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Tan C, Peng K, Lim T, Liu J, Ye Y, Lim L, Gao P, Oblong JE, Lam T. The combination of allantoin, bisabolol, D-panthenol and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate mitigates UVB-induced PGE 2 synthesis by keratinocytes. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 38433250 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Erythema, characterized by the redness of the skin, is a common skin reaction triggered by various endogenous and exogenous factors. This response is often a result of the activation of underlying inflammatory mechanisms within the skin. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential benefits of applying a combination of skincare ingredients, namely allantoin, bisabolol, D-panthenol and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (AB5D), in the modulation of inflammatory factors associated with erythema. Additionally, the study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which these ingredients exert their combined actions to alleviate erythema-associated inflammation. METHODS Human epidermal keratinocytes were exposed to UVB and subsequently treated with AB5D. Transcriptomics profiling was performed to analyse the dose-response effect of AB5D treatment on keratinocytes. The quantitation of inflammatory mediators, including PGE2 , IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1RA and TNFα, was performed on cultured media. Additionally, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay was carried out to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of both individual ingredients and the AB5D combination. To assess the in-vitro antioxidant effects of AB5D against UVB-induced oxidative stress in hTERT keratinocytes, real-time quantitation of mitochondrial superoxide was measured through live-cell imaging. RESULTS The application of AB5D to UVB-exposed keratinocytes downregulated gene sets associated with inflammatory responses, highlighting the anti-inflammatory properties of AB5D. Specifically, AB5D effectively reduced the production of PGE2 , leading to the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, our findings indicate that AB5D exhibits antioxidative capabilities, functioning as both an antioxidant agent and a regulator of antioxidant enzyme expression to counteract the detrimental effects of cellular oxidative stress. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that AB5D can reduce UVB-induced PGE2 , IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1RA and TNFα as well as mitochondrial superoxide. These findings suggest that AB5D may alleviate erythema by modulating inflammation via PGE2 and through antioxidation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Tan
- Singapore Innovation Center, Procter & Gamble, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ke Peng
- Tian Zhu Kong Gang Development Zone, Beijing Innovation Center, Procter & Gamble, Beijing, China
| | - TianYong Lim
- Singapore Innovation Center, Procter & Gamble, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Procter & Gamble (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Tian Zhu Kong Gang Development Zone, Beijing Innovation Center, Procter & Gamble, Beijing, China
| | - Linda Lim
- Singapore Innovation Center, Procter & Gamble, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Gao
- Procter & Gamble (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | | | - TzeHau Lam
- Singapore Innovation Center, Procter & Gamble, Singapore, Singapore
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Picado C, Mullol J, Roca-Ferrer J. Mechanisms by which dupilumab normalizes eicosanoid metabolism and restores aspirin-tolerance in AERD: A hypothesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:310-313. [PMID: 36126795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is associated with overproduction of proinflammatory cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), defective generation of anti-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and reduced expression of the EP2 receptor for PGE2. Reduced PGE2 synthesis results from the downregulation of inducible COX-2. Because PGE2 signaling via EP2 inhibits the 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene C4 synthase-dependent pathway, the deficient levels of both PGE2 and EP2 likely contribute to the excessive baseline production of cysteinyl leukotrienes in patients with AERD compared with in patients with aspirin-tolerant asthma. The COX-2 pathway is regulated by an autocrine metabolic loop involving IL-1β, IL-1 receptor type I, EP2, COX-2, membrane-bound PGE2 prostaglandin E2 synthase-1, and PGE2. Previous studies reported that this metabolic loop is dysregulated in patients with AERD. When the downexpressed EP2 receptor is normalized, the entire loop returns to its normal function. Cotreatment of airway cells from healthy subjects with IL-4 and IFN-γ induces alterations in the metabolic loop similar to those seen in patients with AERD. In these patients, IL-4, which is produced in excess in airways of patients with AERD, likely contributes to the alteration of normal functioning of the autocrine metabolic loop involving IL-1β, IL-1 receptor type I, EP2, COX-2, membrane-bound PGE2 prostaglandin E2 synthase-1, and PGE2. We hypothesized that by blocking IL-4 action, dupilumab normalizes EP2 expression and restores the normal functioning of the COX-2 pathway autocrine metabolic loop, thereby normalizing the synthesis of PGE2 and restoring aspirin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Picado
