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Hashikawa-Hobara N, Fujiwara K, Hashikawa N. CGRP causes anxiety via HP1γ-KLF11-MAOB pathway and dopamine in the dorsal hippocampus. Commun Biol 2024; 7:322. [PMID: 38503899 PMCID: PMC10951359 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that causes anxiety behavior; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We found that CGRP modulates anxiety behavior by epigenetically regulating the HP1γ-KLF-11-MAOB pathway and depleting dopamine in the dorsal hippocampus. Intracerebroventricular administration of CGRP (0.5 nmol) elicited anxiety-like behaviors in open field, hole-board, and plus-maze tests. Additionally, we observed an increase in monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) levels and a concurrent decrease in dopamine levels in the dorsal hippocampus of mice following CGRP administration. Moreover, CGRP increased abundance the transcriptional regulator of MAOB, Krüppel-like factor 11 (KLF11), and increased levels of phosphorylated heterochromatin protein (p-HP1γ), which is involved in gene silencing, by methylating histone H3 in the dorsal hippocampus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that HP1γ was recruited to the Klf11 enhancer by CGRP. Furthermore, infusion of CGRP (1 nmol) into the dorsal hippocampus significantly increased MAOB expression as well as anxiety-like behaviors, which were suppressed by the pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of MAOB. Together, these findings suggest that CGRP reduces dopamine levels and induces anxiety-like behavior through epigenetic regulation in the dorsal hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Hashikawa-Hobara
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
| | - Kyoshiro Fujiwara
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Naoya Hashikawa
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
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2
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Schmitz F, Ferreira FS, Silveira JS, V. R. Júnior O, T. S. Wyse A. Effects of methylphenidate after a long period of discontinuation include changes in exploratory behavior and increases brain activities of Na+,K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 192:107637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Bulik CM, Coleman JRI, Hardaway JA, Breithaupt L, Watson HJ, Bryant CD, Breen G. Genetics and neurobiology of eating disorders. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:543-554. [PMID: 35524137 PMCID: PMC9744360 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder) are a heterogeneous class of complex illnesses marked by weight and appetite dysregulation coupled with distinctive behavioral and psychological features. Our understanding of their genetics and neurobiology is evolving thanks to global cooperation on genome-wide association studies, neuroimaging, and animal models. Until now, however, these approaches have advanced the field in parallel, with inadequate cross-talk. This review covers overlapping advances in these key domains and encourages greater integration of hypotheses and findings to create a more unified science of eating disorders. We highlight ongoing and future work designed to identify implicated biological pathways that will inform staging models based on biology as well as targeted prevention and tailored intervention, and will galvanize interest in the development of pharmacologic agents that target the core biology of the illnesses, for which we currently have few effective pharmacotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - J Andrew Hardaway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lauren Breithaupt
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hunna J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Camron D Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust, London, UK
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4
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Wang Z, Zhao H, Xu Y, Zhao J, Song Z, Bi Y, Li Y, Lan X, Pan C, Foulkes NS, Zhang S. Early-life lead exposure induces long-term toxicity in the central nervous system: From zebrafish larvae to juveniles and adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150185. [PMID: 34509844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead induced neurotoxicity has been extensively investigated. However, the potential connections between early-life lead exposure and the frequently observed aberrant neurobehavior in juveniles and adults remain unclear. In this study, zebrafish model was used to explore the immediate and long-term effects of early-life exposure to environmental levels of lead on the central nervous system, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the consequent abnormal neurobehavior. Lead exposed zebrafish larvae exhibited neurologic damage and defective neurobehavior. Consistent with clinical studies, despite being raised in lead-free conditions, the juvenile and adult fish experienced lead exposure earlier, presented ADHD-like symptoms, and the adult fish exhibited remarkably affected vitality and shoaling behavior. Their anxiety levels were elevated, whereas their social interaction, as well as learning and memory were strongly depressed. The expression profiles of key genes involved in neurodevelopment and neurotransmitter systems were significantly modulated, in similar patterns as in the larval stage. Notably, the density of neurons was decreased and varicosities in neuronal axons were frequently observed in the lead-exposed groups. It's tempting to speculate that the disruption of early neurodevelopment as well as the prolonged modulation of neuromorphic and neurotransmitter systems contribute to the lead-induced neurobehavioral disorders observed in juveniles and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Haiyu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Yanyi Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zan Song
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yi Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chuanying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Nicholas S Foulkes
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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Evidence That Methylphenidate Treatment Evokes Anxiety-Like Behavior Through Glucose Hypometabolism and Disruption of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Metabolic Networks. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1830-1845. [PMID: 34797528 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) has been widely misused by children and adolescents who do not meet all diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without a consensus about the consequences. Here, we evaluate the effect of MPH treatment on glucose metabolism and metabolic network in the rat brain, as well as on performance in behavioral tests. Wistar male rats received intraperitoneal injections of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution (controls), once a day, from the 15th to the 44th postnatal day. Fluorodeoxyglucose-18 was used to investigate cerebral metabolism, and a cross-correlation matrix was used to examine the brain metabolic network in MPH-treated rats using micro-positron emission tomography imaging. Performance in the light-dark transition box, eating-related depression, and sucrose preference tests was also evaluated. While MPH provoked glucose hypermetabolism in the auditory, parietal, retrosplenial, somatosensory, and visual cortices, hypometabolism was identified in the left orbitofrontal cortex. MPH-treated rats show a brain metabolic network more efficient and connected, but careful analyses reveal that the MPH interrupts the communication of the orbitofrontal cortex with other brain areas. Anxiety-like behavior was also observed in MPH-treated rats. This study shows that glucose metabolism evaluated by micro-positron emission tomography in the brain can be affected by MPH in different ways according to the region of the brain studied. It may be related, at least in part, to a rewiring in the brain the metabolic network and behavioral changes observed, representing an important step in exploring the mechanisms and consequences of MPH treatment.
