1
|
Davey E, Bryant-Waugh R, Bennett SD, Micali N, Baudinet J, Konstantellou A, Clark-Stone S, Green A, Shafran R. Guided Self-Help Treatment for Children and Young People With Eating Disorders: A Proof-Of-Concept Pilot Study. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2025. [PMID: 39748198 DOI: 10.1002/erv.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a proof-of-concept pilot study of a CBT guided self-help intervention for children and young people with eating disorders. METHOD Children and young people were recruited from two outpatient eating disorder services in England. They received a CBT guided self-help intervention consisting of eight modules and weekly support sessions. Clinical outcomes (eating disorder psychopathology and associated impairment, changes in %median BMI, depression, anxiety, and behavioural difficulties) were assessed at baseline and post-intervention (12 weeks). Qualitative data were collected for future intervention refinement. RESULTS Six female adolescents (aged 13-17) received the CBT guided self-help intervention. All participants completed a minimum of six modules and six support sessions. Quantitative and qualitative feedback suggested that the intervention was acceptable. From baseline to post-intervention, there was a reduction in eating disorder psychopathology and impairment, along with an increase in %median BMI. Outcomes for depression, anxiety and behavioural difficulties were mixed. CONCLUSIONS The CBT guided self-help intervention was feasibly implemented, acceptable to participants, and showed potential to produce clinical benefits. While promising, these findings are preliminary and derived from a small, non-randomised sample of White female adolescents. More rigorous evaluation with a randomised design and a larger, representative sample is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Davey
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Bryant-Waugh
- Maudsley Centre for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie D Bennett
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nadia Micali
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Center for Eating and Feeding Disorders Research, Mental Health Center Ballerup, Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julian Baudinet
- Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders (CREW), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Konstantellou
- Maudsley Centre for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sam Clark-Stone
- The Eating Disorders Service, Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Amelia Green
- Research and Development, Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Roz Shafran
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Davey E, Micali N, Bryant-Waugh R, Bennett SD, Lau C, Shafran R. "The only way that they can access help quickly": a qualitative exploration of key stakeholders' perspectives on guided self-help interventions for children and young people with eating disorders. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:149. [PMID: 39350141 PMCID: PMC11441004 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significant unmet treatment need for children and young people (CYP) with eating disorders. Guided self-help interventions have the potential to expand access to evidence-based treatments. Guided self-help is a type of low intensity psychological intervention where individuals engage with a workbook or online programme, with the support of a health professional. Its primary aim is to equip patients and/or their caregivers with self-management skills. However, little is currently known about the acceptability and suitability of guided self-help interventions for CYP with eating disorders. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of three key stakeholder groups - CYP with lived experience of eating disorders, parents/carers, and healthcare professionals - on guided self-help for this population. METHODS Qualitative focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 CYP (aged 13-19 years) with lived experience of eating disorders, 12 parents/carers, and 10 healthcare professionals. The study comprised a total of seven focus groups (including 2 with CYP, 3 with parent/carers, and 2 with healthcare professionals), as well as four semi-structured interviews (including 3 with CYP and 1 with a parent/carer). Discussion topics included past experiences of using/delivering guided self-help, the suitability of guided self-help for CYP with eating disorders, and preferences towards the content, structure and modes of guided self-help. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Three themes were generated across all three stakeholder groups. Theme one, Bridging the gap, highlighted the role of guided self-help in increasing access to psychological support for CYP with eating disorders. Theme two, Timing matters, considered the suitability of guided self-help for CYP with eating disorders at different stages of illness and the care pathway. Theme three, One size does not fit all, emphasised the heterogeneity of eating disorders and the need for a personalised and flexible approach in guided self-help. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study lay a foundation for the future design and delivery of guided self-help interventions for CYP with eating disorders. Future work must consider these findings in the context of best available research evidence to optimise the potential utility of guided self-help for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Davey
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Nadia Micali
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Center for Eating and Feeding Disorders Research (CEDaR), Mental Health Services of the Capital Region of Denmark, Ballerup Psychiatric Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel Bryant-Waugh
- Maudsley Centre for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie D Bennett
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Charmayne Lau
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Roz Shafran
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lemmer D, Mayer G, Schrader P, Michelsen I, Friederich HC, Bauer S. Experts' views on the implementation of digital interventions for eating disorders: a Delphi study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2486. [PMID: 39267038 PMCID: PMC11396553 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (EDs) constitute a considerable burden for individuals and society, but adequate and timely professional treatment is rare. Evidence-based Digital Mental Health Interventions (DMHIs) have the potential both to reduce this treatment gap and to increase treatment effectiveness. However, their integration into routine care is lacking. Understanding practitioners' attitudes towards DMHIs for EDs is crucial for their effective use. AIMS To investigate the consensus among German ED treatment experts on the relevance of different influencing factors for DMHI use in EDs. METHODS This Delphi study consisted of two rounds and was conducted online with an initial sample of N = 24 ED experts (Mage=41.96, SDage=9.92, n = 22 female). Prior to the Delphi rounds, semi-structured qualitative telephone interviews were performed to explore participants' attitudes, experiences, and expectations towards DMHIs. In order to construct the Delphi survey, content analysis was applied to a subset of ten interviews. A total of 63 influencing factors were identified and grouped into three main categories: contextual conditions, design, and content of DMHIs. In both Delphi rounds, the interview participants were subsequently invited to rate each of the factors with regard to their importance on 10-point scales. Group percentages and individual ratings of the first round (n = 23) were presented in the second round (n = 21). Consensus was calculated for each item (defined as IQR ≤ 2). RESULTS Importance ratings were high across items (M = 7.88, SD = 2.07, Mdn = 8). In the first round, 48% of the items reached consensus, with its most important (Mdn = 10) factors referring to data security, evidence base, technical requirements, usability, and specific DMHI content (psychoeducation, crisis intervention). In the second Delphi round, a consensus was reached on 73% of the items. No consensus was reached on 17 items. CONCLUSIONS The findings on practitioners' attitudes and priorities have relevant implications for subsequent DMHI development, dissemination, and implementation strategies, indicating that the highest-rated factors should be highlighted in the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lemmer
