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Dikstein H, Gilon-Mann T, Halevi-Yosef R, Enoch-Levi A, Hamdan S, Gur E, Haim YB, Lazarov A, Treasure J, Stein D. Attention bias modification add-on to inpatient treatment for young women with anorexia nervosa-A randomized controlled trial. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2023; 31:285-302. [PMID: 36433884 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) display elevated anxiety and attention biases (ABs) in threat processing. Attention bias modification treatment (ABMT) is considered promising for anxiety disorders, but its potential for AN is limited. In this study, 154 young women hospitalised because of AN were assigned to ED-related and anxiety-related threat stimuli, or to a non-ABMT intervention control condition in a randomized control trial. Hundred-and-ten patients completed the study. ABMT was an add-on to the regular inpatient treatment. Research participants completed two pretreatment training sessions and eight biweekly sessions of ABMT. AB, ED-related symptoms, depression, anxiety and stress were assessed before and after ABMT in the research groups, and, similarly, 5 weeks apart, in the controls. We found that despite the different patterns of change in AB between the three groups following ABMT, the reduction in AB, or the between-group differences in AB-reduction, were not significant. While the severity of ED-symptoms, depression, anxiety and stress was reduced following ABMT, or control condition, in all groups, there were no between-group differences in these changes. Changes in AB were not correlated with baseline and pre-post-treatment changes in ED-related and comorbid symptomatology. Methodological and inpatient treatment-related considerations may explain our negative ABMT-related results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Dikstein
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Sami Hamdan
- Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eitan Gur
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yair Bar Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amit Lazarov
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Janet Treasure
- Eating Disorders Unit, Maudsley Hospital, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Daniel Stein
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, The Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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2
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Pasi P, Piccolo M, Kaufmann LK, Martin-Soelch C, Müller-Pfeiffer C, Milos G. Estimation of meal portions in bulimia nervosa compared to anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2665-2672. [PMID: 35587335 PMCID: PMC9556356 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bulimia nervosa (BN) and anorexia nervosa (AN) are potentially life-threatening eating disorders (ED) that primarily affect young people, mostly women. The central common pathology is linked to the relationship with food and with abnormalities in food intake. A previous study indicated that individuals with AN tend to overestimate food portion sizes compared to healthy controls (HC), but no study has investigated these patterns in BN, which was the objective of this study. METHODS Women with BN (27), AN (28), and HC (27) were asked to rate different meal portion sizes in two conditions: as if they were supposed to eat them (intent-to-eat condition) or in general (general condition). BN results were compared to HC and AN using mixed model analyses. RESULTS BN showed larger estimations compared to HC, while smaller estimations compared to AN. These differences were found mostly for intermediate portion sizes. No difference for conditions (intent-to-eat; general) was found between groups. CONCLUSION When estimating food portion sizes, individuals with BN seem to fall intermediately between HC and AN. ED symptoms in BN were most strongly associated with higher portion estimation. This might therefore reflect one aspect of the cognitive distortions typically seen also in AN. A therapeutic option could include the frequent visual exposure to increasing portions of food, what may serve to recalibrate visual perceptions of what a "normal-sized" portion of food looks like. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II: Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pasi
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Culmannstrasse 8, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mayron Piccolo
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.,IReach Lab, Unit of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lisa-Katrin Kaufmann
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Culmannstrasse 8, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Martin-Soelch
- IReach Lab, Unit of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Müller-Pfeiffer
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Culmannstrasse 8, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Milos
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Culmannstrasse 8, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Donnelly B, Foroughi N, Williams M, Touyz S, Madden S, Kohn M, Clark S, Sachdev P, Peduto A, Caterson I, Russell J, Hay P. Neural Response to Low Energy and High Energy Foods in Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder: A Functional MRI Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:687849. [PMID: 35529565 PMCID: PMC9070301 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.687849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) are eating disorders (EDs) characterized by recurrent binge eating (BE) episodes. Overlap exists between ED diagnostic groups, with BE episodes presenting one clinical feature that occurs transdiagnostically. Neuroimaging of the responses of those with BN and BED to disorder-specific stimuli, such as food, is not extensively investigated. Furthermore, to our knowledge, there have been no previous published studies examining the neural response of individuals currently experiencing binge eating, to low energy foods. Our objective was to examine the neural responses to both low energy and high energy food images in three emotive categories (disgust; fear; and happy) in BN and BED participants. Methods Nineteen females with BN (n = 14) or BED (n = 5), comprising the binge eating group (BEG; N = 19), and 19 age-matched healthy control (HC)’s completed thorough clinical assessment prior to functional MRI (fMRI). Neural response to low energy and high energy foods and non-food images was compared between groups using whole-brain exploratory analyses, from which six regions of interest (ROI) were then selected: frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes; insula and cingulate. Results In response to low energy food images, the BEG demonstrated differential neural responses to all three low energy foods categories (disgust; fear; and happy) compared to HCs. Correlational analyses found a significant association between frequency of binge episodes and diminished temporal lobe and greater occipital lobe response. In response to high energy food images, compared to HC’s, the BEG demonstrated significantly decreased neural activity in response to all high energy food images. The HC’s had significantly greater neural activity in the limbic system, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and limbic system in response to high energy food images. Conclusion Results in the low energy food condition indicate that binge frequency may be related to increased aberrant neural responding. Furthermore, differences were found between groups in all ROI’s except the insula. The neural response seen in the BEG to disgust food images may indicate disengagement with this particular stimuli. In the high energy food condition, results demonstrate that neural activity in BN and BED patients may decrease in response to high energy foods, suggesting disengagement with foods that may be more consistent with those consumed during a binge eating episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Donnelly
- Clinical Psychology Unit, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Peter Beumont Tertiary Eating Disorder Service, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nasim Foroughi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Williams
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Touyz
- Clinical Psychology Unit, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,InsideOut Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sloane Madden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead Campus, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Kohn