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Roca-Ferrer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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El-Awaisi J, Kavanagh DP, Rink MR, Weston CJ, Drury NE, Kalia N. Targeting IL-36 improves age-related coronary microcirculatory dysfunction and attenuates myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in mice. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155236. [PMID: 35113814 PMCID: PMC8983126 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Following myocardial infarction (MI), elderly patients have a poorer prognosis than younger patients, which may be linked to increased coronary microvessel susceptibility to injury. Interleukin-36 (IL-36), a newly discovered proinflammatory member of the IL-1 superfamily, may mediate this injury, but its role in the injured heart is currently not known. We first demonstrated the presence of IL-36(α/β) and its receptor (IL-36R) in ischemia/reperfusion-injured (IR-injured) mouse hearts and, interestingly, noted that expression of both increased with aging. An intravital model for imaging the adult and aged IR-injured beating heart in real time in vivo was used to demonstrate heightened basal and injury-induced neutrophil recruitment, and poorer blood flow, in the aged coronary microcirculation when compared with adult hearts. An IL-36R antagonist (IL-36Ra) decreased neutrophil recruitment, improved blood flow, and reduced infarct size in both adult and aged mice. This may be mechanistically explained by attenuated endothelial oxidative damage and VCAM-1 expression in IL-36Ra–treated mice. Our findings of an enhanced age-related coronary microcirculatory dysfunction in reperfused hearts may explain the poorer outcomes in elderly patients following MI. Since targeting the IL-36/IL-36R pathway was vasculoprotective in aged hearts, it may potentially be a therapy for treating MI in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma El-Awaisi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Pj Kavanagh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marco R Rink
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Weston
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel E Drury
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Neena Kalia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Role of PGE-2 and Other Inflammatory Mediators in Skin Aging and Their Inhibition by Topical Natural Anti-Inflammatories. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin aging is due to two types of aging processes, “intrinsic” (chronological) aging and “extrinsic” (external factor mediated) aging. While inflammatory events, triggered mainly by sun exposure, but also by pollutants, smoking and stress, are the principle cause of rapid extrinsic aging, inflammation also plays a key role in intrinsic aging. Inflammatory events in the skin lead to a reduction in collagen gene activity but an increase in activity of the genes for matrix metalloproteinases. Inflammation also alters proliferation rates of cells in all skin layers, causes thinning of the epidermis, a flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction, an increase in irregular pigment production, and, finally, an increased incidence of skin cancer. While a large number of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1, TNF-alpha and PGE-2, are responsible for many of these damaging effects, this review will focus primarily on the role of PGE-2 in aging. Levels of this hormone-like mediator increase quickly when skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), causing changes in genes needed for normal skin structure and function. Further, PGE-2 levels in the skin gradually increase with age, regardless of whether or not the skin is protected from UVR, and this smoldering inflammation causes continuous damage to the dermal matrix. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, PGE-2 is strongly linked to skin cancer. This review will focus on: (1) the role of inflammation, and particularly the role of PGE-2, in accelerating skin aging, and (2) current research on natural compounds that inhibit PGE-2 production and how these can be developed into topical products to retard or even reverse the aging process, and to prevent skin cancer.
