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Bergmark P, Hjältén J, Svensson J, Neumann W, Hekkala AM. Trait-environment interactions of saproxylic beetles as a guide to biodiversity conservation strategies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121080. [PMID: 38733839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Conservation of biodiversity requires in-depth knowledge of trait-environment interactions to understand the influence the environment has on species assemblages. Saproxylic beetles exhibit a wide range of traits and functions in the forest ecosystems. Understanding their responses to surrounding environment thus improves our capacity to identify habitats that should be restored or protected. We investigated potential interactions between ecological traits in saproxylic beetles (feeding guilds and habitat preferences) and environmental variables (deadwood, type and age of surrounding forest). We sampled beetles from 78 plots containing newly created high stumps of Scots pine and Silver birch in boreal forest landscapes in Sweden for three consecutive years. Using a model based approach, our aim was to explore potential interactions between ecological traits and the surrounding environment at close and distant scale (20 m and 500 m radius). We found that broadleaf-preferring beetle species are positively associated with the local broadleaf-originated deadwood and broadleaf-rich forests in the surrounding landscapes. Conifer-preferring species are positively associated with the local amount of coniferous deadwood and young and old forests in the surrounding landscape. Fungivorous and predatory beetles are positively associated with old forests in the surrounding landscapes. Our results indicate that both local amounts of deadwood and types of forests in the landscape are important in shaping saproxylic beetle communities. We particularly highlight the need to increase deadwood amounts of various qualities in the landscape, exempt older forests from production and to increase broadleaf-rich habitats in order to meet different beetle species' habitat requirements. Trait responses among saproxylic beetles provide insights into the significance of broadleaf forest and dead wood as essential attributes in boreal forest restoration, which helps conservation planning and management in forest landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bergmark
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Hjältén
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Wiebke Neumann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anne-Maarit Hekkala
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
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2
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Hovestadt T, Poethke HJ, Müller J, Mitesser O. Species Diversity and Habitat Fragmentation Per Se: The Influence of Local Extinctions and Species Clustering. Am Nat 2024; 203:655-667. [PMID: 38781529 DOI: 10.1086/729620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
AbstractAnthropogenic fragmentation of habitat is considered to be a critical factor contributing to the decline of species. However, a general consensus on the degree to which habitat loss and what has been called "habitat fragmentation per se" contribute to the loss of species diversity has not yet emerged. For empirical and theoretical reasons the topic has recently attracted renewed attention, thus reviving the "single large or several small" (SLOSS) debate. To study the effect of fragmentation per se, we use a spatially explicit and continuous, competitively neutral simulation model with immigration from a regional pool. The model accounts for the influence of ecological drift and intrafragment species clustering (due to limited dispersal) on local (plot) and global (landscape) diversity. We find that fragmentation increases global diversity but decreases local diversity, prominently so if fragments become more isolated. Cluster formation is a key mechanism reducing local diversity. By adding external disturbance events that lead to the occasional extinction of entire communities in habitat fragments, we show that the combined effect of such extinctions and cluster formation can create nonlinear interactive effects of fragmentation and fragment isolation on diversity patterns. We conclude that while in most cases fragmentation will decrease local and increase landscape diversity, universal predictions concerning the SLOSS debate should be taken with care.
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3
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Tranberg O, Hekkala AM, Lindroos O, Löfroth T, Jönsson M, Sjögren J, Hjältén J. Translocation of deadwood in ecological compensation: A novel way to compensate for habitat loss. AMBIO 2024; 53:482-496. [PMID: 37819443 PMCID: PMC10837401 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of degraded habitat is frequently used in ecological compensation. However, ecological restoration suffers from innate problems of long delivery times of features shown to be good proxies for biodiversity, e.g., large dead trees. We tested a possible way to circumvent this problem; the translocation of hard-to-come deadwood substrates from an impact area to a compensation area. Following translocation, deadwood density in the compensation area was locally equivalent to the impact area, around 20 m3 ha-1, a threshold for supporting high biodiversity of rare and red-listed species. However, deadwood composition differed between the impact and compensation area, showing a need to include more deadwood types, e.g., late decomposition deadwood, in the translocation scheme. To guide future compensation efforts, the cost for translocation at different spatial scales was calculated. We conclude that translocation of deadwood could provide a cost-efficient new tool for ecological compensation/restoration but that the method needs refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olov Tranberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anne-Maarit Hekkala
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ola Lindroos
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Therese Löfroth
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mari Jönsson
- SLU Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Sjögren
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joakim Hjältén
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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4
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Keller JK, Sullivan PJ. The importance of patch shape at threshold occupancy: functional patch size within total habitat amount. Oecologia 2023; 203:95-112. [PMID: 37817053 PMCID: PMC10615919 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The habitat amount hypothesis (HAH) stresses the importance of total patch amount over the size of individual patches in determining species richness within a local landscape. However, the absence of some species from patches too small to contain a territory would be inconsistent with the HAH. Using the association of territory size with body size and the circle as optimal territory shape, we tested several HAH predictions of threshold patch occupancy and richness of 19 guilds of primarily insectivorous breeding birds. We characterized 16 guild-associated patch types at high spatial resolution and assigned one type to each guild. We measured functional patch size as the largest circle that fit within each patch type occurring in a local landscape. Functional patch size was the sole or primary predictor in regression models of species richness for 15 of the 19 guilds. Total patch amount was the sole or primary variable in only 2 models. Quantifying patch size at high resolution also demonstrated that breeding birds should be absent from patches that are too small to contain a territory and larger species should occur only in larger patches. Functional patch size is a readily interpretable metric that helps explain the habitat basis for differences in species composition and richness between areas. It provides a tool to assess the combined effects of patch size, shape and perforation on threshold habitat availability, and with total patch amount can inform design and/or evaluation of conservation, restoration or enhancement options for focal taxa or biodiversity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Keller
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Habitat by Design, 74 Stagecoach Road, Pipersville, PA, 18947, USA.
