1
|
Qiu T, Andrus R, Aravena MC, Ascoli D, Bergeron Y, Berretti R, Berveiller D, Bogdziewicz M, Boivin T, Bonal R, Bragg DC, Caignard T, Calama R, Camarero JJ, Chang-Yang CH, Cleavitt NL, Courbaud B, Courbet F, Curt T, Das AJ, Daskalakou E, Davi H, Delpierre N, Delzon S, Dietze M, Calderon SD, Dormont L, Espelta J, Fahey TJ, Farfan-Rios W, Gehring CA, Gilbert GS, Gratzer G, Greenberg CH, Guo Q, Hacket-Pain A, Hampe A, Han Q, Hille Ris Lambers J, Hoshizaki K, Ibanez I, Johnstone JF, Journé V, Kabeya D, Kilner CL, Kitzberger T, Knops JMH, Kobe RK, Kunstler G, Lageard JGA, LaMontagne JM, Ledwon M, Lefevre F, Leininger T, Limousin JM, Lutz JA, Macias D, McIntire EJB, Moore CM, Moran E, Motta R, Myers JA, Nagel TA, Noguchi K, Ourcival JM, Parmenter R, Pearse IS, Perez-Ramos IM, Piechnik L, Poulsen J, Poulton-Kamakura R, Redmond MD, Reid CD, Rodman KC, Rodriguez-Sanchez F, Sanguinetti JD, Scher CL, Schlesinger WH, Schmidt Van Marle H, Seget B, Sharma S, Silman M, Steele MA, Stephenson NL, Straub JN, Sun IF, Sutton S, Swenson JJ, Swift M, Thomas PA, Uriarte M, Vacchiano G, Veblen TT, Whipple AV, Whitham TG, Wion AP, Wright B, Wright SJ, Zhu K, Zimmerman JK, Zlotin R, Zywiec M, Clark JS. Limits to reproduction and seed size-number trade-offs that shape forest dominance and future recovery. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2381. [PMID: 35501313 PMCID: PMC9061860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe relationships that control seed production in trees are fundamental to understanding the evolution of forest species and their capacity to recover from increasing losses to drought, fire, and harvest. A synthesis of fecundity data from 714 species worldwide allowed us to examine hypotheses that are central to quantifying reproduction, a foundation for assessing fitness in forest trees. Four major findings emerged. First, seed production is not constrained by a strict trade-off between seed size and numbers. Instead, seed numbers vary over ten orders of magnitude, with species that invest in large seeds producing more seeds than expected from the 1:1 trade-off. Second, gymnosperms have lower seed production than angiosperms, potentially due to their extra investments in protective woody cones. Third, nutrient-demanding species, indicated by high foliar phosphorus concentrations, have low seed production. Finally, sensitivity of individual species to soil fertility varies widely, limiting the response of community seed production to fertility gradients. In combination, these findings can inform models of forest response that need to incorporate reproductive potential.
Collapse
|
2
|
Journé V, Andrus R, Aravena MC, Ascoli D, Berretti R, Berveiller D, Bogdziewicz M, Boivin T, Bonal R, Caignard T, Calama R, Camarero JJ, Chang-Yang CH, Courbaud B, Courbet F, Curt T, Das AJ, Daskalakou E, Davi H, Delpierre N, Delzon S, Dietze M, Donoso Calderon S, Dormont L, Maria Espelta J, Fahey TJ, Farfan-Rios W, Gehring CA, Gilbert GS, Gratzer G, Greenberg CH, Guo Q, Hacket-Pain A, Hampe A, Han Q, Lambers JHR, Hoshizaki K, Ibanez I, Johnstone JF, Kabeya D, Kays R, Kitzberger T, Knops JMH, Kobe RK, Kunstler G, Lageard JGA, LaMontagne JM, Leininger T, Limousin JM, Lutz JA, Macias D, McIntire EJB, Moore CM, Moran E, Motta R, Myers JA, Nagel TA, Noguchi K, Ourcival JM, Parmenter R, Pearse IS, Perez-Ramos IM, Piechnik L, Poulsen J, Poulton-Kamakura R, Qiu T, Redmond MD, Reid CD, Rodman KC, Rodriguez-Sanchez F, Sanguinetti JD, Scher CL, Marle HSV, Seget B, Sharma S, Silman M, Steele MA, Stephenson NL, Straub JN, Swenson JJ, Swift M, Thomas PA, Uriarte M, Vacchiano G, Veblen TT, Whipple AV, Whitham TG, Wright B, Wright SJ, Zhu K, Zimmerman JK, Zlotin R, Zywiec M, Clark JS. Globally, tree fecundity exceeds productivity gradients. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1471-1482. [PMID: 35460530 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lack of tree fecundity data across climatic gradients precludes the analysis of how seed supply contributes to global variation in forest regeneration and biotic interactions responsible for biodiversity. A global synthesis of raw seedproduction data shows a 250-fold increase in seed abundance from cold-dry to warm-wet climates, driven primarily by a 100-fold increase in seed production for a given tree size. The modest (threefold) increase in forest productivity across the same climate gradient cannot explain the magnitudes of these trends. The increase in seeds per tree can arise from adaptive evolution driven by intense species interactions or from the direct effects of a warm, moist climate on tree fecundity. Either way, the massive differences in seed supply ramify through food webs potentially explaining a disproportionate role for species interactions in the wet tropics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Journé
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Robert Andrus
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Aravena
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), Santiago, Chile
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Roberta Berretti
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Universite Paris-Saclay, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Michal Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Thomas Boivin
- Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forets Mediterranennes, Avignon, France
| | - Raul Bonal
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Caignard
- Universite Bordeaux, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), Pessac, France
| | - Rafael Calama
- Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Benoit Courbaud
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Francois Courbet
- Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forets Mediterranennes, Avignon, France
| | - Thomas Curt
- Aix Marseille universite, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (IN-RAE), Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Adrian J Das
- USGS Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, California, USA
| | - Evangelia Daskalakou
- Institute of Mediterranean and Forest Ecosystems, HellenicAgricultural Organization ¨ DEMETER¨, Athens, Greece
| | - Hendrik Davi
- Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forets Mediterranennes, Avignon, France
| | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Universite Paris-Saclay, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Universite Bordeaux, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), Pessac, France
| | - Michael Dietze
- Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sergio Donoso Calderon
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), Santiago, Chile
| | - Laurent Dormont
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Josep Maria Espelta
- Centre de Recerca Ecologica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Timothy J Fahey
- Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptive Western Landscapes, University of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Georg Gratzer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences and Institute of Forest Ecology, Wien, Austria
| | - Cathryn H Greenberg
- Bent Creek Experimental Forest, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qinfeng Guo
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Arndt Hampe
- Universite Bordeaux, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), Pessac, France
| | - Qingmin Han
- Department of Plant Ecology Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Hoshizaki
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ines Ibanez
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jill F Johnstone
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Daisuke Kabeya
- Department of Plant Ecology Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Roland Kays
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Department of Ecology, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas - Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Health and Environmental Sciences Department, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Richard K Kobe
- Department of Plant Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Georges Kunstler
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Jonathan G A Lageard
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jalene M LaMontagne
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodor Leininger
- USDA, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Diana Macias
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | - Emily Moran
- School of Natural Sciences, UC Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Renzo Motta
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas A Nagel
- Department of forestry and renewable forest resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kyotaro Noguchi
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Robert Parmenter
- Valles Caldera National Preserve, National Park Service, Jemez Springs, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ian S Pearse
- Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ignacio M Perez-Ramos
- Inst. de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Andalucia, Spain
| | - Lukasz Piechnik
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - John Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Tong Qiu
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miranda D Redmond
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Chantal D Reid
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle C Rodman
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Javier D Sanguinetti
- Bilogo Dpto. Conservacin y Manejo Parque Nacional Lanin Elordi y Perito Moreno 8370, San Marten de los Andes, Argentina
| | - C Lane Scher
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harald Schmidt Van Marle
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Seget
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Shubhi Sharma
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miles Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael A Steele
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jacob N Straub