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead Campus, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine Unit, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead Campus, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Research Into Adolescents' Health, Westmead Research Foundation, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Clark
- Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine Unit, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead Campus, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Research Into Adolescents' Health, Westmead Research Foundation, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Peduto
- Department of Radiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Medical Imaging, Charles Perkins Centre, Boden Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Caterson
- Discipline of Medical Imaging, Charles Perkins Centre, Boden Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Janice Russell
- Peter Beumont Tertiary Eating Disorder Service, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,InsideOut Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Medical Imaging, Charles Perkins Centre, Boden Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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Sierra I, Senín-Calderón C, Roncero M, Perpiñá C. The Role of Negative Affect in Emotional Processing of Food-Related Images in Eating Disorders and Obesity. Front Psychol 2021; 12:723732. [PMID: 34497567 PMCID: PMC8419244 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.723732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze differences in the emotional processing (valence, arousal, and dominance) of food-related information in patients with eating disorders (ED), patients with obesity, and healthy women. Moreover, the mediator role of negative affect and the moderating role of the diagnostic group (ED vs. non-ED) were analyzed. METHOD The sample consisted of 94 women (39 with eating disorders, 19 with obesity, and 36 healthy participants). MEASURES International Affective Picture System (IAPS) food picture exposure task; Self-Assessment Manikin Analog-Visual Scale (SAM) appraising Arousal, Valence, and Dominance; Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26); Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). RESULTS Patients with purging symptomatology rated food images as more unpleasant than healthy women. Patients with purging and restrictive eating symptomatology showed higher levels of arousal and less dominance over the emotions experienced, compared to patients with obesity and healthy women. The mediation analysis showed that negative affect mediated the relationship between eating symptomatology (EAT-26) and the Valence of food images, as well as the control over the emotions experienced when viewing food images (Dominance). For the moderation analysis participants were regrouped into two groups (ED patients vs. non-ED patients). The direct relationship between eating symptomatology and food image valence was moderated by the diagnostic group. However, the group did not moderate the direct relationship between the EAT-26 and dominance over experienced emotions, or the indirect effect on eating symptomatology through negative affect. These results show the relevance of negative affect in the emotional processing of food-related information, and they support an eating disorder-disordered eating dimensional perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sierra
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Roncero
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Conxa Perpiñá
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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5
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Stott N, Fox JRE, Williams MO. Attentional bias in eating disorders: A meta-review. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1377-1399. [PMID: 34081355 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-review summarizes and synthesizes the most reliable findings regarding attentional bias in eating disorders across paradigms and stimulus types and considers implications for theory and future research. METHOD Four databases were systematically searched, along with reference lists of included reviews, yielding 15 systematic reviews (four of which were also meta-analyses). The quality of each review was appraised using the AMSTAR-2. RESULTS Key findings from systematic reviews are summarized, organized by paradigm and stimulus type. DISCUSSION The authors synthesize evidence from the highest-quality studies. There is evidence for attentional avoidance and vigilance in eating disorders depending on stimulus properties (low vs. high-calorie food; high-body mass vs. low-body mass index photos of others) and attentional avoidance of food stimuli in those with anorexia nervosa. Sad mood induction may generate attentional bias for food in those with binge-eating disorder. There may also be attentional bias to general threat in eating disorder samples. This meta-review concludes that most systematic reviews in this field are low in quality and summarizes the main areas that could be improved upon in future reviews. Implications of this study's findings for theory and intervention research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Stott
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - John R E Fox
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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6
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Wolf A, Ueda K. Contribution of Eye-Tracking to Study Cognitive Impairments Among Clinical Populations. Front Psychol 2021; 12:590986. [PMID: 34163391 PMCID: PMC8215550 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of psychology, the merge of decision-theory and neuroscientific methods produces an array of scientifically recognized paradigms. For example, by exploring consumer’s eye-movement behavior, researchers aim to deepen the understanding of how patterns of retinal activation are being meaningfully transformed into visual experiences and connected with specific reactions (e.g., purchase). Notably, eye-movements provide knowledge of one’s homeostatic balance and gatekeep information that shape decisions. Hence, vision science investigates the quality of observed environments determined under various experimental conditions. Moreover, it answers questions on how human process visual stimuli and use gained information for a successful strategy to achieve certain goals. While capturing cognitive states with the support of the eye-trackers progresses at a relatively fast pace in decision-making research, measuring the visual performance of real-life tasks, which require complex cognitive skills, is tentatively translated into clinical experiments. Nevertheless, the potential of the human eye as a highly valuable source of biomarkers has been underlined. In this article, we aim to draw readers attention to decision-making experimental paradigms supported with eye-tracking technology among clinical populations. Such interdisciplinary approach may become an important component that will (i) help in objectively illustrating patient’s models of beliefs and values, (ii) support clinical interventions, and (iii) contribute to health services. It is possible that shortly, eye-movement data from decision-making experiments will grant the scientific community a greater understanding of mechanisms underlining mental states and consumption practices that medical professionals consider as obsessions, disorders or addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- JSPS International Research Fellow, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ueda