| | - Patrick J Sullivan
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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5
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Kriegel P, Vogel S, Angeleri R, Baldrian P, Borken W, Bouget C, Brin A, Bussler H, Cocciufa C, Feldmann B, Gossner MM, Haeler E, Hagge J, Hardersen S, Hartmann H, Hjältén J, Kotowska MM, Lachat T, Larrieu L, Leverkus AB, Macagno ALM, Mitesser O, Müller J, Obermaier E, Parisi F, Pelz S, Schuldt B, Seibold S, Stengel E, Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Weisser W, Thorn S. Ambient and substrate energy influence decomposer diversity differentially across trophic levels. Ecol Lett 2023. [PMID: 37156097 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The species-energy hypothesis predicts increasing biodiversity with increasing energy in ecosystems. Proxies for energy availability are often grouped into ambient energy (i.e., solar radiation) and substrate energy (i.e., non-structural carbohydrates or nutritional content). The relative importance of substrate energy is thought to decrease with increasing trophic level from primary consumers to predators, with reciprocal effects of ambient energy. Yet, empirical tests are lacking. We compiled data on 332,557 deadwood-inhabiting beetles of 901 species reared from wood of 49 tree species across Europe. Using host-phylogeny-controlled models, we show that the relative importance of substrate energy versus ambient energy decreases with increasing trophic levels: the diversity of zoophagous and mycetophagous beetles was determined by ambient energy, while non-structural carbohydrate content in woody tissues determined that of xylophagous beetles. Our study thus overall supports the species-energy hypothesis and specifies that the relative importance of ambient temperature increases with increasing trophic level with opposite effects for substrate energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kriegel
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vogel
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Biodiversitätszentrum Rhön, Bischofsheim in der Rhön, Germany
| | - Romain Angeleri
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Zollikofen, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution IEE - Conservation Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Werner Borken
- Department for Soil Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christophe Bouget
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment INRAE, 'Forest Ecosystems' Research Unit, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France
| | - Antoine Brin
- University of Toulouse, Engineering School of Purpan, UMR 1201 INRAE-INPT DYNAFOR, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Cristiana Cocciufa
- Arma dei Carabinieri CUFA, Projects, Conventions, Environmental Education Office, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Martin M Gossner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Haeler
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Zollikofen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture and Genetics, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests Natural Hazards and Landscape BFW, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Hagge
- Forest Nature Conservation, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Hann. Münden, Germany
- Department for Forest Nature Conservation, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sönke Hardersen
- Reparto Carabinieri Biodiversità di Verona, Centro Nazionale Carabinieri Biodiversità "Bosco Fontana", Marmirolo, Italy
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Forest Protection, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Joakim Hjältén
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thibault Lachat
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Zollikofen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Larrieu
- University of Toulouse, INRAE, UMR 1201 DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNPF-CRPF Occitanie, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | | | - Anna L M Macagno
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Indiana, Bloomington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biostatistics Consulting Center, Indiana University, Indiana, Bloomington, USA
| | - Oliver Mitesser
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Obermaier
- Ecological-Botanical Garden of the University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Francesco Parisi
- Department of Bioscience and Territory, Università degli Studi del Molise, Pesche, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefan Pelz
- Institute for Applied Science, University of Applied Forest Sciences Rottenburg, Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Chair of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park, Berchtesgaden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Forest Zoology, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Elisa Stengel
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences NMBU, Ås, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Weisser
- Department for Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Biodiversity Center, Gießen, Germany
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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6