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gwendolyn Mayer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pauline Schrader
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Michelsen
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner site Mannheim/Heidelberg/Ulm, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner site Mannheim/Heidelberg/Ulm, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gurcan H, Couturier J, Matheson B, Jo B, Lock J. Protocol for a randomized clinical trial to confirm the effectiveness of online guided self-help family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa. Contemp Clin Trials 2024; 144:107618. [PMID: 38971303 PMCID: PMC11323053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2024.107618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The leading evidence-based treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN) in adolescents is Family-based Treatment (FBT). However, due to the intensive training requirements and lack of practitioners, it is often difficult for families to access FBT. Thus, innovations that improve access to care are needed. A pilot randomized study of a guided self-help version of Family-based Treatment (GSH-FBT) that utilized approximately 1/4 the amount of therapist time compared to FBT found that the approach was acceptable and appeared to achieve similar outcomes. The study protocol detailed in this manuscript compares the efficiency (clinician time) of GSH-FBT to Family-based Treatment via Videoconferencing (FBT-V) in a fully powered study in achieving clinical outcomes through a multi-site randomized clinical trial across the US and Ontario, Canada. METHODS This study will randomize the families of adolescents ages 12-18 (n = 200) who meet DSM-5 criteria for AN to receive either GSH-FBT or FBT-V. Participants will be randomized to 15 sixty-minute sessions of FBT-V or to 10 twenty-minute sessions of online GSH-FBT. Major assessments will be conducted by a masked assessor at baseline, within treatment, at the end of treatment (EOT), and 6 and 12 months after the end of treatment (EOT). The primary outcomes of this study are changes to body weight and eating disorder cognitions relative to clinician time used (relative efficiency of treatment modality). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study may help increase access to care by providing a time efficient, affordable, more scalable intervention for adolescent AN compared to standard FBT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazal Gurcan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Couturier
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany Matheson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Booil Jo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James Lock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matheson BE, Van Wye E, Whyte A, Lock J. Feasibility and acceptability of a pilot studying investigating multi-family parent-only guided self-help family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2024; 57:1769-1775. [PMID: 38419434 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Family-based treatment (FBT) is an efficacious treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN). A parent-only guided self-help version of FBT (GSH-FBT) demonstrated preliminary efficacy in pilot investigations. To address challenges in access to care, we adapted GSH-FBT into a parent-only multi-family group format (MF-GSH-FBT) delivered via videoconferencing. METHOD This report details the feasibility and acceptability of a parent-only group-based multi-family GSH-FBT (MF-GSH-FBT) for adolescent AN delivered virtually. The MF-GSH-FBT intervention consisted of 12 weekly 60-min sessions facilitated by a clinician in addition to online FBT video content and recommended readings. Adolescents and parents completed assessments at baseline and post-treatment. Parents reported their child's weight each week. RESULTS A total of 13 adolescents (15.57 + 1.63 years; 92% female; 23% Hispanic) with AN and their parents enrolled and initiated treatment. Four consecutive cohorts of groups of 3-4 families were completed from April 2022 to April 2023. Across cohorts, parents attended 85% of sessions. Most parents rated the treatment sessions as helpful (79%; agree/strongly agree) and felt supported by the other group members (84%). All parents (100%) reported MF-GSH-FBT helped their child, and most (90%) reported their child had improved by end-of-treatment. On average, adolescents gained 3.53 kg (SD: 3.76) from pre- to post-treatment, with percent estimated mean body weight increasing 5% on average. Parental self-efficacy also increased from baseline to end-of-treatment. DISCUSSION MF-GSH-FBT for AN appears feasible and acceptable to parents participating in this pilot study. Challenges with recruitment and adolescent data collection remain questions for future investigation. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE This study describes initial pilot testing of a virtual guided self-help family-based treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa delivered in a multi-family group format. This treatment aims to enhance access to family-based treatment for anorexia nervosa whilst providing additional support to parents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Matheson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eliza Van Wye
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aileen Whyte
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - James Lock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mills R, Hyam L, Schmidt U. A Narrative Review of Early Intervention for Eating Disorders: Barriers and Facilitators. Adolesc Health Med Ther 2023; 14:217-235. [PMID: 38074446 PMCID: PMC10710219 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s415698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are serious psychiatric illnesses that typically develop during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Early intervention is important for improved outcomes for young people with EDs, yet help-seeking is low and individuals often have a significantly protracted start to treatment, suggesting that early intervention is not well established in the ED field. Previous reviews on facilitators and barriers to early intervention for EDs largely cover perceived barriers related to patient variables and perspectives, whereas clinician-, service-, and healthcare system-related facilitators and barriers are less frequently reviewed. The aim of this review is to synthesize the literature on barriers to and facilitators of early intervention for EDs, regarding patient-, clinician-, service-, and healthcare system-related factors. A narrative review was conducted by searching for relevant peer-reviewed, English-language articles published up until July 2023 on PubMed and PsychINFO. The search was conducted in two steps. First, key search terms were used to identify existing reviews and meta-analyses on facilitators and barriers to early intervention for EDs. Then, additional search terms were added to search for primary and secondary research on patient/family, clinician, service, and healthcare system-related barriers and facilitators. The identified literature shows that, after overcoming intrinsic, motivational barriers (such as self-stigma, denial, and ambivalence), help-seeking individuals may be met with long service waiting lists and limited treatment options. Despite these barriers, there is ongoing research into early intervention in practice, which aims to reach underserved populations and facilitate early intervention despite high service demands and shortages of trained healthcare professionals. Funding for ED research and services has historically been low, and there is also a research-practice gap. This highlights the need for increased consideration of, and funding for early intervention for EDs, to remove barriers as well as facilitate discussions around how to make early intervention programs scalable and sustainable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regan Mills