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Kordulewska NK, Cieślińska A, Fiedorowicz E, Jarmołowska B, Kostyra E. High Expression of IL-1RI and EP₂ Receptors in the IL-1β/COX-2 Pathway, and a New Alternative to Non-Steroidal Drugs-Osthole in Inhibition COX-2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E186. [PMID: 30620999 PMCID: PMC6337662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osthole (7-methoxy-8-isopentenylcoumarin) is natural coumarin isolated from the fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, which is commonly used in medical practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in various diseases including allergies and asthma disorders. PURPOSE Osthole was tested for the anti-histamine, anti-allergic, and inhibitory effects of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) in children with diagnosed allergies. Additionally, we hypothesize that stated alterations in children with diagnosed allergies including increased expression of interleukin 1-β receptor type 1 (IL-1 type I) and E-prostanoid (EP) 2 receptors, as well as raised expression, production, and activity of COX-2 and IL-1β in incubated medium are approximately connected. Furthermore, we establish the mechanisms included in the changed regulation of the COX-2 pathway and determine whether osthole may be COX-2 inhibitor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHOD PBMCs were obtained from peripheral blood of healthy children (control, n = 28) and patients with diagnosed allergies (allergy, n = 30). Expression of the autocrine loop components regulating PGE₂ production and signaling namely IL-1 type I receptor (IL-1RI), cyclooksygenaze-2 (COX-2), E-prostanoid (EP) 2, and also histamine receptor-1 (HRH-1) was assessed at baseline and after stimulation with histamine, osthole, and a mixture of histamine/osthole 1:2 (v/v). This comprised the expression of histamine receptor 1 (HRH-1), IL-1RI, COX-2, EP₂ receptor, and the secretion of IL-1β and COX-2 in cultured media and sera. RESULTS Compared with control group, basal mRNA expression levels of HRH-1, IL-1RI, COX-2, and EP₂ were higher in the allergy group. Histamine-induced EP₂ and COX-2 expression mRNA levels were also increased. CONCLUSIONS Osthole successively inhibits PGE₂ and COX-2 mRNA expression. Furthermore, osthole reduces the secretion of COX-2 protein in signaling cellular mechanisms. Changed EP₂ expression in children with allergies provides higher IL-1RI induction, increasing IL-1β capacity to increase COX-2 expression. This effects in higher PGE₂ production, which in turn increases its capability to induce IL-1RI.
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MESH Headings
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Coumarins/chemistry
- Coumarins/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Histamine/chemistry
- Histamine/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- Models, Biological
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H1/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Karolina Kordulewska
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Cieślińska
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ewa Fiedorowicz
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Beata Jarmołowska
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Kostyra
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Evans MD, Esnault S, Denlinger LC, Jarjour NN. Sputum cell IL-1 receptor expression level is a marker of airway neutrophilia and airflow obstruction in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:415-423. [PMID: 29103994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various clinical, biologic, or physiologic markers of asthma have been used to identify patient clusters and potential targets for therapy. However, these identifiers frequently overlap among the different asthma groups. For instance, both eosinophil and neutrophil counts are often increased in the airways of asthmatic patients despite their typical association with type 2 and type 17 immune response, respectively. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether inflammatory gene expression is related to patterns of airway inflammation and lung function and identify molecular markers for neutrophilic asthma. METHODS Expression levels of 17 genes characterizing type 1, type 2, and type 17 lymphocytes were measured in sputum samples from 48 participants with asthma. The relationships between gene expression levels and sputum cell differentials or measures of pulmonary function were examined by using partial least squares regression. RESULTS Gene expression levels were strongly associated with cell differentials, explaining 71% of variation in eosinophil counts and 64% of variation in neutrophil counts. The 3 genes with the strongest relationships to sputum neutrophil counts were IL1R1 (standardized regression coefficient [β] = +0.27, P = .005), IL1RAP (β = +0.32, P = .0004), and IL4R (β = +0.29, P = .002). Higher expression levels of IL1R1, IL1RAP, and IL4R were associated with reduced FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio (β = -0.11, -0.08, and -0.10; P = .005, .07, and .05). CONCLUSION IL-1 receptor appears to be a marker of neutrophilic inflammation and airflow obstruction in patients with asthma, who have a wide range of disease severity. The IL-1 pathway might contribute to airway neutrophilia and is a potential therapeutic target in patients with neutrophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Evans
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Stephane Esnault
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Loren C Denlinger
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis.
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Murta V, Ferrari C. Peripheral Inflammation and Demyelinating Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 949:263-285. [PMID: 27714694 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, several neurodegenerative diseases have been shown to be exacerbated by systemic inflammatory processes. There is a wide range of literature that demonstrates a clear but complex relationship between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immunological system, both under naïve or pathological conditions. In diseased brains, peripheral inflammation can transform "primed" microglia into an "active" state, which can trigger stronger pathological responses. Demyelinating diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by inflammatory lesions associated with demyelination, which in turn induces axonal damage, neurodegeneration, and progressive loss of function. Among them, the most important are multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). In this review, we will analyze the effect of specific peripheral inflammatory stimuli in the progression of demyelinating diseases and discuss their animal models. In most cases, peripheral immune stimuli are exacerbating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Murta
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina Ferrari
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Experimental, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Central Interleukin-1β Suppresses the Nocturnal Secretion of Melatonin. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2589483. [PMID: 27212805 PMCID: PMC4861797 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2589483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, numerous processes occur in a rhythmic manner. The hormonal signal reliably reflecting the environmental light conditions is melatonin. Nocturnal melatonin secretion patterns could be disturbed in pathophysiological states, including inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and depression. All of these states share common elements in their aetiology, including the overexpression of interleukin- (IL-) 1β in the central nervous system. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of the central injection of exogenous IL-1β on melatonin release and on the expression of the enzymes of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in the pineal gland of ewe. It was found that intracerebroventricular injections of IL-1β (50 µg/animal) suppressed (P < 0.05) nocturnal melatonin secretion in sheep regardless of the photoperiod. This may have resulted from decreased (P < 0.05) synthesis of the melatonin intermediate serotonin, which may have resulted, at least partially, from a reduced expression of tryptophan hydroxylase. IL-1β also inhibited (P < 0.05) the expression of the melatonin rhythm enzyme arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase. However, the ability of IL-1β to affect the expression of these enzymes was dependent upon the photoperiod. Our study may shed new light on the role of central IL-1β in the aetiology of disruptions in melatonin secretion.