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Sultaire SM, Kroll AJ, Verschuyl J, Roloff GJ. Short-term responses of small mammal diversity to varying stand-scale patterns of retention tree patches. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273630. [PMID: 36044523 PMCID: PMC9432693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retention forestry is a common practice for biodiversity conservation in forests managed for wood production. Retention forestry often leaves unharvested patches of trees that vary in size and spatial pattern but experiments evaluating the effects of different retention patch configurations at a constant level of retention are lacking for many regions and taxonomic groups. We implemented an experimental study in clearcut conifer stands with retention across the U.S. Pacific Northwest region. The study consisted of five stand-level (11-55 ha) experimental treatments each replicated 10 times within a randomized complete block design, resulting in 50 treated stands. Retained tree density was comparable across treatments but size, number, and location (upland or riparian) of patches within stands varied among the five treatments. Within experimental treatments, we measured small mammal (<1kg) species and functional trait (i.e., body size, diet, activity stratum) richness in retention patches, surrounding harvested portions of stands, and nearby unharvested stands. We evaluated species and functional trait richness by treatment using generalized linear mixed-effects models and species-specific responses to retention placement using a community occupancy model. We obtained repeat captures of 21 species of small mammals but found limited evidence of a treatment effect on species richness, and no differences in functional trait richness. Species richness was highest where all retained trees were aggregated into one patch placed adjacent to a forested riparian buffer (mean = 6.6 species, 95% CI = 5.7-7.5), and lowest in the treatment containing one retention patch in the upland portion of a harvested stand (mean = 4.7 species, 95% CI = 3.8-5.6). Furthermore, estimates of species richness within retention patches of harvested stands (i.e., not considering species in harvested areas) did not differ among treatments, indicating that the slightly elevated species richness in riparian-associated retention results from 1-2 species in these patches that do not occur in adjacent harvested portions of each treated stand. Patch occupancy of several species was higher in riparian patches than harvested portions of the treated stands, and fewer species had higher occupancy in upland patches compared to harvested portions of treated stands. Our results indicated that at retention densities currently required in Oregon and Washington, the location of retention patches had a small influence on stand-scale measures of small mammal diversity, but local increases in species richness may be obtained by retaining trees adjacent to riparian buffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Sultaire
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | | | - Jake Verschuyl
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Anacortes, WA, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Roloff
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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Justeau‐Allaire D, Blanchard G, Ibanez T, Lorca X, Vieilledent G, Birnbaum P. Fragmented Landscape Generator (flsgen): a neutral landscape generator with control of landscape structure and fragmentation indices. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Justeau‐Allaire
- Institut Agronomique néo‐Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa New Caledonia
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD Montpellier France
| | | | - Thomas Ibanez
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD Montpellier France
| | - Xavier Lorca
- Centre de Génie Industriel, IMT Mines Albi Albi France
| | - Ghislain Vieilledent
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD Montpellier France
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP Montpellier France
| | - Philippe Birnbaum
- Institut Agronomique néo‐Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa New Caledonia
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD Montpellier France
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP Montpellier France
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8
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Short-Interval, Severe Wildfires Alter Saproxylic Beetle Diversity in Andean Araucaria Forests in Northwest Chilean Patagonia. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of short-interval, severe wildfires are increasing drastically at a global scale, and appear as a novel phenomenon in areas where fire historically returns in large time lapses. In forest ecosystems, these events induce drastic changes in population dynamics, which could dramatically impact species diversity. Here, we studied the effect on diversity of recent short-interval, severe wildfires (SISF), which occurred in rapid succession in the summers of 2002 and 2015 in Chilean Northern Patagonian Araucaria–Nothofagus forests. We analyzed the diversity of deadwood-dependent (i.e., saproxylic) and fire-sensitive beetles as biological indicators across four conditions: 2002-burned areas, 2015-burned areas, SISF areas (i.e., burned in 2002 and again in 2015), and unburned areas. Saproxylic beetles were collected using window traps in 2017 to 2019 summer seasons. To investigate the mechanisms underpinning the fire-related disturbance of the assemblage, we evaluated the effects of post-fire habitat quality (e.g., dead wood decomposition) and quantity (e.g., burned dead wood volume and tree density) on the abundances and species richness of the entire assemblage and also multiple trophic groups. Compared with the unburned condition, SISF drastically reduced species richness, evenness, and Shannon’s diversity and altered the composition of the saproxylic beetle assemblages. The between-condition variation in composition was accounted for by a species replacement (turnover) between SISF and 2015-burned areas, but both species replacement and extinction (nestedness) between SISF and unburned areas. Dead wood decomposition and tree density were the variables with the strongest effects on the abundance and species richness of the entire saproxylic beetle assemblage and most trophic groups. These results suggest that SISF, through degraded habitat quality (dead wood decomposition) and quantity (arboreal density), have detrimental impacts on diversity and population dynamics of saproxylic beetle assemblages. Therefore, habitat loss is a central mechanism underpinning fire-related biodiversity loss in these forest ecosystems.