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, State University of New York-Brockport, Brockport, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer J Swenson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret Swift
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter A Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Territory, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy V Whipple
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Boyd Wright
- Botany, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Roman Zlotin
- Geography Department and Russian and East European Institute, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Magdalena Zywiec
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - James S Clark
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France.,Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wion AP, Pearse IS, Rodman KC, Veblen TT, Redmond MD. The effects of ENSO and the North American monsoon on mast seeding in two Rocky Mountain conifer species. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200378. [PMID: 34657459 PMCID: PMC8520773 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to disentangle the patterns of synchronous and variable cone production (i.e. masting) and its relationship to climate in two conifer species native to dry forests of western North America. We used cone abscission scars to reconstruct ca 15 years of recent cone production in Pinus edulis and Pinus ponderosa, and used redundancy analysis to relate time series of annual cone production to climate indices describing the North American monsoon and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We show that the sensitivity to climate and resulting synchrony in cone production varies substantially between species. Cone production among populations of P. edulis was much more spatially synchronous and more closely related to large-scale modes of climate variability than among populations of P. ponderosa. Large-scale synchrony in P. edulis cone production was associated with the North American monsoon and we identified a dipole pattern of regional cone production associated with ENSO phase. In P. ponderosa, these climate indices were not strongly associated with cone production, resulting in asynchronous masting patterns among populations. This study helps frame our understanding of mast seeding as a life-history strategy and has implications for our ability to forecast mast years in these species. This article is part of the theme issue 'The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P. Wion
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523‐1472, USA
| | - Ian S. Pearse
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Kyle C. Rodman
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Miranda D. Redmond
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523‐1472, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qiu T, Aravena MC, Andrus R, Ascoli D, Bergeron Y, Berretti R, Bogdziewicz M, Boivin T, Bonal R, Caignard T, Calama R, Julio Camarero J, Clark CJ, Courbaud B, Delzon S, Donoso Calderon S, Farfan-Rios W, Gehring CA, Gilbert GS, Greenberg CH, Guo Q, Hille Ris Lambers J, Hoshizaki K, Ibanez I, Journé V, Kilner CL, Kobe RK, Koenig WD, Kunstler G, LaMontagne JM, Ledwon M, Lutz JA, Motta R, Myers JA, Nagel TA, Nuñez CL, Pearse IS, Piechnik Ł, Poulsen JR, Poulton-Kamakura R, Redmond MD, Reid CD, Rodman KC, Scher CL, Schmidt Van Marle H, Seget B, Sharma S, Silman M, Swenson JJ, Swift M, Uriarte M, Vacchiano G, Veblen TT, Whipple AV, Whitham TG, Wion AP, Wright SJ, Zhu K, Zimmerman JK, Żywiec M, Clark JS. Is there tree senescence? The fecundity evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106130118. [PMID: 34400503 PMCID: PMC8403963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its importance for forest regeneration, food webs, and human economies, changes in tree fecundity with tree size and age remain largely unknown. The allometric increase with tree diameter assumed in ecological models would substantially overestimate seed contributions from large trees if fecundity eventually declines with size. Current estimates are dominated by overrepresentation of small trees in regression models. We combined global fecundity data, including a substantial representation of large trees. We compared size-fecundity relationships against traditional allometric scaling with diameter and two models based on crown architecture. All allometric models fail to describe the declining rate of increase in fecundity with diameter found for 80% of 597 species in our analysis. The strong evidence of declining fecundity, beyond what can be explained by crown architectural change, is consistent with physiological decline. A downward revision of projected fecundity of large trees can improve the next generation of forest dynamic models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qiu
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Marie-Claire Aravena
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), La Pintana, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Robert Andrus
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Forest Research Institute, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Roberta Berretti
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Michal Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Thomas Boivin
- l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forets Mediterranennes, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Raul Bonal
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Caignard
- Université Bordeaux, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Rafael Calama
- Centro de Investigación Forestal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CIFOR), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Connie J Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Benoit Courbaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystémes et Sociétés En Montagne (LESSEM), 38402 St.-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Université Bordeaux, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Sergio Donoso Calderon
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), La Pintana, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
| | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Cathryn H Greenberg
- Bent Creek Experimental Forest, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Asheville, NC 28801
| | - Qinfeng Guo
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Janneke Hille Ris Lambers
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kazuhiko Hoshizaki
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ines Ibanez
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Valentin Journé
- Université Grenoble Alpes, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystémes et Sociétés En Montagne (LESSEM), 38402 St.-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | | | - Richard K Kobe
- Department of Plant Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Walter D Koenig
- Hastings Reservation, University of California Berkeley, Carmel Valley, CA 93924
| | - Georges Kunstler
- Université Grenoble Alpes, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystémes et Sociétés En Montagne (LESSEM), 38402 St.-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | | | - Mateusz Ledwon
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-016 Krakow, Poland
| | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Renzo Motta
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Thomas A Nagel
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chase L Nuñez
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ian S Pearse
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - Łukasz Piechnik
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-512 Krakow, Poland
| | - John R Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | | | - Miranda D Redmond
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Chantal D Reid
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Kyle C Rodman
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - C Lane Scher
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Harald Schmidt Van Marle
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), La Pintana, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Seget
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-512 Krakow, Poland
| | - Shubhi Sharma
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Miles Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27106
| | | | - Margaret Swift
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Territory, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Amy V Whipple
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
| | - Andreas P Wion
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, United States 00936
| | - Magdalena Żywiec
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-512 Krakow, Poland
| | - James S Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
- Université Grenoble Alpes, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystémes et Sociétés En Montagne (LESSEM), 38402 St.-Martin-d'Heres, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jaime L, Hart SJ, Lloret F, Veblen TT, Andrus R, Rodman K, Batllori E. Species Climatic Suitability Explains Insect–Host Dynamics in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
6
|
Clark JS, Andrus R, Aubry-Kientz M, Bergeron Y, Bogdziewicz M, Bragg DC, Brockway D, Cleavitt NL, Cohen S, Courbaud B, Daley R, Das AJ, Dietze M, Fahey TJ, Fer I, Franklin JF, Gehring CA, Gilbert GS, Greenberg CH, Guo Q, HilleRisLambers J, Ibanez I, Johnstone J, Kilner CL, Knops J, Koenig WD, Kunstler G, LaMontagne JM, Legg KL, Luongo J, Lutz JA, Macias D, McIntire EJB, Messaoud Y, Moore CM, Moran E, Myers JA, Myers OB, Nunez C, Parmenter R, Pearse S, Pearson S, Poulton-Kamakura R, Ready E, Redmond MD, Reid CD, Rodman KC, Scher CL, Schlesinger WH, Schwantes AM, Shanahan E, Sharma S, Steele MA, Stephenson NL, Sutton S, Swenson JJ, Swift M, Veblen TT, Whipple AV, Whitham TG, Wion AP, Zhu K, Zlotin R. Author Correction: Continent-wide tree fecundity driven by indirect climate effects. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1664. [PMID: 33686080 PMCID: PMC7940415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22025-2
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Heres, France.