- Unit of Perceptual Psychology, Dept. Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Division of Auditory and Visual Perception Research, Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Stopyra MA, Friederich HC, Mönning E, Lavandier N, Bendszus M, Herzog W, Simon JJ. The influence of homeostatic mechanisms on neural regulation of food craving in anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1011-1019. [PMID: 31931900 PMCID: PMC8161429 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restrictive food intake in anorexia nervosa (AN) has been related to an overactive cognitive control network inhibiting intuitive motivational responses to food stimuli. However, the influence of short-term homeostatic signaling on the neural regulation of cue-induced food craving in AN is still unclear. METHODS Twenty-five women with AN and 25 matched normal-weight women were examined on two occasions after receiving either glucose or water directly into their stomach using a nasogastric tube. Participants were blinded to the type of infusion. An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm was used to investigate the effect of intestinal glucose load on neural processing during either simple viewing or distraction from food stimuli. RESULTS Neural differences between patients with AN and normal-weight participants were found during the distraction from food stimuli, but not during the viewing condition. When compared to controls, patients with AN displayed increased activation during food distraction in the left parietal lobule/precuneus and fusiform gyrus after water infusion and decreased activation in ventromedial prefrontal and cingulate regions after intestinal glucose load. CONCLUSIONS Independent of the cephalic phase and the awareness of caloric intake, homeostatic influences trigger disorder-specific reactions in AN. Food distraction in patients with AN is associated with either excessive higher-order cognitive control during physiological hunger or decreased internally directed attention after intestinal glucose load. These findings suggest that food distraction plays an important role in the psychopathology of AN. This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov with identifier: NCT03075371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion A. Stopyra
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Psychological Institute, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Mönning
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nora Lavandier
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joe J. Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Physiological, emotional and neural responses to visual stimuli in eating disorders: a review. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:23. [PMID: 33597022 PMCID: PMC7890903 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overconcern with food and shape/weight stimuli are central to eating disorder maintenance with attentional biases seen towards these images not present in healthy controls. These stimuli trigger changes in the physiological, emotional, and neural responses in people with eating disorders, and are regularly used in research and clinical practice. However, selection of stimuli for these treatments is frequently based on self-reported emotional ratings alone, and whether self-reports reflect objective responses is unknown. MAIN BODY This review assessed the associations across emotional self-report, physiological, and neural responses to both food and body-shape/weight stimuli in people with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). For food stimuli, either an aversive or lack of physiological effect was generated in people with AN, together with a negative emotional response on neuroimaging, and high subjective anxiety ratings. People with BN showed a positive self-rating, an aversive physiological reaction, and a motivational neural response. In BED, an aversive physiological reaction was found in contrast to motivational/appetitive neural responses, with food images rated as pleasant. The results for shape/weight stimuli showed aversive responses in some physiological modalities, which was reflected in both the emotional and neural responses, but this aversive response was not consistent across physiological studies. CONCLUSIONS Shape/weight stimuli are more reliable for use in therapy or research than food stimuli as the impact of these images is more consistent across subjective and objective responses. Care should be taken when using food stimuli due to the disconnect reported in this review.
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9
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Dörsam AF, Mack I, Kögel L, Zipfel S, Giel KE. How do patients with eating disorders perceive and evaluate food portion sizes? A systematic review. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 28:398-409. [PMID: 32567175 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The selection of adequate portion sizes plays a key role in the nutritional treatment of eating disorders (EDs). There is limited knowledge concerning the estimation of portion sizes in individuals with EDs. METHOD We performed a systematic review according to the PRISMA statement to synthesise current evidence in this field. Of N = 584 hits, four full-texts were included in the qualitative synthesis. RESULTS While patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) tend to overestimate the size of energy-dense food items and small to medium sized meal portions, they do not show a different estimation compared to healthy controls when judging the amount of food pieces. Large portion sizes were associated with increased anxiety in patients with AN. DISCUSSION The overestimation of food portion sizes seems to be driven by attitudinal and/or higher cognitive factors associated with AN. Differences between the studies are discussed and suggestions for future studies are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Franziska Dörsam
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Competence Center for Eating Disorders (KOMET), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Competence Center for Eating Disorders (KOMET), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Kögel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Competence Center for Eating Disorders (KOMET), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Competence Center for Eating Disorders (KOMET), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Elisabeth Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Competence Center for Eating Disorders (KOMET), Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Christensen KA, French MN, Chen EY. Multi-method assessment of palatable food exposure in women with and without eating disorders. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 28:594-602. [PMID: 32627915 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by dysregulated responses to palatable food. Using a multi-method approach, this study examined responses to palatable food exposure and subsequent ad libitum eating in women with binge-eating disorder (BED: n = 64), anorexia nervosa (AN: n = 16), and bulimia nervosa (BN: n = 35) and 26 healthy controls (HCs). METHOD Participants were exposed to palatable food followed by an ad libitum eating opportunity. Affective and psychophysiological responses were measured before and during the task. RESULTS Participants with EDs reported greater negative affect, particularly fear, following the food cue exposure, whereas HCs reported no change. BN and BED groups reported greater urge to binge after the food cue exposure, whereas AN and HC groups reported no change. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia levels, skin conductance and tonic skin conductance levels increased during food exposure for all groups. Across baseline and during the food exposure, the BED group had lower respiratory sinus arrhythmia levels relative to the BN and HC groups. The BED group consumed significantly more palatable food than the AN group. CONCLUSIONS 'Palatable' food stimuli elicited more negative affect, particularly fear, in individuals with EDs; and this, rather than psychophysiological responses, distinguishes individuals with EDs from those without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A Christensen
- Cognition and Emotion Lab, Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Melanie N French
- TEDp (Temple Eating Disorders Program), Temple University, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA
| | - Eunice Y Chen
- TEDp (Temple Eating Disorders Program), Temple University, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA
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11
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Wolz I, Nannt J, Svaldi J. Laboratory-based interventions targeting food craving: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12996. [PMID: 31944559 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effects of laboratory-based interventions targeting specific mechanisms of food craving, to identify moderators of effects, and to qualitatively summarize findings. The study was conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Sixty-nine studies were included in the quantitative synthesis, and separate meta-analyses were conducted for the outcomes self-reported craving and objective food intake. Results show small to medium positive effects across specific craving interventions on both outcomes. Effect sizes were partly moderated by intervention type. The most effective intervention regarding food intake was in sensu cue exposure. For subjective craving, the most robust evidence was found for beneficial effects of cognitive regulation strategies (ie, reappraisal, suppression, and distraction). Results further indicate that training inhibitory control through behavioral inhibition might be more effective than approach-avoidance training when considering its effect on subjective craving and food intake. People with external eating habits, overeating, or loss-of-control eating might benefit from these types of specific craving interventions. Future research should focus on long-term effects, transferability, and effectiveness in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wolz
