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Rodman KC, Davis KT, Parks SA, Chapman TB, Coop JD, Iniguez JM, Roccaforte JP, Sánchez Meador AJ, Springer JD, Stevens-Rumann CS, Stoddard MT, Waltz AEM, Wasserman TN. Refuge-yeah or refuge-nah? Predicting locations of forest resistance and recruitment in a fiery world. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:7029-7050. [PMID: 37706328 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming, land use change, and altered fire regimes are driving ecological transformations that can have critical effects on Earth's biota. Fire refugia-locations that are burned less frequently or severely than their surroundings-may act as sites of relative stability during this period of rapid change by being resistant to fire and supporting post-fire recovery in adjacent areas. Because of their value to forest ecosystem persistence, there is an urgent need to anticipate where refugia are most likely to be found and where they align with environmental conditions that support post-fire tree recruitment. Using biophysical predictors and patterns of burn severity from 1180 recent fire events, we mapped the locations of potential fire refugia across upland conifer forests in the southwestern United States (US) (99,428 km2 of forest area), a region that is highly vulnerable to fire-driven transformation. We found that low pre-fire forest cover, flat slopes or topographic concavities, moderate weather conditions, spring-season burning, and areas affected by low- to moderate-severity fire within the previous 15 years were most commonly associated with refugia. Based on current (i.e., 2021) conditions, we predicted that 67.6% and 18.1% of conifer forests in our study area would contain refugia under moderate and extreme fire weather, respectively. However, potential refugia were 36.4% (moderate weather) and 31.2% (extreme weather) more common across forests that experienced recent fires, supporting the increased use of prescribed and resource objective fires during moderate weather conditions to promote fire-resistant landscapes. When overlaid with models of tree recruitment, 23.2% (moderate weather) and 6.4% (extreme weather) of forests were classified as refugia with a high potential to support post-fire recruitment in the surrounding landscape. These locations may be disproportionately valuable for ecosystem sustainability, providing habitat for fire-sensitive species and maintaining forest persistence in an increasingly fire-prone world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Rodman
- Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kimberley T Davis
- Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Sean A Parks
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Teresa B Chapman
- Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning Program, Chief Conservation Office, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Jonathan D Coop
- Clark School of Environment and Sustainability, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, Colorado, USA
| | - Jose M Iniguez
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - John P Roccaforte
- Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrew J Sánchez Meador
- Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Judith D Springer
- Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Camille S Stevens-Rumann
- Colorado Forest Restoration Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael T Stoddard
- Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy E M Waltz
- Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Tzeidle N Wasserman
- Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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2
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Fernández-Guisuraga JM, Martins S, Fernandes PM. Characterization of biophysical contexts leading to severe wildfires in Portugal and their environmental controls. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162575. [PMID: 36871710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the fire regime in regions prone to extreme wildfire behavior is essential for providing comprehensive insights on potential ecosystem response to fire disturbance in the context of global change. We aimed to disentangle the linkage between contemporary damage-related attributes of wildfires as shaped by the environmental controls of fire behavior across mainland Portugal. We selected large wildfires (≥100 ha, n = 292) that occurred during the 2015-2018 period, covering the full spectrum of large fire-size variation. Ward's hierarchical clustering on principal components was used to identify homogeneous wildfire contexts at landscape scale on the basis of fire size, proportion of high fire severity, and fire severity variability, and their bottom-up (pre-fire fuel type fraction, topography) and top-down (fire weather) controls. Piecewise Structural Equation Modeling was used to disentangle the direct and indirect relationships between fire characteristics and fire behavior drivers. Cluster analysis evidenced severe and large wildfires in the central region of Portugal displaying consistent fire severity patterns. Thus, we found a positive relationship between fire size and proportion of high fire severity, which was mediated by distinct fire behavior drivers involving direct and indirect pathways. A high fraction of conifer forest within wildfire perimeters and extreme fire weather were primarily responsible for those interactions. In the context of global change, our results suggest that pre-fire fuel management should be targeted at expanding the fire weather settings in which fire control is feasible and promote less flammable and more resilient forest types.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Fernández-Guisuraga
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Samuel Martins
- Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e Florestas, 5300-271 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Paulo M Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Dickman LT, Jonko AK, Linn RR, Altintas I, Atchley AL, Bär A, Collins AD, Dupuy J, Gallagher MR, Hiers JK, Hoffman CM, Hood SM, Hurteau MD, Jolly WM, Josephson A, Loudermilk EL, Ma W, Michaletz ST, Nolan RH, O'Brien JJ, Parsons RA, Partelli‐Feltrin R, Pimont F, Resco de Dios V, Restaino J, Robbins ZJ, Sartor KA, Schultz‐Fellenz E, Serbin SP, Sevanto S, Shuman JK, Sieg CH, Skowronski NS, Weise DR, Wright M, Xu C, Yebra M, Younes N. Integrating plant physiology into simulation of fire behavior and effects. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:952-970. [PMID: 36694296 PMCID: PMC10952334 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a global crisis, but current fire models fail to capture vegetation response to changing climate. With drought and elevated temperature increasing the importance of vegetation dynamics to fire behavior, and the advent of next generation models capable of capturing increasingly complex physical processes, we provide a renewed focus on representation of woody vegetation in fire models. Currently, the most advanced representations of fire behavior and biophysical fire effects are found in distinct classes of fine-scale models and do not capture variation in live fuel (i.e. living plant) properties. We demonstrate that plant water and carbon dynamics, which influence combustion and heat transfer into the plant and often dictate plant survival, provide the mechanistic linkage between fire behavior and effects. Our conceptual framework linking remotely sensed estimates of plant water and carbon to fine-scale models of fire behavior and effects could be a critical first step toward improving the fidelity of the coarse scale models that are now relied upon for global fire forecasting. This process-based approach will be essential to capturing the influence of physiological responses to drought and warming on live fuel conditions, strengthening the science needed to guide fire managers in an uncertain future.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Turin Dickman