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders (CREW), King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Lucy Hyam
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders (CREW), King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders (CREW), King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- Eating Disorders Outpatient Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Davey E, Bennett SD, Bryant-Waugh R, Micali N, Takeda A, Alexandrou A, Shafran R. Low intensity psychological interventions for the treatment of feeding and eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:56. [PMID: 37016447 PMCID: PMC10072817 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding and eating disorders are associated with significant illness burden and costs, yet access to evidence-based care is limited. Low intensity psychological interventions have the potential to increase such access. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on the use of low intensity psychological interventions for the treatment of feeding and eating disorders. Studies comparing low intensity psychological interventions against high intensity therapies and non-eating disorder specific psychological interventions were included, as well as those with waiting list control arms. There were three primary outcomes: eating disorder psychopathology, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) severity specifier-related outcomes and rates of remission/recovery. RESULTS Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 3665 participants, and 30 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to high intensity therapies, low intensity psychological interventions were equivalent on reducing eating disorder psychopathology (g = - 0.13), more effective at improving DSM severity specifier-related outcomes (g = - 0.15), but less likely to achieve remission/recovery (risk ratio (RR) = 0.70). Low intensity psychological interventions were superior to non-eating disorder specific psychological interventions and waiting list controls across all three primary outcomes. CONCLUSION Overall, findings suggest that low intensity psychological interventions can successfully treat eating disorder symptoms. Few potential moderators had a statistically significant effect on outcome. The number of studies for many comparisons was low and the methodological quality of the studies was poor, therefore results should be interpreted with caution. More research is needed to establish the effectiveness of low intensity psychological interventions for children and young people, as well as for individuals with anorexia nervosa, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, pica and rumination disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Davey
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Sophie D Bennett
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rachel Bryant-Waugh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Maudsley Centre for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nadia Micali
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Mental Health Services of the Capital Region of Denmark, Eating Disorders Research Unit, Ballerup Psychiatric Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Roz Shafran
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Couturier J, Sami S, Nicula M, Pellegrini D, Webb C, Johnson N, Lock J. Examining the feasibility of a parental self-help intervention for families awaiting pediatric eating disorder services. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:276-281. [PMID: 36285643 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Waitlists for eating disorder (ED) services grew immensely during the COVID-19 pandemic. To address this, we studied the feasibility of a novel parental self-help waitlist intervention. METHOD Parents of a child/adolescent (7-17 years) awaiting pediatric ED services were provided with our intervention, adapted from the family-based treatment model, and consisting of videos and reading material with no therapist involvement. Parent-reported child/adolescent weight was collected weekly 6 weeks pre-intervention, 2 weeks during the intervention, and 6-week post-intervention. Recruitment and retention rates were calculated. Regression-based interrupted time series analyses were completed to measure changes in the rate of weight gain. RESULTS Ninety-seven parents were approached, and 30 agreed to participate (31% recruitment rate). All but one completed end-of-study measures (97% retention rate). The average rate of weight gain was 0.24 lbs/week pre-intervention, which increased significantly to 0.78 lbs/week post-intervention (p < .034). DISCUSSION Our findings provide preliminary evidence that this intervention is feasible. Future research is needed to confirm the efficacy of this intervention on a larger scale. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in several challenges in providing care for children and adolescents with eating disorders, including long waiting lists and delays in treatment. This study suggests that providing parents on a waitlist with educational videos and reading material is acceptable to parents, and may even help in improving the child's symptoms of an eating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Couturier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Eating Disorder Program, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sadaf Sami
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Nicula
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Pellegrini
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl Webb
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Eating Disorder Program, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Eating Disorder Program, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Lock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grennan L, Nicula M, Pellegrini D, Giuliani K, Crews E, Webb C, Gouveia MR, Loewen T, Couturier J. "I'm not alone": a qualitative report of experiences among parents of children with eating disorders attending virtual parent-led peer support groups. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:195. [PMID: 36522772 PMCID: PMC9754305 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment for children with eating disorders (EDs) requires extensive involvement of parents. The parents of children with EDs have voiced a need for greater support, including connecting with other parents with lived experience of caring for a child with an ED. We aimed to qualitatively explore parental experiences of these groups, including their benefits and areas for improvement. METHODS This study examined the delivery of four virtual parent-led peer support groups in Ontario, Canada for parents of children with EDs with approximately 10 parent participants per group and two parent facilitators leading each group. Parents (n = 44) were asked to attend 12 bi-weekly support group sessions over 6 months, and then complete an individual end-of-study qualitative interview. Interview data were analyzed using content analysis, following the qualitative description design. RESULTS Thirty-six parents completed the end-of-study qualitative interview. Participants shared their experiences and impressions related to the group's structure and content. Notable helpful aspects of the group included being able to receive support from those with similar experiences, access to education and resources about EDs, and being able to support others. Suggestions for improvements were made, which included organizing groups according to the child's ED diagnosis or duration of illness. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that this intervention is acceptable to parents and is perceived as helpful. Future research is needed to strengthen this support group model and to study its effects for parents in different settings and for parents of children with various EDs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04686864.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Grennan