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Nannt
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Svaldi
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Mallorquí-Bagué N, Lozano-Madrid M, Testa G, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Sánchez I, Riesco N, César Perales J, Francisco Navas J, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Megías A, Granero R, Veciana De Las Heras M, Chami R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Formoso JA, Treasure J, Fernández-Aranda F. Clinical and Neurophysiological Correlates of Emotion and Food Craving Regulation in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040960. [PMID: 32244331 PMCID: PMC7230937 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Difficulties in emotion regulation and craving regulation have been linked to eating symptomatology in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), contributing to the maintenance of their eating disorder. Methods: To investigate clinical and electrophysiological correlates of these processes, 20 patients with AN and 20 healthy controls (HC) completed a computerized task during EEG recording, where they were instructed to down-regulate negative emotions or food craving. Participants also completed self-report measures of emotional regulation and food addiction. The P300 and Late Positive Potential (LPP) ERPs were analysed. Results: LPP amplitudes were significantly smaller during down-regulation of food craving among both groups. Independent of task condition, individuals with AN showed smaller P300 amplitudes compared to HC. Among HC, the self-reported use of re-appraisal strategies positively correlated with LPP amplitudes during emotional regulation task, while suppressive strategies negatively correlated with LPP amplitudes. The AN group, in comparison to the HC group, exhibited greater food addiction, greater use of maladaptive strategies, and emotional dysregulation. Conclusions: Despite the enhanced self-reported psychopathology among AN, both groups indicated neurophysiological evidence of food craving regulation as evidenced by blunted LPP amplitudes in the relevant task condition. Further research is required to delineate the mechanisms associated with reduced overall P300 amplitudes among individuals with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Addictive Behavior Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.M.-B.); (F.F.-A.)
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Giulia Testa
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - José César Perales
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Juan Francisco Navas
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Megías
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rayane Chami
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Fernández-Formoso
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.M.-B.); (F.F.-A.)
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13
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Brockmeyer T, Friederich HC, Küppers C, Chowdhury S, Harms L, Simmonds J, Gordon G, Potterton R, Schmidt U. Approach bias modification training in bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:520-529. [PMID: 30689229 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder (BED) are associated with poorly controlled approach behavior toward food resulting in binge eating. Approach bias modification (ABM) may reduce these automatic action tendencies (i.e., approach bias) toward food and may thus decrease binge eating and related symptoms. METHOD A total of 56 patients with BN/BED participated in this double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing real and sham ABM. The real ABM condition adopted an implicit learning paradigm in which participants were trained to show avoidance behavior in response to food cues. Participants in the sham condition used a similar task but were not trained to avoid food cues. Both conditions comprised 10 training sessions within 4 weeks. RESULTS Participants in both groups experienced significant reductions in binge eating, eating disorder symptoms, trait food craving, and food cue reactivity. Real ABM tended to result in greater reductions in eating disorder symptoms than sham ABM. Food intake, approach bias, and attention bias toward food did not change. DISCUSSION This is the first RCT on ABM in eating disorders. The findings provide limited support for the efficacy of ABM in BN/BED and pose questions regarding its active ingredients and its usefulness as a stand-alone treatment for eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Brockmeyer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carolyn Küppers
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sharmain Chowdhury
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Louisa Harms
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jess Simmonds
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Gordon
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Potterton
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Eating Disorders Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Jiang T, Soussignan R, Carrier E, Royet JP. Dysfunction of the Mesolimbic Circuit to Food Odors in Women With Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa: A fMRI Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:117. [PMID: 31019456 PMCID: PMC6458263 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain reward dysfunction in eating disorders has been widely reported. However, whether the neural correlates of hedonic and motivational experiences related to food cues are differentially affected in anorexia nervosa of restrictive type (ANr), bulimia nervosa (BN), and healthy control (HC) participants remains unknown. Here, 39 women (14 ANr, 13 BN, and 12 HC) underwent fMRI while smelling food or non-food odors in hunger and satiety states during liking and wanting tasks. ANr and BN patients reported less desire to eat odor-cued food and odor-cued high energy-density food (EDF), respectively. ANr patients exhibited lower ventral tegmental area (VTA) activation than BN patients to food odors when rating their desire to eat, suggesting altered incentive salience attribution to food odors. Compared with HC participants, BN patients exhibited decreased activation of the caudate nucleus to food odors in the hunger state during the wanting task. Both patient groups also showed reduced activation of the anterior ventral pallidum and insula in response to high EDF odors in the hunger state during the wanting task. These findings indicate that brain activation within the food reward-regulating circuit differentiates the three groups. ANr patients further exhibited lower activation of the precuneus than other participants, suggesting a possible role of body image distortion in ANr. Our study highlights that food odors are relevant sensory probes to gain better insight into the dysfunction of the mesolimbic and striatal circuitry involved in food reward processing in patients with EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Olfaction: From Coding to Memory Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, UCBL, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inra, Dijon, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Royet
- Olfaction: From Coding to Memory Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, UCBL, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
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15