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Busse A, Cizek L, Čížková P, Drag L, Dvorak V, Foit J, Heurich M, Hubený P, Kašák J, Kittler F, Kozel P, Lettenmaier L, Nigl L, Procházka J, Rothacher J, Straubinger C, Thorn S, Müller J. Forest dieback in a protected area triggers the return of the primeval forest specialist
Peltis grossa
(Coleoptera, Trogossitidae). CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Busse
- Department of Nature Conservation and Research Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | - Lukas Cizek
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Čížková
- Správa Národního parku Šumava Vimperk Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Drag
- Ecological Research Station University of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
| | | | - Jiří Foit
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Biology Albert‐Ludwigs‐University Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Pavel Hubený
- Správa Národního parku Šumava Vimperk Czech Republic
| | - Josef Kašák
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic
| | - Florian Kittler
- Ecological‐Botanical Garden University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Petr Kozel
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Ludwig Lettenmaier
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science University of Hradec Králové Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Ludwig Nigl
- Department of Nature Conservation and Research Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | - Jiří Procházka
- Department of Forest Ecology Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Horticulture Brno Czech Republic
- Moravian Museum Brno Czech Republic
| | - Julia Rothacher
- Ecological Research Station University of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Cornelia Straubinger
- Department of Nature Conservation and Research Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Ecological Research Station University of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Department of Nature Conservation and Research Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Ecological Research Station University of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
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10
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Latifi H, Holzwarth S, Skidmore A, Brůna J, Červenka J, Darvishzadeh R, Hais M, Heiden U, Homolová L, Krzystek P, Schneider T, Starý M, Wang T, Müller J, Heurich M. A laboratory for conceiving Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs)—The ‘Data pool initiative for the Bohemian Forest Ecosystem’. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Latifi
- Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering K. N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran Iran
- Department of Remote Sensing University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Stefanie Holzwarth
- Earth Observation Center (EOC) German Aerospace Center (DLR) Wessling Germany
| | - Andrew Skidmore
- Faculty of Geo‐Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Science Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Josef Brůna
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | | | - Roshanak Darvishzadeh
- Faculty of Geo‐Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Martin Hais
- Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Uta Heiden
- The Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF) German Aerospace Center (DLR) Wessling Germany
| | - Lucie Homolová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
| | - Peter Krzystek
- Faculty of Geoinformatics Munich University of Applied Sciences Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Institute of Forest Management TUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität München Freising Germany
| | | | - Tiejun Wang
- Faculty of Geo‐Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology BiocenterUniversity of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and BiotechnologyInstitute for Forest and Wildlife Management Koppang Norway
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11
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Disentangling LiDAR Contribution in Modelling Species–Habitat Structure Relationships in Terrestrial Ecosystems Worldwide. A Systematic Review and Future Directions. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13173447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global biodiversity is threatened by unprecedented and increasing anthropogenic pressures, including habitat loss and fragmentation. LiDAR can become a decisive technology by providing accurate information about the linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem structure. Here, we review the current use of LiDAR metrics in ecological studies regarding birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, bryophytes, lichens, and fungi (BLF). We quantify the types of research (ecosystem and LiDAR sources) and describe the LiDAR platforms and data that are currently available. We also categorize and harmonize LiDAR metrics into five LiDAR morphological traits (canopy cover, height and vertical distribution, understory and shrubland, and topographic traits) and quantify their current use and effectiveness across taxonomic groups and ecosystems. The literature review returned 173 papers that met our criteria. Europe and North America held most of the studies, and birds were the most studied group, whereas temperate forest was by far the most represented ecosystem. Globally, canopy height was the most used LiDAR trait, especially in forest ecosystems, whereas canopy cover and terrain topography traits performed better in those ecosystems where they were mapped. Understory structure and shrubland traits together with terrain topography showed high effectiveness for less studied groups such as BLF and invertebrates and in open landscapes. Our results show how LiDAR technology has greatly contributed to habitat mapping, including organisms poorly studied until recently, such as BLF. Finally, we discuss the forthcoming opportunities for biodiversity mapping with different LiDAR platforms in combination with spectral information. We advocate (i) for the integration of spaceborne LiDAR data with the already available airborne (airplane, drones) and terrestrial technology, and (ii) the coupling of it with multispectral/hyperspectral information, which will allow for the exploration and analyses of new species and ecosystems.