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Alexandra K. Jonko
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Rodman R. Linn
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Ilkay Altintas
- San Diego Supercomputer Center and Halicioglu Data Science InstituteUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Adam L. Atchley
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Andreas Bär
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Adam D. Collins
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Jean‐Luc Dupuy
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM)INRAe84914AvignonFrance
| | | | | | - Chad M. Hoffman
- Department of Forest and Rangeland StewardshipColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Sharon M. Hood
- Rocky Mountain Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMT59801USA
| | | | - W. Matt Jolly
- Rocky Mountain Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMT59801USA
| | - Alexander Josephson
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | | | - Wu Ma
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Sean T. Michaletz
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research CentreThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Rachael H. Nolan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2753Australia
- NSW Bushfire Risk Management Research HubWollongongNSW2522Australia
| | | | | | - Raquel Partelli‐Feltrin
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research CentreThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - François Pimont
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM)INRAe84914AvignonFrance
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Sciences and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang621010China
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences and JRU CTFC‐AGROTECNIOUniversitat de LleidaLleida25198Spain
| | - Joseph Restaino
- Fire and Resource Assessment ProgramCalifornia Department of Forestry and Fire ProtectionSouth Lake TahoeCA96155USA
| | - Zachary J. Robbins
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Karla A. Sartor
- Environmental Protection and Compliance DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Emily Schultz‐Fellenz
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Shawn P. Serbin
- Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNY11973USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Jacquelyn K. Shuman
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, Terrestrial Sciences SectionNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCO80305USA
| | - Carolyn H. Sieg
- Rocky Mountain Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceFlagstaffAZ86001USA
| | | | - David R. Weise
- Pacific Southwest Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceRiversideCA92507USA
| | - Molly Wright
- Cibola National ForestUSDA Forest ServiceAlbuquerqueNM87113USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Marta Yebra
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
- School of EngineeringAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Nicolas Younes
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
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4
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Warming weakens the night-time barrier to global fire. Nature 2022; 602:442-448. [PMID: 35173342 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Night-time provides a critical window for slowing or extinguishing fires owing to the lower temperature and the lower vapour pressure deficit (VPD). However, fire danger is most often assessed based on daytime conditions1,2, capturing what promotes fire spread rather than what impedes fire. Although it is well appreciated that changing daytime weather conditions are exacerbating fire, potential changes in night-time conditions-and their associated role as fire reducers-are less understood. Here we show that night-time fire intensity has increased, which is linked to hotter and drier nights. Our findings are based on global satellite observations of daytime and night-time fire detections and corresponding hourly climate data, from which we determine landcover-specific thresholds of VPD (VPDt), below which fire detections are very rare (less than 95 per cent modelled chance). Globally, daily minimum VPD increased by 25 per cent from 1979 to 2020. Across burnable lands, the annual number of flammable night-time hours-when VPD exceeds VPDt-increased by 110 hours, allowing five additional nights when flammability never ceases. Across nearly one-fifth of burnable lands, flammable nights increased by at least one week across this period. Globally, night fires have become 7.2 per cent more intense from 2003 to 2020, measured via a satellite record. These results reinforce the lack of night-time relief that wildfire suppression teams have experienced in recent years. We expect that continued night-time warming owing to anthropogenic climate change will promote more intense, longer-lasting and larger fires.
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Airey-Lauvaux C, Pierce AD, Skinner CN, Taylor AH. Changes in fire behavior caused by fire exclusion and fuel build-up vary with topography in California montane forests, USA. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114255. [PMID: 34942550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire sizes and proportions burned with high severity effects are increasing in seasonally dry forests, especially in the western USA. A critical need in efforts to restore or maintain these forest ecosystems is to determine where fuel build-up caused by fire exclusion reaches thresholds that compromise resilience to fire. Empirical studies identifying drivers of fire severity patterns in actual wildfires can be confounded by co-variation of vegetation and topography and the stochastic effects of weather and rarely consider long-term changes in fuel caused by fire exclusion. To overcome these limitations, we used a spatially explicit fire model (FlamMap) to compare potential fire behavior by topographic position in Lassen Volcanic National Park (LAVO), California, a large (43,000 ha), mountainous, unlogged landscape with extensive historical and contemporary fuels data. Fuel loads were uniformly distributed and incrementally increased across the landscape, meaning variation in fire behavior within each simulation was due to topography and among simulations, to fuels. We analyzed changes in fire line intensity (FLI) and crown fire potential as surface and canopy fuels increased from historical to contemporary levels and with percentile and actual wildfire weather conditions. Sensitivity to the influence of fuel build-up on fire behavior varied by topographic position. Steep slopes and ridges were most sensitive. At lower surface fuel loads, under pre-exclusion and contemporary canopy conditions, fire behavior was comparable and remained surface-type. As fuels increased, FLI and passive crown fire increased on steep slopes and ridgetops but remained largely unchanged on gentle slopes. Topographic variability in fire behavior was greatest with intermediate fuels. At higher surface fuel loads, under contemporary canopy fuels, passive crown fire dominated all topographic positions. With LAVO's current surface fuels, the area with potential for passive crown fire during actual fire weather increased from 6% pre-exclusion to 34% due to canopy fuel build-up. For topographically diverse landscapes, the results highlight where contemporary fire characteristics are most likely to deviate from historical patterns and may help managers prioritize locations for prescribed burning and managed wildfire to increase fire resilience in fuel rich landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Airey-Lauvaux
- Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Andrew D Pierce
- Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Carl N Skinner
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Redding, CA, 96002, United States.
