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Horiguchi G, Oyama R, Akabane T, Suzuki N, Katoh E, Mizokami Y, Noguchi K, Hirotsu N. Cooperation of an external carbonic anhydrase and HCO3- transporter supports underwater photosynthesis in submerged leaves of the amphibious plant Hygrophila difformis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:287-304. [PMID: 37832038 PMCID: PMC11005787 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS HCO3- can be a major carbon resource for photosynthesis in underwater environments. Here we investigate the underlying mechanism of uptake and membrane transport of HCO3- in submerged leaves of Hygrophila difformis, a heterophyllous amphibious plant. To characterize these mechanisms, we evaluated the sensitivity of underwater photosynthesis to an external carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor and an anion exchanger protein inhibitor, and we attempted to identify components of the mechanism of HCO3- utilization. METHODS We evaluated the effects of the external CA inhibitor and anion exchanger protein inhibitor on the NaHCO3 response of photosynthetic O2 evolution in submerged leaves of H. difformis. Furthermore, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis between terrestrial and submerged leaves. KEY RESULTS Photosynthesis in the submerged leaves was decreased by both the external CA inhibitor and anion exchanger protein inhibitor, but no additive effect was observed. Among upregulated genes in submerged leaves, two α-CAs, Hdα-CA1 and Hdα-CA2, and one β-carbonic anhydrase, Hdβ-CA1, were detected. Based on their putative amino acid sequences, the α-CAs are predicted to be localized in the apoplastic region. Recombinant Hdα-CA1 and Hdβ-CA1 showed dominant CO2 hydration activity over HCO3- dehydration activity. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the use of HCO3- for photosynthesis in submerged leaves of H. difformis is driven by the cooperation between an external CA, Hdα-CA1, and an unidentified HCO3- transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Horiguchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoma Oyama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Akabane
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Etsuko Katoh
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizokami
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hirotsu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
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2
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Rautenberger R, Hurd CL. Photoprotection by photoinhibitory and PSII-reaction centre quenching controls growth of Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta) and is a pre-requisite for green tide formation. PLANTA 2024; 259:111. [PMID: 38578466 PMCID: PMC10997536 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The combined photoinhibitory and PSII-reaction centre quenching against light stress is an important mechanism that allows the green macroalga Ulva rigida to proliferate and form green tides in coastal ecosystems. Eutrophication of coastal ecosystems often stimulates massive and uncontrolled growth of green macroalgae, causing serious ecological problems. These green tides are frequently exposed to light intensities that can reduce their growth via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms leading to the formation and maintenance of green tides, the interaction between inorganic nitrogen (Ni) and light was studied. In a bi-factorial physiological experiment simulating eutrophication under different light levels, the bloom-forming green macroalga Ulva rigida was exposed to a combination of ecologically relevant nitrate concentrations (3.8-44.7 µM) and light intensities (50-1100 µmol photons m-2 s-1) over three days. Although artificial eutrophication (≥ 21.7 µM) stimulated nitrate reductase activity, which regulated both nitrate uptake and vacuolar storage by a feedback mechanism, nitrogen assimilation remained constant. Growth was solely controlled by the light intensity because U. rigida was Ni-replete under oligotrophic conditions (3.8 µM), which requires an effective photoprotective mechanism. Fast declining Fv/Fm and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under excess light indicate that the combined photoinhibitory and PSII-reaction centre quenching avoided ROS production effectively. Thus, these mechanisms seem to be key to maintaining high photosynthetic activities and growth rates without producing ROS. Nevertheless, these photoprotective mechanisms allowed U. rigida to thrive under the contrasting experimental conditions with high daily growth rates (12-20%). This study helps understand the physiological mechanisms facilitating the formation and persistence of ecologically problematic green tides in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Rautenberger
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, 464 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O. Box 115, 1431, Ås, Norway.
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, 464 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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3
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Long C, Zhang Y, Wei Z, Long L. High nutrient availability modulates photosynthetic performance and biochemical components of the economically important marine macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) in response to ocean acidification. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 194:106339. [PMID: 38182500 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations not only change the components of inorganic carbon system in seawater, resulting in ocean acidification, but also lead to decreased seawater pH, resulting in ocean acidification. Consequently, increased inorganic carbon concentrations in seawater provide a sufficient carbon source for macroalgal photosynthesis and growth. Increased domestic sewage and industrial wastewater discharge into coastal areas has led to nutrient accumulation in coastal seawaters. Combined with elevated pCO2 (1200 ppmv), increased nutrient availability always stimulates the growth of non-calcifying macroalgae, such as red economical macroalga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. Here, we evaluated the interactive effects of nutrients with elevated pCO2 on the economically important marine macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) in a factorial 21-day coupling experiment. The effects of increased nutrient availability on photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments of K. alvarezii were greater than those of pCO2 concentration. The highest Fv/Fm values (0.660 ± 0.019 and 0.666 ± 0.030, respectively) were obtained at 2 μmol L-1 of NO3-N at two pCO2 levels. Under the elevated pCO2 condition, the Chl-a content was lowest (0.007 ± 0.004 mg g-1) at 2 μmol L-1 of NO3-N and highest (0.024 ± 0.002 mg g-1) at 50 μmol L-1 of NO3-N. The phycocyanin content was highest (0.052 ± 0.012 mg g-1) at 150 μmol L-1 of NO3-N under elevated pCO2 condition. The malondialdehyde content declined from 32.025 ± 4.558 nmol g-1 to 26.660 ± 3.124 nmol g-1 with the increased nutrients at under low pCO2. To modulate suitable adjustments, soluble biochemical components such as soluble carbohydrate, soluble protein, free amino acids, and proline were abundantly secreted and were likely to protect the integrity of cellular structures under elevated nutrient availability. Our findings can serve as a reference for cultivation and bioremediation methods under future environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Long
- Marine Environmental Engineering Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, PR China
| | - Yating Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhangliang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shantou 515041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, PR China.
| | - Lijuan Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shantou 515041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, PR China.