| | - Robert Andrus
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Yves Bergeron
- Forest Research Institute, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Michal Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Don C Bragg
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Monticello, AR, USA
| | - Dale Brockway
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Susan Cohen
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benoit Courbaud
- INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Robert Daley
- Greater Yellowstone Network, National Park Service, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Adrian J Das
- USGS Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, CA, USA
| | - Michael Dietze
- Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy J Fahey
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Istem Fer
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Qinfeng Guo
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Ines Ibanez
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jill Johnstone
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Johannes Knops
- Health and Environmental Sciences Department, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Walter D Koenig
- Hastings Reservation, University of California Berkeley, Carmel Valley, CA, USA
| | - Georges Kunstler
- INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | | | - Kristin L Legg
- Greater Yellowstone Network, National Park Service, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jordan Luongo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University Ecology Center, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Diana Macias
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Yassine Messaoud
- Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Emily Moran
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Chase Nunez
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Robert Parmenter
- Valles Caldera National Preserve, National Park Service, Jemez Springs, NM, USA
| | - Sam Pearse
- Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Scott Pearson
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mars Hill University, Mars Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Ethan Ready
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Miranda D Redmond
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Chantal D Reid
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kyle C Rodman
- INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - C Lane Scher
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Amanda M Schwantes
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erin Shanahan
- Greater Yellowstone Network, National Park Service, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Shubhi Sharma
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Samantha Sutton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Margaret Swift
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Amy V Whipple
- Department of Biological Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Andreas P Wion
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kai Zhu
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Roman Zlotin
- Geography Department and Russian and East European Institute, Bloomington, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Clark JS, Andrus R, Aubry-Kientz M, Bergeron Y, Bogdziewicz M, Bragg DC, Brockway D, Cleavitt NL, Cohen S, Courbaud B, Daley R, Das AJ, Dietze M, Fahey TJ, Fer I, Franklin JF, Gehring CA, Gilbert GS, Greenberg CH, Guo Q, HilleRisLambers J, Ibanez I, Johnstone J, Kilner CL, Knops J, Koenig WD, Kunstler G, LaMontagne JM, Legg KL, Luongo J, Lutz JA, Macias D, McIntire EJB, Messaoud Y, Moore CM, Moran E, Myers JA, Myers OB, Nunez C, Parmenter R, Pearse S, Pearson S, Poulton-Kamakura R, Ready E, Redmond MD, Reid CD, Rodman KC, Scher CL, Schlesinger WH, Schwantes AM, Shanahan E, Sharma S, Steele MA, Stephenson NL, Sutton S, Swenson JJ, Swift M, Veblen TT, Whipple AV, Whitham TG, Wion AP, Zhu K, Zlotin R. Continent-wide tree fecundity driven by indirect climate effects. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1242. [PMID: 33623042 PMCID: PMC7902660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect climate effects on tree fecundity that come through variation in size and growth (climate-condition interactions) are not currently part of models used to predict future forests. Trends in species abundances predicted from meta-analyses and species distribution models will be misleading if they depend on the conditions of individuals. Here we find from a synthesis of tree species in North America that climate-condition interactions dominate responses through two pathways, i) effects of growth that depend on climate, and ii) effects of climate that depend on tree size. Because tree fecundity first increases and then declines with size, climate change that stimulates growth promotes a shift of small trees to more fecund sizes, but the opposite can be true for large sizes. Change the depresses growth also affects fecundity. We find a biogeographic divide, with these interactions reducing fecundity in the West and increasing it in the East. Continental-scale responses of these forests are thus driven largely by indirect effects, recommending management for climate change that considers multiple demographic rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Clark
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA ,grid.450307.5INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Heres, France
| | - Robert Andrus
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Melaine Aubry-Kientz
- grid.266096.d0000 0001 0049 1282School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA USA
| | - Yves Bergeron
- grid.265695.bForest Research Institute, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC Canada
| | - Michal Bogdziewicz
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Don C. Bragg
- grid.497399.90000 0001 2106 5338USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Monticello, AR USA
| | - Dale Brockway
- grid.472551.00000 0004 0404 3120USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Natalie L. Cleavitt
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNatural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Susan Cohen
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Benoit Courbaud
- grid.450307.5INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Heres, France
| | - Robert Daley
- grid.454846.f0000 0001 2331 3972Greater Yellowstone Network, National Park Service, Bozeman, MT USA
| | - Adrian J. Das
- grid.2865.90000000121546924USGS Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, CA USA
| | - Michael Dietze
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy J. Fahey
- grid.472551.00000 0004 0404 3120USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Istem Fer
- grid.8657.c0000 0001 2253 8678Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jerry F. Franklin
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Catherine A. Gehring
- grid.261120.60000 0004 1936 8040Department of Biological Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ USA
| | - Gregory S. Gilbert
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Cathryn H. Greenberg
- grid.472551.00000 0004 0404 3120USDA Forest Service, Bent Creek Experimental Forest, Asheville, NC USA
| | - Qinfeng Guo
- grid.472551.00000 0004 0404 3120USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Janneke HilleRisLambers
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Ines Ibanez
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jill Johnstone
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Christopher L. Kilner
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Johannes Knops
- grid.440701.60000 0004 1765 4000Health and Environmental Sciences Department, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Walter D. Koenig
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Hastings Reservation, University of California Berkeley, Carmel Valley, CA USA
| | - Georges Kunstler
- grid.450307.5INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Heres, France
| | - Jalene M. LaMontagne
- grid.254920.80000 0001 0707 2013Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kristin L. Legg
- grid.454846.f0000 0001 2331 3972Greater Yellowstone Network, National Park Service, Bozeman, MT USA
| | - Jordan Luongo
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - James A. Lutz
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University Ecology Center, Logan, UT USA
| | - Diana Macias
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | | | - Yassine Messaoud
- grid.265704.20000 0001 0665 6279Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec Canada
| | - Christopher M. Moore
- grid.254333.00000 0001 2296 8213Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME USA
| | - Emily Moran
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Jonathan A. Myers
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Orrin B. Myers
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Chase Nunez
- grid.507516.00000 0004 7661 536XDepartment for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Robert Parmenter
- grid.454846.f0000 0001 2331 3972Valles Caldera National Preserve, National Park Service, Jemez Springs, NM USA
| | - Sam Pearse
- grid.2865.90000000121546924Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Scott Pearson
- grid.435676.50000 0000 8528 5973Department of Natural Sciences, Mars Hill University, Mars Hill, NC USA
| | - Renata Poulton-Kamakura
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Ethan Ready
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Miranda D. Redmond
- grid.47894.360000 0004 1936 8083Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Chantal D. Reid
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Kyle C. Rodman
- grid.450307.5INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Heres, France
| | - C. Lane Scher
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - William H. Schlesinger
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Amanda M. Schwantes
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Erin Shanahan
- grid.454846.f0000 0001 2331 3972Greater Yellowstone Network, National Park Service, Bozeman, MT USA
| | - Shubhi Sharma
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Michael A. Steele
- grid.268256.d0000 0000 8510 1943Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA USA
| | - Nathan L. Stephenson
- grid.2865.90000000121546924USGS Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, CA USA
| | - Samantha Sutton
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Jennifer J. Swenson
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Margaret Swift
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- grid.450307.5INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Heres, France
| | - Amy V. Whipple
- grid.261120.60000 0004 1936 8040Department of Biological Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- grid.261120.60000 0004 1936 8040Department of Biological Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ USA
| | - Andreas P. Wion
- grid.47894.360000 0004 1936 8083Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Kai Zhu
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Roman Zlotin