| | - Alan H Taylor
- Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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6
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Makhaya Z, Odindi J, Mutanga O. The influence of bioclimatic and topographic variables on grassland fire occurrence within an urbanized landscape. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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7
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Gill NS, Turner MG, Brown CD, Glassman SI, Haire SL, Hansen WD, Pansing ER, St Clair SB, Tomback DF. Limitations to Propagule Dispersal Will Constrain Postfire Recovery of Plants and Fungi in Western Coniferous Forests. Bioscience 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Many forest species are adapted to long-interval, high-severity fires, but the intervals between severe fires are decreasing with changes in climate, land use, and biological invasions. Although the effects of changing fire regimes on some important recovery processes have previously been considered, the consequences for the dispersal of propagules (plant seeds and fungal spores) in forest communities have not. We characterize three mechanisms by which changing fire regimes disrupt propagule dispersal in mesic temperate, boreal, and high-elevation forests: reduced abundance and altered spatial distributions of propagule source populations, less effective dispersal of propagules by wind, and altered behavior of animal dispersers and propagule predators. We consider how disruptions to propagule dispersal may interact with other factors that are also influenced by fire regime change, potentially increasing risk of forest conversion. Finally, we highlight urgent research topics regarding how dispersal limitation may shape twenty-first century forest recovery after stand-replacing fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Gill
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States
| | - Monica G Turner
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Carissa D Brown
- Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | | | - Sandra L Haire
- Haire Laboratory for Landscape Ecology, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | | | | | | | - Diana F Tomback
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States
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Turner MG, Braziunas KH, Hansen WD, Hoecker TJ, Rammer W, Ratajczak Z, Westerling AL, Seidl R. The magnitude, direction, and tempo of forest change in Greater Yellowstone in a warmer world with more fire. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica G. Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Kristin H. Braziunas
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Winslow D. Hansen
- Earth Institute Columbia University New York City New York 10025 USA
| | - Tyler J. Hoecker
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Werner Rammer
- School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Zak Ratajczak
- Department of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas 66506‐4901 USA
| | - A. Leroy Westerling
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute and School of Engineering University of California‐Merced Merced California 95343 USA
| | - Rupert Seidl
- School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park 83471 Berchtesgaden Germany
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9
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Downing WM, Meigs GW, Gregory MJ, Krawchuk MA. Where and why do conifer forests persist in refugia through multiple fire events? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3642-3656. [PMID: 33896078 PMCID: PMC8362119 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Changing wildfire regimes are causing rapid shifts in forests worldwide. In particular, forested landscapes that burn repeatedly in relatively quick succession may be at risk of conversion when pre-fire vegetation cannot recover between fires. Fire refugia (areas that burn less frequently or severely than the surrounding landscape) support post-fire ecosystem recovery and the persistence of vulnerable species in fire-prone landscapes. Observed and projected fire-induced forest losses highlight the need to understand where and why forests persist in refugia through multiple fires. This research need is particularly acute in the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion of southwest Oregon and northwest California, USA, where expected increases in fire activity and climate warming may result in the loss of up to one-third of the region's conifer forests, which are the most diverse in western North America. Here, we leverage recent advances in fire progression mapping and weather interpolation, in conjunction with a novel application of satellite smoke imagery, to model the key controls on fire refugia occurrence and persistence through one, two, and three fire events over a 32-year period. Hotter-than-average fire weather was associated with lower refugia probability and higher fire severity. Refugia that persisted through three fire events appeared to be partially entrained by landscape features that offered protection from fire, suggesting that topographic variability may be an important stabilizing factor as forests pass through successive fire filters. In addition, smoke density strongly influenced fire effects, with fire refugia more likely to occur when smoke was moderate or dense in the morning, a relationship attributable to reduced incoming solar radiation resulting from smoke shading. Results from this study could inform management strategies designed to protect fire-resistant portions of biologically and topographically diverse landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Downing
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyCollege of ForestryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA
| | - Garrett W. Meigs
- Washington State Department of Natural ResourcesOlympiaWA98504USA
| | - Matthew J. Gregory
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyCollege of ForestryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA
| | - Meg A. Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyCollege of ForestryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA
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10
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Balantic C, Adams A, Gross S, Mazur R, Sawyer S, Tucker J, Vernon M, Mengelt C, Morales J, Thorne JH, Brown TM, Athearn N, Morelli TL. Toward climate change refugia conservation at an ecoregion scale. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Balantic
- Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Andrea Adams
- Earth Research Institute University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Shana Gross
- Ecology Program USDA Forest Service, Region 5 South Lake Tahoe California USA
| | - Rachel Mazur
- Division of Resources Management and Science Yosemite National Park El Portal California USA
| | - Sarah Sawyer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region Vallejo California USA
| | - Jody Tucker
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region Vallejo California USA
| | - Marian Vernon
- Point Blue Conservation Science Petaluma California USA
| | - Claudia Mengelt
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Science Applications Sacramento California USA
| | - Jennifer Morales
- Climate Change Program California Department of Water Resources Fresno California USA
| | - James H. Thorne
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis California USA
| | - Timothy M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Nicole Athearn
- Division of Resources Management and Science National Park Service El Portal California USA
| | - Toni Lyn Morelli
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
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11
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Wolf KD, Higuera PE, Davis KT, Dobrowski SZ. Wildfire impacts on forest microclimate vary with biophysical context. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyra D. Wolf
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Philip E. Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Kimberley T. Davis
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Solomon Z. Dobrowski
- Department of Forest Management University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
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12
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Robinne FN, Stadt JJ, Bater CW, Nock CA, Macdonald SE, Nielsen SE. Application of the Conservation Planning Tool Zonation to Inform Retention Planning in the Boreal Forest of Western Canada. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.584291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retention forestry is an approach in which live trees and other components of forest structure are retained within harvested areas. A primary objective of retention forestry is to maintain biodiversity and to hasten post-harvest recovery of forest structure and function. Retention is now a key element in sustainable forest management practices in many regions of the world. However, locating where retention should be placed to best achieve management objectives is a challenging problem, and evidence-based approaches to operational applications are rare. We suggest here that harvest planners could benefit from the use of systematic conservation planning principles and methods to inform retention design. Specifically, we used a conservation planning—or prioritization—tool, Zonation, to create spatially-explicit scenarios of retention harvesting in a boreal mixedwood forest in northwestern Alberta, Canada. Scenarios were informed by several environmental variables related to site productivity; in particular, we used a metric of wetness (depth-to-water from the Wet Areas Mapping algorithm) that is based on airborne lidar-derived terrain models previously shown to correlate with patterns in post-harvest forest regeneration and biodiversity. The nine retention scenarios examined here related to the placement of retention focused to drier, mesic, or wetter sites in combination with other prioritization constraints. Results were compared with an existing harvest plan to assess differences in the spatial pattern of retention (e.g., percent overlapping area, number of patches, size of the patches). We also tested for the homogeneity of forest attributes (e.g., tree species, deciduous density) between scenarios and the existing harvest plan using multivariate dispersion analysis. Our results showed limited commonalities among scenarios compared to the existing harvest plan; they were characterized as having limited spatial overlap, and more and smaller patches with the use of a timber-cost constraint further affecting retention patterns. While modeling results significantly differed from current retention practices, the approach presented here offers flexibility in testing different scenarios and assessing trade-offs between timber production and conservation goals using a standardized conservation planning toolkit.