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Capó-Bauçà S, Galmés J, Aguiló-Nicolau P, Ramis-Pozuelo S, Iñiguez C. Carbon assimilation in upper subtidal macroalgae is determined by an inverse correlation between Rubisco carboxylation efficiency and CO 2 concentrating mechanism effectiveness. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2027-2038. [PMID: 36385703 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds have a wide ecophysiological and phylogenetic diversity with species expressing different Rubisco forms that frequently coexist with biophysical CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), an adaptation that overcomes the low CO2 availability and gas diffusion in seawater. Here, we assess the possible coevolution between the Rubisco catalysis and the type and effectiveness of CCMs present in six upper subtidal macroalgal species belonging to three phylogenetic groups of seaweeds. A wide diversity in the Rubisco kinetic traits was found across the analyzed species, although the specificity factor was the only parameter explained by the expressed Rubisco form. Differences in the catalytic trade-offs were found between Rubisco forms, indicating that ID Rubiscos could be better adapted to the intracellular O2 : CO2 ratio found in marine organisms during steady-state photosynthesis. The biophysical components of the CCMs also differed among macroalgal species, resulting in different effectiveness to concentrate CO2 around Rubisco active sites. Interestingly, an inverse relationship was found between the effectiveness of CCMs and the in vitro Rubisco carboxylation efficiency, which possibly led to a similar carboxylation potential across the analyzed macroalgal species. Our results demonstrate a coevolution between Rubisco kinetics and CCMs across phylogenetically distant marine macroalgal species sharing the same environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastià Capó-Bauçà
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, 07122, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, 07122, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Pere Aguiló-Nicolau
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, 07122, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Sonia Ramis-Pozuelo
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, 07122, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Concepción Iñiguez
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, 07122, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Bermejo R, Galindo-Ponce M, Golden N, Linderhoff C, Heesch S, Hernández I, Morrison L. Two bloom-forming species of Ulva (Chlorophyta) show different responses to seawater temperature and no antagonistic interaction. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:167-178. [PMID: 36371650 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The generalized use of molecular identification tools indicated that multispecific green tides are more common than previously thought. Temporal successions between bloom-forming species on a seasonal basis were also revealed in different cold temperate estuaries, suggesting a key role of photoperiod and temperature controlling bloom development and composition. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, water temperatures are predicted to increase around 4°C by 2100 in Ireland, especially during late spring coinciding with early green tide development. Considering current and predicted temperatures, and photoperiods during bloom development, different eco-physiological experiments were developed. These experiments indicated that the growth of Ulva lacinulata was controlled by temperature, while U. compressa was unresponsive to the photoperiod and temperatures assayed. Considering a scenario of global warming for Irish waters, an earlier development of bloom is expected in the case of U. lacinulata. This could have significant consequences for biomass balance in Irish estuaries and the maximum accumulated biomass during peak bloom. The observed seasonal patterns and experiments also indicated that U. compressa may facilitate U. lacinulata development. When both species were co-cultivated, the culture performance showed intermediate responses to experimental treatments in comparison with monospecific cultures of both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bermejo
- Department of Ecology and Geology, University of Malaga. Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), University Campus of Teatinos, E29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - Maria Galindo-Ponce
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, E11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Nessa Golden
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | | | - Svenja Heesch
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29688, Roscoff cedex, France
| | - Ignacio Hernández
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, E11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Liam Morrison
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
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6
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Sanchez-Arcos C, Paris D, Mazzella V, Mutalipassi M, Costantini M, Buia MC, von Elert E, Cutignano A, Zupo V. Responses of the Macroalga Ulva prolifera Müller to Ocean Acidification Revealed by Complementary NMR- and MS-Based Omics Approaches. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120743. [PMID: 36547890 PMCID: PMC9783899 DOI: 10.3390/md20120743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is a dramatic perturbation of seawater environments due to increasing anthropogenic emissions of CO2. Several studies indicated that OA frequently induces marine biota stress and a reduction of biodiversity. Here, we adopted the macroalga Ulva prolifera as a model and applied a complementary multi-omics approach to investigate the metabolic profiles under normal and acidified conditions. Our results show that U. prolifera grows at higher rates in acidified environments. Consistently, we observed lower sucrose and phosphocreatine concentrations in response to a higher demand of energy for growth and a higher availability of essential amino acids, likely related to increased protein biosynthesis. In addition, pathways leading to signaling and deterrent compounds appeared perturbed. Finally, a remarkable shift was observed here for the first time in the fatty acid composition of triglycerides, with a decrease in the relative abundance of PUFAs towards an appreciable increase of palmitic acid, thus suggesting a remodeling in lipid biosynthesis. Overall, our studies revealed modulation of several biosynthetic pathways under OA conditions in which, besides the possible effects on the marine ecosystem, the metabolic changes of the alga should be taken into account considering its potential nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanchez-Arcos
- Institute for Zoology, Cologne Biocenter University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Debora Paris
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Valerio Mazzella
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia Marine Center, 80077 Ischia, Italy
| | - Mirko Mutalipassi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, 87071 Amendolara, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Buia
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia Marine Center, 80077 Ischia, Italy
| | - Eric von Elert
- Institute for Zoology, Cologne Biocenter University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Adele Cutignano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (V.Z.); Tel.: +39-081-8675313 (A.C.); +39-081-5833503 (V.Z.)
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80077 Ischia, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (V.Z.); Tel.: +39-081-8675313 (A.C.); +39-081-5833503 (V.Z.)
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7
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González CP, Edding M, Tala F, Torres R, Manríquez PH. Exposure time modulates the effects of climate change-related stressors on fertile sporophytes and early-life stage performance of a habitat-forming kelp species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117224. [PMID: 33975220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of increases in pCO2 (OA) and extreme changes in temperature on marine organisms is critical to predicting how they will cope with climate change. We evaluated the effects of OA as well as warming and cooling trend temperature on early reproductive traits of Lessonia trabeculata, a bio-engineer kelp species. Sori discs were maintained for an exposure time (ET) of 3 (T3) and 7 (T7) days to one of two contrasting pCO2 levels (450 and 1100 μatm). In addition, at each pCO2 level, they were subjected to three temperature treatments: 15 °C (control), 10 °C (cool) and 19 °C (warm). Subsequently, we compared sorus photosynthetic performance (Fv/Fm), the number of meiospores released (MR) and their germination rate (GR) after 48 h of settlement, with values obtained from sori discs not exposed (DNE) to the treatments. The Fv/Fm measured for DNE was lower than at T3 and T7 at 10 and 15 °C but not at 19 °C. Regardless of temperature, we found no significant differences between MR measured at T0 and T3. MR at T7 was significantly lower at 19 °C than at 10 and 15 °C. We found only a significant reduction in MR in response to elevated pCO2 at T3. The GR of meiospores released by DNE and then maintained for 48 h to 19 °C decreased significantly by ~33% when compared with those maintained for the same time at 10 and 15 °C. A similar, but more drastic reduction (~54%) in the GR was found in meiospores released by sori discs exposed for T3 and maintained for 48 h to 19 °C. We suggest that OA and warming trend will threaten the early establishment of this species with further consequences for the functioning of the associated ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de La Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Mario Edding
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas y Otros Recursos Biológicos (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Fadia Tala
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas y Otros Recursos Biológicos (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Universidad Católica Del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de La Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Investigación: Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de La Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile.
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Fort A, McHale M, Cascella K, Potin P, Perrineau MM, Kerrison PD, da Costa E, Calado R, Domingues MDR, Costa Azevedo I, Sousa-Pinto I, Gachon C, van der Werf A, de Visser W, Beniers JE, Jansen H, Guiry MD, Sulpice R. Exhaustive reanalysis of barcode sequences from public repositories highlights ongoing misidentifications and impacts taxa diversity and distribution. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:86-101. [PMID: 34153167 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate species identification often relies on public repositories to compare the barcode sequences of the investigated individual(s) with taxonomically assigned sequences. However, the accuracy of identifications in public repositories is often questionable, and the names originally given are rarely updated. For instance, species of the Sea Lettuce (Ulva spp.; Ulvophyceae, Ulvales, Ulvaceae) are frequently misidentified in public repositories, including herbaria and gene banks, making species identification based on traditional barcoding unreliable. We DNA barcoded 295 individual distromatic foliose strains of Ulva from the North-East Atlantic for three loci (rbcL, tufA, ITS1). Seven distinct species were found, and we compared our results with all worldwide Ulva spp. sequences present in the NCBI database for the three barcodes rbcL, tufA and the ITS1. Our results demonstrate a large degree of species misidentification, where we estimate that 24%-32% of the entries pertaining to foliose species are misannotated and provide an exhaustive list of NCBI sequences reannotations. An analysis of the global distribution of registered samples from foliose species also indicates possible geographical isolation for some species, and the absence of U. lactuca from Northern Europe. We extended our analytical framework to three other genera, Fucus, Porphyra and Pyropia and also identified erroneously labelled accessions and possibly new synonymies, albeit less than for Ulva spp. Altogether, exhaustive taxonomic clarification by aggregation of a library of barcode sequences highlights misannotations and delivers an improved representation of species diversity and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fort