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XGeography Department and Russian and East European Institute, Bloomington, IN USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harvey BJ, Andrus RA, Battaglia MA, Negrón JF, Orrego A, Veblen TT. Droughty times in mesic places: factors associated with forest mortality vary by scale in a temperate subalpine region. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Harvey
- School of Environmental & Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington98195USA
| | - Robert A. Andrus
- Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Colorado80309USA
| | - Mike A. Battaglia
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins Colorado80525USA
| | - José F. Negrón
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins Colorado80525USA
| | - Alexandra Orrego
- Department of Geosciences Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia30303USA
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Colorado80309USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Andrus RA, Hart SJ, Tutland N, Veblen TT. Future dominance by quaking aspen expected following short‐interval, compounded disturbance interaction. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Andrus
- Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Sarah J. Hart
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Niko Tutland
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Andrus RA, Harvey BJ, Hoffman A, Veblen TT. Reproductive maturity and cone abundance vary with tree size and stand basal area for two widely distributed conifers. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Andrus
- Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Brian J. Harvey
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Ashley Hoffman
- Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Holz A, Wood SW, Ward C, Veblen TT, Bowman DMJS. Population collapse and retreat to fire refugia of the Tasmanian endemic conifer Athrotaxis selaginoides following the transition from Aboriginal to European fire management. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:3108-3121. [PMID: 32125058 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Untangling the nuanced relationships between landscape, fire disturbance, human agency, and climate is key to understanding rapid population declines of fire-sensitive plant species. Using multiple lines of evidence across temporal and spatial scales (vegetation survey, stand structure analysis, dendrochronology, and fire history reconstruction), we document landscape-scale population collapse of the long-lived, endemic Tasmanian conifer Athrotaxis selaginoides in remote montane catchments in southern Tasmania. We contextualized the findings of this field-based study with a Tasmanian-wide geospatial analysis of fire-killed and unburned populations of the species. Population declines followed European colonization commencing in 1802 ad that disrupted Aboriginal landscape burning. Prior to European colonization, fire events were infrequent but frequency sharply increased afterwards. Dendrochronological analysis revealed that reconstructed fire years were associated with abnormally warm/dry conditions, with below-average streamflow, and were strongly teleconnected to the Southern Annular Mode. The multiple fires that followed European colonization caused near total mortality of A. selaginoides and resulted in pronounced floristic, structural vegetation, and fuel load changes. Burned stands have very few regenerating A. selaginoides juveniles yet tree-establishment reconstruction of fire-killed adults exhibited persistent recruitment in the period prior to European colonization. Collectively, our findings indicate that this fire-sensitive Gondwanan conifer was able to persist with burning by Aboriginal Tasmanians, despite episodic widespread forest fires. By contrast, European burning led to the restriction of A. selaginoides to prime topographic fire refugia. Increasingly, frequent fires caused by regional dry and warming trends and increased ignitions by humans and lightning are breaching fire refugia; hence, the survival Tasmanian Gondwanan species demands sustained and targeted fire management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Holz
- Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sam W Wood
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Carly Ward
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David M J S Bowman
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Andrus RA, Hart SJ, Veblen TT. Forest recovery following synchronous outbreaks of spruce and western balsam bark beetle is slowed by ungulate browsing. Ecology 2020; 101:e02998. [PMID: 32012254 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how severe disturbances and their interactions affect forests is key to projecting ecological change under a warming climate. Substantial increases in some biotic disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, in temperate forest ecosystemsmay compromise recovery to a forest vegetation type (i.e., physiognomic recovery or resilience), especially if subsequent biotic disturbances (e.g., herbivory) alter recovery mechanisms. From 2005 to 2017, severe outbreaks (>90% mortality) of spruce bark beetles (SB, Dendroctonus rufipennis) affected Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) across 325,000 ha of spruce and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forest in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA. Concurrently, an outbreak of western balsam bark beetle (WBBB, Dryocoetes confuses) infested subalpine fir across at least 47,000 of these hectares. We explored the capacity of 105 stands affected by one or two bark beetle outbreaks and browsing of juvenile trees by ungulates to return to a forest vegetation type in the context of pre-outbreak forest conditions and topography. Nine initial forest trajectories (i.e., at least several decades) were identified from four pre-outbreak forest types affected by three biotic disturbances that occurred at different spatial scales and severities. Most stands (86%) contained surviving nonhost adult trees in the main canopy (fir and aspen [Populus tremuloides]) and many surviving juveniles of all species, implying that they are currently on a trajectory for physiognomic recovery. Stands composed exclusively of large-diameter spruce were affected by a severe SB outbreak and were most vulnerable to a transition to a low-density forest, below regional stocking levels (<370 trees/ha). Greater pre-outbreak stand structural complexity and species diversity were key traits of stands with a higher potential for physiognomic recovery. However, all multispecies stands shifted in relative composition of the main canopy to nonhost species, suggesting low potential for compositional recovery over the next several decades. Most post-outbreak stands (86%) exceeded regional stocking levels with trees taller than the browse zone (<2 m). As such, ungulate browsing on over half of all juveniles will primarily affect the rate of infilling of the forest canopy and preferential browsing of more palatable species will influence the composition of the future forest canopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Andrus
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Sarah J Hart
- Department Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fadrique B, Veldman JW, Dalling JW, Clark LG, Montti L, Ruiz‐Sanchez E, Rother DC, Ely F, Farfan‐Ríos W, Gagnon P, Prada CM, Camargo García JC, Saha S, Veblen TT, Londoño X, Feeley KJ, Rockwell CA. Guidelines for including bamboos in tropical ecosystem monitoring. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Fadrique
- Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables FL USA
| | - Joseph W. Veldman
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal Santa Cruz Bolivia
| | - James W. Dalling
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Lynn G. Clark
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Lia Montti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras‐CONICET Instituto de Geología de Costas y del Cuaternario‐Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones‐CONICET Puerto Iguazú Argentina
| | - Eduardo Ruiz‐Sanchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Mexico
| | - Débora C. Rother
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual de Campinas Cidade Universitária São Paulo Brasil
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Piracicaba Brasil
| | - Francisca Ely
- Facultad de Ciencias Instituto Jardín Botánico de Mérida Universidad de los Andes Mérida Venezuela
| | - William Farfan‐Ríos
- Living Earth Collaborative Washington University in Saint Louis St. Louis MO USA
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis MO USA
- Herbario Vargas (CUZ) Escuela Profesional de Biología Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Cusco Peru
| | - Paul Gagnon
- Institute for Water Resources U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Alexandria VA USA
| | - Cecilia M. Prada
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
| | | | | | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO USA
| | - Ximena Londoño
- Sociedad Colombiana del Bambú Montenegro, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Kenneth J. Feeley
- Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables FL USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden Coral Gables FL USA
| | - Cara A. Rockwell
- Department of Earth and Environment International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University Miami FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chapman TB, Schoennagel T, Veblen TT, Rodman KC. Still standing: Recent patterns of post-fire conifer refugia in ponderosa pine-dominated forests of the Colorado Front Range. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226926. [PMID: 31940320 PMCID: PMC6961861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forested fire refugia (trees that survive fires) are important disturbance legacies that provide seed sources for post-fire regeneration. Conifer regeneration has been limited following some recent western fires, particularly in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. However, the extent, characteristics, and predictability of ponderosa pine fire refugia are largely unknown. Within 23 fires in ponderosa pine-dominated forests of the Colorado Front Range (1996-2013), we evaluated the spatial characteristics and predictability of refugia: first using Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) burn severity metrics, then using landscape variables (topography, weather, anthropogenic factors, and pre-fire forest cover). Using 1-m resolution aerial imagery, we created a binary variable of post-fire conifer presence ('Conifer Refugia') and absence ('Conifer Absence') within 30-m grid cells. We found that maximum patch size of Conifer Absence was positively correlated with fire size, and 38% of the burned area was ≥ 50m from a conifer seed source, revealing a management challenge as fire sizes increase with warming further limiting conifer recovery. In predicting Conifer Refugia with two MTBS-produced databases, thematic burn severity classes (TBSC) and continuous Relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR) values, Conifer Absence was high in previously forested areas of Low and Moderate burn severity classes in TBSC. RdNBR more accurately identified post-fire conifer survivorship. In predicting Conifer Refugia with landscape variables, Conifer Refugia were less likely during burn days with high maximum temperatures: while Conifer Refugia were more likely on moister soils and closer to higher order streams, homes, and roads; and on less rugged, valley topography. Importantly, pre-fire forest canopy cover was not strongly associated with Conifer Refugia. This study further informs forest management by mapping post-fire patches lacking conifer seed sources, validating the use of RdNBR for fire refugia, and detecting abiotic and topographic variables that may promote conifer refugia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa B. Chapman