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12
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Augustynczik ALD. Habitat amount and connectivity in forest planning models: Consequences for profitability and compensation schemes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 283:111982. [PMID: 33508551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adjacency relationships are pervasive in forest planning problems, especially the ones related to the selection of habitat networks for biodiversity conservation. Two main approaches are applied in the planning of these conservation actions: i) selection grounded on the island biogeography theory, where connected habitats are preferred and ii) selection grounded in the habitat amount hypothesis, where the amount of habitat is enforced in local landscapes, regardless of their spatial distribution. Because the presence of connectivity requirements in the creation of habitat networks impose more stringent limitations on the search for optimal solutions, they are expected to cascade to the total benefit from harvesting revenues and, consequently, to the costs of the habitat networks. The ecological implications of these approaches have been investigated, whereas the economic consequences of imposing connectivity remain unclear. Here, I address this issue and investigate the costs of selecting habitat networks in multiple forest landscapes in central Europe, applying these two approaches. To this end, a conic optimization model is proposed, to find minimum cost allocations of forest reserves. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis on the optimal allocation is conducted, regarding the size of the habitat network required and the level of heterogeneity in forest profitability within the landscapes. The results show that habitat networks amounting to 10% of the forest area may be created with up to 5.5% reduction in the total Net Present Value (NPV), with a higher cost when connectivity is imposed (6.5%). The cost of connectivity, however, may increase in landscapes with high heterogeneity in forest profitability and with the minimum amount of habitat required. In conclusion, habitat selection must be tailored to local conditions and weight the additional costs of imposing connectivity against the requirements of the target species and the expected ecological benefits.
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13
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Hämäläinen A, Ranius T, Strengbom J. Increasing the amount of dead wood by creation of high stumps has limited value for lichen diversity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111646. [PMID: 33213989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Artificial creation of dead wood in managed forests can be used to mitigate the negative effects of forestry on biodiversity. For this to be successful, it is essential to understand the conservation value that the created dead wood has in comparison to naturally occurring dead wood, and, furthermore, where in the landscape addition of dead wood is most beneficial, i.e. how landscape composition influences species occurrence on dead wood. We examined these questions by surveying epixylic lichens on artificially created high stumps of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in 3-17 years old clear-cuts. We compared lichen assemblages on high stumps to those on other types of pine dead wood in mature forests, and examined how stump age, the amount of dead wood at the clear-cuts, and landscape composition at 500 m - 2.5 km scale influenced the assemblages. In comparison to other dead wood types, high stumps hosted lower lichen richness and less variable assemblages containing mainly common generalist species. Species richness increased with stump age, whereas dead wood amount and landscape composition were not important; only the total amount of forests in the landscape had a minor positive effect. We conclude that at the studied timescale high stumps of Scots pine are not particularly valuable for epixylic lichens and provide a poor substitute for naturally occurring dead wood in mature forests, although their value may increase with age. Furthermore, directing dead wood creation to specific stands or landscapes does not appear beneficial for lichen biodiversity, given the minor effect of landscape composition found at scales below 2.5 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Hämäläinen
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Ranius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Strengbom
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Abstract
Forests in Germany cover around 11.4 million hectares and, thus, a share of 32% of Germany’s surface area. Therefore, forests shape the character of the country’s cultural landscape. Germany’s forests fulfil a variety of functions for nature and society, and also play an important role in the context of climate levelling. Climate change, manifested via rising temperatures and current weather extremes, has a negative impact on the health and development of forests. Within the last five years, severe storms, extreme drought, and heat waves, and the subsequent mass reproduction of bark beetles have all seriously affected Germany’s forests. Facing the current dramatic extent of forest damage and the emerging long-term consequences, the effort to preserve forests in Germany, along with their diversity and productivity, is an indispensable task for the government. Several German ministries have and plan to initiate measures supporting forest health. Quantitative data is one means for sound decision-making to ensure the monitoring of the forest and to improve the monitoring of forest damage. In addition to existing forest monitoring systems, such as the federal forest inventory, the national crown condition survey, and the national forest soil inventory, systematic surveys of forest condition and vulnerability at the national scale can be expanded with the help of a satellite-based earth observation. In this review, we analysed and categorized all research studies published in the last 20 years that focus on the remote sensing of forests in Germany. For this study, 166 citation indexed research publications have been thoroughly analysed with respect to publication frequency, location of studies undertaken, spatial and temporal scale, coverage of the studies, satellite sensors employed, thematic foci of the studies, and overall outcomes, allowing us to identify major research and geoinformation product gaps.
