
- Department of Pediatrics/Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Montefiore/Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA.
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20
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O'Brien LL, Guo Q, Lee Y, Tran T, Benazet JD, Whitney PH, Valouev A, McMahon AP. Differential regulation of mouse and human nephron progenitors by the Six family of transcriptional regulators. Development 2016; 143:595-608. [PMID: 26884396 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nephron endowment is determined by the self-renewal and induction of a nephron progenitor pool established at the onset of kidney development. In the mouse, the related transcriptional regulators Six1 and Six2 play non-overlapping roles in nephron progenitors. Transient Six1 activity prefigures, and is essential for, active nephrogenesis. By contrast, Six2 maintains later progenitor self-renewal from the onset of nephrogenesis. We compared the regulatory actions of Six2 in mouse and human nephron progenitors by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq). Surprisingly, SIX1 was identified as a SIX2 target unique to the human nephron progenitors. Furthermore, RNA-seq and immunostaining revealed overlapping SIX1 and SIX2 activity in 16 week human fetal nephron progenitors. Comparative bioinformatic analysis of human SIX1 and SIX2 ChIP-seq showed each factor targeted a similar set of cis-regulatory modules binding an identical target recognition motif. In contrast to the mouse where Six2 binds its own enhancers but does not interact with DNA around Six1, both human SIX1 and SIX2 bind homologous SIX2 enhancers and putative enhancers positioned around SIX1. Transgenic analysis of a putative human SIX1 enhancer in the mouse revealed a transient, mouse-like, pre-nephrogenic, Six1 regulatory pattern. Together, these data demonstrate a divergence in SIX-factor regulation between mouse and human nephron progenitors. In the human, an auto/cross-regulatory loop drives continued SIX1 and SIX2 expression during active nephrogenesis. By contrast, the mouse establishes only an auto-regulatory Six2 loop. These data suggest differential SIX-factor regulation might have contributed to species differences in nephron progenitor programs such as the duration of nephrogenesis and the final nephron count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L O'Brien
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - YoungJin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jean-Denis Benazet
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Peter H Whitney
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Anton Valouev
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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