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6
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Reed CH, Bauer EE, Shoeman A, Buhr TJ, Clark PJ. Acute Stress Exposure Alters Food-Related Brain Monoaminergic Profiles in a Rat Model of Anorexia. J Nutr 2021; 151:3617-3627. [PMID: 34522956 PMCID: PMC8643607 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse life experiences are a major risk factor for anorexia nervosa (AN). Eating-provoked anxiousness associated with AN is postulated to be due to food-related exaggerated serotonin activity in the brain and imbalances of monoamine neurotransmitters. OBJECTIVES Using a rodent model of stress-induced hypophagia, we investigated if stress exposure augments food-related serotonin turnover and imbalances in measures of brain serotonin and dopamine activity in manners consistent with anxiousness toward food and restricted eating. METHODS Adult male F344 rats were conditioned to associate an audio cue with daily food over 2 weeks, after which half of the rats were exposed to a single episode of tail shocks (stress) or left undisturbed (nonstressed). All rats were killed 48 h later, during a control period, the food-associated cue, or a period of food access. Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, as well as metabolite concentrations, were assessed across brain regions comprising reward, emotion, and feeding circuits relevant to AN in acutely stressed and nonstressed rats using HPLC. Statistical significance level was 5%. RESULTS Stress-induced rat hypophagia paralleled an augmented serotonin turnover in response to the food-associated cue in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, as well as food access in the hypothalamus and cortical areas (all P < 0.05). Stress exposure increased the ratio of serotonin to dopamine metabolites across several brain areas, but the magnitude of this imbalance was further augmented during the food-associated cue and food access in the brainstem, hippocampus, and cortical areas (all P < 0.05). Finally, stress lowered norepinephrine concentrations by 18% in the hypothalamus (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The observed stress-induced changes to monoamine profiles in rats could have key implications for physiological states that contribute to restricted eating and may hold relevance for the development of AN precipitated by adverse life experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter H Reed
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ella E Bauer
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Allyse Shoeman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Trevor J Buhr
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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7
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Haynos AF, Anderson LM, Askew AJ, Craske MG, Peterson CB. Adapting a neuroscience-informed intervention to alter reward mechanisms of anorexia nervosa: a novel direction for future research. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:63. [PMID: 34039415 PMCID: PMC8152047 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating psychobiological data implicate reward disturbances in the persistence of anorexia nervosa (AN). Evidence suggests that individuals with AN demonstrate decision-making deficits similar to those with mood and anxiety disorders that cause them to under-respond to many conventionally rewarding experiences (e.g., eating, interacting socially). In contrast, unlike individuals with other psychiatric disorders, individuals with AN simultaneously over-respond to rewards associated with eating-disorder behaviors (e.g., restrictive eating, exercising). This pattern of reward processing likely perpetuates eating-disorder symptoms, as the rewards derived from eating-disorder behaviors provide temporary relief from the anhedonia associated with limited responsivity to other rewards. Positive Affect Treatment (PAT) is a cognitive-behavioral intervention designed to target reward deficits that contribute to anhedonia in mood and anxiety disorders, including problems with reward anticipation, experiencing, and learning. PAT has been found to promote reward responsivity and clinical improvement in mood and anxiety disorders. This manuscript will: (1) present empirical evidence supporting the promise of PAT as an intervention for AN; (2) highlight nuances in the maintaining processes of AN that necessitate adaptations of PAT for this population; and (3) suggest future directions in research on PAT and other reward-based treatments that aim to enhance clinical outcomes for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Haynos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
| | - Lisa M Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Autumn J Askew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
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Caravaggio F, Porco N, Kim J, Torres-Carmona E, Brown E, Iwata Y, Nakajima S, Gerretsen P, Remington G, Graff-Guerrero A. Measuring amphetamine-induced dopamine release in humans: A comparative meta-analysis of [ 11 C]-raclopride and [ 11 C]-(+)-PHNO studies. Synapse 2021; 75:e22195. [PMID: 33471400 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The radiotracers [11 C]-raclopride and [11 C]-(+)-PHNO are commonly used to measure differences in amphetamine-induced dopamine release between healthy persons and persons with neuropsychiatric diseases. As an agonist radiotracer, [11 C]-(+)-PHNO should theoretically be roughly 2.7 times more sensitive to displacement by endogenous dopamine than [11 C]raclopride. To date, only one study has been published comparing the sensitivity of these two radiotracers to amphetamine-induced dopamine release in healthy persons. Unfortunately, conflicting findings in the literature suggests that the dose of amphetamine they employed (0.3 mg/kg, p.o.) may not reliably reduce [11 C]-raclopride binding in the caudate. Thus, it is unclear whether the preponderance of evidence supports the theory that [11 C]-(+)-PHNO is more sensitive to displacement by amphetamine in humans than [11 C]-raclopride. In order to clarify these issues, we conducted a comparative meta-analysis summarizing the effects of amphetamine on [11 C]-raclopride and [11 C]-(+)-PHNO binding in healthy humans. Our analysis indicates that amphetamine given at 0.3 mg/kg, p.o. does not reliably reduce [11 C]-raclopride binding in the caudate. Second, the greater sensitivity of [11 C]-(+)-PHNO is evidenced at 0.5 mg/kg, p.o., but not at lower doses of amphetamine. Third, our analysis suggests that [11 C]-(+)-PHNO may be roughly 1.5 to 2.5 times more sensitive to displacement by amphetamine than [11 C]-raclopride in healthy persons. We recommend that future displacement studies with these radiotracers employ 0.5 mg/kg, p.o. of amphetamine with a dose, post-scan interval of at least 3 hr. Using this dose of amphetamine, [11 C]-raclopride studies should employ at least n = 34 participants per group, while [11 C]-(+)-PHNO studies should employ at least n = 6 participants per group, in order to be sufficiently powered (80%) to detect changes in radiotracer binding within the caudate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Caravaggio
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha Porco
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Kim
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Edgardo Torres-Carmona
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Brown
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | | | - Philip Gerretsen
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Liu S, Yu M, Xie X, Ru Y, Ru S. Carbofuran induces increased anxiety-like behaviors in female zebrafish (Danio rerio) through disturbing dopaminergic/norepinephrinergic system. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126635. [PMID: 32278909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide, is widely used in developing countries to manage insect pests. Studies have found that carbofuran posed potential risks for the neurotransmitter systems of non-target species, we speculated that these disruptive effects on the neurotransmitter systems could trigger anxiety-like behaviors. In this study, female zebrafish were exposed to environmental levels (5, 50, and 500 μg/L) of carbofuran for 48 h to evaluate the effects of carbofuran on anxiety-like behaviors. Results showed that zebrafish exhibited more anxiety-like behaviors which proved by the observed higher bottom trend and more erratic movements in the novel tank after carbofuran treatment. In order to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of carbofuran-induced anxiety-promoting effects, we measured the levels of neurotransmitters, precursors, and major metabolites, along with the level of gene expression and the enzyme activities involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. The results demonstrated that acute carbofuran exposure stimulated the mRNA expression and enzyme activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, which sequentially induced the increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine. Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor relieved the anxiety-related changes induced by carbofuran, confirming the overactive tyrosine hydroxylase-mediated accumulation of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain was one of the main reasons for carbofuran-induced anxiety-like behaviors in the female zebrafish. Overall, our study indicated the environmental health risks of carbamate pesticide in inducing neurobehavioral disorders and provided novel insights into the investigation of the relevant underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Miao Yu
- College of Life Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, 065000, China.