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15
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Bosco L, Cushman SA, Wan HY, Zeller KA, Arlettaz R, Jacot A. Fragmentation effects on woodlark habitat selection depend on habitat amount and spatial scale. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Bosco
- Division of Conservation Biology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sion Switzerland
| | - S. A. Cushman
- USDA Forest ServiceRocky Mountain Research Station Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - H. Y. Wan
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
| | - K. A. Zeller
- Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - R. Arlettaz
- Division of Conservation Biology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sion Switzerland
| | - A. Jacot
- Division of Conservation Biology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sion Switzerland
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16
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Mennicken S, Kondratow F, Buralli F, Manzi S, Andrieu E, Roy M, Brin A. Effects of Past and Present-Day Landscape Structure on Forest Soil Microorganisms. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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Maurer C, Bosco L, Klaus E, Cushman SA, Arlettaz R, Jacot A. Habitat amount mediates the effect of fragmentation on a pollinator's reproductive performance, but not on its foraging behaviour. Oecologia 2020; 193:523-534. [PMID: 32333093 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification, with its associated habitat loss and fragmentation, is among the most important drivers of the ongoing pollination crisis. In this quasi-experimental study, conducted in intensively managed vineyards in southwestern Switzerland, we tested the separate and interdependent effects of habitat amount and fragmentation on the foraging activity and reproductive performance of bumblebee Bombus t. terrestris colonies. Based on a factorial design, we selected a series of spatially replicated study sites across a dual gradient of habitat amount (area of ground-vegetated vineyards) and fragmentation (density of ground-vegetated vineyard fields) in a landscape predominantly consisting of vineyards with bare grounds. The foraging activity of individual bumblebees was measured using the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, and we assessed final colony size to measure reproductive performance. We found an interactive effect of habitat amount and fragmentation on colony size. More specifically, the degree of fragmentation had a negative effect on bumblebee colony size when the amount of habitat was low, while it had a weak positive effect on colony size in landscapes with high amounts of habitat. At the level of individual vineyard fields, ground vegetation cover exerted a positive effect on bumblebee colony size. Fragmentation, but not habitat amount, significantly influenced foraging activity, with more foraging trips in sites with lower degrees of fragmentation. Our results emphasise the importance of studying the separate and interdependent effects of habitat amount and fragmentation to understand their influence on pollinators, providing guidance for optimising the spatial configuration of agricultural landscapes from a biodiversity viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Maurer
- Division of Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Bosco
- Division of Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Ornithological Institute, Valais Field Station, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Klaus
- Division of Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Samuel A Cushman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2500 S Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ, 89001, USA
| | - Raphaël Arlettaz
- Division of Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alain Jacot
- Division of Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Ornithological Institute, Valais Field Station, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
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18
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Falaschi M, Manenti R, Thuiller W, Ficetola GF. Continental-scale determinants of population trends in European amphibians and reptiles. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3504-3515. [PMID: 31220393 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The continuous decline of biodiversity is determined by the complex and joint effects of multiple environmental drivers. Still, a large part of past global change studies reporting and explaining biodiversity trends have focused on a single driver. Therefore, we are often unable to attribute biodiversity changes to different drivers, since a multivariable design is required to disentangle joint effects and interactions. In this work, we used a meta-regression within a Bayesian framework to analyze 843 time series of population abundance from 17 European amphibian and reptile species over the last 45 years. We investigated the relative effects of climate change, alien species, habitat availability, and habitat change in driving trends of population abundance over time, and evaluated how the importance of these factors differs across species. A large number of populations (54%) declined, but differences between species were strong, with some species showing positive trends. Populations declined more often in areas with a high number of alien species, and in areas where climate change has caused loss of suitability. Habitat features showed small variation over the last 25 years, with an average loss of suitable habitat of 0.1%/year per population. Still, a strong interaction between habitat availability and the richness of alien species indicated that the negative impact of alien species was particularly strong for populations living in landscapes with less suitable habitat. Furthermore, when excluding the two commonest species, habitat loss was the main correlate of negative population trends for the remaining species. By analyzing trends for multiple species across a broad spatial scale, we identify alien species, climate change, and habitat changes as the major drivers of European amphibian and reptile decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Falaschi
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raoul Manenti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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19
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Amaral YT, Santos EMD, Ribeiro MC, Barreto L. Landscape structural analysis of the Lençóis Maranhenses national park: implications for conservation. J Nat Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Ranius T, Snäll T, Nordén J. Importance of spatial configuration of deadwood habitats in species conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:1205-1207. [PMID: 31304990 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ranius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tord Snäll
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7007, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenni Nordén