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute & MaREI Centre for Marine, Climate and Energy, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marcus McHale
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute & MaREI Centre for Marine, Climate and Energy, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kevin Cascella
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université Sciences, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Philippe Potin
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université Sciences, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Philip D Kerrison
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, UK
| | - Elisabete da Costa
- CESAM & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- ECOMARE & CESAM, Departamento de Biologia & Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria do Rosário Domingues
- CESAM & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Costa Azevedo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sousa-Pinto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Claire Gachon
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, UK.,UMR 7245 - Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Henrice Jansen
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael D Guiry
- AlgaeBase, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute & MaREI Centre for Marine, Climate and Energy, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
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9
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Lawton RJ, Sutherland JE, Glasson CR, Magnusson ME. Selection of temperate Ulva species and cultivars for land-based cultivation and biomass applications. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Rising pCO2 interacts with algal density to reversely alter physiological responses of Gracilaria lemaneiformis and Ulva conglobata. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Figueroa FL, Bonomi-Barufi J, Celis-Plá PSM, Nitschke U, Arenas F, Connan S, Abreu MH, Malta EJ, Conde-Álvarez R, Chow F, Mata MT, Meyerhoff O, Robledo D, Stengel DB. Short-term effects of increased CO2, nitrate and temperature on photosynthetic activity in Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta) estimated by different pulse amplitude modulated fluorometers and oxygen evolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:491-509. [PMID: 33064811 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Short-term effects of pCO2 (700-380 ppm; High carbon (HC) and Low carbon (LC), respectively) and nitrate content (50-5 µM; High nitrogen (HN) and Low nitrogen (LN), respectively on photosynthesis were investigated in Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta) under solar radiation (in-situ) and in the laboratory under artificial light (ex-situ). After six days of incubation at ambient temperature (AT), algae were subjected to a 4 °C temperature increase (AT+4 °C) for 3 d. Both in-situ and ex-situ maximal electron transport rate (ETRmax) and in situ gross photosynthesis (GP), measured by O2 evolution, presented highest values under HCHN, and lowest under HCLN, across all measuring systems. Maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm), and ETRmax of photosystem (PS) II [ETR(II)max] and PSI [ETR(I)max], decreased under HCLN at AT+4 °C. Ex situ ETR was higher than in situ ETR. At noon, Fv/Fm decreased (indicating photoinhibition), whereas ETR(II)max and maximal non-photochemical quenching (NPQmax) increased. ETR(II)max decreased under AT+ 4 °C in contrast to Fv/Fm, photosynthetic efficiency (α ETR) and saturated irradiance (EK). Thus, U. rigida exhibited a decrease in photosynthesis under acidification, changing LN, and AT+4 °C. These results emphasize the importance of studying the interaction between environmental parameters using in-situ versus ex-situ conditions, when aiming to evaluate the impact of global change on marine macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix L Figueroa
- Malaga University. Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Ecology department, Faculty of Sciences, Campus universitario de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Bonomi-Barufi
- Botany department, Federal University of Santa Catarina. Campus Trindade s/n, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paula S M Celis-Plá
- Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Research, Center of Advances Studies. University of Playa Ancha. Traslaviña, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Hub Ambiental UPLA, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Postgrado e Innovación, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Udo Nitschke
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Francisco Arenas
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, Porto, Portugal
| | - Solene Connan
- CNRS, GEPEA, UMR6144, Boulevard de l'Université, CRTT BP, Saint Nazaire Cedex, France
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Lemar, Plouzane, France
| | | | - Erik-J Malta
- Centro IFAPA Agua del Pino, Crtra. El Rómpido - Punta Umbría, Cartaya (Huelva), Spain
| | - Rafael Conde-Álvarez
- Malaga University. Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Ecology department, Faculty of Sciences, Campus universitario de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, Spain
| | - Fungyi Chow
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Mata
- Centro de Bioinnovación Antofagasta (CBIA), Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, Antofagasta University, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - O Meyerhoff
- Heinz Walz GmbH Eichenring 6 - 91090 Effeltrich, Germany
| | - Daniel Robledo
- CIVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Mérida Km6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso Apartado Postal Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Dagmar B Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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12
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Bi YH, Qiao YM, Wang Z, Zhou ZG. Identification and Characterization of a Periplasmic α-Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) in the Gametophytes of Saccharina japonica (Phaeophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:295-310. [PMID: 33128798 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Periplasmic or external carbonic anhydrases (CAs) have been well accepted as playing a crucial role in the acquisition of dissolved inorganic carbon; however, no cytological evidence or molecular information on these enzymes has been reported in seaweeds to date. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence coding for a putative periplasmic Sjα-CA2 was cloned from the gametophytes of Saccharina japonica, an industrial brown seaweed. It was 1,728 bp in length and included a 263-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 577-bp 3'-UTR, and an 888-bp open reading frame encoding a protein precursor consisting of 295 amino acids. The mature protein, after removal of a predicted 28-residue signal peptide, was composed of 267 amino acids with a relative molecular weight of 29.27 kDa. Multisequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was a member of the α-CA family. Enzyme activity assays showed that the recombinant Sjα-CA2 in Escherichia coli possessed CO2 hydration and esterase activities, thus identifying this gene Sjα-CA2 in function. Immunogold electron microscopic observations with the prepared anti-Sjα-CA2 polyclonal antibody illustrated that Sjα-CA2 was located in periplasmic space of the kelp gametophyte cells. Quantitative real-time PCR results revealed that the transcription of Sjα-CA2 was induced by elevated HCO 3 - levels, but it was little changed while the kelp gametophytes were subjected to elevated CO2 concentrations. This study suggests that the periplasmic Sjα-CA2 might play a role in adapting to elevated environmental levels of HCO 3 - by dehydration of HCO 3 - to generate CO2 , which could be readily taken up by S. japonica gametophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Bi
- National Demonstration Center for the Experimental Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ya-Ming Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Conferred by Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Conferred by Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhou
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences Conferred by Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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13
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Sousa GT, Neto MCL, Choueri RB, Castro ÍB. Photoprotection and antioxidative metabolism in Ulva lactuca exposed to coastal oceanic acidification scenarios in the presence of Irgarol. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105717. [PMID: 33307389 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic changes such as ocean acidification, eutrophication, and the release of hazardous chemicals affect coastal environments and aquatic organisms. We investigated the effects of seawater pH (7.4 and 8.2) isolated and in combination with Irgarol on Ulva lactuca. Stress indicators such as membrane damage, lipid peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide content were assessed. In addition, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. The photosynthetic yield was affected by low pH in assays with and without Irgarol. However, the combination of low pH and Irgarol promoted photoinhibition, besides the induction of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and changes in photosynthetic pigment contents. The induction of NPQ was directly influenced by low pH. The membrane damage was increased in low pH with and without Irgarol exposure. Total soluble protein and carbohydrate contents decreased in low pH, and in presence of Irgarol. The H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation were not affected by low pH. In contrast, Irgarol exposure strongly increased lipid peroxidation in both pHs, suggesting a possible synergistic effect. To avoid the harmful effects of high H2O2, U. lactuca increased antioxidant enzyme activities in treatments under low pH and in presence of Irgarol. Our results indicate that U. lactuca is tolerant to low pH by inducing NPQ, changing pigment contents, and increasing antioxidant defenses. In contrast, these protective mechanisms could not avoid the harmful effects of the combination with Irgarol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Tavares Sousa
- Instituto do Mar da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Maria Máximo 168, Santos, SP, 11030-400, Brazil; Biosciences Institute, Coastal Campus, State University of São Paulo, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente, SP, 11330-900, Brazil
| | - Milton C Lima Neto
- Biosciences Institute, Coastal Campus, State University of São Paulo, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente, SP, 11330-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Brasil Choueri
- Instituto do Mar da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Maria Máximo 168, Santos, SP, 11030-400, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Instituto do Mar da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Maria Máximo 168, Santos, SP, 11030-400, Brazil.