| | - Xincen Xie
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yiran Ru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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10
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Gianni AD, De Donatis D, Valente S, De Ronchi D, Atti AR. Eating disorders: Do PET and SPECT have a role? A systematic review of the literature. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 300:111065. [PMID: 32234640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review was implemented according to PRISMA guidelines on Pubmed, Psychinfo, Medline, Embase to fill the existing literature gap on the effectiveness of using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) in Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and Binge Eating Disorder (BED). Twenty-two articles were included. Four studies reported an increased density in 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HT1A) in fronto-temporo-parietal regions in both affected and recovered AN as well as in BN. The 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) binding was increased or diminished in different specific cortical areas and in relation to Eating Disorder (ED) subtypes. Some evidences of blunted Dopamine (DA) release in the putamen in BN patients suggest that their DA function might be impaired as in addictive behaviours. Studies estimating the regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) with SPECT demonstrated that temporal areas seem to play a key role in ED corroborating the hypothesis of a cingulate-temporal cortical dysfunction in AN. In addition, alterations of both parietal and prefrontal cortex provide a possible common neural substrate in AN. Studies included in this review are heterogeneous preventing robust conclusions, however, our findings add knowledge on some of the neurotransmitters involved in ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Di Gianni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Domenico De Donatis
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Valente
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Atti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Haynos AF, Lavender JM, Nelson J, Crow SJ, Peterson CB. Moving towards specificity: A systematic review of cue features associated with reward and punishment in anorexia nervosa. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 79:101872. [PMID: 32521390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Models of anorexia nervosa (AN) posit that symptoms are maintained through deficient reward and enhanced punishment processing. However, theoretical and empirical inconsistencies highlight the need for a more nuanced conceptualization of this literature. Our goal was to comprehensively review the research on reward and punishment responding in AN from a cue-specific lens to determine which stimuli evoke or discourage reward and punishment responses in this population, and, ultimately, what properties these rewarding and punishing cues might share. A systematic review interrogating reward and punishment responses to specific cues yielded articles (n = 92) that examined responses to disorder relevant (e.g., food) and irrelevant (e.g., money) stimuli across self-report, behavioral, and biological indices. Overall, in most studies individuals with AN exhibited aversive responses to cues signaling higher body weights, social contexts, and monetary losses, and appetitive responses to cues for weight loss behaviors and thinness. Findings were more mixed on responses to palatable food and monetary gains. Results highlight that reward and punishment responding in AN are context specific and may be affected by varied stimulus qualities (e.g., predictability, controllability, delay, effort). Increasing specificity in future research on reward and punishment mechanisms in AN will better inform development of precisely-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Haynos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America; The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Jillian Nelson
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
| | - Scott J Crow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; The Emily Program, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; The Emily Program, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
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He C, Wang J, Ma M, Wang H. Sexual cues influence cocaine-induced locomotion, anxiety and the immunoreactivity of oestrogen receptor alpha and tyrosine hydroxylase in both sexes. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12720. [PMID: 31009113 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dyadic physical social interaction influences cocaine-seeking behaviour, although whether limited sexual cues (LSC) from an opposite-sex partner influence the behavioural responses to cocaine is unclear. We investigated this issue using a cylindrical wire cage containing a stimulus mouse; the subject mouse (of the opposite sex) had access to this stimulus mouse during a "binge" injection pattern (injected with cocaine or saline vehicle twice a day at 6-hour intervals). Following the second injection, locomotion and anxiety-like behaviours were examined using the open-field and elevated plus maze test, at the same time as oestrogen receptor (ER)α and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivities were also examined. The data indicate that LSC enhanced cocaine-stimulated locomotion in both sexes and inhibited the levels of anxiety caused by cocaine in males only. Accompanying these changes, the interaction between LSC and cocaine altered ERα immunoreactivity in the ventral medial nuclei of the hypothalamus (VMH) and medial amygdaloid nucleus (MeA) of males, whereas such interaction effects occurred in the VMH, MeA, arcuate nucleus (AR), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and lateral septum (LS) of females. LSC increased cocaine-induced ERα immunoreactivity in the VMH in males and reduced cocaine-induced ERα immunoreactivity in the AR and LS in females. LSC up-regulated cocaine-induced increases in ventral tegmental area (VTA) TH immunoreactivity in females only. Our present data suggest that interactions between LSC and cocaine led to changes in ERα and TH immunoreactivity in a brain region-specific manner, which showed subtle differences in both sexes. The effects of LSC-mediated cocaine-induced locomotion and anxiety may be associated with alterations in ERα and dopamine activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen He
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ming Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Evaluating anhedonia in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rat model. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:324-332. [PMID: 29913226 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering anorexia nervosa (AN) become anhedonic, in other words, unable or unwilling to derive normal pleasures and avoid rewarding outcomes, most profoundly in food intake. The neurobiological underpinnings of anhedonia are likely to involve mesolimbic reward circuitry. We propose here that this circuitry and its involvement in AN can be investigated using the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rodent model that recapitulates many of the characteristics of the human condition, most notably rapid weight loss. Preference for sweetened water was used to assay hedonic processing in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to the ABA protocol, which involves free access to running wheels paired with time-limited access to food. This protocol uncovered a transient anhedonia in only one quarter of cases; however, exposure to running wheels alone was associated with a rapid aversion to sweetened water (F1.833, 20.17 = 78.29, p < .0001), and time-limited food access alone did not impact preference (F2.205, 24.25 = 0.305, p = .761). High levels of running wheel activity prior to the onset of food restriction increased susceptibility to body weight loss in ABA (F10,196.129 = 2.069, p = .029) and food anticipatory activity predicted subsequent food intake only for rats that were resistant to body weight loss (r = 0.44, p = .001). These data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that anhedonia underscores the precipitous weight loss in ABA, however, they highlight the predictive nature of hyperactivity in susceptibility to the ABA paradigm. These results will help inform the neurobiological framework of ABA and provide insight into the mechanisms of reward relevant to feeding and weight loss.