- The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tania Schoennagel
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kyle C. Rodman
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodman KC, Veblen TT, Chapman TB, Rother MT, Wion AP, Redmond MD. Limitations to recovery following wildfire in dry forests of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, USA. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e02001. [PMID: 31518473 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is contributing to increases in wildfire activity throughout the western United States, leading to potentially long-lasting shifts in vegetation. The response of forest ecosystems to wildfire is thus a crucial indicator of future vegetation trajectories, and these responses are contingent upon factors such as seed availability, interannual climate variability, average climate, and other components of the physical environment. To better understand variation in resilience to wildfire across vulnerable dry forests, we surveyed conifer seedling densities in 15 recent (1988-2010) wildfires and characterized temporal variation in seed cone production and seedling establishment. We then predicted postfire seedling densities at a 30-m resolution within each fire perimeter using downscaled climate data, monthly water balance models, and maps of surviving forest cover. Widespread ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seed cone production occurred at least twice following each fire surveyed, and pulses of conifer seedling establishment coincided with years of above-average moisture availability. Ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedling densities were higher on more mesic sites and adjacent to surviving trees, though there were also important interspecific differences, likely attributable to drought and shade tolerance. We estimated that postfire seedling densities in 42% (for ponderosa pine) and 69% (for Douglas-fir) of the total burned area were below the lowest reported historical tree densities in these forests. Spatial models demonstrated that an absence of mature conifers (particularly in the interior of large, high-severity patches) limited seedling densities in many areas, but 30-yr average actual evapotranspiration and climatic water deficit limited densities on marginal sites. A better understanding of the limitations to postfire forest recovery will refine models of vegetation dynamics and will help to improve strategies of adaptation to a warming climate and shifting fire activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Rodman
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Teresa B Chapman
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, Colorado, 80302, USA
| | - Monica T Rother
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403, USA
| | - Andreas P Wion
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80524, USA
| | - Miranda D Redmond
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80524, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hessburg PF, Miller CL, Parks SA, Povak NA, Taylor AH, Higuera PE, Prichard SJ, North MP, Collins BM, Hurteau MD, Larson AJ, Allen CD, Stephens SL, Rivera-Huerta H, Stevens-Rumann CS, Daniels LD, Gedalof Z, Gray RW, Kane VR, Churchill DJ, Hagmann RK, Spies TA, Cansler CA, Belote RT, Veblen TT, Battaglia MA, Hoffman C, Skinner CN, Safford HD, Salter RB. Climate, Environment, and Disturbance History Govern Resilience of Western North American Forests. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
17
|
Rodman KC, Veblen TT, Saraceni S, Chapman TB. Wildfire activity and land use drove 20th‐century changes in forest cover in the Colorado front range. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C. Rodman
- Geography University of Colorado Boulder 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Geography University of Colorado Boulder 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Sara Saraceni
- Marche Polytechnic University Piazza Roma 22 Ancona, Marche 60121 Italy
| | - Teresa B. Chapman
- Geography University of Colorado Boulder 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
- The Nature Conservancy 2424 Spruce Boulder Colorado 80302 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sommerfeld A, Senf C, Buma B, D'Amato AW, Després T, Díaz-Hormazábal I, Fraver S, Frelich LE, Gutiérrez ÁG, Hart SJ, Harvey BJ, He HS, Hlásny T, Holz A, Kitzberger T, Kulakowski D, Lindenmayer D, Mori AS, Müller J, Paritsis J, Perry GLW, Stephens SL, Svoboda M, Turner MG, Veblen TT, Seidl R. Patterns and drivers of recent disturbances across the temperate forest biome. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4355. [PMID: 30341309 PMCID: PMC6195561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that forest disturbances are changing in response to global change, yet local variability in disturbance remains high. We quantified this considerable variability and analyzed whether recent disturbance episodes around the globe were consistently driven by climate, and if human influence modulates patterns of forest disturbance. We combined remote sensing data on recent (2001-2014) disturbances with in-depth local information for 50 protected landscapes and their surroundings across the temperate biome. Disturbance patterns are highly variable, and shaped by variation in disturbance agents and traits of prevailing tree species. However, high disturbance activity is consistently linked to warmer and drier than average conditions across the globe. Disturbances in protected areas are smaller and more complex in shape compared to their surroundings affected by human land use. This signal disappears in areas with high recent natural disturbance activity, underlining the potential of climate-mediated disturbance to transform forest landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sommerfeld
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Institute of Silviculture, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria.
| | - Cornelius Senf
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Institute of Silviculture, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian Buma
- Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, 1151 Arapahoe, Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - Anthony W D'Amato
- University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Aiken Center Room 204E, Burlington, VT, 05495, USA
| | - Tiphaine Després
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 boulevard de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Ignacio Díaz-Hormazábal
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shawn Fraver
- University of Maine, School of Forest Resources, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Lee E Frelich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St.Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Álvaro G Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah J Hart
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Brian J Harvey
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hong S He
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tomáš Hlásny
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrés Holz
- Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Dominik Kulakowski
- Clark University, Graduate School of Geography, Worcester, MA, 01602, USA
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Akira S Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Juan Paritsis
- INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - George L W Perry
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Scott L Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica G Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology, Birge Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Rupert Seidl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Institute of Silviculture, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
McWethy DB, Pauchard A, García RA, Holz A, González ME, Veblen TT, Stahl J, Currey B. Landscape drivers of recent fire activity (2001-2017) in south-central Chile. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201195. [PMID: 30133449 PMCID: PMC6104937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades large fires have affected communities throughout central and southern Chile with great social and ecological consequences. Despite this high fire activity, the controls and drivers and the spatiotemporal pattern of fires are not well understood. To identify the large-scale trends and drivers of recent fire activity across six regions in south-central Chile (~32-40° S Latitude) we evaluated MODIS satellite-derived fire detections and compared this data with Chilean Forest Service records for the period 2001-2017. MODIS burned area estimates provide a spatially and temporally comprehensive record of fire activity across an important bioclimatic transition zone between dry Mediterranean shrublands/sclerophyllous forests and wetter deciduous-broadleaf evergreen forests. Results suggest fire activity was highly variable in any given year, with no statistically significant trend in the number of fires or mean annual area burned. Evaluation of the variables associated with spatiotemporal patterns of fire for the 2001-2017 period indicate vegetation type, biophysical conditions (e.g., elevation, slope), mean annual and seasonal climatic conditions (e.g., precipitation) and mean population density have the greatest influence on the probability of fire occurrence and burned area for any given year. Both the number of fires and annual area burned were greatest in warmer, biomass-rich lowland Bío-Bío and Araucanía regions. Resource selection analyses indicate fire 'preferentially' occurs in exotic plantation forests, mixed native-exotic forests, native sclerophyll forests, pasture lands and matorral, vegetation types that all provide abundant, flammable and connected biomass for burning. Structurally and compositionally homogenous exotic plantation forests may promote fire spread greater than native deciduous-Nothofagaceae forests which were once widespread in the southern parts of the study area. In the future, the coincidence of warmer and drier conditions in landscapes dominated by flammable and fuel-rich forest plantations and mixed native-exotic and sclerophyll forests are likely to further promote large fires in south-central Chile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B. McWethy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Aníbal Pauchard
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael A. García
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Holz
- Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mauro E. González
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR), Santiago, Chile
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julian Stahl