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14
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Narvarte BCV, Nelson WA, Roleda MY. Inorganic carbon utilization of tropical calcifying macroalgae and the impacts of intensive mariculture-derived coastal acidification on the physiological performance of the rhodolith Sporolithon sp. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115344. [PMID: 32829170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish farming in coastal areas has become an important source of food to support the world's increasing population. However, intensive and unregulated mariculture activities have contributed to changing seawater carbonate chemistry through the production of high levels of respiratory CO2. This additional CO2, i.e. in addition to atmospheric inputs, intensifies the effects of global ocean acidification resulting in localized extreme low pH levels. Marine calcifying macroalgae are susceptible to such changes due to their CaCO3 skeleton. Their physiological response to CO2-driven acidification is dependent on their carbon physiology. In this study, we used the pH drift experiment to determine the capability of 9 calcifying macroalgae to use one or more inorganic carbon (Ci) species. From the 9 species, we selected the rhodolith Sporolithon sp. as a model organism to investigate the long-term effects of extreme low pH on the physiology and biochemistry of calcifying macroalgae. Samples were incubated under two pH treatments (pH 7.9 = ambient and pH 7.5 = extreme acidification) in a temperature-controlled (26 ± 0.02 °C) room provided with saturating light intensity (98.3 ± 2.50 μmol photons m-2 s-1). After the experimental treatment period (40 d), growth rate, calcification rate, nutrient uptake rate, organic content, skeletal CO3-2, pigments, and tissue C, N and P of Sporolithon samples were compared. The pH drift experiment revealed species-specific Ci use mechanisms, even between congenerics, among tropical calcifying macroalgae. Furthermore, long-term extreme low pH significantly reduced the growth rate, calcification rate and skeletal CO3-2 content by 79%, 66% and 18%, respectively. On the other hand, nutrient uptake rates, organic matter, pigments and tissue C, N and P were not affected by the low pH treatments. Our results suggest that the rhodolith Sporolithon sp. is susceptible to the negative effects of extreme low pH resulting from intensive mariculture-driven coastal acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bienson Ceasar V Narvarte
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman 1101, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Wendy A Nelson
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Parade, Greta Point, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael Y Roleda
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
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15
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Ma J, Xu T, Bao M, Zhou H, Zhang T, Li Z, Gao G, Li X, Xu J. Response of the red algae Pyropia yezoensis grown at different light intensities to CO2-induced seawater acidification at different life cycle stages. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Twigg IM, Baltar F, Hall JR, Hepburn CD. Revealing hydrogen peroxide as an external stressor in macrophyte-dominated coastal ecosystems. Oecologia 2020; 193:583-591. [PMID: 32556588 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Benthic primary producers in coastal ecosystems provide important habitat for marine organisms through the provision of complex 3D habitat. Primary producers produce organic matter, while simultaneously producing reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a driver of oxidative stress. Through their high biomass, productivity and effect on local hydrodynamics, benthic primary producers can potentially increase H2O2 concentrations surrounding the biogenic structures they form. The aim of this study was to identify the potential role of H2O2 produced by benthic primary producers as an external stressor in coastal ecosystems. This was achieved by measuring H2O2 concentrations within sea lettuce blooms (Ulva sp.), giant kelp forests (Macrocystis pyrifera), and seagrass meadows (Zostera muelleri); quantifying H2O2 production rates of these species; and testing heterotrophic bacterial response to relevant H2O2 concentrations. Ulva sp. produced five times more H2O2 than other species. At in situ concentrations, H2O2 inhibited bacterial production and carbon flow through the microbial loop by 75%. This study reveals H2O2 as an additional stressor in bloom-forming Ulva sp. with higher H2O2 production compared to the ecosystem engineers M. pyrifera and Z. muelleri. H2O2 production by benthic primary producers can affect carbon flow through the microbial loop, with the potential to propagate a stress signal up the food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla M Twigg
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Federico Baltar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jack R Hall
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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17
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Raven JA, Gobler CJ, Hansen PJ. Dynamic CO 2 and pH levels in coastal, estuarine, and inland waters: Theoretical and observed effects on harmful algal blooms. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101594. [PMID: 32057340 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 results in higher equilibrium concentrations of dissolved CO2 in natural waters, with corresponding increases in hydrogen ion and bicarbonate concentrations and decreases in hydroxyl ion and carbonate concentrations. Superimposed on these climate change effects is the dynamic nature of carbon cycling in coastal zones, which can lead to seasonal and diel changes in pH and CO2 concentrations that can exceed changes expected for open ocean ecosystems by the end of the century. Among harmful algae, i.e. some species and/or strains of Cyanobacteria, Dinophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Ulvophyceae, the occurrence of a CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) is the most frequent mechanism of inorganic carbon acquisition in natural waters in equilibrium with the present atmosphere (400 μmol CO2 mol-1 total gas), with varying phenotypic modification of the CCM. No data on CCMs are available for Raphidophyceae or the brown tide Pelagophyceae. Several HAB species and/or strains respond to increased CO2 concentrations with increases in growth rate and/or cellular toxin content, however, others are unaffected. Beyond the effects of altered C concentrations and speciation on HABs, changes in pH in natural waters are likely to have profound effects on algal physiology. This review outlines the implications of changes in inorganic cycling for HABs in coastal zones, and reviews the knowns and unknowns with regard to how HABs can be expected to ocean acidification. We further point to the large regions of uncertainty with regard to this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton NY, 11968, USA.
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Marine Biological Section, Strandpromenaden 5, DK 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
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18
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Wu H, Feng J, Li X, Zhao C, Liu Y, Yu J, Xu J. Effects of increased CO 2 and temperature on the physiological characteristics of the golden tide blooming macroalgae Sargassum horneri in the Yellow Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:639-644. [PMID: 31426203 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The golden tide, caused by the brown algae Sargassum horneri, exerts severe influences on the Pyropia aquaculture of Jiangsu coast, China. To study the outbreak of the golden tide in response to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, S. horneri was cultured under four conditions: ambient condition (10 °C, 400 μatm), elevated temperature condition (14 °C, 400 μatm), elevated CO2 level (10 °C, 1000 μatm), and potential greenhouse condition (14 °C, 1000 μatm). The growth, photosynthetic performances, and inorganic carbon affinity of S. horneri were studied. The results showed that elevated temperature exerted a more pronounced positive influence on S. horneri growth, photosynthesis, and carbon assimilation than CO2 enrichment. The growth of S. horneri was significantly improved by moderately elevated temperatures, especially under concurrently elevated CO2 levels. This suggests that the greenhouse effect will benefit growth and carbon sequestration of S. horneri, which may enhance the frequency and scale of golden tides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jingchi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xinshu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jintao Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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19
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Yue F, Gao G, Ma J, Wu H, Li X, Xu J. Future CO 2-induced seawater acidification mediates the physiological performance of a green alga Ulva linza in different photoperiods. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7048. [PMID: 31198646 PMCID: PMC6555391 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoperiods have an important impact on macroalgae living in the intertidal zone. Ocean acidification also influences the physiology of macroalgae. However, little is known about the interaction between ocean acidification and photoperiod on macroalgae. In this study, a green alga Ulva linza was cultured under three different photoperiods (L: D = 8:16, 12:12, 16:8) and two different CO2 levels (LC, 400 ppm; HC, 1,000 ppm) to investigate their responses. The results showed that relative growth rate of U. linza increased with extended light periods under LC but decreased at HC when exposed to the longest light period of 16 h compared to 12 h. Higher CO2 levels enhanced the relative growth rate at a L: D of 8:16, had no effect at 12:12 but reduced RGR at 16:8. At LC, the L: D of 16:8 significantly stimulated maximum quantum yield (Yield). Higher CO2 levels enhanced Yield at L: D of 12:12 and 8:16, had negative effect at 16:8. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased with increasing light period. High CO2 levels did not affect respiration rate during shorter light periods but enhanced it at a light period of 16 h. Longer light periods had negative effects on Chl a and Chl b content, and high CO2 level also inhibited the synthesis of these pigments. Our data demonstrate the interactive effects of CO2 and photoperiod on the physiological characteristics of the green tide macroalga Ulva linza and indicate that future ocean acidification may hinder the stimulatory effect of long light periods on growth of Ulva species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Guang Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xinshu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, HuaiHai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
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20
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van der Loos LM, Schmid M, Leal PP, McGraw CM, Britton D, Revill AT, Virtue P, Nichols PD, Hurd CL. Responses of macroalgae to CO 2 enrichment cannot be inferred solely from their inorganic carbon uptake strategy. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:125-140. [PMID: 30680101 PMCID: PMC6342131 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased plant biomass is observed in terrestrial systems due to rising levels of atmospheric CO2, but responses of marine macroalgae to CO2 enrichment are unclear. The 200% increase in CO2 by 2100 is predicted to enhance the productivity of fleshy macroalgae that acquire inorganic carbon solely as CO2 (non-carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanism [CCM] species-i.e., species without a carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanism), whereas those that additionally uptake bicarbonate (CCM species) are predicted to respond neutrally or positively depending on their affinity for bicarbonate. Previous studies, however, show that fleshy macroalgae exhibit a broad variety of responses to CO2 enrichment and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This physiological study compared the responses of a CCM species (Lomentaria australis) with a non-CCM species (Craspedocarpus ramentaceus) to CO2 enrichment with regards to growth, net photosynthesis, and biochemistry. Contrary to expectations, there was no enrichment effect for the non-CCM species, whereas the CCM species had a twofold greater growth rate, likely driven by a downregulation of the energetically costly CCM(s). This saved energy was invested into new growth rather than storage lipids and fatty acids. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive literature synthesis to examine the extent to which the growth and photosynthetic responses of fleshy macroalgae to elevated CO2 are related to their carbon acquisition strategies. Findings highlight that the responses of macroalgae to CO2 enrichment cannot be inferred solely from their carbon uptake strategy, and targeted physiological experiments on a wider range of species are needed to better predict responses of macroalgae to future oceanic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna M. van der Loos