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13
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A climatic dipole drives short- and long-term patterns of postfire forest recovery in the western United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29730-29737. [PMID: 33168732 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007434117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers are increasingly examining patterns and drivers of postfire forest recovery amid growing concern that climate change and intensifying fires will trigger ecosystem transformations. Diminished seed availability and postfire drought have emerged as key constraints on conifer recruitment. However, the spatial and temporal extent to which recurring modes of climatic variability shape patterns of postfire recovery remain largely unexplored. Here, we identify a north-south dipole in annual climatic moisture deficit anomalies across the Interior West of the US and characterize its influence on forest recovery from fire. We use annually resolved establishment models from dendrochronological records to correlate this climatic dipole with short-term postfire juvenile recruitment. We also examine longer-term recovery trajectories using Forest Inventory and Analysis data from 989 burned plots. We show that annual postfire ponderosa pine recruitment probabilities in the northern Rocky Mountains (NR) and the southwestern US (SW) track the strength of the dipole, while declining overall due to increasing aridity. This indicates that divergent recovery trajectories may be triggered concurrently across large spatial scales: favorable conditions in the SW can correspond to drought in the NR that inhibits ponderosa pine establishment, and vice versa. The imprint of this climatic dipole is manifest for years postfire, as evidenced by dampened long-term likelihoods of juvenile ponderosa pine presence in areas that experienced postfire drought. These findings underscore the importance of climatic variability at multiple spatiotemporal scales in driving cross-regional patterns of forest recovery and have implications for understanding ecosystem transformations and species range dynamics under global change.
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14
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Coop JD, Parks SA, Stevens-Rumann CS, Crausbay SD, Higuera PE, Hurteau MD, Tepley A, Whitman E, Assal T, Collins BM, Davis KT, Dobrowski S, Falk DA, Fornwalt PJ, Fulé PZ, Harvey BJ, Kane VR, Littlefield CE, Margolis EQ, North M, Parisien MA, Prichard S, Rodman KC. Wildfire-Driven Forest Conversion in Western North American Landscapes. Bioscience 2020; 70:659-673. [PMID: 32821066 PMCID: PMC7429175 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing disturbance regimes and climate can overcome forest ecosystem resilience. Following high-severity fire, forest recovery may be compromised by lack of tree seed sources, warmer and drier postfire climate, or short-interval reburning. A potential outcome of the loss of resilience is the conversion of the prefire forest to a different forest type or nonforest vegetation. Conversion implies major, extensive, and enduring changes in dominant species, life forms, or functions, with impacts on ecosystem services. In the present article, we synthesize a growing body of evidence of fire-driven conversion and our understanding of its causes across western North America. We assess our capacity to predict conversion and highlight important uncertainties. Increasing forest vulnerability to changing fire activity and climate compels shifts in management approaches, and we propose key themes for applied research coproduced by scientists and managers to support decision-making in an era when the prefire forest may not return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Coop
- School of Environment and Sustainability, Western Colorado University, Gunnison
| | - Sean A Parks
- Research ecologist with the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Missoula, Montana
| | | | - Shelley D Crausbay
- Senior scientist with Conservation Science Partners, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Philip E Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | | | - Alan Tepley
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen Whitman
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy Assal
- Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Brandon M Collins
- Fire Research and Outreach, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, and with the Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, in Davis, California
| | - Kimberley T Davis
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula
| | | | - Donald A Falk
- Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Paula J Fornwalt
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Peter Z Fulé
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
| | - Brian J Harvey
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Van R Kane
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Caitlin E Littlefield
- Caitlin Littlefield is a postdoctoral research associate, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Ellis Q Margolis
- US Geological Survey, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Santa Fe
| | - Malcolm North
- US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Mammoth Lakes, California
| | - Marc-André Parisien
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan Prichard
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kyle C Rodman
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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15
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Ritter SM, Hoffman CM, Battaglia MA, Stevens‐Rumann CS, Mell WE. Fine‐scale fire patterns mediate forest structure in frequent‐fire ecosystems. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Ritter
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523USA
| | - Chad M. Hoffman
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523USA
| | - Mike A. Battaglia
- Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest Service Fort Collins Colorado 80526USA
| | - Camille S. Stevens‐Rumann
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523USA
| | - William E. Mell
- Pacific Northwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Seattle Washington 98103USA
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16
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Downing WM, Johnston JD, Krawchuk MA, Merschel AG, Rausch JH. Disjunct and decoupled? The persistence of a fire-sensitive conifer species in a historically frequent-fire landscape. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Holz A, Wood SW, Ward C, Veblen TT, Bowman DMJS. Population collapse and retreat to fire refugia of the Tasmanian endemic conifer Athrotaxis selaginoides following the transition from Aboriginal to European fire management. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3108-3121. [PMID: 32125058 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Untangling the nuanced relationships between landscape, fire disturbance, human agency, and climate is key to understanding rapid population declines of fire-sensitive plant species. Using multiple lines of evidence across temporal and spatial scales (vegetation survey, stand structure analysis, dendrochronology, and fire history reconstruction), we document landscape-scale population collapse of the long-lived, endemic Tasmanian conifer Athrotaxis selaginoides in remote montane catchments in southern Tasmania. We contextualized the findings of this field-based study with a Tasmanian-wide geospatial analysis of fire-killed and unburned populations of the species. Population declines followed European colonization commencing in 1802 ad that disrupted Aboriginal landscape burning. Prior to European colonization, fire events were infrequent but frequency sharply increased afterwards. Dendrochronological analysis revealed that reconstructed fire years were associated with abnormally warm/dry conditions, with below-average streamflow, and were strongly teleconnected to the Southern Annular Mode. The multiple fires that followed European colonization caused near total mortality of A. selaginoides and resulted in pronounced floristic, structural vegetation, and fuel load changes. Burned stands have very few regenerating A. selaginoides juveniles yet tree-establishment reconstruction of fire-killed adults exhibited persistent recruitment in the period prior to European colonization. Collectively, our findings indicate that this fire-sensitive Gondwanan conifer was able to persist with burning by Aboriginal Tasmanians, despite episodic widespread forest fires. By contrast, European burning led to the restriction of A. selaginoides to prime topographic fire refugia. Increasingly, frequent fires caused by regional dry and warming trends and increased ignitions by humans and lightning are breaching fire refugia; hence, the survival Tasmanian Gondwanan species demands sustained and targeted fire management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Holz
- Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sam W Wood
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Carly Ward
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David M J S Bowman
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
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18
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Cadieux P, Boulanger Y, Cyr D, Taylor AR, Price DT, Sólymos P, Stralberg D, Chen HY, Brecka A, Tremblay JA. Projected effects of climate change on boreal bird community accentuated by anthropogenic disturbances in western boreal forest, Canada. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Cadieux