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bryce Currey
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mietkiewicz N, Kulakowski D, Veblen TT. Pre-outbreak forest conditions mediate the effects of spruce beetle outbreaks on fuels in subalpine forests of Colorado. Ecol Appl 2018; 28:457-472. [PMID: 29405527 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, forest disturbances have increased in size, intensity, and frequency globally, and are predicted to continue increasing due to climate change, potentially relaxing the constraints of vegetation properties on disturbance regimes. However, the consequences of the potentially declining importance of vegetation in determining future disturbance regimes are not well understood. Historically, bark beetles preferentially attack older trees and stands in later stages of development. However, as climate warming intensifies outbreaks by promoting growth of beetle populations and compromising tree defenses, smaller diameter trees and stands in early stages of development now are being affected by outbreaks. To date, no study has considered how stand age and other pre-outbreak forest conditions mediate the effects of outbreaks on surface and aerial fuel arrangements. We collected fuels data across a chronosequence of post-outbreak sites affected by spruce beetle (SB) between the 1940s and the 2010s, stratified by young (<130 yr) and old (>130 yr) post-fire stands. Canopy and surface fuel loads were calculated for each tree and stand, and available crown fuel load, crown bulk density, and canopy bulk densities were estimated. Canopy bulk density and density of live canopy individuals were reduced in all stands affected by SB, though foliage loss was proportionally greater in old stands as compared to young stands. Fine surface fuel loads in young stands were three times greater shortly (<30 yr) following outbreak as compared to young stands not affected by outbreak, after which the abundance of fine surface fuels decreased to below endemic (i.e., non-outbreak) levels. In both young and old stands, the net effect of SB outbreaks during the 20th and 21st centuries reduced total canopy fuels and increased stand-scale spatial heterogeneity of canopy fuels following outbreak. Importantly, the decrease in canopy fuels following outbreaks was greater in young post-fire stands than in older stands, suggesting that SB outbreaks may more substantially reduce risk of active crown fire when they affect stands in earlier stages of development. The current study shows that the effects of SB outbreaks on forest structure and on fuel profiles are strongly contingent on pre-outbreak conditions as determined by pre-outbreak disturbance history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mietkiewicz
- Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01610, USA
| | - Dominik Kulakowski
- Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01610, USA
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Andrus RA, Harvey BJ, Rodman KC, Hart SJ, Veblen TT. Moisture availability limits subalpine tree establishment. Ecology 2018; 99:567-575. [PMID: 29469981 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of broad-scale disturbance, many temperate coniferous forests experience successful seedling establishment only when abundant seed production coincides with favorable climate. Identifying the frequency of past establishment events and the climate conditions favorable for seedling establishment is essential to understanding how climate warming could affect the frequency of future tree establishment events and therefore future forest composition or even persistence of a forest cover. In the southern Rocky Mountains, USA, research on the sensitivity of establishment of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)-two widely distributed, co-occurring conifers in North America-to climate variability has focused on the alpine treeline ecotone, leaving uncertainty about the sensitivity of these species across much of their elevation distribution. We compared annual germination dates for >450 Engelmann spruce and >500 subalpine fir seedlings collected across a complex topographic-moisture gradient to climate variability in the Colorado Front Range. We found that Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir established episodically with strong synchrony in establishment events across the study area. Broad-scale establishment events occurred in years of high soil moisture availability, which were characterized by above-average snowpack and/or cool and wet summer climatic conditions. In the recent half of the study period (1975-2010), a decrease in the number of fir and spruce establishment events across their distribution coincided with declining snowpack and a multi-decadal trend of rising summer temperature and increasing moisture deficits. Counter to expected and observed increases in tree establishment with climate warming in maritime subalpine forests, our results show that recruitment declines will likely occur across the core of moisture-limited subalpine tree ranges as warming drives increased moisture deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Andrus
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian J Harvey
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kyle C Rodman
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah J Hart
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Conlisk E, Castanha C, Germino MJ, Veblen TT, Smith JM, Moyes AB, Kueppers LM. Seed origin and warming constrain lodgepole pine recruitment, slowing the pace of population range shifts. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:197-211. [PMID: 28746786 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how climate warming will affect the demographic rates of different ecotypes is critical to predicting shifts in species distributions. Here, we present results from a common garden, climate change experiment in which we measured seedling recruitment of lodgepole pine, a widespread North American conifer that is also planted globally. Seeds from a low-elevation provenance had more than three-fold greater recruitment to their third year than seeds from a high-elevation provenance across sites within and above its native elevation range and across climate manipulations. Heating halved recruitment to the third year of both low- and high-elevation seed sources across the elevation gradient, while watering more than doubled recruitment, alleviating some of the negative effects of heating. Demographic models based on recruitment data from the climate manipulations and long-term observations of adult populations revealed that heating could effectively halt modeled upslope range expansion except when combined with watering. Simulating fire and rapid postfire forest recovery at lower elevations accelerated lodgepole pine expansion into the alpine, but did not alter final abundance rankings among climate scenarios. Regardless of climate scenario, greater recruitment of low-elevation seeds compensated for longer dispersal distances to treeline, assuming colonization was allowed to proceed over multiple centuries. Our results show that ecotypes from lower elevations within a species' range could enhance recruitment and facilitate upslope range shifts with climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Conlisk
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Castanha
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Germino
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew B Moyes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Lara M Kueppers
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stevens‐Rumann CS, Kemp KB, Higuera PE, Harvey BJ, Rother MT, Donato DC, Morgan P, Veblen TT. Evidence for declining forest resilience to wildfires under climate change. Ecol Lett 2017; 21:243-252. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille S. Stevens‐Rumann
- Department of Forest Rangeland, and Fire Sciences University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho USA
- Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado USA
| | | | - Philip E. Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana Missoula, Montana USA
| | - Brian J. Harvey
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seatlle, Washington USA
| | - Monica T. Rother
- University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, Colorado USA
- Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy Tallahassee, Florida USA
| | - Daniel C. Donato
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seatlle, Washington USA
- Department of Natural ResourcesWashington State Olympia, Washington USA
| | - Penelope Morgan
- Department of Forest Rangeland, and Fire Sciences University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hart SJ, Veblen TT, Schneider D, Molotch NP. Summer and winter drought drive the initiation and spread of spruce beetle outbreak. Ecology 2017; 98:2698-2707. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Hart
- Department of Geography University of Colorado 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80302 USA
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography University of Colorado 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80302 USA
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Department of Geography University of Colorado 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80302 USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado 1560 30th Street Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Noah P. Molotch
- Department of Geography University of Colorado 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80302 USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado 1560 30th Street Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mundo IA, Villalba R, Veblen TT, Kitzberger T, Holz A, Paritsis J, Ripalta A. Fire history in southern Patagonia: human and climate influences on fire activity in
Nothofagus pumilio
forests. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A. Mundo
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental IANIGLA – CONICET CC330 ‐ M5502IRA Mendoza Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Cuyo M5502JMA Mendoza Argentina
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental IANIGLA – CONICET CC330 ‐ M5502IRA Mendoza Argentina
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA‐CONICET Universidad Nacional del Comahue 8400 Bariloche Argentina
| | - Andrés Holz
- Department of Geography Portland State University Portland Oregon 97207 USA
| | - Juan Paritsis
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA‐CONICET Universidad Nacional del Comahue 8400 Bariloche Argentina
| | - Alberto Ripalta