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Marine EcologyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Pablo P. Leal
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP)Puerto MonttChile
| | - Christina M. McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, NIWA/University of Otago Research Centre for OceanographyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Damon Britton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | - Patti Virtue
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Antarctic Climate and EcosystemsCooperative Research CentreHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
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21
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Li Y, Zhong J, Zheng M, Zhuo P, Xu N. Photoperiod mediates the effects of elevated CO 2 on the growth and physiological performance in the green tide alga Ulva prolifera. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 141:24-29. [PMID: 30082083 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ulva spp., an increasingly important food, are the dominant species of the large-scale green tides. In this study, both the growth and the physiological responses of the Ulva prolifera were studied after cultured in three different light and dark regimes (12:12, 14:10 and 16:8-h light/dark) in combination with current (420 μatm; LC) and increased (1000 μatm; HC) levels of atmospheric CO2. Grown rate of U. prolifera was significantly enhanced by increased CO2 under the three light:dark regimes, especially under 16:8 h-light:dark, indicating that growth was C-unsaturated at present CO2 levels. U. prolifera showed a significantly higher growth rate and lower dark respiration rate (Rd) at 16:8 h-light:dark treatment than at 12:12 h-light/dark treatment, regardless of the CO2 treatment. The photochemical performance was largely unaffected by elevated CO2 and daylength. These results suggest that U. prolifera in a future CO2 enriched coastal water, seems to be resilient to higher CO2 concentrations, and this could be enhanced by longer daylength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahe Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Department of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiali Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Department of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mingshan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Department of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Pinli Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Department of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Nianjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Department of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Gao G, Gao Q, Bao M, Xu J, Li X. Nitrogen availability modulates the effects of ocean acidification on biomass yield and food quality of a marine crop Pyropia yezoensis. Food Chem 2018; 271:623-629. [PMID: 30236725 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyropia yezoensis is an important marine crop in the world. We cultured it under two levels of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) (408 (LC), 998 (HC) μatm) and nitrate (30 (LN) and 500 (HN) μmol L-1) to investigate the effect of ocean acidification on its growth and food quality under changing nitrogen supply. HC decreased growth rate of P. yezoensis under LN but did not affect it under HN. Phycoerythrin and phycocyanin were enhanced by HC, particularly at HN, which contributed to the darker color. HC stimulated the synthesis of sweat amino acids regardless of nitrate condition and umami amino acid only under LN. HN increased the content of umami amino acids regardless of pCO2 condition and sweet amino acids only under HC. Our findings indicate that future ocean acidification may reduce biomass yield of P. yezoensis but increase its color and flavor, which was regulated by nitrate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Menglin Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xinshu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Legrand E, Riera P, Bohner O, Coudret J, Schlicklin F, Derrien M, Martin S. Impact of ocean acidification and warming on the productivity of a rock pool community. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 136:78-88. [PMID: 29472033 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined experimentally the combined effect of ocean acidification and warming on the productivity of rock pool multi-specific assemblages, composed of coralline algae, fleshy algae, and grazers. Natural rock pool communities experience high environmental fluctuations. This may confer physiological advantage to rock pool communities when facing predicted acidification and warming. The effect of ocean acidification and warming have been assessed at both individual and assemblage level to examine the importance of species interactions in the response of assemblages. We hypothesized that rock pool assemblages have physiological advantage when facing predicted ocean acidification and warming. Species exhibited species-specific responses to increased temperature and pCO2. Increased temperature and pCO2 have no effect on assemblage photosynthesis, which was mostly influenced by fleshy algal primary production. The response of coralline algae to ocean acidification and warming depended on the season, which evidenced the importance of physiological adaptations to their environment in their response to climate change. We suggest that rock pool assemblages are relatively robust to changes in temperature and pCO2, in terms of primary production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwann Legrand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France.
| | - Pascal Riera
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Olivier Bohner
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Jérôme Coudret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Ferdinand Schlicklin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Marie Derrien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
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24
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Growth, ammonium metabolism, and photosynthetic properties of Ulva australis (Chlorophyta) under decreasing pH and ammonium enrichment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188389. [PMID: 29176815 PMCID: PMC5703455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The responses of macroalgae to ocean acidification could be altered by availability of macronutrients, such as ammonium (NH4+). This study determined how the opportunistic macroalga, Ulva australis responded to simultaneous changes in decreasing pH and NH4+ enrichment. This was investigated in a week-long growth experiment across a range of predicted future pHs with ambient and enriched NH4+ treatments followed by measurements of relative growth rates (RGR), NH4+ uptake rates and pools, total chlorophyll, and tissue carbon and nitrogen content. Rapid light curves (RLCs) were used to measure the maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (Fv/Fm). Photosynthetic capacity was derived from the RLCs and included the efficiency of light harvesting (α), slope of photoinhibition (β), and the light saturation point (Ek). The results showed that NH4+ enrichment did not modify the effects of pH on RGRs, NH4+ uptake rates and pools, total chlorophyll, rETRmax, α, β, Fv/Fm, tissue C and N, and the C:N ratio. However, Ek was differentially affected by pH under different NH4+ treatments. Ek increased with decreasing pH in the ambient NH4+ treatment, but not in the enriched NH4+ treatment. NH4+ enrichment increased RGRs, NH4+ pools, total chlorophyll, rETRmax, α, β, Fv/Fm, and tissue N, and decreased NH4+ uptake rates and the C:N ratio. Decreased pH increased total chlorophyll content, rETRmax, Fv/Fm, and tissue N content, and decreased the C:N ratio. Therefore, the results indicate that U. australis growth is increased with NH4+ enrichment and not with decreasing pH. While decreasing pH influenced the carbon and nitrogen metabolisms of U. australis, it did not result in changes in growth.
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25
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Ober GT, Thornber CS. Divergent responses in growth and nutritional quality of coastal macroalgae to the combination of increased pCO 2 and nutrients. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 131:69-79. [PMID: 28943069 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems are subjected to global and local environmental stressors, including increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) (and subsequent ocean acidification) and nutrient loading. Here, we tested how two common macroalgal species in the Northwest Atlantic (Ulva spp. and Fucus vesiculosus Linneaus) respond to the combination of increased CO2 and nutrient loading. We utilized two levels of pCO2 with two levels of nutrients in a full factorial design, testing the growth rates and tissue quality of Ulva and Fucus grown for 21 days in monoculture and biculture. We found that the opportunistic, fast-growing Ulva exhibited increased growth rates under high pCO2 and high nutrients, with growth rates increasing three-fold above Ulva grown in ambient pCO2 and ambient nutrients. By contrast, Fucus growth rates were not impacted by either environmental factor. Both species exhibited a decline in carbon to nitrogen ratios (C:N) with elevated nutrients, but pCO2 concentration did not alter tissue quality in either species. Species grown in biculture exhibited similar growth rates to those in monoculture conditions, but Fucus C:N increased significantly when grown with Ulva, indicating an effect of the presence of Ulva on Fucus. Our results suggest that the combination of ocean acidification and nutrients will enhance abundance of opportunistic algal species in coastal systems and will likely drive macroalgal community shifts, based on species-specific responses to future conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T Ober
- WM Keck Sciences, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
| | - Carol S Thornber
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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26
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Young CS, Gobler CJ. The organizing effects of elevated CO 2 on competition among estuarine primary producers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7667. [PMID: 28794479 PMCID: PMC5550435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossil fuel combustion, eutrophication, and upwelling introduce excess CO2 into coastal zones. The extent to which marine autotrophs may benefit from elevated CO2 will be a function of their carbon limitation and, among other factors, competition with other primary producers. Here, we report on experiments performed with North Atlantic species of Ulva and Gracilaria grown in situ or exposed to ambient (~400 µatm) and elevated pCO2 (~2500 µatm) and/or subjected to competition with each other and/or with natural plankton assemblages. Elevated pCO2 significantly increased the growth rates of Gracilaria and Ulva and yielded significant declines in tissue δ13C, suggesting that increased growth was associated with increased CO2 use relative to HCO3-. Gracilaria growth was unaffected by competition with plankton or Ulva, while Ulva experienced significantly reduced growth when competing with Gracilaria or plankton. Dinoflagellates experienced significantly increased growth when exposed to elevated pCO2 but significantly slower growth when competing with Gracilaria. Elevated carbon-to-nitrogen ratios among macroalgae suggested that competition for nitrogen also shaped interactions among autotrophs, particularly Ulva. While some estuarine autotrophs benefit from elevated pCO2, the benefit can change when direct competition with other primary producers is considered with Gracilaria outcompeting Ulva and dinoflagellates outcompeting diatoms under elevated pCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Young
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, NY, 11968, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, NY, 11968, USA.