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Machado-Carvalho L, Martín M, Torres R, Gabasa M, Alobid I, Mullol J, Pujols L, Roca-Ferrer J, Picado C. Low E-prostanoid 2 receptor levels and deficient induction of the IL-1β/IL-1 type I receptor/COX-2 pathway: Vicious circle in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:99-107.e7. [PMID: 26560040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that the 2 reported alterations in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), reduced expression/production of COX-2/prostaglandin (PG) E2 and diminished expression of E-prostanoid (EP) 2 receptor, are closely linked. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the mechanisms involved in the altered regulation of the COX pathway in patients with AERD. METHODS Fibroblasts were obtained from nasal mucosa; samples of control subjects (NM-C, n = 8) and from nasal polyps from patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (NP-AERD, n = 8). Expression of the autocrine loop components regulating PGE2 production and signaling, namely IL-1 type I receptor (IL-1RI), COX-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1), and EP receptors, was assessed at baseline and after stimulation with IL-1β, PGE2, and specific EP receptor agonists. RESULTS Compared with NM-C fibroblasts, basal expression levels of IL-1RI and EP2 receptor were lower in NP-AERD fibroblasts. IL-1β-induced IL-1RI, COX-2, and mPGES-1 expression levels were also lower in these cells. Levels of IL-1RI positively correlated with COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in both NM-C and NP-AERD fibroblasts. Incubation with either exogenous PGE2 or selective EP2 agonist significantly increased expression of IL-1RI in NM-C fibroblasts and had hardly any effect on NP-AERD fibroblasts. Alterations in IL-1RI, COX-2, and mPGES-1 expression that were found in NP-AERD fibroblasts were corrected when EP2 receptor expression was normalized by transfection of NP-AERD fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Altered expression of EP2 in patients with AERD contributes to deficient induction of IL-1RI, reducing the capacity of IL-1β to increase COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression, which results in low PGE2 production. This impairment in the generation of PGE2 subsequently reduces its ability to induce IL-1RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Machado-Carvalho
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Margarita Martín
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry Unit, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Torres
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gabasa
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isam Alobid
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pujols
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Roca-Ferrer
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesar Picado
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pneumology and Respiratory Allergy Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Onozaki K. [Interluekin-1: from regulation of cell proliferation to chronic inflammatory diseases]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 133:645-60. [PMID: 23728092 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) was initially defined as a factor which is produced by macrophages and exhibits proliferative activity on thymocytes and fibroblasts, B cell activation and endogenous pyrogen activity. Now IL-1 is known to exhibit pleiotropic activities on various cell types and play important roles in the regulation of immune, nervous and endocrine systems, progression of tumor cells, hematopoietic cell proliferation/differentiation and especially in inflammatory diseases. In 1985 I found that IL-1 exhibits cytocidal activity against human melanoma cells. Since then I have been engaged in the research of various aspects of IL-1. This review summarizes current knowledge of IL-1, including our research and beneficial effect of IL-1 blocking on inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuo Onozaki
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Abstract
Interletrkin-1beta levels are elevated in inflammatory bowel disease. In this study the mechanism by which interleukin-1beta affects electrolyte transport in the rabbit distal colon, was investigated. Interleukin-1beta caused a delayed increase in short-circuit current (I(sc)) which was attributed to protein synthesis since the effect was inhibited by cycloheximide. The interleukin-1beta induced increase in I(sc) was not affected by amiloride treatment but was completely inhibited by bumetanide or in chloride-free buffer and by indomethacin. Prostaglandin E(2) levels increased in tissue treated with interleukin-1beta, but this increase was reversed by cycloheximide. These data suggest that interleukin-1beta causes its effect via a yet to be identified second messenger, by increasing chloride secretion through a prostaglandin E(2) mediated mechanism.