- Sciences et Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Québec QC Canada
| | - Yan Boulanger
- Laurentian Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Québec QC Canada
| | - Dominic Cyr
- Sciences et Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Gatineau QC Canada
| | - Anthony R. Taylor
- Atlantic Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Fredericton NB Canada
| | - David T. Price
- Northern Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Péter Sólymos
- Department of Biological Sciences Biological Sciences Building Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Diana Stralberg
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Han Y.H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University Thunder Bay ON Canada
- Key Laboratory for Humid Sub‐tropical Eco‐geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education Institute of Geographical Sciences Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Aaron Brecka
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University Thunder Bay ON Canada
| | - Junior A. Tremblay
- Sciences et Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Québec QC Canada
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project Edmonton AB Canada
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19
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Slingsby JA, Moncrieff GR, Rogers AJ, February EC. Altered ignition catchments threaten a hyperdiverse fire-dependent ecosystem. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:616-628. [PMID: 31587449 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human activities affect fire in many ways, often unintentionally or with considerable time-lags before they manifest themselves. Anticipating these changes is critical, so that insidious impacts on ecosystems, their biodiversity and associated goods and services can be avoided, mitigated or managed. Here we explore the impact of anthropogenic land cover change on fire and biodiversity in adjacent ecosystems on the hyperdiverse Cape Peninsula, South Africa. We develop a conceptual framework based on the notion of an ignition catchment, or the spatial extent and temporal range where an ignition is likely to result in a site burning. We apply this concept using fire models to estimate spatial changes in burn probability between historical and current land cover. This change layer was used to predict the observed record of fires and forest encroachment into fire-dependent Fynbos ecosystems in Table Mountain National Park. Urban expansion has created anthropogenic fire shadows that are modifying fire return intervals, facilitating a state shift to low-diversity, non-flammable forest at the expense of hyperdiverse, flammable Fynbos ecosystems. Despite occurring in a conservation area, these ecosystems are undergoing a hidden collapse and desperately require management intervention. Anthropogenic fire shadows can be caused by many human activities and are likely to be a universal phenomenon, not only contributing to the observed global decline in fire activity but also causing extreme fires in ecosystems where there is no shift to a less flammable state and flammable fuels accumulate. The ignition catchment framework is highly flexible and allows detection or prediction of changes in the fire regime, the threat this poses for ecosystems or fire risk and areas where management interventions and/or monitoring are required. Identifying anthropogenic impacts on ignition catchments is key for both understanding global impacts of humans on fire and guiding management of human-altered landscapes for desirable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper A Slingsby
- Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Glenn R Moncrieff
- Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Annabelle J Rogers
- Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Edmund C February
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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20
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Chapman TB, Schoennagel T, Veblen TT, Rodman KC. Still standing: Recent patterns of post-fire conifer refugia in ponderosa pine-dominated forests of the Colorado Front Range. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226926. [PMID: 31940320 PMCID: PMC6961861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forested fire refugia (trees that survive fires) are important disturbance legacies that provide seed sources for post-fire regeneration. Conifer regeneration has been limited following some recent western fires, particularly in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. However, the extent, characteristics, and predictability of ponderosa pine fire refugia are largely unknown. Within 23 fires in ponderosa pine-dominated forests of the Colorado Front Range (1996-2013), we evaluated the spatial characteristics and predictability of refugia: first using Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) burn severity metrics, then using landscape variables (topography, weather, anthropogenic factors, and pre-fire forest cover). Using 1-m resolution aerial imagery, we created a binary variable of post-fire conifer presence ('Conifer Refugia') and absence ('Conifer Absence') within 30-m grid cells. We found that maximum patch size of Conifer Absence was positively correlated with fire size, and 38% of the burned area was ≥ 50m from a conifer seed source, revealing a management challenge as fire sizes increase with warming further limiting conifer recovery. In predicting Conifer Refugia with two MTBS-produced databases, thematic burn severity classes (TBSC) and continuous Relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR) values, Conifer Absence was high in previously forested areas of Low and Moderate burn severity classes in TBSC. RdNBR more accurately identified post-fire conifer survivorship. In predicting Conifer Refugia with landscape variables, Conifer Refugia were less likely during burn days with high maximum temperatures: while Conifer Refugia were more likely on moister soils and closer to higher order streams, homes, and roads; and on less rugged, valley topography. Importantly, pre-fire forest canopy cover was not strongly associated with Conifer Refugia. This study further informs forest management by mapping post-fire patches lacking conifer seed sources, validating the use of RdNBR for fire refugia, and detecting abiotic and topographic variables that may promote conifer refugia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa B. Chapman
- The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tania Schoennagel
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kyle C. Rodman
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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21
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San‐Miguel I, Coops NC, Chavardès RD, Andison DW, Pickell PD. What controls fire spatial patterns? Predictability of fire characteristics in the Canadian boreal plains ecozone. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio San‐Miguel
- Integrated Remote Sensing Studio Department of Forest Resources Management University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Nicholas C. Coops
- Integrated Remote Sensing Studio Department of Forest Resources Management University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Raphaël D. Chavardès
- NSERC‐UQAT‐UQAM Industrial Chair in Sustainable Forest Management Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue Rouyn‐Noranda Québec Canada
| | - David W. Andison
- Bandaloop Landscape‐Ecosystem Services Whistler British Columbia Canada
| | - Paul D. Pickell
- NSERC‐UQAT‐UQAM Industrial Chair in Sustainable Forest Management Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue Rouyn‐Noranda Québec Canada
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22
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Koontz MJ, North MP, Werner CM, Fick SE, Latimer AM. Local forest structure variability increases resilience to wildfire in dry western U.S. coniferous forests. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:483-494. [PMID: 31922344 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A 'resilient' forest endures disturbance and is likely to persist. Resilience to wildfire may arise from feedback between fire behaviour and forest structure in dry forest systems. Frequent fire creates fine-scale variability in forest structure, which may then interrupt fuel continuity and prevent future fires from killing overstorey trees. Testing the generality and scale of this phenomenon is challenging for vast, long-lived forest ecosystems. We quantify forest structural variability and fire severity across >30 years and >1000 wildfires in California's Sierra Nevada. We find that greater variability in forest structure increases resilience by reducing rates of fire-induced tree mortality and that the scale of this effect is local, manifesting at the smallest spatial extent of forest structure tested (90 × 90 m). Resilience of these forests is likely compromised by structural homogenisation from a century of fire suppression, but could be restored with management that increases forest structural variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Koontz
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Earth Lab, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Malcolm P North
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Mammoth Lakes, CA, USA
| | - Chhaya M Werner