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Maria Nicula
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Kelly Giuliani
- Reach Out Centre for Kids, 471 Pearl St, Burlington, ON, L7R 4M4, Canada
| | - Erica Crews
- Reach Out Centre for Kids, 471 Pearl St, Burlington, ON, L7R 4M4, Canada
| | - Cheryl Webb
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,McMaster Children's Hospital, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Maria-Rosa Gouveia
- Reach Out Centre for Kids, 471 Pearl St, Burlington, ON, L7R 4M4, Canada
| | - Techiya Loewen
- Phoenix Wings Eating Disorder Recovery Initiative, 872 Devonshire Ave, Woodstock, ON, N4S 5R8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Couturier
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada. .,McMaster Children's Hospital, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Matheson BE, Datta N, Welch H, Citron K, Couturier J, Lock JD. Parent and clinician perspectives on virtual guided self-help family-based treatment (GSH-FBT) for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2583-2593. [PMID: 35460449 PMCID: PMC9033934 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Guided self-help (GSH) treatments have the capacity to expand access to care, decrease costs, and increase dissemination compared to traditional therapist-directed treatment approaches. However, little is known about parent and clinician perspectives about the acceptability of GSH for adolescents with eating disorders. METHODS This study utilized a mixed methods approach to obtain qualitative and quantitative data regarding clinician and participants' experiences with GSH. Parent participants were enrolled in a randomized trial comparing GSH family-based treatment (GSH-FBT) to family-based treatment delivered via videoconferencing (FBT-V) for adolescents (12-18 years old) with a DSM-5 diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN). Parent participants provided qualitative feedback using the Helping Alliances Questionnaire about their experience of treatment. Clinician participants were six master's or PhD-level therapists. These clinicians were trained in and provided both treatments (GSH-FBT and FBT-V). They provided responses to questionnaires and participated in a 1-h focus group about their experience as treatment providers. RESULTS Regardless of treatment condition, parents listed more improvement than worsening of symptoms in their child with AN. Clinicians reported lower scores on competency and comfort metrics with GSH-FBT compared to FBT-V. Qualitatively, clinicians reported both advantages and disadvantages of delivering GSH-FBT. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to better understand how GSH interventions can be disseminated to patients and families, particularly those with limited access to specialized eating disorder treatment centers. Level of evidence Level I, data collected as part of a randomized controlled trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Matheson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Nandini Datta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hannah Welch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kyra Citron
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Couturier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - James D Lock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hannah L, Cross M, Baily H, Grimwade K, Clarke T, Allan SM. A systematic review of the impact of carer interventions on outcomes for patients with eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1953-1962. [PMID: 34854029 PMCID: PMC8635311 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Eating disorder (ED) prevalence and illness severity is rapidly increasing. The complicated interplay of factors contributing to the maintenance of EDs, including family/carer influences, highlights the importance of carer interventions within ED treatment. Carer interventions demonstrate positive outcomes for carers themselves, though are also hypothesised to benefit the patient indirectly. A systematic review was conducted to greater understand the impact of carer interventions on ED patient outcomes. METHODS Eight databases, including CINAHL, MEDLINE and PsychINFO, were systematically searched. Intervention studies for parent(s)/carer(s) of a patient with an ED were included, provided they reported outcomes for the patient. No publication date restrictions were set. Included studies were quality appraised. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies met inclusion for the review; all of which varied in intervention type, duration, content and setting. Patient diagnosis and treatment setting were mixed across studies, though the majority focused on Anorexia Nervosa within outpatient settings. Intervention content broadly included consideration of relationship issues and interactional patterns, psychoeducation, skill development, behavioural management, and peer support. Therapeutic models utilised were diverse, including but not limited to: family, interpersonal, cognitive, and psychodynamic approaches. CONCLUSION Several carer interventions showed positive outcomes for patients with EDs, with small group treatment formats being commonly used and proving effective through intervention content alongside a peer support element. Separate family therapy was suggested to be of equal efficacy, if not better, than family therapy alongside the patient. Recommendations for clinical practice and future research are considered. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 Systematic review, evidence mostly obtained from randomised controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hannah
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Elizabeth House, Fulbourn, CB21 5EF UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Applied Research Collaboration East of England, Douglas House, 18 Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Molly Cross
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Hellesdon Hospital, Drayton High Road, Norwich, NR6 5BE UK
| | - Hannah Baily
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Elizabeth House, Fulbourn, CB21 5EF UK
| | - Keith Grimwade
- NHS England/Improvement, East of England Regional Mental Health Team, Eating Disorders Network, Capital Park, Fulbourn, Cambridge, CB21 5BQ UK
| | - Timothy Clarke
- National Institute for Health Research, Applied Research Collaboration East of England, Douglas House, 18 Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Hellesdon Hospital, Drayton High Road, Norwich, NR6 5BE UK
- NHS England/Improvement, East of England Regional Mental Health Team, Eating Disorders Network, Capital Park, Fulbourn, Cambridge, CB21 5BQ UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Sophie M. Allan
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Hellesdon Hospital, Drayton High Road, Norwich, NR6 5BE UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Couturier J, Webb C, Carson N, Doxtdator K, Matheson B, Datta N, Sami S, Citron K, Lock J. Applying online parental guided self-help family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa: A comparison to family-based treatment delivered by videoconferencing. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 27:538-548. [PMID: 35337198 PMCID: PMC9234772 DOI: 10.1177/13591045221078709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Guided self-help has become an important treatment option in the field of eating disorders as access to in person evidence-based treatments is limited. Given the scant amount of literature published on guided self-help for the treatment of eating disorders in the child and adolescent population, our aim was to describe online GSH-FBT sessions in detail as conducted as part of a larger feasibility study, examining quotations from therapists that illustrate the GSH-FBT stance and also describing how online GSH-FBT differs from FBT delivered by videoconferencing within a descriptive case report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Couturier