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Jayaraman P, Sada-Ovalle I, Beladi S, Anderson AC, Dardalhon V, Hotta C, Kuchroo VK, Behar SM. Tim3 binding to galectin-9 stimulates antimicrobial immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2343-54. [PMID: 20937702 PMCID: PMC2964580 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between Tim3 on Th1 cells and galectin-9 on Mycobacterium tuberculosis–infected macrophages restricts the bacterial growth by stimulating caspase-1–dependent IL-1β secretion. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim3) is a negative regulatory molecule that inhibits effector TH1-type responses. Such inhibitory signals prevent unintended tissue inflammation, but can be detrimental if they lead to premature T cell exhaustion. Although the role of Tim3 in autoimmunity has been extensively studied, whether Tim3 regulates antimicrobial immunity has not been explored. Here, we show that Tim3 expressed on TH1 cells interacts with its ligand, galectin-9 (Gal9), which is expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis–infected macrophages to restrict intracellular bacterial growth. Tim3–Gal9 interaction leads to macrophage activation and stimulates bactericidal activity by inducing caspase-1–dependent IL-1β secretion. We propose that the TH1 cell surface molecule Tim3 has evolved to inhibit growth of intracellular pathogens via its ligand Gal9, which in turn inhibits expansion of effector TH1 cells to prevent further tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Jayaraman
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Suyama Y, Kubota Y, Ninomiya T, Shirasuna K. Immunohistochemical analysis of interleukin-1α, its type I receptor and antagonist in keratocystic odontogenic tumors. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:560-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Up-regulation of IL-1 receptor type I and tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat carotid body following intraperitoneal injection of IL-1beta. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:533-40. [PMID: 17926059 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that reciprocal modulation exists between the central nervous system and immune system. Interleukin (IL)-1beta, a proinflammatory cytokine secreted at early stage of immune challenge, has been recognized as one of the informational molecules in immune-to-brain communication. However, how this large molecule is transmitted to the brain is still unknown. In recent years it has been reported that the cranial nerves, especially the vagus, may play a pivotal role in this regard. It is proposed that IL-1beta may bind to its corresponding receptors located in the glomus cells of the vagal paraganglia and then elicit action potentials in the nerve. The existence of IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) in the vagal paraganglia has been shown. The carotid body, which is the largest peripheral chemoreceptive organ, is also a paraganglion. We hypothesize that the carotid body might play a role similar to the vagal paraganglia because they are architectonically similar. Recently we verified the presence of IL-1RI in the rat carotid body and observed increase firing in the carotid sinus nerve following IL-1beta stimulation. The aim of this study was to observe the changes in expression of IL-1RI and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis, in the glomus cells of the rat carotid body following intraperitoneal injection of IL-1beta. The radioimmunoassay result showed that the blood IL-1beta level was increased after the intraperitoneal injection of rmIL-1beta (750 ng/kg) from 0.48+/-0.08 to 0.78+/-0.07 ng/ml (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis showed that the expression of IL-1RI and TH in the rat carotid body was increased significantly following peritoneal IL-1beta stimulation. In addition, double immunofluorescence labeling for TH and PGP9.5, a marker for glomus cells, or TH immunofluoresence with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) counterstaining revealed that a considerable number of glomus cells did not display TH immunoreactivity. These data provide morphological evidence for the response of the carotid body to proinflammatory cytokine stimulation. The results also indicate that not all of the glomus cells express detectable TH levels either in normal or in some abnormal conditions.