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephen E Fick
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew M Latimer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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23
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Collins L, Bennett AF, Leonard SWJ, Penman TD. Wildfire refugia in forests: Severe fire weather and drought mute the influence of topography and fuel age. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3829-3843. [PMID: 31215102 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire refugia (unburnt patches within large wildfires) are important for the persistence of fire-sensitive species across forested landscapes globally. A key challenge is to identify the factors that determine the distribution of fire refugia across space and time. In particular, determining the relative influence of climatic and landscape factors is important in order to understand likely changes in the distribution of wildfire refugia under future climates. Here, we examine the relative effect of weather (i.e. fire weather, drought severity) and landscape features (i.e. topography, fuel age, vegetation type) on the occurrence of fire refugia across 26 large wildfires in south-eastern Australia. Fire weather and drought severity were the primary drivers of the occurrence of fire refugia, moderating the effect of landscape attributes. Unburnt patches rarely occurred under 'severe' fire weather, irrespective of drought severity, topography, fuels or vegetation community. The influence of drought severity and landscape factors played out most strongly under 'moderate' fire weather. In mesic forests, fire refugia were linked to variables that affect fuel moisture, whereby the occurrence of unburnt patches decreased with increasing drought conditions and were associated with more mesic topographic locations (i.e. gullies, pole-facing aspects) and vegetation communities (i.e. closed-forest). In dry forest, the occurrence of refugia was responsive to fuel age, being associated with recently burnt areas (<5 years since fire). Overall, these results show that increased severity of fire weather and increased drought conditions, both predicted under future climate scenarios, are likely to lead to a reduction of wildfire refugia across forests of southern Australia. Protection of topographic areas able to provide long-term fire refugia will be an important step towards maintaining the ecological integrity of forests under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Collins
- Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew F Bennett
- Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve W J Leonard
- Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Natural Values Conservation Branch, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Trent D Penman
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
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24
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A fuzzy logic decision support model for climate-driven biomass loss risk in western Oregon and Washington. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222051. [PMID: 31652268 PMCID: PMC6814215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) projections are often put forth to aid resource managers in climate change-related decision making. However, interpreting model results and understanding their uncertainty can be difficult. Sources of uncertainty include embedded assumptions about atmospheric CO2 levels, uncertain climate projections driving DGVMs, and DGVM algorithm selection. For western Oregon and Washington, we implemented an Environmental Evaluation Modeling System (EEMS) decision support model using MC2 DGVM results to characterize biomass loss risk. MC2 results were driven by climate projections from 20 General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Earth System Models (ESMs), under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5, with and without assumed fire suppression, for three different time periods. We produced maps of mean, minimum, and maximum biomass loss risk and uncertainty for each RCP / +/- fire suppression / time period. We characterized the uncertainty due to RCP, fire suppression, and climate projection choice. Finally, we evaluated whether fire or climate maladaptation mortality was the dominant driver of risk for each model run. The risk of biomass loss generally increases in current high biomass areas within the study region through time. The pattern of increased risk is generally south to north and upslope into the Coast and Cascade mountain ranges and along the coast. Uncertainty from climate future choice is greater than that attributable to RCP or +/- fire suppression. Fire dominates as the driving factor for biomass loss risk in more model runs than mortality. This method of interpreting DGVM results and the associated uncertainty provides managers with data in a form directly applicable to their concerns and should prove helpful in adaptive management planning.
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25
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Menezes‐Silva PE, Loram‐Lourenço L, Alves RDFB, Sousa LF, Almeida SEDS, Farnese FS. Different ways to die in a changing world: Consequences of climate change for tree species performance and survival through an ecophysiological perspective. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11979-11999. [PMID: 31695903 PMCID: PMC6822037 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities such as uncontrolled deforestation and increasing greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for triggering a series of environmental imbalances that affect the Earth's complex climate dynamics. As a consequence of these changes, several climate models forecast an intensification of extreme weather events over the upcoming decades, including heat waves and increasingly severe drought and flood episodes. The occurrence of such extreme weather will prompt profound changes in several plant communities, resulting in massive forest dieback events that can trigger a massive loss of biodiversity in several biomes worldwide. Despite the gravity of the situation, our knowledge regarding how extreme weather events can undermine the performance, survival, and distribution of forest species remains very fragmented. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide a broad and integrated perspective of the main biochemical, physiological, and morpho-anatomical disorders that may compromise the performance and survival of forest species exposed to climate change factors, particularly drought, flooding, and global warming. In addition, we also discuss the controversial effects of high CO2 concentrations in enhancing plant growth and reducing the deleterious effects of some extreme climatic events. We conclude with a discussion about the possible effects that the factors associated with the climate change might have on species distribution and forest composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Loram‐Lourenço
- Laboratory of Plant EcophysiologyInstituto Federal Goiano – Campus Rio VerdeGoiásBrazil
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26
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How Much Forest Persists Through Fire? High-Resolution Mapping of Tree Cover to Characterize the Abundance and Spatial Pattern of Fire Refugia Across Mosaics of Burn Severity. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10090782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wildfires in forest ecosystems produce landscape mosaics that include relatively unaffected areas, termed fire refugia. These patches of persistent forest cover can support fire-sensitive species and the biotic legacies important for post-fire forest recovery, yet little is known about their abundance and distribution within fire perimeters. Readily accessible 30-m resolution satellite imagery and derived burn severity products are commonly employed to characterize post-fire landscapes; however, coarse image resolution, generalized burn severity thresholds, and other limitations can constrain accurate representation of fire refugia. This study quantifies the abundance and pattern of fire refugia within 10 fires occurring in ponderosa pine and dry mixed-conifer forests between 2000 and 2003. We developed high-resolution maps of post-fire landscapes using semi-automated, object-based classification of 1-m aerial imagery, conducted imagery- and field-based accuracy assessments, and contrasted these with Landsat-derived burn severity metrics. Fire refugia area within burn perimeters ranged from 20% to 57%. Refugia proportion generally decreased with increasing Landsat-derived burn severity, but still accounted for 3–12% of areas classified as high severity. Patch size ranged from 1-m2 isolated trees to nearly 8000 ha, and median patch size was 0.01 ha—substantially smaller than a 30-m Landsat pixel. Patch size was negatively related to burn severity; distance to fire refugia from open areas was positively related to burn severity. Finally, optimized thresholds of 30-m post-fire normalized burn ratio (NBR) and relative differenced normalized burn ratio (RdNBR) delineated fire refugia with an accuracy of 77% when validated against the 1-m resolution maps. Estimations of fire refugia abundance based on Landsat-derived burn severity metrics are unlikely to detect small, isolated fire refugia patches. Finer-resolution maps can improve understanding of the distribution of forest legacies and inform post-fire management activities including reforestation and treatments.