- 3710McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,103398McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl Webb
- 3710McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,103398McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie Carson
- 103398McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Sadaf Sami
- 103398McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - James Lock
- 6429Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wade T, Byrne S, Fursland A, Steele A, Wilksch S, Anderson J, Zhou Y, Datta N, Matheson B, Lock J. Is guided self-help family-based treatment for parents of adolescents with anorexia nervosa on treatment waitlists feasible? A pilot trial. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:832-837. [PMID: 35470910 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility (recruitment and retention) of an online 12-session guided self-help family-based treatment (GSH-FBT) for families on the waitlist for face-to-face FBT utilizing trainee psychologists to assist carers of children with anorexia nervosa (AN) or atypical AN. METHOD The primary outcomes were feasibility of GSH-FBT for families on the waitlist and secondary exploratory outcomes examined improvement of child and parental function. RESULTS Of 187 eligible families on the waitlist, 24 (13%) expressed interest in the study; 16 (67%) of these families completed baseline, 13 (54%) completed GSH-FBT over a 6-month recruitment period. Children (mean age = 13.92, SD = .86; mean body mass index [BMI] centile = 29.47, SD = 24.80) had an average weight gain of 6 kg (BMI centile effect size = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.77-3.44) and a decrease in eating disorder behaviors (effect size = 1.11, 95% CI: .27-1.95). Improvements also occurred for general mood and behaviors in the child, and the impact of eating disorder symptoms on their functioning. Parents reported improvements in knowledge, skills, and confidence in managing AN. DISCUSSION Use of this low-cost intervention while families are on the waitlist for FBT is engaging and useful but strategies to improve initial recruitment are needed. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although most eligible families did not enroll in an online 12-session guided self-help family-based treatment for families on the waitlist for face-to-face FBT for anorexia nervosa, families who participated found it engaging. The children experienced improvements in BMI centile, eating and behavior. Parents reported increased confidence, knowledge, and skills. We need to examine how families can be encouraged to participate on online training when on waitlists for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Wade
- Blackbird Initiative, Órama Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Susan Byrne
- Swan Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Anna Steele
- Advanced Psychology Services, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Wilksch
- Blackbird Initiative, Órama Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Advanced Psychology Services, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jemma Anderson
- Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Blackbird Initiative, Órama Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nandini Datta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brittany Matheson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - James Lock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eating disorder severity and psychological morbidity in adolescents with anorexia nervosa or atypical anorexia nervosa and premorbid overweight/obesity. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:233-242. [PMID: 33751464 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A significant proportion of adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) or atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) experience premorbid overweight/obesity, yet distinct characteristics among this subset of patients remain unclear. This study examined eating disorder (ED) symptom severity, psychological morbidity, and weight stigma in patients with premorbid overweight/obesity as compared to patients with premorbid normal weights. METHODS Participants included adolescents with AN or AAN (aged 12-18) who received multidisciplinary treatment at a pediatric medical center in the United States. ED symptoms, anxiety, and depression were compared among patients with premorbid overweight/obesity (n = 43) and premorbid normal weights (n = 63). Associations between weight stigma, ED severity, and psychological morbidity were also examined. RESULTS Patients with premorbid overweight/obesity reported greater ED severity (p = 0.04), anxiety (p < 0.003), depression (p = 0.02), and a higher frequency of weight-based teasing by peers (p = 0.003) and parent weight talk about their own weights (p < 0.001). Weight-based teasing was positively associated with ED symptoms, anxiety, and depression for all patients, regardless of premorbid weight status. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with AN or AAN and a history of overweight/obesity may present with greater ED symptom severity and psychological morbidity than patients with normal weight histories. Distinct prevention and treatment interventions for adolescents with AN or AAN and premorbid overweight/obesity may be warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control analytic study.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cooper M, Reilly EE, Siegel JA, Coniglio K, Sadeh-Sharvit S, Pisetsky EM, Anderson LM. Eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine: an overview of risks and recommendations for treatment and early intervention. Eat Disord 2022; 30:54-76. [PMID: 32644868 PMCID: PMC7929530 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2020.1790271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) are at significant risk for increases in symptomatology and diminished treatment access during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental precautions to limit coronavirus spread have affected food availability and access to healthy coping mechanisms, and have contributed to weight-stigmatizing social media messages that may be uniquely harmful to those experiencing EDs. Additionally, changes in socialization and routine, stress, and experiences of trauma that are being experienced globally may be particularly deleterious to ED risk and recovery. This paper presents a brief review of the pertinent literature related to the risk of EDs in the context of COVID-19 and offers suggestions for modifying intervention efforts to accommodate the unique challenges individuals with EDs and providers may be experiencing in light of the ongoing public health crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marita Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin E. Reilly
- Department of Psychology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | | | - Kathryn Coniglio