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McShane KM, Ozbolt L. Neurobiology of Eating Disorders and the Use of Psychotropic Medications. Psychiatr Ann 2018. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20180912-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bailer UF, Price JC, Meltzer CC, Wagner A, Mathis CA, Gamst A, Kaye WH. Dopaminergic activity and altered reward modulation in anorexia nervosa-insight from multimodal imaging. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:593-596. [PMID: 27753106 PMCID: PMC5395366 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) have anxious and inhibited temperaments with high concern for consequences. Studies using either positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggest involvement of the middle and dorsal caudate (DC) in individuals recovered (REC) from AN. For example, dopamine (DA) D2/D3 receptor binding in the middle caudate and DC was associated with anxiety and harm avoidance, and blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response in the DC was positively related to trait anxiety. It has not been shown yet whether BOLD response in individuals REC from AN was related to DA function. METHODS Post-hoc correlation analyses between the PET and fMRI studies by correlating D2/D3 binding in striatal regions and BOLD signal in the anteroventral striatum (AVS) and DC for wins and losses respectively in 12 individuals REC from AN. RESULTS Individuals REC from AN with the greatest BOLD response in the DC in a monetary choice task had higher middle caudate D2/D3 binding, and greater anxiety and/or harm avoidance. DISCUSSION Though preliminary, these findings suggest that increased dorsal striatal D2/D3 binding is associated with enhanced cognitive response to feedback, potentially related to anxious anticipation of consequences. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:593-596).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula F. Bailer
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, California
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julie C. Price
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Presbyterian University Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolyn C. Meltzer
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Presbyterian University Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Emory School of Medicine, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia, and Adjunct
| | - Angela Wagner
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, California
| | - Chester A Mathis
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Presbyterian University Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony Gamst
- University of California San Diego, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, La Jolla, CA
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, California
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Godier LR, de Wit S, Pinto A, Steinglass JE, Greene AL, Scaife J, Gillan CM, Walsh BT, Simpson HB, Park RJ. An investigation of habit learning in Anorexia Nervosa. Psychiatry Res 2016; 244:214-22. [PMID: 27497292 PMCID: PMC5718042 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a disorder characterised by compulsive behaviour, such as self-starvation and excessive exercise, which develop in the pursuit of weight-loss. Recent theory suggests that once established, compulsive weight-loss behaviours in AN may become habitual. In two parallel studies, we measured whether individuals with AN showed a bias toward habits using two outcome-devaluation tasks. In Study 1, 23 women with AN (restrictive and binge/purge subtypes), and 18 healthy controls (HC) completed the slips-of-action paradigm, designed to assess reward-based habits. In Study 2, 13 women with restrictive AN, 14 women recovered from restrictive AN, and 17 female HC participants completed the slips-of-action paradigm, and an avoidance paradigm, designed to assess aversive habits. AN participants showed no deficit relative to HCs in the ability to use feedback to respond correctly to stimuli. Following devaluation of outcomes, all groups in both studies were equally able to withhold inappropriate responses, suggesting no deficit in the balance between goal-directed and habitual control of behaviour in these tasks in AN. These results suggest that individuals with AN do not show a generalised tendency to rely on habits in two outcome-devaluation tasks. Future research is needed to investigate the potential role of disorder-specific habits in the maintenance of behaviour in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Godier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Pinto
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanna E Steinglass
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jessica Scaife
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Gillan
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - B Timothy Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen-Blair Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca J Park
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
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Gorwood P, Blanchet-Collet C, Chartrel N, Duclos J, Dechelotte P, Hanachi M, Fetissov S, Godart N, Melchior JC, Ramoz N, Rovere-Jovene C, Tolle V, Viltart O, Epelbaum J. New Insights in Anorexia Nervosa. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:256. [PMID: 27445651 PMCID: PMC4925664 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is classically defined as a condition in which an abnormally low body weight is associated with an intense fear of gaining weight and distorted cognitions regarding weight, shape, and drive for thinness. This article reviews recent evidences from physiology, genetics, epigenetics, and brain imaging which allow to consider AN as an abnormality of reward pathways or an attempt to preserve mental homeostasis. Special emphasis is put on ghrelino-resistance and the importance of orexigenic peptides of the lateral hypothalamus, the gut microbiota and a dysimmune disorder of neuropeptide signaling. Physiological processes, secondary to underlying, and premorbid vulnerability factors-the "pondero-nutritional-feeding basements"- are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gorwood
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne (CMME)Paris, France; UMR-S 894, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et NeurosciencesParis, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | | | - Nicolas Chartrel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in BiomedicineRouen, France; Normandy UniversityCaen, France; University of RouenRouen, France
| | - Jeanne Duclos
- Adolescents and Young Adults Psychiatry Department, Institut Mutualiste MontsourisParis, France; CESP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Descartes, USPCParis, France; University Reims, Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire Cognition, Santé, Socialisation (C2S)-EA 6291Reims, France
| | - Pierre Dechelotte
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1073 IRIB Normandy UniversityRouen, France; Faculté de Médecine-PharmacieRouen, France
| | - Mouna Hanachi
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1179, équipe Thérapeutiques Innovantes et Technologies Appliquées aux Troubles Neuromoteurs, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone VeilMontigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Département de Médecine (Unité de Nutrition), Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisGarches, France
| | - Serguei Fetissov
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1073 IRIB Normandy University Rouen, France
| | - Nathalie Godart