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Gagnon C, Bégin C, Laflamme V, Grondin S. Temporal Processing of Joyful and Disgusting Food Pictures by Women With an Eating Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:129. [PMID: 29681806 PMCID: PMC5897655 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study used the presentation of food pictures and judgements about their duration to assess the emotions elicited by food in women suffering from an eating disorder (ED). Twenty-three women diagnosed with an ED, namely anorexia (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN), and 23 healthy controls (HC) completed a temporal bisection task and a duration discrimination task. Intervals were marked with emotionally pre-rated pictures of joyful and disgusting food, and pictures of neutral objects. The results showed that, in the bisection task, AN women overestimated the duration of food pictures in comparison to neutral ones. Also, compared to participants with BN, they perceived the duration of joyful food pictures as longer, and tended to overestimate the duration of the disgusting ones. These effects on perceived duration suggest that AN women experienced an intense reaction of fear when they were confronted to food pictures. More precisely, by having elevated the arousal level and activated the defensive system, food pictures seemed to have speeded up the rhythm of the AN participants’ internal clock, which led to an overestimation of images’ duration. In addition, the results revealed that, in both tasks, ED women presented a lower temporal sensitivity than HC, which was related to their ED symptomatology (i.e., BMI, restraint and concern) and, particularly, to their weaker cognitive abilities in terms of attention, processing speed and working memory. Considered all together, the findings of the present experiment highlight the role of fear and anxiety in the manifestations of AN and point out the importance of considering non-temporal factors in the interpretation of time perception performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon Grondin
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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16
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Stojek M, Shank LM, Vannucci A, Bongiorno DM, Nelson EE, Waters AJ, Engel SG, Boutelle KN, Pine DS, Yanovski JA, Tanofsky-Kraff M. A systematic review of attentional biases in disorders involving binge eating. Appetite 2018; 123:367-389. [PMID: 29366932 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attentional bias (AB) may be one mechanism contributing to the development and/or maintenance of disordered eating. AB has traditionally been measured using reaction time in response to a stimulus. Novel methods for AB measurement include eye tracking to measure visual fixation on a stimulus, and electroencephalography to measure brain activation in response to a stimulus. This systematic review summarizes, critiques, and integrates data on AB gathered using the above-mentioned methods in those with binge eating behaviors, including binge eating, loss of control eating, and bulimia nervosa. METHOD Literature searches on PubMed and PsycInfo were conducted using combinations of terms related to binge eating and biobehavioral AB paradigms. Studies using AB paradigms with three categories of stimuli were included: food, weight/shape, and threat. For studies reporting means and standard deviations of group bias scores, Hedges' g effect sizes for group differences in AB were calculated. RESULTS Fifty articles met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Individuals who binge eat in the absence of compensatory behaviors show an increased AB to food cues, but few studies have examined such individuals' AB toward weight/shape and threatening stimuli. Individuals with bulimia nervosa consistently show an increased AB to shape/weight cues and socially threatening stimuli, but findings for AB to food cues are mixed. DISCUSSION While there are important research gaps, preliminary evidence suggests that the combination of AB to disorder-specific cues (i.e., food and weight/shape) and AB toward threat may be a potent contributor to binge eating. This conclusion underscores previous findings on the interaction between negative affect and AB to disorder-specific cues. Recommendations for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stojek
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Veterans Program, 12 Executive Park Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Lisa M Shank
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anna Vannucci
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Diana M Bongiorno
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eric E Nelson
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Biobehavioral Health, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Pediatrics, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Andrew J Waters
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 120 8th Street, Fargo, ND 58107, USA
| | - Kerri N Boutelle
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0874, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Cobb A, Rieger E, Bell J. Inhibition of return for body images in individuals with shape/weight based self-worth. J Eat Disord 2018; 6:25. [PMID: 30221003 PMCID: PMC6137877 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-018-0211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional biases for body shape and weight information have been found in people with eating disorders, indicating disorder-specific changes in the way this information is processed. To date, the literature has focused on the initial capture of attention, with little research on the maintenance of attention to shape/weight-related information. The current study aims to investigate the occurrence of attentional maintenance through the use of an Inhibition of Return task to shape and weight stimuli in those with and without an eating disorder. METHOD Three groups of female participants between the ages of 16-30 years undertook an Inhibition of Return task with target images of female bodies and control images of animals. The groups were an eating disorder group (n = 20), a High shape/weight based self-worth group (n = 23), and a Low shape/weight based self-worth group (n = 26). RESULTS The results indicated differential patterns of Inhibition of Return between the High and Low shape/weight based self-worth groups. The High group displayed increased inhibition of return for the shape/weight stimuli relative to control stimuli, while the Low group displayed reduced inhibition of return for the shape/weight stimuli compared to control stimuli. The ED group displayed a similar pattern of results to the High group, but this did not reach significance. CONCLUSION The current findings indicate that young women without an eating disorder who base their self-worth on shape/weight display a pattern of avoidance of shape/weight stimuli that is in direct contrast to those at low risk of developing eating disorders. The possible implications of these specific patterns of inhibition of return across those at varying levels of risk for an eating disorder are discussed along with their implications for intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cobb
- 1Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Elizabeth Rieger
- 2Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia
| | - Jason Bell
- 3School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
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Food-Related Impulsivity in Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder-A Systematic Update of the Evidence. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111170. [PMID: 29077027 PMCID: PMC5707642 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific eating pattern of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) patients has provoked the assumption that BED might represent a phenotype within the obesity spectrum that is characterized by increased impulsivity. Following the guidelines of the PRISMA statement (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses), we here provide a systematic update on the evidence on food-related impulsivity in obese individuals, with and without BED, as well as normal-weight individuals. We separately analyzed potential group differences in the impulsivity components of reward sensitivity and rash-spontaneous behavior. Our search resulted in twenty experimental studies with high methodological quality. The synthesis of the latest evidence consolidates conclusions drawn in our initial systematic review that BED represents a distinct phenotype within the obesity spectrum that is characterized by increased impulsivity. Rash-spontaneous behavior in general, and specifically towards food, is increased in BED, while food-specific reward sensitivity is also increased in obese individuals without BED, but potentially to a lesser degree. A major next step for research entails the investigation of sub-domains and temporal components of inhibitory control in BED and obesity. Based on the evidence of impaired inhibitory control in BED, affected patients might profit from interventions that address impulsive behavior.