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27
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Iñiguez C, Heinrich S, Harms L, Gordillo FJL. Increased temperature and CO2 alleviate photoinhibition in Desmarestia anceps: from transcriptomics to carbon utilization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3971-3984. [PMID: 28575516 PMCID: PMC5853390 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming are affecting polar regions with particular intensity. Rocky shores of the Antarctic Peninsula are dominated by canopy-forming Desmarestiales. This study investigates the physiological and transcriptomic responses of the endemic macroalga Desmarestia anceps to a combination of different levels of temperature (2 and 7 °C), dissolved CO2 (380 and 1000 ppm), and irradiance (65 and 145 µmol photons m-2 s-1). Growth and photosynthesis increased at high CO2 conditions, and strongly decreased at 2 °C plus high irradiance, in comparison to the other treatments. Photoinhibition at 2 °C plus high irradiance was evidenced by the photochemical performance and intensive release of dissolved organic carbon. The highest number of differentially regulated transcripts was observed in thalli exposed to 2 °C plus high irradiance. Algal 13C isotopic discrimination values suggested an absence of down-regulation of carbon-concentrating mechanisms at high CO2. CO2 enrichment induced few transcriptomic changes. There was high and constitutive gene expression of many photochemical and inorganic carbon utilization components, which might be related to the strong adaptation of D. anceps to the Antarctic environment. These results suggest that increased temperature and CO2 will allow D. anceps to maintain its productivity while tolerating higher irradiances than at present conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Iñiguez
- University of Malaga, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sandra Heinrich
- University of Hamburg, Ohnhorst Str., Hamburg, Germany
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Marine and Polar Research, Am Handelshafen, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Lars Harms
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Marine and Polar Research, Am Handelshafen, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Francisco J L Gordillo
- University of Malaga, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, Málaga, Spain
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28
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Leal PP, Hurd CL, Fernández PA, Roleda MY. Ocean acidification and kelp development: Reduced pH has no negative effects on meiospore germination and gametophyte development of Macrocystis pyrifera and Undaria pinnatifida. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:557-566. [PMID: 28164308 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans is causing a reduction in the pH of the surface waters termed ocean acidification (OA). This could have substantial effects on marine coastal environments where fleshy (non-calcareous) macroalgae are dominant primary producers and ecosystem engineers. Few OA studies have focused on the early life stages of large macroalgae such as kelps. This study evaluated the effects of seawater pH on the ontogenic development of meiospores of the native kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida, in south-eastern New Zealand. Meiospores of both kelps were released into four seawater pH treatments (pHT 7.20, extreme OA predicted for 2300; pHT 7.65, OA predicted for 2100; pHT 8.01, ambient pH; and pHT 8.40, pre-industrial pH) and cultured for 15 d. Meiospore germination, germling growth rate, and gametophyte size and sex ratio were monitored and measured. Exposure to reduced pHT (7.20 and 7.65) had positive effects on germling growth rate and gametophyte size in both M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida, whereas, higher pHT (8.01 and 8.40) reduced the gametophyte size in both kelps. Sex ratio of gametophytes of both kelps was biased toward females under all pHT treatments, except for U. pinnatifida at pHT 7.65. Germling growth rate under OA was significantly higher in M. pyrifera compared to U. pinnatifida but gametophyte development was equal for both kelps under all seawater pHT treatments, indicating that the microscopic stages of the native M. pyrifera and the invasive U. pinnatifida will respond similarly to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo P Leal
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, 479 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, Tasmania, 7004, Australia
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, 479 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, Tasmania, 7004, Australia
| | - Pamela A Fernández
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, 479 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, Tasmania, 7004, Australia
| | - Michael Y Roleda
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, 479 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Kudalsveien 6, 8049, Bodø, Norway
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29
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Cornwall CE, Revill AT, Hall-Spencer JM, Milazzo M, Raven JA, Hurd CL. Inorganic carbon physiology underpins macroalgal responses to elevated CO 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46297. [PMID: 28417970 PMCID: PMC5394685 DOI: 10.1038/srep46297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of CO2 on photosynthetic organisms will be a key driver of ecosystem change under ocean acidification. Predicting the responses of macroalgal species to ocean acidification is complex, but we demonstrate that the response of assemblages to elevated CO2 are correlated with inorganic carbon physiology. We assessed abundance patterns and a proxy for CO2:HCO3- use (δ13C values) of macroalgae along a gradient of CO2 at a volcanic seep, and examined how shifts in species abundance at other Mediterranean seeps are related to macroalgal inorganic carbon physiology. Five macroalgal species capable of using both HCO3- and CO2 had greater CO2 use as concentrations increased. These species (and one unable to use HCO3-) increased in abundance with elevated CO2 whereas obligate calcifying species, and non-calcareous macroalgae whose CO2 use did not increase consistently with concentration, declined in abundance. Physiological groupings provide a mechanistic understanding that will aid us in determining which species will benefit from ocean acidification and why.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Cornwall
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- School of Earth Sciences, Oceans Institute, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | | | - Jason M. Hall-Spencer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
- Shimoda Marine Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Marco Milazzo
- DiSTeM, CoNISMa, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - John A. Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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30
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Sampaio E, Rodil IF, Vaz-Pinto F, Fernández A, Arenas F. Interaction strength between different grazers and macroalgae mediated by ocean acidification over warming gradients. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 125:25-33. [PMID: 28088495 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the past century, rising CO2 levels have led to global changes (ocean warming and acidification) with subsequent effects on marine ecosystems and organisms. Macroalgae-herbivore interactions have a main role in the regulation of marine community structure (top-down control). Gradients of warming prompt complex non-linear effects on organism metabolism, cascading into altered trophic interactions and community dynamics. However, not much is known on how will acidification and grazer assemblage composition shape these effects. Within this context, we aimed to assess the combined effects of warming gradients and acidification on macroalgae-herbivore interactions, using three cosmopolitan species, abundant in the Iberian Peninsula and closely associated in nature: the amphipod Melita palmata, the gastropod Gibbula umbilicalis, and the green macroalga Ulva rigida. Under two CO2 treatments (ΔCO2 ≃ 450 μatm) across a temperature gradient (13.5, 16.6, 19.9 and 22.1 °C), two mesocosm experiments were performed to assess grazer consumption rates and macroalgae-herbivore interaction, respectively. Warming (Experiment I and II) and acidification (Experiment II) prompted negative effects in grazer's survival and species-specific differences in consumption rates. M. palmata was shown to be the stronger grazer per biomass (but not per capita), and also the most affected by climate stressors. Macroalgae-herbivore interaction strength was markedly shaped by the temperature gradient, while simultaneous acidification lowered thermal optimal threshold. In the near future, warming and acidification are likely to strengthen top-down control, but further increases in disturbances may lead to bottom-up regulated communities. Finally, our results suggest that grazer assemblage composition may modulate future macroalgae-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sampaio
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; MARE - Marine Environmental Science Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, Cascais 2750-374, Portugal.