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15
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Yoon DY, Dinarello CA. Differential effects of anti-IL-1R accessory protein antibodies on IL-1alpha or IL-1beta-induced production of PGE(2) and IL-6 from 3T3-L1 cells. BMB Rep 2007; 40:562-70. [PMID: 17669273 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2007.40.4.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble or cell-bound IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) does not bind IL-1 but rather forms a complex with IL-1 and IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) resulting in signal transduction. Synthetic peptides to various regions in the Ig-like domains of IL-1RAcP were used to produce antibodies and these antibodies were affinity-purified using the respective antigens. An anti-peptide-4 antibody which targets domain III inhibited 70% of IL-1beta-induced productions of IL-6 and PGE(2) from 3T3-L1 cells. Anti-peptide-2 or 3 also inhibited IL-1-induced IL-6 production by 30%. However, anti-peptide-1 which is directed against domain I had no effect. The antibody was more effective against IL-1beta compared to IL-1alpha. IL-1-induced IL-6 production was augmented by coincubation with PGE(2). The COX inhibitor ibuprofen blocked IL-1-induced IL-6 and PGE(2) production. These results confirm that IL-1RAcP is essential for IL-1 signaling and that increased production of IL-6 by IL-1 needs the co-induction of PGE(2). However, the effect of PGE(2) is independent of expressions of IL-1RI and IL-1RAcP. Our data suggest that domain III of IL-1RAcP may be involved in the formation or stabilization of the IL-1RI/IL-1 complex by binding to epitopes on domain III of the IL-1RI created following IL-1 binding to the IL-1RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Young Yoon
- Laboratory of Cell and Immunobiochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang Dong 1, Seoul 143-801, Korea
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16
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Pousset F, Cremona S, Dantzer R, Kelley KW, Parnet P. IL-10 and IL-4 regulate type-I and type-II IL-1 receptors expression on IL-1 beta-activated mouse primary astrocytes. J Neurochem 2001; 79:726-36. [PMID: 11723165 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When activated by its ligand, the interleukin receptor type I (IL-1RI) transduces signals in cooperation with the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RacP). In contrast, IL-1RII functions as a decoy receptor without participating in IL-1 signalling. Brain astrocytes are cellular targets of IL-1 and play a pivotal role in brain responses to inflammation. The regulation of IL-1 receptors on astrocytes by anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 has not been studied, despite its importance for understanding the way these cells respond to IL-1. Using RT-PCR, we first showed that the expression of IL-1RI and IL-1RII, but not IL-1RacP, mRNAs are up-regulated by IL-1 beta in a time-dependent manner. Using a radioligand binding technique, we then showed that astrocytes display an equivalent number of IL-1RI and IL-1RII. IL-1 beta decreases the number of IL-1RI binding sites, whereas it increases those of IL-1RII. IL-4 and IL-10 both up-regulate IL-1RII IL-1 beta-induced, but only IL-4 does so for IL-1RI. At the protein level, IL-4 and IL-10 dramatically reverse the ability of IL-1 beta to inhibit expression of IL-1RI but neither affects the ability of IL-1 beta to enhance the number of IL-1RII. Collectively, these results establish the existence of receptor cross-talk between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines on a critical type of cell that regulates inflammatory events in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pousset
- INRA-INSERM U394, Institut F. Magendie, Bordeaux, France
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17
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Pousset F, Cremona S, Dantzer R, Kelley KW, Parnet P. Dexamethasone up-regulates type II IL-1 receptor in mouse primary activated astrocytes. J Neurochem 2001; 76:901-9. [PMID: 11158262 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain astrocytes play a pivotal role in the brain response to inflammation. They express IL-1 receptors including the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI) that transduces IL-1 signals in cooperation with the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) and the type II IL-1 receptor (IL-1RII) that functions as a decoy receptor. As glucocorticoid receptors are expressed on astrocytes, we hypothesized that glucocorticoids regulate IL-1 receptors expression. IL-1beta-activated mouse primary astrocytes were treated with 10(-6) M dexamethasone, and IL-1 receptors were studied at the mRNA and protein levels. Using RT-PCR, IL-1RI and IL-1RII but not IL-1RAcP mRNAs were found to be up-regulated by dexamethasone in a time-dependent manner. Dexamethasone (Dex), but not progesterone, had no effect on IL-1RI but strongly increased IL-1RII mRNA expression. Binding studies revealed an increase in the number of IL-1RII binding sites under the effect of Dex, but no change in affinity. These findings support the concept that glucocorticoids have important regulatory effect on the response of astrocytes to IL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pousset
- INSERM U.394, Institut F. Magendie, Bordeaux, France