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Giving Ecological Meaning to Satellite-Derived Fire Severity Metrics across North American Forests. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11141735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Satellite-derived spectral indices such as the relativized burn ratio (RBR) allow fire severity maps to be produced in a relatively straightforward manner across multiple fires and broad spatial extents. These indices often have strong relationships with field-based measurements of fire severity, thereby justifying their widespread use in management and science. However, satellite-derived spectral indices have been criticized because their non-standardized units render them difficult to interpret relative to on-the-ground fire effects. In this study, we built a Random Forest model describing a field-based measure of fire severity, the composite burn index (CBI), as a function of multiple spectral indices, a variable representing spatial variability in climate, and latitude. CBI data primarily representing forested vegetation from 263 fires (8075 plots) across the United States and Canada were used to build the model. Overall, the model performed well, with a cross-validated R2 of 0.72, though there was spatial variability in model performance. The model we produced allows for the direct mapping of CBI, which is more interpretable compared to spectral indices. Moreover, because the model and all spectral explanatory variables were produced in Google Earth Engine, predicting and mapping of CBI can realistically be undertaken on hundreds to thousands of fires. We provide all necessary code to execute the model and produce maps of CBI in Earth Engine. This study and its products will be extremely useful to managers and scientists in North America who wish to map fire effects over large landscapes or regions.
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Hessburg PF, Miller CL, Parks SA, Povak NA, Taylor AH, Higuera PE, Prichard SJ, North MP, Collins BM, Hurteau MD, Larson AJ, Allen CD, Stephens SL, Rivera-Huerta H, Stevens-Rumann CS, Daniels LD, Gedalof Z, Gray RW, Kane VR, Churchill DJ, Hagmann RK, Spies TA, Cansler CA, Belote RT, Veblen TT, Battaglia MA, Hoffman C, Skinner CN, Safford HD, Salter RB. Climate, Environment, and Disturbance History Govern Resilience of Western North American Forests. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Coop JD, DeLory TJ, Downing WM, Haire SL, Krawchuk MA, Miller C, Parisien M, Walker RB. Contributions of fire refugia to resilient ponderosa pine and dry mixed‐conifer forest landscapes. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Coop
- School of Environment and Sustainability Western Colorado University Gunnison Colorado 81231 USA
| | | | - William M. Downing
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Sandra L. Haire
- Haire Laboratory for Landscape Ecology Belfast Maine 04915 USA
| | - Meg A. Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Carol Miller
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest Service Missoula Montana 59801 USA
| | - Marc‐André Parisien
- Northern Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Ryan B. Walker
- School of Environment and Sustainability Western Colorado University Gunnison Colorado 81231 USA
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Lesmeister DB, Sovern SG, Davis RJ, Bell DM, Gregory MJ, Vogeler JC. Mixed‐severity wildfire and habitat of an old‐forest obligate. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Damon B. Lesmeister
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Stan G. Sovern
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Raymond J. Davis
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - David M. Bell
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Matthew J. Gregory
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Jody C. Vogeler
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
- Natural Resources Ecology Lab Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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Parks SA, Dobrowski SZ, Shaw JD, Miller C. Living on the edge: trailing edge forests at risk of fire‐facilitated conversion to non‐forest. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean A. Parks
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute Rocky Mountain Research Station US Forest Service 790 E. Beckwith Avenue Missoula Montana 59801 USA
| | - Solomon Z. Dobrowski
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - John D. Shaw
- Forest Inventory and Analysis Rocky Mountain Research Station 507 25th Street Ogden Utah 84322 USA
| | - Carol Miller
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute Rocky Mountain Research Station US Forest Service 790 E. Beckwith Avenue Missoula Montana 59801 USA
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Dos Santos JFC, Gleriani JM, Velloso SGS, de Souza GSA, do Amaral CH, Torres FTP, Medeiros NDG, Dos Reis M. Wildfires as a major challenge for natural regeneration in Atlantic Forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:809-821. [PMID: 30308856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The natural regeneration management is a good strategy of ecological restoration of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most devastated biomes on the planet. However, the frequent occurrence of wildfires is one of the challenges to the success of this method. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of wildfires on forest dynamics in Atlantic Forest. The studied area was explored during the coffee cycle when plantations replaced primary forests. We used remote sensing data to analyze the forest dynamics over a period of 50 years (1966-2016). We used the INPE burn database to find the occurrence of hot spots from 1998 to 2016. During this period, we selected the years most affected by the fires for the identification of fire scars using the Normalized Burn Ratio spectral index. From this set of information, we used the methodology of weights of evidence to relate forest dynamics and wildfire events with biophysical and anthropic variables. The results showed that in 1966 the forest area accounted for 8.01% of the land cover, and in 2016 this number rose to 18.55% due to the spontaneous natural regeneration process. The regenerating areas were mainly related to the proximity of the remaining fragments and the portions of the landscape receiving the least amount of global solar radiation. The proximity to urban areas, roads and highways, damaged regeneration and favored both deforestation and wildfire events. Fire scars preferentially occur where there is greater sun exposure. It is possible to observe a negative correlation between the natural regeneration process and the fire scars. We concluded that fire severity is one of the factors that shape the landscape of the region while slowing the regeneration process in preferential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Flávio Costa Dos Santos
- Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa CEP 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - José Marinaldo Gleriani
- Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa CEP 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Cibele Hummel do Amaral
- Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa CEP 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Mateus Dos Reis
- Department of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus CEP 69067-375, Amazonas, Brazil