- Adolescents and Young Adults Psychiatry Department, Institut Mutualiste MontsourisParis, France; CESP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Descartes, USPCParis, France
| | - Jean-Claude Melchior
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1179, équipe Thérapeutiques Innovantes et Technologies Appliquées aux Troubles Neuromoteurs, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone VeilMontigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Département de Médecine (Unité de Nutrition), Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisGarches, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- UMR-S 894, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et NeurosciencesParis, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Carole Rovere-Jovene
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR6097, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Valbonne, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et NeurosciencesParis, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer Lille, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR-S 894, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et NeurosciencesParis, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
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18
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Culbert KM, Racine SE, Klump KL. Research Review: What we have learned about the causes of eating disorders - a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:1141-64. [PMID: 26095891 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders with a complex etiology involving transactions among sociocultural, psychological, and biological influences. Most research and reviews, however, focus on only one level of analysis. To address this gap, we provide a qualitative review and summary using an integrative biopsychosocial approach. METHODS We selected variables for which there were available data using integrative methodologies (e.g., twin studies, gene-environment interactions) and/or data at the biological and behavioral level (e.g., neuroimaging). Factors that met these inclusion criteria were idealization of thinness, negative emotionality, perfectionism, negative urgency, inhibitory control, cognitive inflexibility, serotonin, dopamine, ovarian hormones. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed. Variables were classified as risk factors or correlates of eating disorder diagnoses and disordered eating symptoms using Kraemer et al.'s (1997) criteria. FINDINGS Sociocultural idealization of thinness variables (media exposure, pressures for thinness, thin-ideal internalization, thinness expectancies) and personality traits (negative emotionality, perfectionism, negative urgency) attained 'risk status' for eating disorders and/or disordered eating symptoms. Other factors were identified as correlates of eating pathology or were not classified given limited data. Effect sizes for risk factors and correlates were generally small-to-moderate in magnitude. CONCLUSIONS Multiple biopsychosocial influences are implicated in eating disorders and/or disordered eating symptoms and several can now be considered established risk factors. Data suggest that psychological and environmental factors interact with and influence the expression of genetic risk to cause eating pathology. Additional studies that examine risk variables across multiple levels of analysis and that consider specific transactional processes amongst variables are needed to further elucidate the intersection of sociocultural, psychological, and biological influences on eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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19
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Domschke K, Winter B, Gajewska A, Unterecker S, Warrings B, Dlugos A, Notzon S, Nienhaus K, Markulin F, Gieselmann A, Jacob C, Herrmann MJ, Arolt V, Mühlberger A, Reif A, Pauli P, Deckert J, Zwanzger P. Multilevel impact of the dopamine system on the emotion-potentiated startle reflex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1983-93. [PMID: 25510857 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE/OBJECTIVES The pathogenetic mechanism of emotion-related disorders such as anxiety disorders is considered to be complex with an interaction of genetic, biochemical, and environmental factors. Particular evidence has accumulated for alterations in the dopaminergic system-partly conferred by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene variation-and for distorted emotional processing to constitute risk factors for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. METHODS Applying a multilevel approach, we analyzed the main and interactive effects of the functional COMT val158met polymorphism and L-dopa (single-dose 50 mg levodopa and 12.5 mg carbidopa; double-blind, placebo-controlled design) on the emotion-potentiated (unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant IAPS pictures) startle response as an intermediate phenotype of anxiety in a sample of 100 healthy probands (f = 52, m = 48). RESULTS The COMT 158val allele was associated with an increased startle potentiation by unpleasant stimuli as compared with neutral stimuli irrespective of L-dopa or placebo intervention. COMT 158met/met genotype carriers, while displaying no difference in startle magnitude in response to unpleasant or neutral pictures in the placebo condition, showed startle potentiation by unpleasant pictures under L-dopa administration only. CONCLUSIONS The present proof-of-concept study provides preliminary support for a complex, multilevel impact of the dopaminergic system on the emotion-potentiated startle reflex suggesting increased phasic dopamine transmission driven by the more active COMT 158val allele and/or a single dose of L-dopa to predispose to maladaptive emotional processing and thereby potentially also to anxiety-related psychopathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany,
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20
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O’Hara CB, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. A reward-centred model of anorexia nervosa: A focussed narrative review of the neurological and psychophysiological literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:131-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Atypical antipsychotics as augmentation therapy in anorexia nervosa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125569. [PMID: 25922939 PMCID: PMC4414549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening and difficult to treat mental illness with the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder. We aimed to garner preliminary data on the real-world use of olanzapine and aripiprazole as augmentation agents of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in adult inpatients affected by AN. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical charts of patients who were hospitalized between 2012 and 2014. Patients were evaluated upon admission and discharge. We investigated eating symptomatology, and both general and eating psychopathology using: Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorders Scale. The charts of 75 patients were included in this study. The sample resulted equally distributed among those receiving SSRIs and either aripiprazole or olanzapine in addition to SSRIs. Notwithstanding a few baseline clinical differences, upon discharge all groups were significantly improved on all measures. Interestingly, aripiprazole showed the greatest effectiveness in reducing eating-related preoccupations and rituals with a large effect size. The body of evidence on medication management in AN is in dismal condition. Augmentation therapy is a well-established approach to a variety of mental disorders and it is often used in every-day clinical practice with patients affected by AN as well. Nevertheless, to date very little data is available on this topic. Results from our sample yielded promising results on the effectiveness of aripiprazole augmentation in reducing eating-related obsessions and compulsions. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these encouraging findings.