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Emily M. Pisetsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa M. Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lock J, Couturier J, Matheson BE, Datta N, Citron K, Sami S, Welch H, Webb C, Doxtdator K, John-Carson N. Feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial comparing family-based treatment via videoconferencing and online guided self-help family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1998-2008. [PMID: 34553395 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report describes the feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes from a pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT) comparing an online guided self-help program version of family-based treatment (GSH-FBT) for parents with a child with DSM-5 anorexia nervosa (AN) to FBT delivered via videoconferencing (FBT-V). METHOD Between August 2019 and October 2020, 40 adolescents ages 12-18 years with DSM-5 AN and their families were recruited at two sites and randomized to either twelve 20-min guided sessions of GSH-FBT for parents or fifteen 60-min sessions of FBT-V for the entire family. Recruitment, retention, and acceptability of treatment were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were changes in weight, eating disorder examination (EDE), parental self-efficacy, weight remission, full remission, and outcome efficiency (therapist time needed to achieve treatment outcomes). RESULTS Descriptive data are reported. Recruitment and retention rates are similar to RCTs using in-person treatments. Both treatments received similar acceptability rates. Medium and large effect sizes (ES) related to improvements in weight, EDE, parental self-efficacy, and remission were achieved in both treatments and were maintained at a 3-month follow-up. Clinical outcomes between groups were associated with a small ES. Differences in efficiency (outcome/therapist time) were associated with a large ES difference favoring GSH-FBT. DISCUSSION These data support the feasibility of conducting an adequately powered RCT comparing online GSH-FBT to FBT-V to determine which approach is more efficient in achieving improvements in clinical outcomes in adolescents with AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Lock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Couturier
- McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany E Matheson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nandini Datta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kyra Citron
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sadaf Sami
- McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannah Welch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cheryl Webb
- McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Natalie John-Carson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,School of Social Work, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Staples C, Grunewald W, Smith AR, Rancourt D. Advances in Psychotherapy for Eating Disorders. ADVANCES IN PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH 2021; 1:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypsc.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
|
18
|
Couturier J, Pellegrini D, Miller C, Bhatnagar N, Boachie A, Bourret K, Brouwers M, Coelho JS, Dimitropoulos G, Findlay S, Ford C, Geller J, Grewal S, Gusella J, Isserlin L, Jericho M, Johnson N, Katzman DK, Kimber M, Lafrance A, Leclerc A, Loewen R, Loewen T, McVey G, Norris M, Pilon D, Preskow W, Spettigue W, Steinegger C, Waite E, Webb C. The COVID-19 pandemic and eating disorders in children, adolescents, and emerging adults: virtual care recommendations from the Canadian consensus panel during COVID-19 and beyond. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:46. [PMID: 33863388 PMCID: PMC8050997 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic has had detrimental effects on mental health. Literature on the impact on individuals with eating disorders is slowly emerging. While outpatient eating disorder services in Canada have attempted to transition to virtual care, guidelines related to optimal virtual care in this field are lacking. As such, the objective of our Canadian Consensus Panel was to develop clinical practice guidelines related to the provision of virtual care for children, adolescents, and emerging adults living with an eating disorder, as well as their caregivers, during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. METHODS Using scoping review methodology (with literature in databases from 2000 to 2020 and grey literature from 2010 to 2020), the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system, the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation tool, and a panel of diverse stakeholders from across Canada, we developed high quality treatment guidelines that are focused on virtual interventions for children, adolescents, and emerging adults with eating disorders, and their caregivers. RESULTS Strong recommendations were supported specifically in favour of in-person medical evaluation when necessary for children, adolescents, and emerging adults, and that equity-seeking groups and marginalized youth should be provided equal access to treatment. For children and adolescents, weak recommendations were supported for telehealth family-based treatment (FBT) and online guided parental self-help FBT. For emerging adults, internet cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)-based guided self-help was strongly recommended. Weak recommendations for emerging adults included CBT-based group internet interventions as treatment adjuncts, internet-based relapse prevention Maudsley Model of Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults (MANTRA) guided self-help, telehealth relapse prevention using MANTRA, and guided CBT-based smartphone apps as treatment adjuncts. For caregivers of children and adolescents, weak recommendations were supported for virtual parent meal support training, and moderated online caregiver forums and support groups. For caregivers of emerging adults, guided parental self-help CBT was strongly recommended, and unguided caregiver psychoeducation self-help was weakly recommended. CONCLUSIONS Several gaps for future work were identified including the impact of sex, gender, race, and socioeconomic status on virtual care among children, adolescents, and emerging adults with eating disorders, as well as research on more intensive services, such as virtual day hospitals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Couturier
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- McMaster Children's Hospital, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | | | - Catherine Miller
- Canadian Mental Health Association - Waterloo Wellington, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Kerry Bourret
- St. Joseph's Care Group - Thunder Bay, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Sheri Findlay
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Children's Hospital, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Catherine Ford
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Josie Geller
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Natasha Johnson
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Children's Hospital, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Anick Leclerc
- McMaster Children's Hospital, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | | | | | - Gail McVey
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Wendy Preskow
- National Initiative for Eating Disorders, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Cheryl Webb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Children's Hospital, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Eichen DM, Monterubio GE, Firebaugh ML, Goel NJ, Taylor CB, Wilfley DE. Longer-term follow-up of college students screening positive for anorexia nervosa: psychopathology, help seeking, and barriers to treatment. Eat Disord 2020; 28:549-565. [PMID: 31109255 PMCID: PMC6864248 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2019.1610628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct a longer-term (i.e., 9-month) follow-up of students identified with possible anorexia nervosa (AN) as part of the Healthy Body Image Program, an online platform for screening and delivering tailored feedback and interventions, offered at 36 US universities. Participants were 61 individuals who screened positive for AN and who completed the follow-up. Regarding results, some indices of ED pathology and psychiatric comorbidity decreased over time, while others did not. Participants most commonly endorsed feeling ashamed, nervous, validated, and sad in response to receiving the referral. One-third (33%) reported already being in treatment at the time they received the referral, 26% initiated treatment since that time, and 41% did not initiate treatment. The most common reasons for seeking treatment were emotional distress, concern with eating, and health concerns. The strongest treatment barriers were believing one should be able to help themselves, believing the problem was not serious enough to warrant treatment, and not having time. Findings highlight the high level of pathology in students identified with possible AN, even nine months after they were first identified and provided resources, and the relatively low rates of treatment utilization given the seriousness of these illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn M Eichen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California , San Diego, California, USA