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental IANIGLA – CONICET CC330 ‐ M5502IRA Mendoza Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Harvey JE, Smith DJ, Veblen TT. Mixed-severity fire history at a forest-grassland ecotone in west central British Columbia, Canada. Ecol Appl 2017; 27:1746-1760. [PMID: 28434190 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examines spatially variable stand structure and fire-climate relationships at a low elevation forest-grassland ecotone in west central British Columbia, Canada. Fire history reconstructions were based on samples from 92 fire-scarred trees and stand demography from 27 plots collected over an area of about 7 km2 . We documented historical chronologies of widespread fires and localized grassland fires between AD 1600 and 1900. Relationships between fire events, reconstructed values of the Palmer Drought Severity Index, and annual precipitation were examined using superposed epoch and bivariate event analyses. Widespread fires occurred during warm, dry years and were preceded by multiple anomalously dry, warm years. Localized fires that affected only grassland-proximal forests were more frequent than widespread fires. These localized fires showed a lagged, positive relationship with wetter conditions. The landscape pattern of forest structure provided further evidence of complex fire activity with multiple plots shown to have experienced low-, mixed-, and/or high-severity fires over the last four centuries. We concluded that this forest-grassland ecotone was characterized by fires of mixed severity, dominated by frequent, low-severity fires punctuated by widespread fires of moderate to high severity. This landscape-level variability in fire-climate relationships and patterns in forest structure has important implications for fire and grassland management in west central British Columbia and similar environments elsewhere. Forest restoration techniques such as prescribed fire and thinning are oftentimes applied at the forest-grassland ecotone on the basis that historically high frequency, low-severity fires defined the character of past fire activity. This study provides forest managers and policy makers with important information on mixed-severity fire activity at a low elevation forest-grassland ecotone, a crucial prerequisite for the effective management of these complex ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Harvey
- University of Victoria Tree-Ring Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3R4, Canada
| | - Dan J Smith
- University of Victoria Tree-Ring Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3R4, Canada
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gill NS, Jarvis D, Veblen TT, Pickett STA, Kulakowski D. Is initial post‐disturbance regeneration indicative of longer‐term trajectories? Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S. Gill
- Graduate School of Geography Clark University 950 Main Street Worcester Massachusetts 01610 USA
- Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center 344 Crater Rim Drive Volcano Hawaii 96718 USA
| | - Daniel Jarvis
- Graduate School of Geography Clark University 950 Main Street Worcester Massachusetts 01610 USA
- Vermont Technical College 124 Admin Drive Randolph Center Vermont 05061 USA
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Geography Department University of Colorado‐Boulder Guggenheim 110, 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Steward T. A. Pickett
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Box AB, 2801 Sharon Turnpike Millbrook New York 12545 USA
| | - Dominik Kulakowski
- Graduate School of Geography Clark University 950 Main Street Worcester Massachusetts 01610 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- Monica T. Rother
- Biogeography Lab Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Biogeography Lab Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bakaj F, Mietkiewicz N, Veblen TT, Kulakowski D. The relative importance of tree and stand properties in susceptibility to spruce beetle outbreak in the mid‐20th century. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Bakaj
- Graduate School of Geography Clark University Worcester Massachusetts 01610 USA
| | - Nathan Mietkiewicz
- Graduate School of Geography Clark University Worcester Massachusetts 01610 USA
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Dominik Kulakowski
- Graduate School of Geography Clark University Worcester Massachusetts 01610 USA
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF 7270 Davos Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Andrus RA, Veblen TT, Harvey BJ, Hart SJ. Fire severity unaffected by spruce beetle outbreak in spruce-fir forests in southwestern Colorado. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:700-711. [PMID: 27411244 DOI: 10.1890/15-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent large and severe outbreaks of native bark beetles have raised concern among the general public and land managers about potential for amplified fire activity in western North America. To date, the majority of studies examining bark beetle outbreaks and subsequent fire severity in the U.S. Rocky Mountains have focused on outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests, but few studies, particularly field studies, have addressed the effects of the severity of spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) infestation on subsequent fire severity in subalpine Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forests. In Colorado, the annual area infested by spruce beetle outbreaks is rapidly rising, while MPB outbreaks are subsiding; therefore understanding this relationship is of growing importance. We collected extensive field data in subalpine forests in the eastern San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado, USA, to investigate whether a gray-stage (< 5 yr from outbreak to time of fire) spruce beetle infestation affected fire severity. Contrary to the expectation that bark beetle infestation alters subsequent fire severity, correlation and multivariate generalized linear regression analysis revealed no influence of pre-fire spruce beetle severity on nearly all field or remotely sensed measurements of fire severity. Findings were consistent across moderate and extreme burning conditions. In comparison to severity of the pre-fire beetle outbreak, we found that topography, pre-outbreak basal area, and weather conditions exerted a stronger effect on fire severity. Our finding that beetle infestation did not alter fire severity is consistent with previous retrospective studies examining fire activity following other bark beetle outbreaks and reiterates the overriding influence of climate that creates conditions conducive to large, high-severity fires in the subalpine zone of Colorado. Both bark beetle outbreaks and wildfires have increased autonomously due to recent climate variability, but this study does not support the expectation that post-beetle outbreak forests will alter fire severity, a result that has important implications for management and policy decisions.
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Kitzberger T, Veblen TT. Influences of humans and ENSO on fire history ofAustrocedrus chilensiswoodlands in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Écoscience 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1997.11682430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
33
|
González ME, Veblen TT. Climatic influences on fire inAraucaria araucana–Nothofagusforests in the Andean cordillera of south-central Chile. Écoscience 2016. [DOI: 10.2980/i1195-6860-13-3-342.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
34
|
Smith JM, Hart SJ, Chapman TB, Veblen TT, Schoennagel T. Dendroecological reconstruction of 1980s mountain pine beetle outbreak in lodgepole pine forests in northwestern Colorado. Écoscience 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/19-2-3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Temperli C, Veblen TT, Hart SJ, Kulakowski D, Tepley AJ. Interactions among spruce beetle disturbance, climate change and forest dynamics captured by a forest landscape model. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00394.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
37
|
Tepley AJ, Veblen TT. Spatiotemporal fire dynamics in mixed-conifer and aspen forests in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado, USA. ECOL MONOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1496.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
38
|
Hart SJ, Veblen TT, Mietkiewicz N, Kulakowski D. Negative feedbacks on bark beetle outbreaks: widespread and severe spruce beetle infestation restricts subsequent infestation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127975. [PMID: 26000906 PMCID: PMC4441381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding disturbance interactions and their ecological consequences remains a major challenge for research on the response of forests to a changing climate. When, where, and how one disturbance may alter the severity, extent, or occurrence probability of a subsequent disturbance is encapsulated by the concept of linked disturbances. Here, we evaluated 1) how climate and forest habitat variables, including disturbance history, interact to drive 2000s spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) infestation of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) across the Southern Rocky Mountains; and 2) how previous spruce beetle infestation affects subsequent infestation across the Flat Tops Wilderness in northwestern Colorado, which experienced a severe landscape-scale spruce beetle infestation in the 1940s. We hypothesized that drought and warm temperatures would promote infestation, whereas small diameter and non-host trees, which may reflect past disturbance by spruce beetles, would inhibit infestation. Across the Southern Rocky Mountains, we found that climate and forest structure interacted to drive the 2000s infestation. Within the Flat Tops study area we found that stands infested in the 1940s were composed of higher proportions of small diameter and non-host trees ca. 60 years later. In this area, the 2000s infestation was constrained by a paucity of large diameter host trees (> 23 cm at diameter breast height), not climate. This suggests that there has not been sufficient time for trees to grow large enough to become susceptible to infestation. Concordantly, we found no overlap between areas affected by the 1940s infestation and the current infestation. These results show a severe spruce beetle infestation, which results in the depletion of susceptible hosts, can create a landscape template reducing the potential for future infestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Hart
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathan Mietkiewicz
- School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dominik Kulakowski
- School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Holz A, Wood SW, Veblen TT, Bowman DMJS. Effects of high-severity fire drove the population collapse of the subalpine Tasmanian endemic conifer Athrotaxis cupressoides. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:445-458. [PMID: 25044347 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Athrotaxis cupressoides is a slow-growing and long-lived conifer that occurs in the subalpine temperate forests of Tasmania, a continental island to the south of Australia. In 1960-1961, human-ignited wildfires occurred during an extremely dry summer that killed many A. cupressoides stands on the high plateau in the center of Tasmania. That fire year, coupled with subsequent regeneration failure, caused a loss of ca. 10% of the geographic extent of this endemic Tasmanian forest type. To provide historical context for these large-scale fire events, we (i) collected dendroecological, floristic, and structural data, (ii) documented the postfire survival and regeneration of A. cupressoides and co-occurring understory species, and (iii) assessed postfire understory plant community composition and flammability. We found that fire frequency did not vary following the arrival of European settlers, and that A. cupressoides populations were able to persist under a regime of low-to-mid severity fires prior to the 1960 fires. Our data indicate that the 1960 fires were (i) of greater severity than previous fires, (ii) herbivory by native marsupials may limit seedling survival in both burned and unburned A. cupressoides stands, and (iii) the loss of A. cupressoides populations is largely irreversible given the relatively high fuel loads of postfire vegetation communities that are dominated by resprouting shrubs. We suggest that the feedback between regeneration failure and increased flammability will be further exacerbated by a warmer and drier climate causing A. cupressoides to contract to the most fire-proof landscape settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Holz