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22
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Kaye WH, Wierenga CE, Knatz S, Liang J, Boutelle K, Hill L, Eisler I. Temperament-based treatment for anorexia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2014; 23:12-8. [PMID: 25377622 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) tends to be a chronic and deadly disorder with no proven treatments that reverse core symptoms in adults. New insight into neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to symptoms may support development of more effective interventions. We describe the development of a temperament-based treatment for AN on the basis of empirically supported models. It uses a systemized approach and takes into consideration an understanding of how neurobiological mechanisms are expressed through behaviour and personality and contribute to specific AN symptomatology. This model integrates the development of AN-focused constructive coping strategies with carer-focused strategies to manage temperament traits that contribute to AN symptomatology. This intervention is consistent with the recent Novel Interventions for Mental Disorders initiative mandating that treatment trials follow an experimental medicine approach by identifying underlying mechanisms that are directly targeted by the intervention to influence symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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23
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Frank GKW. Could dopamine agonists aid in drug development for anorexia nervosa? Front Nutr 2014; 1:19. [PMID: 25988121 PMCID: PMC4428488 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder most commonly starting during the teenage-years and associated with food refusal and low body weight. Typically there is a loss of menses, intense fear of gaining weight, and an often delusional quality of altered body perception. Anorexia nervosa is also associated with a pattern of high cognitive rigidity, which may contribute to treatment resistance and relapse. The complex interplay of state and trait biological, psychological, and social factors has complicated identifying neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to the illness. The dopamine D1 and D2 neurotransmitter receptors are involved in motivational aspects of food approach, fear extinction, and cognitive flexibility. They could therefore be important targets to improve core and associated behaviors in anorexia nervosa. Treatment with dopamine antagonists has shown little benefit, and it is possible that antagonists over time increase an already hypersensitive dopamine pathway activity in anorexia nervosa. On the contrary, application of dopamine receptor agonists could reduce circuit responsiveness, facilitate fear extinction, and improve cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa, as they may be particularly effective during underweight and low gonadal hormone states. This article provides evidence that the dopamine receptor system could be a key factor in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and dopamine agonists could be helpful in reducing core symptoms of the disorder. This review is a theoretical approach that primarily focuses on dopamine receptor function as this system has been mechanistically better described than other neurotransmitters that are altered in anorexia nervosa. However, those proposed dopamine mechanisms in anorexia nervosa also warrant further study with respect to their interaction with other neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA ; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA
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Godier LR, Park RJ. Compulsivity in anorexia nervosa: a transdiagnostic concept. Front Psychol 2014; 5:778. [PMID: 25101036 PMCID: PMC4101893 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The compulsive nature of weight loss behaviors central to anorexia nervosa (AN), such as relentless self-starvation and over-exercise, has led to the suggestion of parallels between AN and other compulsive disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and addictions. There is a huge unmet need for effective treatments in AN, which has high rates of morbidity and the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder, yet a grave paucity of effective treatments. Viewing compulsivity as a transdiagnostic concept, seen in various manifestations across disorders, may help delineate the mechanisms responsible for the persistence of AN, and aid treatment development. We explore models of compulsivity that suggest dysfunction in cortico-striatal circuitry underpins compulsive behavior, and consider evidence of aberrancies in this circuitry across disorders. Excessive habit formation is considered as a mechanism by which initially rewarding weight loss behavior in AN may become compulsive over time, and the complex balance between positive and negative reinforcement in this process is considered. The physiological effects of starvation in promoting compulsivity, positive reinforcement, and habit formation are also discussed. Further research in AN may benefit from a focus on processes potentially underlying the development of compulsivity, such as aberrant reward processing and habit formation. We discuss the implications of a transdiagnostic perspective on compulsivity, and how it may contribute to the development of novel treatments for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Godier
- Oxford Brain-Body Research into Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have enabled a better understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of this paper was to summarise our current understanding of the neurobiology of AN. METHODS The literature was searched using the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar, and by additional hand searches through reference lists and specialist eating disorders journals. Relevant studies were included if they were written in English, only used human participants, had a specific AN group, used clinical populations of AN, group comparisons were reported for AN compared to healthy controls and not merely AN compared to other eating disorders or other psychiatric groups, and were not case studies. RESULTS The systematic review summarises a number of structural and functional brain differences which are reported in individuals with AN, including differences in neurotransmitter function, regional cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, volumetrics and the blood oxygen level dependent response. CONCLUSION Several structural and functional differences have been reported in AN, some of which reverse and others which persist following weight restoration. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of AN, and further research in this field may provide new direction for the development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Phillipou
- 1Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Oberndorfer T, Simmons A, McCurdy D, Strigo I, Matthews S, Yang T, Irvine Z, Kaye W. Greater anterior insula activation during anticipation of food images in women recovered from anorexia nervosa versus controls. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:132-41. [PMID: 23993362 PMCID: PMC3880160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) restrict food consumption and become severely emaciated. Eating food, even thinking of eating food, is often associated with heightened anxiety. However, food cue anticipation in AN is poorly understood. Fourteen women recovered from AN and 12 matched healthy control women performed an anticipation task viewing images of food and object images during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Comparing anticipation of food versus object images between control women and recovered AN groups showed significant interaction only in the right ventral anterior insula, with greater activation in recovered AN anticipating food images. These data support the hypothesis of a disconnect between anticipating and experiencing food stimuli in recovered AN. Insula activation positively correlated with pleasantness ratings of palatable foods in control women, while no such relationship existed in recovered AN, which is further evidence of altered interoceptive function. Finally, these findings raise the possibility that enhanced anterior insula anticipatory response to food cues in recovered AN could contribute to exaggerated sensitivity and anxiety related to food and eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Oberndorfer