| | - Grace E Monterubio
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marie-Laure Firebaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Neha J Goel
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Institute for Inclusion, Inquiry and Innovation (iCubed), Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - C Barr Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, USA.,Center for mHealth, Palo Alto University , Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Denise E Wilfley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guo L, Wu M, Zhu Z, Zhang L, Peng S, Li W, Chen H, Fernández-Aranda F, Chen J. Effectiveness and influencing factors of online education for caregivers of patients with eating disorders during COVID-19 pandemic in China. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 28:816-825. [PMID: 32852142 PMCID: PMC7461399 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective The goals were twofold: To estimate the depression and anxiety levels among caregivers of patients with eating disorders (ED) in China during the COVID‐19 pandemic when compared with a control group, and to assess whether an online education program was effective in decreasing the anxiety and depression of the caregivers of patients with ED, and associated factors. Method Caregivers of patients with ED (n = 254) and a comparison group of non‐ED caregivers (N = 254) were recruited at baseline. Additionally, caregivers of patients with ED were invited into a free 4‐week online education program, with an additional online group as support. Depression and anxiety levels were assessed at baseline and after the intervention. Results Caregivers of patients with ED showed significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety than the comparison group of non‐ED caregivers. The online education program showed no significant effect on decreasing depression and anxiety levels of caregivers of patients with ED overall. Caregivers who had older loved ones and not living with them were more likely to decrease their depression levels. Caregivers of patients with longer illness duration were less likely to decrease their anxiety levels. Discussion These results showed that caregivers of ED patients suffered more serious psychological distress during the pandemic. A more structured and intensive online intervention with a limited number of participants might be required to address caregivers' distress in post‐COVID‐19 China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengting Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoying Zhu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sufang Peng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jue Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Couturier J, Isserlin L, Norris M, Spettigue W, Brouwers M, Kimber M, McVey G, Webb C, Findlay S, Bhatnagar N, Snelgrove N, Ritsma A, Preskow W, Miller C, Coelho J, Boachie A, Steinegger C, Loewen R, Loewen T, Waite E, Ford C, Bourret K, Gusella J, Geller J, LaFrance A, LeClerc A, Scarborough J, Grewal S, Jericho M, Dimitropoulos G, Pilon D. Canadian practice guidelines for the treatment of children and adolescents with eating disorders. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:4. [PMID: 32021688 PMCID: PMC6995106 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-0277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Eating disorders are common and serious conditions affecting up to 4% of the population. The mortality rate is high. Despite the seriousness and prevalence of eating disorders in children and adolescents, no Canadian practice guidelines exist to facilitate treatment decisions. This leaves clinicians without any guidance as to which treatment they should use. Our objective was to produce such a guideline. METHODS Using systematic review, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system, and the assembly of a panel of diverse stakeholders from across the country, we developed high quality treatment guidelines that are focused on interventions for children and adolescents with eating disorders. RESULTS Strong recommendations were supported specifically in favour of Family-Based Treatment, and more generally in terms of least intensive treatment environment. Weak recommendations in favour of Multi-Family Therapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Adolescent Focused Psychotherapy, adjunctive Yoga and atypical antipsychotics were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Several gaps for future work were identified including enhanced research efforts on new primary and adjunctive treatments in order to address severe eating disorders and complex co-morbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy Preskow
- National Initiative for Eating Disorders, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine Miller
- Canadian Mental Health Association - Waterloo, Wellington, Dufferin, Kitchener, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Catherine Ford
- 9Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kerry Bourret
- 10St. Joseph's Care Group - Thunder Bay, Thunder Bay, Canada
| | | | - Josie Geller
- 6The Univeristy of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Jennifer Scarborough
- Canadian Mental Health Association - Waterloo, Wellington, Dufferin, Kitchener, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sadeh-Sharvit S. Use of Technology in the Assessment and Treatment of Eating Disorders in Youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2019; 28:653-661. [PMID: 31443882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For countless young people, technology plays an essential role in their lives. However, its many advantages have not yet been widely applied to the treatment of youth with eating disorders. This article looks at how smartphone applications, Web conferencing, and other developments could widen the range of care available in a field where suitable support can be hard to find. Various barriers to treatment exist, such as cost, access, and the stigma attached to eating disorders, but existing and new technologies could overcome those obstacles, if clinicians are willing and able to meet the requirements associated with digitally enhanced treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Sadeh-Sharvit
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Kanfei Nesharim 1, Herzliya 4610101, Israel; Center for m(2)Health, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Albano G, Hodsoll J, Kan C, Lo Coco G, Cardi V. Task-sharing interventions for patients with anorexia nervosa or their carers: a systematic evaluation of the literature and meta-analysis of outcomes. Int Rev Psychiatry 2019; 31:367-381. [PMID: 30950660 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2019.1588711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The eating disorder clinical and scientific community advocates for the use of a shared approach to healthcare that actively involves patients and carers. A systematic review of the literature on guided self-help or self-help in anorexia nervosa (targeting either the individual affected by the illness or their carers) and meta-analyses of studies using randomised controlled designs for the evaluation of the outcomes: (1) drop-out from end-of-treatment assessment, (2) body mass index (BMI), (3) anxiety, (4) depression and (5) quality of life, were undertaken. Guided self-help was directed to patients in 15 studies and to carers in seven studies. The interventions were based on a variety of theoretical models, used different formats (books and digital materials), and were delivered by individuals with a range of experiences and expertise (e.g. individuals with lived experience of the illness, graduate students, or clinically trained professionals). Guided self-help was associated with significantly lower drop-out from the completion of end-of-treatment assessments compared to a control condition. There was an improvement in carers' wellbeing from skill-sharing interventions. Guided self-help may facilitate patients' treatment engagement and also improve carers' wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Albano