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18
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Takii T. [In vitro and in vivo study of regulation mechanisms of type I interleukin-1 receptor]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2001; 121:9-21. [PMID: 11201166 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.121.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is one of the inflammatory cytokines, which plays a pivotal role in both host defense and homeostasis. Its signal is transduced by type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI). This report gives an insight into the regulatory mechanism of IL-1RI in both in vitro and in vivo. IL-1 up-regulates IL-1RI through prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production on human fibroblasts. However, in the presence of indomethacin, IL-1 down-regulates the receptor by destabilizing IL-1 receptor mRNA. Type I and type II interferons (IFNs) up-regulate the expression of IL-1RI. This up-regulation leads to the increasing susceptibility of IL-1RI to IL-1, as the DNA binding of IL-1-induced NF-kappa B and the production of IL-1-induced IL-6 from the fibroblasts are augmented by pretreatment with IFNs. On the other hand, the expression of cell surface IL-1RI is inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors, herbimycin and genistein, resulting in reduction of the kinase activity of IRAK (IL-1 receptor associated kinase) and IL-1-induced IL-6 production from the fibroblasts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) augments the expression of IL-1RI mRNA and cell surface molecule in the hepatocytes of mice in vivo, and the augmentation is mediated by the interaction of IL-1, IL-6, and of glucocorticoid (GC). When hepatocytes were pretreated with dexamethasone (Dex) and IL-6, the activation of IRAK was augmented in response to IL-1, indicating that IL-1 signaling is also up-regulated. In addition, IL-1 treatment ather combined administration of Dex and IL-6 into mice markedly increased the serum level of serum amyloid A. These data suggest that the expression of IL-1RI is regulated by inflammatory cytokines, PGE2, GC and LPS in vitro and in vivo. This study shows that the biological activity of IL-1 can be controlled by regulating the expression of IL-1RI, and therefore proposes the use of pharmaceutical drugs for the regulation of cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takii
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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19
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Watanabe S, Katagiri K, Onozaki K, Hata N, Misawa Y, Hamazaki T, Okuyama H. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1 beta mRNA induction in mouse spleen leukocytes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000; 62:147-52. [PMID: 10841036 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2000.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice were fed a diet supplemented either with beef tallow (BT), BT plus ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA) or BT plus ethyl docosahexaenoate (DHA) for 9 weeks. EPA and DHA supplementation increased the content of the respective fatty acid in spleen leukocyte lipids, which was associated with the reduction in the arachidonate content. IL-1beta mRNA induction upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in spleen leukocytes in the DHA diet group was significantly lower than in the BT diet group, but the EPA diet was without any significant effect. The amount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) released from LPS-stimulated spleen leukocytes was significantly lower in both the EPA and DHA groups than in the BT group. Thus, dietary EPA and DHA inhibited arachidonate metabolism similarly but had different effects on IL-1beta mRNA induction in mouse spleen leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Application, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan.
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20
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Moriya K, Chiba T, Nabeshima S, Hayashi H, Onozaki K. In vitro biological activities of glycosylated human interleukin-1alpha, neoglyco IL-1alpha, coupled with N-acetylneuraminic acid. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:563-8. [PMID: 10815993 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007082207188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the previous study, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) with C9 spacer was chemically coupled to human recombinant (rh) IL-1alpha in order to study the effect of glycosylation on its biological activities, and to develop IL-1 with less deleterious effects. In this study we examined a variety of IL-1 activities in vitro, including proliferative effect on T cells, antiproliferative effect on myeloid leukemic cells and melanoma cells, stimulatory effects on IL-6 synthesis by melanoma cells and PGE2 synthesis by fibroblast cells. NANA-introduced IL-1alpha (NANA-IL-1alpha) exhibited reduced activities about ten times compared with original IL-1alpha in all the activities performed in vitro. The competitive binding of 125I-IL-1alpha to mouse T cells and pre-B cells with unlabeled IL-1alphas suggests the decrease in binding affinities of NANA-IL-1alpha to both type I and type II IL-1 receptors. Therefore, reduced activities of NANA-IL-1alpha well correlated with the decrease in its receptor binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moriya