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19
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Explicit and Implicit Approach vs. Avoidance Tendencies towards High vs. Low Calorie Food Cues in Patients with Obesity and Active Binge Eating Disorder. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101068. [PMID: 28953225 PMCID: PMC5691685 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with binge eating disorder (BED) suffer from regular food binges with loss of control. This may be due to dysfunctional approach vs. avoidance tendencies towards food in BED. We applied an approach-avoidance task (AAT), in which n = 24 patients with obesity and active BED (OB-BED), n = 32 patients with obesity without current BED (OB), and n = 25 healthy controls (CO) either approached (“pulled”) or avoided (“pushed”) high (HC) vs. low calorie (LC) food pictures. We tested the hypothesis that OB-BED patients would show an approach bias (measured as different response times RT) towards HC food compared to the other groups. While there was no main effect for group or direction of movement, a significant main effect for calorie (p < 0.001; RT for HC significantly slower than for LC) was found. Repeated measures ANOVA (rm-ANOVA) for comparison of OB-BED vs. OB vs. CO revealed a significant three-fold interaction group × direction × calorie (p = 0.02). Against our hypothesis, the OB-BED group showed an avoidance bias for LC. In explicit ratings, OB-BED reported a significantly reduced urge to consume LC food compared to the OB group. Similar to OB-BED, CO also showed an avoidance bias for LC. The implications of our results are discussed and future directions in this field of research are presented.
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Sperling I, Baldofski S, Lüthold P, Hilbert A. Cognitive Food Processing in Binge-Eating Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080903. [PMID: 28825607 PMCID: PMC5579696 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate an attentional bias towards food in binge-eating disorder (BED); however, more evidence on attentional engagement and disengagement and processing of multiple attention-competing stimuli is needed. This study aimed to examine visual attention to food and non-food stimuli in BED. In n = 23 participants with full-syndrome and subsyndromal BED and n = 23 individually matched healthy controls, eye-tracking was used to assess attention to food and non-food stimuli during a free exploration paradigm and a visual search task. In the free exploration paradigm, groups did not differ in their initial fixation position. While both groups fixated non-food stimuli significantly longer than food stimuli, the BED group allocated significantly more attention towards food than controls. In the visual search task, groups did not differ in detection times. However, a significant detection bias for food was found in full-syndrome BED, but not in controls. An increased initial attention towards food was related to greater BED symptomatology and lower body mass index (BMI) only in full-syndrome BED, while a greater maintained attention to food was associated with lower BMI in controls. The results suggest food-biased visual attentional processing in adults with BED. Further studies should clarify the implications of attentional processes for the etiology and maintenance of BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Sperling
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Baldofski
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Patrick Lüthold
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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21
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Enhanced Early Neuronal Processing of Food Pictures in Anorexia Nervosa: A Magnetoencephalography Study. PSYCHIATRY JOURNAL 2016; 2016:1795901. [PMID: 27525258 PMCID: PMC4976260 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1795901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) have shown increased activation in reward and cognitive control regions in response to food, and a behavioral attentional bias (AB) towards food stimuli is reported. This study aimed to further investigate the neural processing of food using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Participants were 13 females with restricting-type AN, 14 females recovered from restricting-type AN, and 15 female healthy controls. MEG data was acquired whilst participants viewed high- and low-calorie food pictures. Attention was assessed with a reaction time task and eye tracking. Time-series analysis suggested increased neural activity in response to both calorie conditions in the AN groups, consistent with an early AB. Increased activity was observed at 150 ms in the current AN group. Neuronal activity at this latency was at normal level in the recovered group; however, this group exhibited enhanced activity at 320 ms after stimulus. Consistent with previous studies, analysis in source space and behavioral data suggested enhanced attention and cognitive control processes in response to food stimuli in AN. This may enable avoidance of salient food stimuli and maintenance of dietary restraint in AN. A later latency of increased activity in the recovered group may reflect a reversal of this avoidance, with source space and behavioral data indicating increased visual and cognitive processing of food stimuli.