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Nonaka E, Sirén J, Somervuo P, Ruokolainen L, Ovaskainen O, Hanski I. Scaling up the effects of inbreeding depression from individuals to metapopulations. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1202-1214. [PMID: 31077598 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding is common in nature, and many laboratory studies have documented that inbreeding depression can reduce the fitness of individuals. Demonstrating the consequences of inbreeding depression on the growth and persistence of populations is more challenging because populations are often regulated by density- or frequency-dependent selection and influenced by demographic and environmental stochasticity. A few empirical studies have shown that inbreeding depression can increase extinction risk of local populations. The importance of inbreeding depression at the metapopulation level has been conjectured based on population-level studies but has not been evaluated. We quantified the impact of inbreeding depression affecting the fitness of individuals on metapopulation persistence in heterogeneous habitat networks of different sizes and habitat configuration in a context of natural butterfly metapopulations. We developed a spatial individual-based simulation model of metapopulations with explicit genetics. We used Approximate Bayesian Computation to fit the model to extensive demographic, genetic and life-history data available for the well-studied Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) metapopulations in the Åland islands in SW Finland. We compared 18 semi-independent habitat networks differing in size and fragmentation. The results show that inbreeding is more frequent in small habitat networks, and consequently, inbreeding depression elevates extinction risks in small metapopulations. Metapopulation persistence and neutral genetic diversity maintained in the metapopulations increase with the total habitat amount in and mean patch size of habitat networks. Dispersal and mating behaviour interact with landscape structure to determine how likely it is to encounter kin while looking for mates. Inbreeding depression can decrease the viability of small metapopulations even when they are strongly influenced by stochastic extinction-colonization dynamics and density-dependent selection. The findings from this study support that genetic factors, in addition to demographic factors, can contribute to extinctions of small local populations and also of metapopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Nonaka
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jukka Sirén
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panu Somervuo
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Ruokolainen
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Trophic interactions among dead-wood-dependent forest arthropods in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. FOOD WEBS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2018.e00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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May F, Rosenbaum B, Schurr FM, Chase JM. The geometry of habitat fragmentation: Effects of species distribution patterns on extinction risk due to habitat conversion. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2775-2790. [PMID: 30891216 PMCID: PMC6405897 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Land-use changes, which cause loss, degradation, and fragmentation of natural habitats, are important anthropogenic drivers of biodiversity change. However, there is an ongoing debate about how fragmentation per se affects biodiversity in a given amount of habitat. Here, we illustrate why it is important to distinguish two different aspects of fragmentation to resolve this debate: (a) geometric fragmentation effects, which exclusively arise from the spatial distributions of species and habitat fragments, and (b) demographic fragmentation effects due to reduced fragment sizes, and/or changes in fragment isolation, edge effects, or species interactions. While most empirical studies are primarily interested in quantifying demographic fragmentation effects, geometric effects are typically invoked as post hoc explanations of biodiversity responses to fragmentation per se. Here, we present an approach to quantify geometric fragmentation effects on species survival and extinction probabilities. We illustrate this approach using spatial simulations where we systematically varied the initial abundances and distribution patterns (i.e., random, aggregated, or regular) of species as well as habitat amount and fragmentation per se. As expected, we found no geometric fragmentation effects when species were randomly distributed. However, when species were aggregated, we found positive effects of fragmentation per se on survival probability for a large range of scenarios. For regular species distributions, we found weakly negative geometric effects. These findings are independent of the ecological mechanisms which generate nonrandom species distributions. Our study helps to reconcile seemingly contradictory results of previous fragmentation studies. Since intraspecific aggregation is a ubiquitous pattern in nature, our findings imply widespread positive geometric fragmentation effects. This expectation is supported by many studies that find positive effects of fragmentation per se on species occurrences and diversity after controlling for habitat amount. We outline how to disentangle geometric and demographic fragmentation effects, which is critical for predicting the response of biodiversity to landscape change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix May
- Leuphana University of LüneburgLüneburgGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Benjamin Rosenbaum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiodiversityFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Frank M. Schurr
- Institute of Landscape and Plant EcologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Computer ScienceMartin‐Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
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24
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Friess N, Müller JC, Aramendi P, Bässler C, Brändle M, Bouget C, Brin A, Bussler H, Georgiev KB, Gil R, Gossner MM, Heilmann‐Clausen J, Isacsson G, Krištín A, Lachat T, Larrieu L, Magnanou E, Maringer A, Mergner U, Mikoláš M, Opgenoorth L, Schmidl J, Svoboda M, Thorn S, Vandekerkhove K, Vrezec A, Wagner T, Winter M, Zapponi L, Brandl R, Seibold S. Arthropod communities in fungal fruitbodies are weakly structured by climate and biogeography across European beech forests. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Friess
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg C. Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Biocenter Rauhenebrach Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Brändle
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Christophe Bouget
- Irstea, 'Forest Ecosystems' Research Unit Nogent‐sur‐Vernisson France
| | - Antoine Brin
- INPT – Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan UMR 1201 Dynafor INRA‐INPT, University of Toulouse Toulouse France
| | | | - Kostadin B. Georgiev
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Biocenter Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Radosław Gil
- Department of Evolutionary, Biology and Ecology, Institute of Invertebrate Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Wroclaw Wrocław Poland
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Forest Entomology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Jacob Heilmann‐Clausen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - Thibault Lachat
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL Bern University of Applied Sciences Zollikofen Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Laurent Larrieu
- INRA UMR1201 DYNAFOR, Chemin de Borde Rouge, University of Toulouse Castanet Tolosan Cedex France
- CRPF OC Tolosane France
| | - Elodie Magnanou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM) Banyuls/Mer France
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale de la Forêt de la Massane, Argelès-sur-Mer France
| | | | | | - Martin Mikoláš
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
- PRALES Rosina Slovakia