| | - I F Rodil
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland; Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Vaz-Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - A Fernández
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - F Arenas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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31
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Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell GS. Eutrophication and warming-driven green tides (Ulva rigida) are predicted to increase under future climate change scenarios. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:439-447. [PMID: 27733288 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and severity of extraordinary macroalgae blooms (green tides) are increasing. Here, climate change (ocean warming and acidification) impacts on life history and biochemical responses of a causative green tide species, Ulva rigida, were investigated under combinations of pH (7.95, 7.55, corresponding to lower and higher pCO2), temperature (14, 18°C) and nitrate availability (6 and 150μmolL-1). The higher temperature accelerated the onset and magnitude of gamete settlement. Any two factor combination promoted germination and accelerated growth in young plants. The higher temperature increased reproduction, which increased further in combination with elevated pCO2 or nitrate. Reproductive success was highest (64.4±5.1%) when the upper limits of all three variables were combined. Biochemically, more protein and lipid but less carbohydrate were synthesized under higher temperature and nitrate conditions. These results suggest that climate change may cause more severe green tides, particularly when eutrophication cannot be effectively controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Gao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, England, UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, England, UK
| | - Craig Rose
- Seaweed & Co. Ltd., Office 2.3 North Tyneside Business Centre, 54a Saville Street, North Tyneside NE30 1NT, England, UK
| | - Gary S Caldwell
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, England, UK.
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32
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Fernández PA, Roleda MY, Leal PP, Hurd CL. Seawater pH, and not inorganic nitrogen source, affects pH at the blade surface of Macrocystis pyrifera: implications for responses of the giant kelp to future oceanic conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:107-119. [PMID: 27293117 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), the ongoing decline in seawater pH, is predicted to have wide-ranging effects on marine organisms and ecosystems. For seaweeds, the pH at the thallus surface, within the diffusion boundary layer (DBL), is one of the factors controlling their response to OA. Surface pH is controlled by both the pH of the bulk seawater and by the seaweeds' metabolism: photosynthesis and respiration increase and decrease pH within the DBL (pHDBL ), respectively. However, other metabolic processes, especially the uptake of inorganic nitrogen (Ni ; NO3- and NH4+ ) may also affect the pHDBL . Using Macrocystis pyrifera, we hypothesized that (1) NO3- uptake will increase the pHDBL , whereas NH4+ uptake will decrease it, (2) if NO3- is cotransported with H+ , increases in pHDBL would be greater under an OA treatment (pH = 7.65) than under an ambient treatment (pH = 8.00), and (3) decreases in pHDBL will be smaller at pH 7.65 than at pH 8.00, as higher external [H+ ] might affect the strength of the diffusion gradient. Overall, Ni source did not affect the pHDBL . However, increases in pHDBL were greater at pH 7.65 than at pH 8.00. CO2 uptake was higher at pH 7.65 than at pH 8.00, whereas HCO3- uptake was unaffected by pH. Photosynthesis and respiration control pHDBL rather than Ni uptake. We suggest that under future OA, Macrocystis pyrifera will metabolically modify its surface microenvironment such that the physiological processes of photosynthesis and Ni uptake will not be affected by a reduced pH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Y Roleda
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Pablo P Leal
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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Gao G, Liu Y, Li X, Feng Z, Xu J. An Ocean Acidification Acclimatised Green Tide Alga Is Robust to Changes of Seawater Carbon Chemistry but Vulnerable to Light Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169040. [PMID: 28033367 PMCID: PMC5199050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulva is the dominant genus in the green tide events and is considered to have efficient CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). However, little is understood regarding the impacts of ocean acidification on the CCMs of Ulva and the consequences of thalli’s acclimation to ocean acidification in terms of responding to environmental factors. Here, we grew a cosmopolitan green alga, Ulva linza at ambient (LC) and elevated (HC) CO2 levels and investigated the alteration of CCMs in U. linza grown at HC and its responses to the changed seawater carbon chemistry and light intensity. The inhibitors experiment for photosynthetic inorganic carbon utilization demonstrated that acidic compartments, extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) and intracellular CA worked together in the thalli grown at LC and the acquisition of exogenous carbon source in the thalli could be attributed to the collaboration of acidic compartments and extracellular CA. Contrastingly, when U. linza was grown at HC, extracellular CA was completely inhibited, acidic compartments and intracellular CA were also down-regulated to different extents and thus the acquisition of exogenous carbon source solely relied on acidic compartments. The down-regulated CCMs in U. linza did not affect its responses to changes of seawater carbon chemistry but led to a decrease of net photosynthetic rate when thalli were exposed to increased light intensity. This decrease could be attributed to photodamage caused by the combination of the saved energy due to the down-regulated CCMs and high light intensity. Our findings suggest future ocean acidification might impose depressing effects on green tide events when combined with increased light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Gao
- Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yameng Liu
- Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xinshu Li
- Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- * E-mail:
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Stepien CC, Pfister CA, Wootton JT. Functional Traits for Carbon Access in Macrophytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159062. [PMID: 27415005 PMCID: PMC4944969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding functional trait distributions among organisms can inform impacts on and responses to environmental change. In marine systems, only 1% of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater exists as CO2. Thus the majority of marine macrophytes not only passively access CO2 for photosynthesis, but also actively transport CO2 and the more common bicarbonate (HCO3-, 92% of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon) into their cells. Because species with these carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) are non-randomly distributed in ecosystems, we ask whether there is a phylogenetic pattern to the distribution of CCMs among algal species. To determine macrophyte traits that influence carbon uptake, we assessed 40 common macrophyte species from the rocky intertidal community of the Northeast Pacific Ocean to a) query whether macrophytes have a CCM and b) determine the evolutionary history of CCMs, using ancestral state reconstructions and stochastic character mapping based on previously published data. Thirty-two species not only depleted CO2, but also concentrated and depleted HCO3-, indicative of a CCM. While analysis of CCMs as a continuous trait in 30 families within Phylum Rhodophyta showed a significant phylogenetic signal under a Brownian motion model, analysis of CCMs as a discrete trait (presence or absence) indicated that red algal families are more divergent than expected in their CCM presence or absence; CCMs are a labile trait within the Rhodophyta. In contrast, CCMs were present in each of 18 Ochrophyta families surveyed, indicating that CCMs are highly conserved in the brown algae. The trait of CCM presence or absence was largely conserved within Families. Fifteen of 23 species tested also changed the seawater buffering capacity, or Total Alkalinity (TA), shifting DIC composition towards increasing concentrations of HCO3- and CO2 for photosynthesis. Manipulating the external TA of the local environment may influence carbon availability in boundary layers and areas of low water mixing, offering an additional mechanism to increase CO2 availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C. Stepien
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Pfister
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - J. Timothy Wootton
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Britton D, Cornwall CE, Revill AT, Hurd CL, Johnson CR. Ocean acidification reverses the positive effects of seawater pH fluctuations on growth and photosynthesis of the habitat-forming kelp, Ecklonia radiata. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26036. [PMID: 27229624 PMCID: PMC4882519 DOI: 10.1038/srep26036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is the reduction in seawater pH due to the absorption of human-released CO2 by the world's oceans. The average surface oceanic pH is predicted to decline by 0.4 units by 2100. However, kelp metabolically modifies seawater pH via photosynthesis and respiration in some temperate coastal systems, resulting in daily pH fluctuations of up to ±0.45 units. It is unknown how these fluctuations in pH influence the growth and physiology of the kelp, or how this might change with OA. In laboratory experiments that mimicked the most extreme pH fluctuations measured within beds of the canopy-forming kelp Ecklonia radiata in Tasmania, the growth and photosynthetic rates of juvenile E. radiata were greater under fluctuating pH (8.4 in the day, 7.8 at night) than in static pH treatments (8.4, 8.1, 7.8). However, pH fluctuations had no effect on growth rates and a negative effect on photosynthesis when the mean pH of each treatment was reduced by 0.3 units. Currently, pH fluctuations have a positive effect on E. radiata but this effect could be reversed in the future under OA, which is likely to impact the future ecological dynamics and productivity of habitats dominated by E. radiata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Britton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Christopher E. Cornwall