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Racine SE, Forbush KT, Wildes JE, Hagan KE, Pollack LO, May C. Voluntary emotion regulation in anorexia nervosa: A preliminary emotion-modulated startle investigation. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 77:1-7. [PMID: 26945729 PMCID: PMC4826846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emotion regulation difficulties are implicated in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa (AN). However, research has been limited by an almost exclusive reliance on self-report. This study is the first to use the emotion-modulated startle paradigm (EMSP) to investigate emotional reactivity and voluntary emotion regulation in individuals with AN. Twenty women with AN viewed negative, positive, neutral, and food images and were asked to enhance, suppress, or maintain their emotional responses mid-way through picture presentation. Startle eyeblink magnitudes in response to startle probes administered prior, and subsequent, to regulation instructions indexed emotional reactivity and regulation, respectively. On emotional reactivity trials, startle magnitudes were greater for negative, positive, and food images, compared to neutral images. Participants had difficulty suppressing startle responses to negative and food images, as indicated by non-significant suppress-maintain comparisons. In contrast, startle responses to enhance and suppress cues during presentation of pleasant images were comparable and significantly lower than maintain cues. Findings converge with self-report data to suggest that patients with AN have difficulties with voluntary emotion regulation. The EMSP may be a promising trans-diagnostic method for examining emotion regulation difficulties that underlie risk for eating disorders and other psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer E. Wildes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kelsey E. Hagan
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Lauren O. Pollack
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Casey May
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Leehr EJ, Schag K, Brinkmann A, Ehlis AC, Fallgatter AJ, Zipfel S, Giel KE, Dresler T. Alleged Approach-Avoidance Conflict for Food Stimuli in Binge Eating Disorder. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152271. [PMID: 27045169 PMCID: PMC4821640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food stimuli are omnipresent and naturally primary reinforcing stimuli. One explanation for the intake of high amounts of food in binge eating disorder (BED) is a deviant valuation process. Valuation of food stimuli is supposed to influence approach or avoidance behaviour towards food. Focusing on self-reported and indirect (facial electromyography) valuation process, motivational aspects in the processing of food stimuli were investigated. METHODS We compared an overweight sample with BED (BED+) with an overweight sample without BED (BED-) and with normal weight controls (NWC) regarding their self-reported and indirect (via facial electromyography) valuation of food versus non-food stimuli. RESULTS Regarding the self-reported valuation, the BED+ sample showed a significantly stronger food-bias compared to the BED- sample, as food stimuli were rated as significantly more positive than the non-food stimuli in the BED+ sample. This self-reported valuation pattern could not be displayed in the indirect valuation. Food stimuli evoked negative indirect valuation in all groups. The BED+ sample showed the plainest approach-avoidance conflict marked by a diverging self-reported (positive) and indirect (negative) valuation of food stimuli. CONCLUSIONS BED+ showed a deviant self-reported valuation of food as compared to BED-. The valuation process of the BED+ sample seems to be characterized by a motivational ambivalence. This ambivalence should be subject of further studies and may be of potential use for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J. Leehr
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Internal Medicine VI, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathrin Schag
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Internal Medicine VI, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Amelie Brinkmann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Internal Medicine VI, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Internal Medicine VI, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katrin E. Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Internal Medicine VI, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Schuck K, Munsch S, Schneider S. Cognitive biases in response to visual body-related stimuli in eating disorders: study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2015. [PMID: 26223228 PMCID: PMC4520082 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-015-0093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biased processing of body-related information may be linked to the development and maintenance of eating disorders (ED). The objective of this systematic review will be to examine the occurrence and the extent of cognitive biases in response to visual body-related stimuli in individuals with ED and individuals with an increased risk to develop ED. METHODS Studies will be identified by searching MEDLINE and PsycINFO. We will include observational and experimental studies that examine the association between cognitive biases (information processing biases) in response to visual body-related stimuli and eating-related pathology in clinical and non-clinical adult samples. In addition to database searches, citation tracking will be used. Two reviewers will first screen titles and abstracts independently and will then review full texts for eligibility. Data extraction will be done independently by two reviewers. Conflicts at all levels of screening and extraction will be resolved through discussion. Studies will be included if they 1) assess cognitive biases (i.e., attentional biases, memory biases, judgment biases, response biases, and interpretation biases) in response to visual body-related stimuli (i.e., pictures or photographs of a human body or a human body shape), 2) if they report associations between biases and eating-related pathology, 3) if study participants are at least 16 years or older, and 4) if no priming task was administered prior to the assessment. Descriptive data of studies will also be collected. Risk of bias assessment will be undertaken by two independent reviewers. Data will be analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis. DISCUSSION This systematic review will synthesize the evidence for cognitive bias in response to visual body-related stimuli in individuals with ED and individuals with an increased risk of developing an ED. The findings may help to better understand information processing in eating-related psychopathology. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42015019165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schuck
- Faculty of Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, University of Bochum, Massenbergstrasse 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Rue P.A. de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Silvia Schneider
- Faculty of Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, University of Bochum, Massenbergstrasse 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany.
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Lewis S, Katsikitis M, Mulgrew K. Like mother, like daughter? An examination of the emotive responses to food. J Health Psychol 2015; 20:828-38. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105315573442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The modelling of sub-clinical eating disorders and emotive responses to food between mothers and their early adolescent daughters was investigated. Twenty dyads viewed images of food and rated their levels of happiness, fear and disgust. Results suggest similarities between mothers’ and daughters’ emotive responses, but the exact nature of this relationship differed across food type and response type. Disordered eating was only related to responses to the low-calorie foods. Furthermore, mother’s eating disorders symptoms were related to concerns about shape and weight in the daughters (all ps < .05). These results suggest a transmission of emotive responses to food within the dyad which may inform family-based intervention efforts in the prevention of eating disorders in young women.