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Landscape Topoedaphic Features Create Refugia from Drought and Insect Disturbance in a Lodgepole and Whitebark Pine Forest. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Droughts and insect outbreaks are primary disturbance processes linking climate change to tree mortality in western North America. Refugia from these disturbances—locations where impacts are less severe relative to the surrounding landscape—may be priorities for conservation, restoration, and monitoring. In this study, hypotheses concerning physical and biological processes supporting refugia were investigated by modelling the landscape controls on disturbance refugia that were identified using remotely sensed vegetation indicators. Refugia were identified at 30-m resolution using anomalies of Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Moisture Index in lodgepole and whitebark pine forests in southern Oregon, USA, in 2001 (a single-year drought with no insect outbreak) and 2009 (during a multi-year drought and severe outbreak of mountain pine beetle). Landscape controls on refugia (topographic, soil, and forest characteristics) were modeled using boosted regression trees. Landscape characteristics better explained and predicted refugia locations in 2009, when forest impacts were greater, than in 2001. Refugia in lodgepole and whitebark pine forests were generally associated with topographically shaded slopes, convergent environments such as valleys, areas of relatively low soil bulk density, and in thinner forest stands. In whitebark pine forest, refugia were associated with riparian areas along headwater streams. Spatial patterns in evapotranspiration, snowmelt dynamics, soil water storage, and drought-tolerance and insect-resistance abilities may help create refugia from drought and mountain pine beetle. Identification of the landscape characteristics supporting refugia can help forest managers target conservation resources in an era of climate-change exacerbation of droughts and insect outbreaks.
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Povak NA, Hessburg PF, Salter RB. Evidence for scale‐dependent topographic controls on wildfire spread. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Povak
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) 100 ORAU Way Oak Ridge Tennessee 37830 USA
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory 1133 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee Washington 98801 USA
| | - Paul F. Hessburg
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory 1133 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee Washington 98801 USA
| | - R. Brion Salter
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory 1133 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee Washington 98801 USA
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Meddens AJH, Kolden CA, Lutz JA, Smith AMS, Cansler CA, Abatzoglou JT, Meigs GW, Downing WM, Krawchuk MA. Fire Refugia: What Are They, and Why Do They Matter for Global Change? Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Crystal A Kolden
- College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow
| | - James A Lutz
- Utah State University's Wildland Resources Department, in Logan, Utah
| | | | - C Alina Cansler
- The Fire, Fuel, and Smoke Science Program, part of the USDA Forest Service, in Missoula, Montana
| | | | - Garrett W Meigs
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society in the College of Forestry at Oregon State University, in Corvallis
| | - William M Downing
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society in the College of Forestry at Oregon State University, in Corvallis
| | - Meg A Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society in the College of Forestry at Oregon State University, in Corvallis
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36
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Effect of Topography on Persistent Fire Refugia of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Composition and Structure of Forest Fire Refugia: What Are the Ecosystem Legacies across Burned Landscapes? FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9050243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Stralberg D, Wang X, Parisien MA, Robinne FN, Sólymos P, Mahon CL, Nielsen SE, Bayne EM. Wildfire-mediated vegetation change in boreal forests of Alberta, Canada. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Stralberg
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; 751 General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW 405, Biological Sciences Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Xianli Wang
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; 751 General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; 1219 Queen St E Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E6 Canada
| | - Marc-André Parisien
- Northern Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; 5320 122 Street Edmonton Alberta T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - François-Nicolas Robinne
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; 751 General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Péter Sólymos
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW 405, Biological Sciences Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - C. Lisa Mahon
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Northern Region; Environment and Climate Change Canada; 91780 Alaska Highway Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 5X7 Canada
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; 751 General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Erin M. Bayne
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW 405, Biological Sciences Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
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Whitman E, Parisien MA, Thompson DK, Hall RJ, Skakun RS, Flannigan MD. Variability and drivers of burn severity in the northwestern Canadian boreal forest. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Whitman
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; 751 General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
- Northern Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; 5320-122nd Street Edmonton Alberta T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - Marc-André Parisien
- Northern Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; 5320-122nd Street Edmonton Alberta T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - Dan K. Thompson
- Northern Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; 5320-122nd Street Edmonton Alberta T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - Ronald J. Hall
- Northern Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; 5320-122nd Street Edmonton Alberta T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - Robert S. Skakun
- Northern Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; 5320-122nd Street Edmonton Alberta T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - Mike D. Flannigan
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; 751 General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
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41
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Meddens AJH, Kolden CA, Lutz JA, Abatzoglou JT, Hudak AT. Spatiotemporal patterns of unburned areas within fire perimeters in the northwestern United States from 1984 to 2014. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arjan J. H. Meddens
- College of Natural Resources University of Idaho 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1133 Moscow Idaho 83844‐1133 USA
| | - Crystal A. Kolden
- College of Natural Resources University of Idaho 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1133 Moscow Idaho 83844‐1133 USA
| | - James A. Lutz
- Wildland Resources Utah State University 5230 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322‐5230 USA
| | - John T. Abatzoglou
- Department of Geography University of Idaho 875 Perimeter Drive MS 3021 Moscow Idaho 83844‐1142 USA
| | - Andrew T. Hudak
- Rocky Mountain Research Station United States Forest Service 1221 South Main Street Moscow Idaho 83843 USA
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Characterizing Spatial Neighborhoods of Refugia Following Large Fires in Northern New Mexico USA. LAND 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/land6010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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