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- School of Earth and Environment, Oceans Institute, & ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Craig R. Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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Young CS, Gobler CJ. Ocean Acidification Accelerates the Growth of Two Bloom-Forming Macroalgae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155152. [PMID: 27176637 PMCID: PMC4866684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is growing interest in understanding how marine life will respond to future ocean acidification, many coastal ecosystems currently experience intense acidification in response to upwelling, eutrophication, or riverine discharge. Such acidification can be inhibitory to calcifying animals, but less is known regarding how non-calcifying macroalgae may respond to elevated CO2. Here, we report on experiments performed during summer through fall with North Atlantic populations of Gracilaria and Ulva that were grown in situ within a mesotrophic estuary (Shinnecock Bay, NY, USA) or exposed to normal and elevated, but environmentally realistic, levels of pCO2 and/or nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). In nearly all experiments, the growth rates of Gracilaria were significantly increased by an average of 70% beyond in situ and control conditions when exposed to elevated levels of pCO2 (p<0.05), but were unaffected by nutrient enrichment. In contrast, the growth response of Ulva was more complex as this alga experienced significantly (p<0.05) increased growth rates in response to both elevated pCO2 and elevated nutrients and, in two cases, pCO2 and nutrients interacted to provide a synergistically enhanced growth rate for Ulva. Across all experiments, elevated pCO2 significantly increased Ulva growth rates by 30% (p<0.05), while the response to nutrients was smaller (p>0.05). The δ13C content of both Gracilaria and Ulva decreased two-to-three fold when grown under elevated pCO2 (p<0.001) and mixing models demonstrated these macroalgae experienced a physiological shift from near exclusive use of HCO3- to primarily CO2 use when exposed to elevated pCO2. This shift in carbon use coupled with significantly increased growth in response to elevated pCO2 suggests that photosynthesis of these algae was limited by their inorganic carbon supply. Given that eutrophication can yield elevated levels of pCO2, this study suggests that the overgrowth of macroalgae in eutrophic estuaries can be directly promoted by acidification, a process that will intensify in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Young
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Gobler
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, New York, United States of America
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García-Sánchez MJ, Delgado-Huertas A, Fernández JA, Flores-Moya A. Photosynthetic use of inorganic carbon in deep-water kelps from the Strait of Gibraltar. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 127:295-305. [PMID: 26275764 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of inorganic carbon assimilation were investigated in the four deep-water kelps inhabiting sea bottoms at the Strait of Gibraltar; these species are distributed at different depths (Saccorhiza polysiches at shallower waters, followed by Laminaria ochroleuca, then Phyllariopsis brevipes and, at the deepest bottoms, Phyllariopsis purpurascens). To elucidate the capacity to use HCO3(-) as a source of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis in the kelps, different experimental approaches were used. Specifically, we measured the irradiance-saturated gross photosynthetic rate versus pH at a constant dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration of 2 mM, the irradiance-saturated apparent photosynthesis (APS) rate versus DIC, the total and the extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CAext), the observed and the theoretical photosynthetic rates supported by the spontaneous dehydration of HCO3(-) to CO2, and the δ(13)C signature in tissues of the algae. While S. polyschides and L. ochroleuca showed photosynthetic activity at pH 9.5 (around 1.0 µmol O2 m(-2) s(-1)), the activity was close to zero in both species of Phyllariopsis. The APS versus DIC was almost saturated for the DIC values of natural seawater (2 mM) in S. polyschides and L. ochroleuca, but the relationship was linear in P. brevipes and P. purpurascens. The four species showed total and CAext activities but the inhibition of the CAext originated the observed photosynthetic rates at pH 8.0 to be similar to the theoretical rates that could be supported by the spontaneous dehydration of HCO3(-). The isotopic (13)C signatures ranged from -17.40 ± 1.81 to -21.11 ± 1.73 ‰ in the four species. Additionally, the δ(13)C signature was also measured in the deep-water Laminaria rodriguezii growing at 60-80 m, showing even a more negative value of -26.49 ± 1.25 ‰. All these results suggest that the four kelps can use HCO3(-) as external carbon source for photosynthesis mainly by the action of external CAext, but they also suggest that the species inhabiting shallower waters show a higher capacity than the smaller kelps living in deeper waters. In fact, the photosynthesis in the two Phyllariopsis species could be accomplished by the spontaneous dehydration of HCO3(-) to CO2. These differences in the capacity to use HCO3(-) in photosynthesis among species could be important considering the increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 predicted for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Delgado-Huertas
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Granada, 18100, Armilla, Spain
| | - José Antonio Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Moya
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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Roleda MY, Cornwall CE, Feng Y, McGraw CM, Smith AM, Hurd CL. Effect of Ocean Acidification and pH Fluctuations on the Growth and Development of Coralline Algal Recruits, and an Associated Benthic Algal Assemblage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140394. [PMID: 26469945 PMCID: PMC4607452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coralline algae are susceptible to the changes in the seawater carbonate system associated with ocean acidification (OA). However, the coastal environments in which corallines grow are subject to large daily pH fluctuations which may affect their responses to OA. Here, we followed the growth and development of the juvenile coralline alga Arthrocardia corymbosa, which had recruited into experimental conditions during a prior experiment, using a novel OA laboratory culture system to simulate the pH fluctuations observed within a kelp forest. Microscopic life history stages are considered more susceptible to environmental stress than adult stages; we compared the responses of newly recruited A. corymbosa to static and fluctuating seawater pH with those of their field-collected parents. Recruits were cultivated for 16 weeks under static pH 8.05 and 7.65, representing ambient and 4× preindustrial pCO2 concentrations, respectively, and two fluctuating pH treatments of daily [Formula: see text] (daytime pH = 8.45, night-time pH = 7.65) and daily [Formula: see text] (daytime pH = 8.05, night-time pH = 7.25). Positive growth rates of new recruits were recorded in all treatments, and were highest under static pH 8.05 and lowest under fluctuating pH 7.65. This pattern was similar to the adults' response, except that adults had zero growth under fluctuating pH 7.65. The % dry weight of MgCO3 in calcite of the juveniles was reduced from 10% at pH 8.05 to 8% at pH 7.65, but there was no effect of pH fluctuation. A wide range of fleshy macroalgae and at least 6 species of benthic diatoms recruited across all experimental treatments, from cryptic spores associated with the adult A. corymbosa. There was no effect of experimental treatment on the growth of the benthic diatoms. On the community level, pH-sensitive species may survive lower pH in the presence of diatoms and fleshy macroalgae, whose high metabolic activity may raise the pH of the local microhabitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuanyuan Feng
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Abigail M. Smith
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Fernández PA, Roleda MY, Hurd CL. Effects of ocean acidification on the photosynthetic performance, carbonic anhydrase activity and growth of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 124:293-304. [PMID: 25869634 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Under ocean acidification (OA), the 200 % increase in CO2(aq) and the reduction of pH by 0.3-0.4 units are predicted to affect the carbon physiology and growth of macroalgae. Here we examined how the physiology of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera is affected by elevated pCO2/low pH. Growth and photosynthetic rates, external and internal carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, HCO3 (-) versus CO2 use were determined over a 7-day incubation at ambient pCO2 400 µatm/pH 8.00 and a future OA treatment of pCO2 1200 µatm/pH 7.59. Neither the photosynthetic nor growth rates were changed by elevated CO2 supply in the OA treatment. These results were explained by the greater use of HCO3 (-) compared to CO2 as an inorganic carbon (Ci) source to support photosynthesis. Macrocystis is a mixed HCO3 (-) and CO2 user that exhibits two effective mechanisms for HCO3 (-) utilization; as predicted for species that possess carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), photosynthesis was not substantially affected by elevated pCO2. The internal CA activity was also unaffected by OA, and it remained high and active throughout the experiment; this suggests that HCO3 (-) uptake via an anion exchange protein was not affected by OA. Our results suggest that photosynthetic Ci uptake and growth of Macrocystis will not be affected by elevated pCO2/low pH predicted for the future, but the combined effects with other environmental factors like temperature and nutrient availability could change the physiological response of Macrocystis to OA. Therefore, further studies will be important to elucidate how this species might respond to the global environmental change predicted for the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Fernández
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand,
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