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Miccoli L, Delgado R, Rodríguez-Ruiz S, Guerra P, García-Mármol E, Fernández-Santaella MC. Meet OLAF, a good friend of the IAPS! The Open Library of Affective Foods: a tool to investigate the emotional impact of food in adolescents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114515. [PMID: 25490404 PMCID: PMC4260831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, food pictures have been repeatedly employed to investigate the emotional impact of food on healthy participants as well as individuals who suffer from eating disorders and obesity. However, despite their widespread use, food pictures are typically selected according to each researcher's personal criteria, which make it difficult to reliably select food images and to compare results across different studies and laboratories. Therefore, to study affective reactions to food, it becomes pivotal to identify the emotional impact of specific food images based on wider samples of individuals. In the present paper we introduce the Open Library of Affective Foods (OLAF), which is a set of original food pictures created to reliably select food pictures based on the emotions they prompt, as indicated by affective ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance and by an additional food craving scale. OLAF images were designed to allow simultaneous use with affective images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), which is a well-known instrument to investigate emotional reactions in the laboratory. The ultimate goal of the OLAF is to contribute to understanding how food is emotionally processed in healthy individuals and in patients who suffer from eating and weight-related disorders. The present normative data, which was based on a large sample of an adolescent population, indicate that when viewing affective non-food IAPS images, valence, arousal, and dominance ratings were in line with expected patterns based on previous emotion research. Moreover, when viewing food pictures, affective and food craving ratings were consistent with research on food cue processing. As a whole, the data supported the methodological and theoretical reliability of the OLAF ratings, therefore providing researchers with a standardized tool to reliably investigate the emotional and motivational significance of food. The OLAF database is publicly available at zenodo.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miccoli
- Department of Personality, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Department of Personality, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Guerra
- Department of Personality, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Milos G, Kuenzli C, Soelch CM, Schumacher S, Moergeli H, Mueller-Pfeiffer C. How much should I eat? Estimation of meal portions in anorexia nervosa. Appetite 2013; 63:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Claudino AM, Van den Eynde F, Stahl D, Dew T, Andiappan M, Kalthoff J, Schmidt U, Campbell IC. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces cortisol concentrations in bulimic disorders. Psychol Med 2011; 41:1329-1336. [PMID: 20925970 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710001881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In people with bulimic eating disorders, exposure to high-calorie foods can result in increases in food craving, raised subjective stress and salivary cortisol concentrations. This cue-induced food craving can be reduced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We investigated whether rTMS has a similar effect on salivary cortisol concentrations, a measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) activity. METHOD We enrolled twenty-two female participants who took part in a double-blind randomized sham-controlled trial on the effects of rTMS on food craving. Per group, eleven participants were randomized to the real or sham rTMS condition. The intervention consisted of one session of high-frequency rTMS delivered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Salivary cortisol concentrations were assessed at four time points throughout the 90-min trial. To investigate differences in post-rTMS concentrations between the real and sham rTMS groups, a random-effects model including the pre-rTMS cortisol concentrations as covariates was used. RESULTS Salivary cortisol concentrations following real rTMS were significantly lower compared with those following sham rTMS. In this sample, there was also a trend for real rTMS to reduce food craving more than sham rTMS. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that rTMS applied to the left DLPFC alters HPAA activity in people with a bulimic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Claudino
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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29
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Giel KE, Friederich HC, Teufel M, Hautzinger M, Enck P, Zipfel S. Attentional processing of food pictures in individuals with anorexia nervosa--an eye-tracking study. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:661-7. [PMID: 21109232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Etiologic models of anorexia nervosa (AN) suggest that cognitive factors play a crucial role in the disorder's psychopathology. Attentional aspects of food processing in AN remain largely unknown. Both an early attentional bias (vigilance) and inattentiveness (avoidance) to food pictures have been reported in patients with eating disorders. The study's aim was to examine the vigilance-avoidance hypothesis concerning food information processing by unraveling the time course of attention deployment in individuals with AN. METHODS We used eye-tracking to examine continuous attention deployment in 19 individuals with AN during free visual exploration of food pictures versus nonfood pictures compared with 18 fasted and 20 nonfasted healthy control subjects. RESULTS Compared with healthy control subjects, AN patients allocated overall less attention to food pictures but showed no early attentional bias toward food pictures. Attentional engagement for food pictures was most pronounced in fasted healthy control subjects. The extent of attention deployment in AN patients was associated with indicators of the disorder's severity. CONCLUSIONS Gaze data suggest that individuals with AN show no early vigilance but later avoidance when confronted with food information. This suggests that initially, AN patients perceive incentive salience from food information because they process food pictures in the same way healthy control subjects do. The time course of attention deployment suggests that it is only after a first phase of stimulus encoding and labeling as food that individuals with AN avoid food pictures. This pattern of attention deployment is probably mediated by disorder-specific dysfunctional cognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin E Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Pleasure for visual and olfactory stimuli evoking energy-dense foods is decreased in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 2010; 180:42-7. [PMID: 20488559 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although patients with anorexia nervosa have been suggested to be anhedonic, few experiments have directly measured their sensory pleasure for a range of food and non-food stimuli. This study aimed to examine whether restrictive anorexia nervosa (AN-R) patients displayed: i) a generalized decline in sensory pleasure or only in food-related sensory pleasure; ii) a modification of hedonic responses to food cues (liking) and of the desire to eat foods (wanting) as a function of their motivational state (hunger vs. satiety) and energy density of foods (high vs. low). Forty-six female participants (AN-R n=17; healthy controls (HC) n=29) reported before/after lunch their pleasure for pictures/odorants representing foods of different energy density and non-food objects. They also reported their desire to eat the foods evoked by the sensory stimuli, and completed the Physical Anhedonia Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. AN-R and HC participants did not differ on liking ratings when exposed to low energy-density food or to non-food stimuli. The two groups also had similar physical anhedonia scores. However, compared to HC, AN-R reported lower liking ratings for high energy food pictures regardless of their motivational state. Olfactory pleasure was reduced only during the pre-prandial state in the AN-R group. The wanting ratings showed a distinct pattern since AN-R participants reported less desire to eat the foods representing both low and high energy densities, but the effect was restricted to the pre-prandial state. Taken together these results reflect more the influence of core symptoms in anorexia nervosa (fear of gaining weight) than an overall inability to experience pleasure.
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