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alan Simmons
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego CA 92161, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego CA 92161, USA
| | - Danyale McCurdy
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
| | - Irina Strigo
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego CA 92161, USA
| | - Scott Matthews
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego CA 92161, USA
- VISN 22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, USA
| | - Tony Yang
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
| | - Zoe Irvine
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
| | - Walter Kaye
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
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Reproducibility of post-amphetamine [11C]FLB 457 binding to cortical D2/3 receptors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76905. [PMID: 24098812 PMCID: PMC3786946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent positron emission tomography (PET) study, we demonstrated the ability to measure amphetamine-induced dopamine (DA) release in the human cortex with the relatively high affinity dopamine D2/3 radioligand [11C]FLB 457. Herein we report on reproducibility and reliability of [11C]FLB 457 binding potential relative to non-displaceable uptake (BPND) following an acute amphetamine challenge. Ten healthy human subjects were studied twice with [11C]FLB 457 following an acute amphetamine (oral, 0.5 mg kg-1 dose) challenge on two-separate days approximately one week apart. D2/3 receptor binding parameters were estimated using a two-tissue compartment kinetic analysis in the cortical regions of interest and cerebellum (reference region). The test-retest variability and intraclass correlation coefficient were assessed for distribution volume (VT), binding potential relative to plasma concentration (BPP), and BPND of [11C]FLB 457. The test-retest variability of [11C]FLB 457 VT, BPP and BPND were ≤ 17%, 22% and 11% respectively. These results, which are consistent with the published test-retest variability for this ligand measured under baseline conditions demonstrate that the post-amphetamine [11C]FLB 457 BPND is reproducible. These data further support the use [11C]FLB 457 and amphetamine to characterize cortical dopamine transmission in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Favaro A, Clementi M, Manara R, Bosello R, Forzan M, Bruson A, Tenconi E, Degortes D, Titton F, Di Salle F, Santonastaso P. Catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype modifies executive functioning and prefrontal functional connectivity in women with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2013; 38:241-8. [PMID: 23046831 PMCID: PMC3692721 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.120068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa is characterized by high levels of perseveration and inflexibility, which interfere with successful treatments. Dopamine (DA) signalling seems to play a key role in modulating the prefrontal cortex, since both DA deficiency and excess nega tively influence the efficiency of cognitive functions. The present study explores the effect of a functional polymorphism (Val158Met) in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene on the set-shifting abilities and prefrontal functional connectivity of patients with anorexia nervosa. METHODS All participants performed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and a subsample underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS We included 166 patients with DSM-IV lifetime anorexia nervosa and 140 healthy women in our study. Both underweight and weight-recovered patients with anorexia nervosa showed high levels of perseveration, but only in the underweight group did the Val158Met polymorphism affect cognitive performance, showing the U-shaped curve characteristic of increased DA signalling in the prefrontal cortex. Underweight patients with anorexia nervosa who are Met homozygotes had significantly higher levels of perseveration and increased prefrontal functional connectivity than underweight patients in the other genotype groups, indicating abnormal regional cortical processing. LIMITATIONS Although our data show that grey matter reduction in starving patients with anorexia nervosa did not explain our findings, the cross-sectional design of the present study did not allow us to distinguish between the effects of starvation and those of low estrogen levels. CONCLUSION Starvation affects DA release in the prefrontal cortex of patients with anorexia nervosa with different effects on executive functioning and prefrontal functional connectivity according to the COMT genotype. This observation has several therapeutic implications that need to be addressed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Favaro
- Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Friederich HC, Wu M, Simon JJ, Herzog W. Neurocircuit function in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:425-32. [PMID: 23658085 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating disorders are serious psychosomatic disorders with high morbidity and lifetime mortality. Inadequate response to current therapeutic interventions constitutes a challenging clinical problem. A better understanding of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms could improve psychotherapeutic and drug treatment strategies. METHOD A review highlighting the current state of brain imaging in eating disorders related to the anxiety and pathological fear learning model of anorexia nervosa (AN) and the impulsivity model of binge eating in bulimia nervosa (BN). RESULTS Available neuroimaging studies in patients with acute AN primarily suggest a hyper-responsive emotional and fear network to food, but not necessarily to eating disorder-unrelated, salient stimuli. Furthermore, patients with AN show decreased activation in the ventral fronto-striatal circuits during the performance of a cognitive flexibility task. Results in patients with BN primarily suggest a hypo-responsive reward system to food stimuli, especially to taste reward. Additionally, patients with BN exhibit impaired brain activation in the inhibitory control network during the performance of general response-inhibition tasks. DISCUSSION Anxiety and pathological fear learning may lead to conditioned neural stimulus-response patterns to food stimuli and increased cognitive rigidity, which could account for the phobic avoidance of food intake in patients with acute AN. However, further neurobiological studies are required to investigate pathological fear learning in patients with AN. Patients with BN may binge eat to compensate for a hypo-responsive reward system. The impaired brain activation in the inhibitory control network may facilitate the loss of control over food intake in patients with BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Medical University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kaye WH, Wierenga CE, Bailer UF, Simmons AN, Wagner A, Bischoff-Grethe A. Does a shared neurobiology for foods and drugs of abuse contribute to extremes of food ingestion in anorexia and bulimia nervosa? Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:836-42. [PMID: 23380716 PMCID: PMC3755487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Is starvation in anorexia nervosa (AN) or overeating in bulimia nervosa (BN) a form of addiction? Alternatively, why are individuals with BN more vulnerable and individuals with AN protected from substance abuse? Such questions have been generated by recent studies suggesting that there are overlapping neural circuits for foods and drugs of abuse. To determine whether a shared neurobiology contributes to eating disorders and substance abuse, this review focused on imaging studies that investigated response to tastes of food and tasks designed to characterize reward and behavioral inhibition in AN and BN. BN and those with substance abuse disorders may share dopamine D2 receptor-related vulnerabilities, and opposite findings may contribute to "protection" from substance abuse in AN. Moreover, imaging studies provide insights into executive corticostriatal processes related to extraordinary inhibition and self-control in AN and diminished inhibitory self-control in BN that may influence the rewarding aspect of palatable foods and likely other consummatory behaviors. AN and BN tend to have premorbid traits, such as perfectionism and anxiety that make them vulnerable to using extremes of food ingestion, which serve to reduce negative mood states. Dysregulation within and/or between limbic and executive corticostriatal circuits contributes to such symptoms. Limited data support the hypothesis that reward and inhibitory processes may contribute to symptoms in eating disorders and addictive disorders, but little is known about the molecular biology of such mechanisms in terms of shared or independent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | | - Ursula F Bailer
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla CA,Medical University of Vienna, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alan N Simmons
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego CA
| | - Angela Wagner
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla CA
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Kaye WH, Wierenga CE, Bailer UF, Simmons AN, Bischoff-Grethe A. Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels: the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:110-20. [PMID: 23333342 PMCID: PMC3880159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) engage in relentless restrictive eating and often become severely emaciated. Because there are no proven treatments, AN has high rates of relapse, chronicity, and death. Those with AN tend to have childhood temperament and personality traits, such as anxiety, obsessions, and perfectionism, which may reflect neurobiological risk factors for developing AN. Restricted eating may be a means of reducing negative mood caused by skewed interactions between serotonin aversive or inhibitory and dopamine reward systems. Brain imaging studies suggest that altered eating is a consequence of dysregulated reward and/or awareness of homeostatic needs, perhaps related to enhanced executive ability to inhibit incentive motivational drives. An understanding of the neurobiology of this disorder is likely to be important for developing more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Nousen EK, Franco JG, Sullivan EL. Unraveling the mechanisms responsible for the comorbidity between metabolic syndrome and mental health disorders. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 98:254-66. [PMID: 24080959 PMCID: PMC4121390 DOI: 10.1159/000355632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The increased prevalence and high comorbidity of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and mental health disorders (MHDs) have prompted investigation into the potential contributing mechanisms. There is a bidirectional association between MetS and MHDs including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders. Medication side effects and social repercussions are contributing environmental factors, but there are a number of shared underlying neurological and physiological mechanisms that explain the high comorbidity between these two disorders. Inflammation is a state shared by both disorders, and it contributes to disruptions of neuroregulatory systems (including the serotonergic, dopaminergic, and neuropeptide Y systems) as well as dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. MetS in pregnant women also exposes the developing fetal brain to inflammatory factors that predispose the offspring to MetS and psychopathologies. Due to the shared nature of these conditions, treatment should address aspects of both mental health and metabolic disorders. Additionally, interventions that can interrupt the transfer of increased risk of the disorders to the next generation need to be developed. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Nousen
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Juliana G. Franco
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Elinor L. Sullivan
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA
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Frank GK, Kaye WH. Current status of functional imaging in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:723-36. [PMID: 22532388 PMCID: PMC3872533 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eating Disorders are complex psychiatric problems that involve biologic and psychological factors. Brain imaging studies provide insights about how functionally connected brain networks may contribute to disturbed eating behavior, resulting in food refusal and altered body weight, but also body preoccupations and heightened anxiety. In this article, we review the current state of brain imaging in eating disorders, and how such techniques may help identify pathways that could be important in the treatment of those often detrimental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K.W. Frank
- University of Colorado Denver, Departments of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Aurora CO
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla CA
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Kohl JV. Human pheromones and food odors: epigenetic influences on the socioaffective nature of evolved behaviors. SOCIOAFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE & PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 2:17338. [PMID: 24693349 PMCID: PMC3960071 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v2i0.17338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory cues directly link the environment to gene expression. Two types of olfactory cues, food odors and social odors, alter genetically predisposed hormone-mediated activity in the mammalian brain. METHODS The honeybee is a model organism for understanding the epigenetic link from food odors and social odors to neural networks of the mammalian brain, which ultimately determine human behavior. RESULTS Pertinent aspects that extend the honeybee model to human behavior include bottom-up followed by top-down gene, cell, tissue, organ, organ-system, and organism reciprocity; neurophysiological effects of food odors and of sexually dimorphic, species-specific social odors; a model of motor function required for social selection that precedes sexual selection; and hormonal effects that link current neuroscience to social science affects on the development of animal behavior. CONCLUSION As the psychological influence of food odors and social orders is examined in detail, the socioaffective nature of olfactory cues on the biologically based development of sexual preferences across all species that sexually reproduce becomes clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V. Kohl
- James V. Kohl, Independent Researcher, 175 Crimson Lane, Epworth, GA 30541, USA. Tel: (706) 455-7967.
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Measuring Dopamine Synaptic Transmission with Molecular Imaging and Pharmacological Challenges: The State of the Art. MOLECULAR IMAGING IN THE CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/7657_2012_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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