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Schmidl
- Ecology group, Developmental Biology, Department Biology University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Biocenter Rauhenebrach Germany
| | | | - Al Vrezec
- National Institute of Biology Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Department of Biology University of Koblenz‐Landau Koblenz Germany
| | | | - Livia Zapponi
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale "Bosco Fontana" Marmirolo Italy
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technische Universität München Freising Germany
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25
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Roth N, Doerfler I, Bässler C, Blaschke M, Bussler H, Gossner MM, Heideroth A, Thorn S, Weisser WW, Müller J. Decadal effects of landscape-wide enrichment of dead wood on saproxylic organisms in beech forests of different historic management intensity. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Roth
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Inken Doerfler
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technical University of Munich; Freising Germany
| | - Claus Bässler
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technical University of Munich; Freising Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Grafenau Germany
| | | | - Heinz Bussler
- Bavarian State Institute for Forestry; Freising Germany
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technical University of Munich; Freising Germany
| | - Antje Heideroth
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Grafenau Germany
- Department of Ecology, Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology; Philipps-University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technical University of Munich; Freising Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Grafenau Germany
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Ammer C, Fichtner A, Fischer A, Gossner MM, Meyer P, Seidl R, Thomas FM, Annighöfer P, Kreyling J, Ohse B, Berger U, Feldmann E, Häberle KH, Heer K, Heinrichs S, Huth F, Krämer-Klement K, Mölder A, Müller J, Mund M, Opgenoorth L, Schall P, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Seidel D, Vogt J, Wagner S. Key ecological research questions for Central European forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Komonen A, Müller J. Dispersal ecology of deadwood organisms and connectivity conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2018; 32:535-545. [PMID: 29388249 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Limited knowledge of dispersal for most organisms hampers effective connectivity conservation in fragmented landscapes. In forest ecosystems, deadwood-dependent organisms (i.e., saproxylics) are negatively affected by forest management and degradation globally. We reviewed empirically established dispersal ecology of saproxylic insects and fungi. We focused on direct studies (e.g., mark-recapture, radiotelemetry), field experiments, and population genetic analyses. We found 2 somewhat opposite results. Based on direct methods and experiments, dispersal is limited to within a few kilometers, whereas genetic studies showed little genetic structure over tens of kilometers, which indicates long-distance dispersal. The extent of direct dispersal studies and field experiments was small and thus these studies could not have detected long-distance dispersal. Particularly for fungi, more studies at management-relevant scales (1-10 km) are needed. Genetic researchers used outdated markers, investigated few loci, and faced the inherent difficulties of inferring dispersal from genetic population structure. Although there were systematic and species-specific differences in dispersal ability (fungi are better dispersers than insects), it seems that for both groups colonization and establishment, not dispersal per se, are limiting their occurrence at management-relevant scales. Because most studies were on forest landscapes in Europe, particularly the boreal region, more data are needed from nonforested landscapes in which fragmentation effects are likely to be more pronounced. Given the potential for long-distance dispersal and the logical necessity of habitat area being a more fundamental landscape attribute than the spatial arrangement of habitat patches (i.e., connectivity sensu strict), retaining high-quality deadwood habitat is more important for saproxylic insects and fungi than explicit connectivity conservation in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atte Komonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, D-94481, Grafenau, Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
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Zytynska SE, Doerfler I, Gossner MM, Sturm S, Weisser WW, Müller J. Minimal effects on genetic structuring of a fungus‐dwelling saproxylic beetle after recolonisation of a restored forest. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Zytynska
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Inken Doerfler
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
- Forest Entomology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Sarah Sturm
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach University of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
- Nationalpark Bavarian Forest Grafenau Germany
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Martín-Queller E, Albert CH, Dumas PJ, Saatkamp A. Islands, mainland, and terrestrial fragments: How isolation shapes plant diversity. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6904-6917. [PMID: 28904770 PMCID: PMC5587450 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragmentation of natural habitats is a major threat for biodiversity. However, the impact and spatial scale of natural isolation mechanisms leading to species loss, compared to anthropogenic fragmentation, are not clear, mainly due to differences between fragments and islands, such as matrix permeability. We studied a 500 km2 Mediterranean region in France, including urban habitat fragments, continuous habitat, and continental-shelf islands. On the basis of 295 floristic relevés, we built species-area relationships to compare isolation in fragments after urbanization, with continuous habitat and continental-shelf islands. We assumed either no dispersal, infinite dispersal, or estimated intermediate levels of habitat reachability through graph theory. Isolation mechanisms occurred in fragments but with a lower strength than in near-shore islands, and most importantly affected perennial plants. Annual plants were less affected, probably due to their smaller size and shorter life cycle. Isolation occurred at landscape level in fragments and at patch level in islands. The amount of reachable habitat (accounting for spatial configuration) explained local species richness in both systems, but the amount of habitat (no consideration of spatial configuration) was already a good predictor. These results suggest an important role of habitat amount around fragments in mitigating the isolation effects observed in near-shore islands, and the importance of carefully considering different functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Martín-Queller
- Aix Marseille Univ Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie (IMBE) Marseille France
| | - Cécile H Albert
- Aix Marseille Univ Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie (IMBE) Marseille France
| | - Pierre-Jean Dumas
- Aix Marseille Univ Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie (IMBE) Marseille France
| | - Arne Saatkamp
- Aix Marseille Univ Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie (IMBE) Marseille France
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