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, TAS 7001, Australia; Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97207, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Whitlock C, McWethy DB, Tepley AJ, Veblen TT, Holz A, McGlone MS, Perry GLW, Wilmshurst JM, Wood SW. Past and Present Vulnerability of Closed-Canopy Temperate Forests to Altered Fire Regimes: A Comparison of the Pacific Northwest, New Zealand, and Patagonia. Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
41
|
Hart SJ, Veblen TT, Eisenhart KS, Jarvis D, Kulakowski D. Drought induces spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreaks across northwestern Colorado. Ecology 2014; 95:930-9. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0230.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
42
|
Odion DC, Hanson CT, Arsenault A, Baker WL, DellaSala DA, Hutto RL, Klenner W, Moritz MA, Sherriff RL, Veblen TT, Williams MA. Examining historical and current mixed-severity fire regimes in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of western North America. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87852. [PMID: 24498383 PMCID: PMC3912150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is widespread concern that fire exclusion has led to an unprecedented threat of uncharacteristically severe fires in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) and mixed-conifer forests of western North America. These extensive montane forests are considered to be adapted to a low/moderate-severity fire regime that maintained stands of relatively old trees. However, there is increasing recognition from landscape-scale assessments that, prior to any significant effects of fire exclusion, fires and forest structure were more variable in these forests. Biota in these forests are also dependent on the resources made available by higher-severity fire. A better understanding of historical fire regimes in the ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of western North America is therefore needed to define reference conditions and help maintain characteristic ecological diversity of these systems. We compiled landscape-scale evidence of historical fire severity patterns in the ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests from published literature sources and stand ages available from the Forest Inventory and Analysis program in the USA. The consensus from this evidence is that the traditional reference conditions of low-severity fire regimes are inaccurate for most forests of western North America. Instead, most forests appear to have been characterized by mixed-severity fire that included ecologically significant amounts of weather-driven, high-severity fire. Diverse forests in different stages of succession, with a high proportion in relatively young stages, occurred prior to fire exclusion. Over the past century, successional diversity created by fire decreased. Our findings suggest that ecological management goals that incorporate successional diversity created by fire may support characteristic biodiversity, whereas current attempts to "restore" forests to open, low-severity fire conditions may not align with historical reference conditions in most ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of western North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C. Odion
- Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Environmental Studies Department, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chad T. Hanson
- Earth Island Institute, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - André Arsenault
- Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada, Corner Brook, N.L., Canada
| | - William L. Baker
- Program in Ecology and Department of Geography, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | | | - Richard L. Hutto
- Avian Science Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Walt Klenner
- Wildlife Habitat Ecologist, FLNR, Thompson-Okanagan Region, Kamloops, B.C., Canada
| | - Max A. Moritz
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Environmental Science, Policy, & Management Dept., University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rosemary L. Sherriff
- Department of Geography, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Williams
- Program in Ecology and Department of Geography, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Paritsis J, Holz A, Veblen TT, Kitzberger T. Habitat distribution modeling reveals vegetation flammability and land use as drivers of wildfire in SW Patagonia. Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00378.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
44
|
Holz A, Kitzberger T, Paritsis J, Veblen TT. Ecological and climatic controls of modern wildfire activity patterns across southwestern South America. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00234.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
45
|
|
46
|
Schoennagel T, Veblen TT, Negron JF, Smith JM. Effects of mountain pine beetle on fuels and expected fire behavior in lodgepole pine forests, Colorado, USA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30002. [PMID: 22272268 PMCID: PMC3260208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Colorado and southern Wyoming, mountain pine beetle (MPB) has affected over 1.6 million ha of predominantly lodgepole pine forests, raising concerns about effects of MPB-caused mortality on subsequent wildfire risk and behavior. Using empirical data we modeled potential fire behavior across a gradient of wind speeds and moisture scenarios in Green stands compared three stages since MPB attack (Red [1–3 yrs], Grey [4–10 yrs], and Old-MPB [∼30 yrs]). MPB killed 50% of the trees and 70% of the basal area in Red and Grey stages. Across moisture scenarios, canopy fuel moisture was one-third lower in Red and Grey stages compared to the Green stage, making active crown fire possible at lower wind speeds and less extreme moisture conditions. More-open canopies and high loads of large surface fuels due to treefall in Grey and Old-MPB stages significantly increased surface fireline intensities, facilitating active crown fire at lower wind speeds (>30–55 km/hr) across all moisture scenarios. Not accounting for low foliar moistures in Red and Grey stages, and large surface fuels in Grey and Old-MPB stages, underestimates the occurrence of active crown fire. Under extreme burning conditions, minimum wind speeds for active crown fire were 25–35 km/hr lower for Red, Grey and Old-MPB stands compared to Green. However, if transition to crown fire occurs (outside the stand, or within the stand via ladder fuels or wind gusts >65 km/hr), active crown fire would be sustained at similar wind speeds, suggesting observed fire behavior may not be qualitatively different among MPB stages under extreme burning conditions. Overall, the risk (probability) of active crown fire appears elevated in MPB-affected stands, but the predominant fire hazard (crown fire) is similar across MPB stages and is characteristic of lodgepole pine forests where extremely dry, gusty weather conditions are key factors in determining fire behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Schoennagel
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schoennagel T, Sherriff RL, Veblen TT. Fire history and tree recruitment in the Colorado Front Range upper montane zone: implications for forest restoration. Ecol Appl 2011; 21:2210-2222. [PMID: 21939055 DOI: 10.1890/10-1222.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Forests experiencing moderate- or mixed-severity fire regimes are presumed to be widespread across the western United States, but few studies have characterized these complex disturbance regimes and their effects on contemporary forest structure. Restoration of pre-fire-suppression open-forest structure to reduce the risk of uncharacteristic stand-replacing fires is a guiding principle in forest management policy, but identifying which forests are clear candidates for restoration remains a challenge. We conducted dendroecological reconstructions of fire history and stand structure at 40 sites in the upper montane zone of the Colorado Front Range (2400-2800 m), sampled in proportion to the distribution of forest types in that zone (50% dominated by ponderosa pine, 28% by lodgepole pine, 12% by aspen, 10% by Douglas-fir). We characterized past fire severity based on remnant criteria at each site in order to assess the effect of fire history on tree establishment patterns, and we also evaluated the influence of fire suppression and climate. We found that 62% of the sites experienced predominantly moderate-severity fire, 38% burned at high severity, and no sites burned exclusively at low severity. The proportion of total tree and sapling establishment was significantly different among equal time periods based on a chi-square test, with highest tree and sapling establishment during the pre-fire-suppression period (1835-1919). Superposed epoch analysis revealed that fires burned during years of extreme drought (95% CI). The major pulse of tree establishment in the upper montane zone occurred during a multidecadal period of extreme drought conditions in the Colorado Front Range (1850-1889), during which 53% of the fires from the 1750-1989 period burned. In the upper montane zone of the Colorado Front Range, historical evidence suggests that these forests are resilient to prolonged periods of severe drought and associated severe fires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Schoennagel
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80304, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Paritsis J, Elgueta M, Quintero C, Veblen TT. New host-plant records for the defoliator Ormiscodes amphimone (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Neotrop Entomol 2010; 39:1048-1050. [PMID: 21271079 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-566x2010000600032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ormiscodes amphimone (Fabricius) is a phytophagous moth species known to severely defoliate woody species in Chile and Argentina. Here we document new records of O. amphimonehost associations emphasizing the role of Nothofagus pumilio as its primary host in our study area. This new record for Argentina is highly significant given the economic importance of N. pumilio as a timber resource and the potential of O. amphimone to generate extensive outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Paritsis
- Dept of Geography, Univ of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0260, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
|