- a Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , King's College London , London , UK.,b Department of Psychology Educational Science and Human Movement , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - John Hodsoll
- c Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Carol Kan
- a Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Gianluca Lo Coco
- b Department of Psychology Educational Science and Human Movement , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Valentina Cardi
- a Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , King's College London , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are serious psychiatric illnesses that typically develop during adolescence or young adulthood, indicating that individuals with EDs may benefit from early intervention. Family-based treatment is the leading treatment of youth with anorexia nervosa, with increasing evidence of its efficacy for youth with bulimia nervosa. This review describes the role of family engagement within family-based treatment of EDs, followed by a summary of current empirically supported, family-based ED interventions. It concludes with discussion of the ways in which family interventions are expanding and adapting to improve the breadth and scope of ED treatment in adolescence and young adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Gorrell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine L Loeb
- School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Road (T-WH1-01), Teaneck, NJ 07666, USA
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- Eating Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lock J, Le Grange D. Family-based treatment: Where are we and where should we be going to improve recovery in child and adolescent eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:481-487. [PMID: 30520532 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Family therapy has long been advocated as an effective intervention for eating disorders. A specific form of family therapy, one that utilizes family resources, has proven especially effective for adolescents with anorexia or bulimia nervosa (AN and BN). First developed in London, a behaviorally focused adaptation, called family-based treatment (FBT), has been manualized and systematically studied in six randomized clinical trials for adolescent AN and two for adolescent BN. METHOD This Commentary focuses on manualized FBT; what we know, what we do not know (yet), and what we hope for. RESULTS We do know that efficacy data for FBT, especially adolescent AN, are quite robust, even though remission rates remain elusive for more than half of all cases. While preliminary, moderators of FBT for adolescent AN have been identified and could aid us in determining the most (or least) responsive patient groups. And weight gain (∼2.5kg) by week four has been confirmed as an early predictor of remission at end-of-treatment. What we do not know, yet, is whether specific adaptations to manualized FBT will confer improved remission rates. DISCUSSION Finally, and in terms of what is hoped for, we highlight the promise of improved access, dissemination, and implementation of FBT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Lock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Emeritus, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Family interventions for eating disorders are often recommended for the treatment of children and adolescents. Treatment studies and a range of treatment guidelines now recommend family-based treatment (FBT) for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa. The current report focused on studies that have been conducted over the past 2 years, most of them aimed at augmenting or improving outcomes using a range of new family approaches or adding other forms of therapy to standard FBT. RECENT FINDINGS There is increasing confusion of what type of family therapy is supported by the evidence, including FBT, FT-AN, MFT-AN, and parent-focused therapy. Seventy-five percentages of the adolescents with anorexia nervosa studies in randomized clinical trials used manualized FBT. None of the other family therapy approaches have more than 16% of the total adolescents with anorexia nervosa studied. Thus, FBT is the only form of family therapy with a substantive evidence base. Augmentation by varying the format of family therapy may be clinically useful, but differences in outcome from standard FBT are minor. SUMMARY The evidence base supporting the use of family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa is for manualized FBT. Augmentations of FBT using different formats (e.g., parents only, family groups, addition of individual therapy) have not demonstrated substantially improved outcomes over standard FBT for anorexia nervosa.
Collapse
|
27
|
Troscianko ET. Fiction-reading for good or ill: eating disorders, interpretation and the case for creative bibliotherapy research. MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2018; 44:201-211. [PMID: 29680807 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2017-011375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Compared with self-help bibliotherapy, little is known about the efficacy of creative bibliotherapy or the mechanisms of its possible efficacy for eating disorders or any other mental health condition. It is clear, however, that fiction is widely used informally as a therapeutic or antitherapeutic tool and that it has considerable potential in both directions, with a possibly significant distinction between the effects of reading fiction about eating disorders (which may-contrary to theoretical predictions-be broadly negative in effect) or one's preferred genre of other fiction (which may be broadly positive). Research on creative bibliotherapy, especially systematic experimental research, is lacking and requires a medical humanities approach, drawing on knowledge and methods from psychology and cognitive literary studies as well as clinical disciplines to expand our understanding of how the dynamic processes of interpretation mediate between textual structures and characteristics of mental health and illness.
Collapse
|
28
|
Anderson KE, Byrne CE, Crosby RD, Le Grange D. Utilizing Telehealth to deliver family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:1235-1238. [PMID: 28801943 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility and preliminary effect size on the main outcome measure (weight gain) of family-based treatment (FBT) for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) and their families delivered via a Telehealth platform (i.e., an HIPAA compliant videoconferencing format). METHOD Ten adolescents, mean age of 16.08 years (SD = 1.99), meeting DSM-5 criteria for AN or atypical AN, were enrolled in the study and offered FBT via a Telehealth platform. Feasibility and acceptability were evaluated by rates of recruitment and retention. Treatment outcome was determined utilizing percent median body mass index (%mBMI), the eating disorder examination (EDE), and measures for depression and self-esteem. RESULTS Recruitment target was achieved within allotted time, and all participants were retained for the course of treatment. Percent mBMI improved significantly from baseline to the end-of-treatment (p = .013) and from baseline to the 6-month follow-up (p = .032). Similar results were achieved for the EDE Global Score (p = .002 and .001, respectively). DISCUSSION These findings provide preliminary evidence that it is feasible to deliver FBT via Telehealth and that satisfactory clinical outcomes are achievable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ross D Crosby
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota.,The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|