- Department of Hygeinic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Japan
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21
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Ito A, Takii T, Matsumura T, Onozaki K. Augmentation of Type I IL-1 Receptor Expression and IL-1 Signaling by IL-6 and Glucocorticoid in Murine Hepatocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IL-1 signal is transduced through type I receptor (IL-1RI). We have recently reported that LPS augments IL-1RI mRNA expression in the hepatocytes of mice in vivo, and the augmentation is mediated by the interaction of IL-1, IL-6, and glucocorticoid (GC). In this study, we examined whether IL-1RI mRNA expression level in the hepatocytes reflects those of cell surface molecule and IL-1 signaling. When primary cultured murine hepatocytes were treated with dexamethasone (Dex) or IL-6, these two reagents synergistically up-regulated IL-1RI mRNA expression in the cells. 125I-labeled IL-1 binding experiment showed that the level of binding was also up-regulated by the treatment with Dex and IL-6. Scatchard analysis revealed that the number of IL-1R increased. The increased binding of IL-1 was completely inhibited by an Ab against murine IL-1RI, indicating that Dex and IL-6 augmented the expression of cell surface IL-1RI molecule. When hepatocytes were pretreated with Dex and IL-6, the activation of IL-1R-associated kinase was augmented in response to IL-1, indicating that IL-1 signaling was also augmented. In addition, IL-1 treatment following administration of the combination of Dex and IL-6 into mice markedly increased the serum level of serum amyloid A. These results indicate that GC and IL-6 augment the expression of cell surface IL-1RI in hepatocytes, as well as IL-1 signaling and IL-1R-associated kinase activation, through up-regulation of IL-1RI mRNA level, which represents a novel regulatory network between IL-1, GC, and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ito
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takemasa Takii
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumura
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kikuo Onozaki
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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22
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Kol S, Ruutiainen-Altman K, Scherzer WJ, Ben-Shlomo I, Ando M, Rohan RM, Adashi EY. The rat intraovarian interleukin (IL)-1 system: cellular localization, cyclic variation and hormonal regulation of IL-1beta and of the type I and type II IL-1 receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999; 149:115-28. [PMID: 10375024 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence supports the possibility that intraovarian interleukin (IL)-1 plays an intermediary role in the periovulatory cascade. To gain further insight into the intraovarian IL-1 hypothesis, we studied the cellular localization cyclic variation and hormonal regulation of IL-1beta, as well as of the type I and type II IL-1 receptors (IL-1R) in immature rats. In situ hybridization localized IL-1beta and type I IL-1R transcripts to the granulosa cell compartment, the innermost layers of the theca interna and to the oocyte of the untreated immature ovary. Molecular probing of whole ovarian material in the course of a simulated estrous cycle revealed a progressive preovulatory increase in IL-1beta and type I IL-1R transcripts to an in vivo peak at the time of ovulation (3.0- and 2.5-fold increases over untreated controls; P < 0.05). Comparable efforts to localize and probe for type II IL-IR transcripts failed to elicit a detectable signal. The basal in vitro expression pattern of IL-1beta and type II IL-1R transcripts by whole ovarian dispersates revealed an early (4 h) spontaneous increase to a peak (2.1- and 5.8-fold increases over time 0: P < 0.05) followed by a gradual decline to a 48 h nadir. Treatment of whole ovarian dispersates with the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) or with IL-1beta failed to alter the initial (4 h) burst of IL-1beta or of type II IL-1R expression thereby suggesting IL-1-independence. Treatment with hCG proved equally ineffective. However, longer-term treatment of whole ovarian dispersates with IL-1beta produced a significant secondary increase (5.9-fold over time 0; P < 0.05) in IL-1beta (but not type II IL-1R) transcripts by 48 h. This IL-1 effect was completely blocked by co-treatment with IL-1RA thereby suggesting mediation via a specific IL-1 receptor. Qualitatively comparable but quantitatively reduced results obtained for isolated granulosa cells. The basal in vitro expression pattern of type I IL-1R transcripts by whole ovarian dispersates revealed a progressive spontaneous increase (3.1-fold increase overall) over the 48 h culture. Treatment with IL-1beta produced a significant (P < 0.05) increase (5-fold) in type I IL-1R transcripts by 48 h, an effect which was completely blocked by co-treatment with IL-1RA. Taken together, these observations: (1) localize IL-1beta and its type I receptor to granulosa cells, the innermost layers of the theca interna and to the oocyte; (2) confirm their periovulatory in vivo expression pattern; (3) document their expression by untreated cultured whole ovarian dispersates; and (4) demonstrate their in vitro responsiveness to receptor-mediated/IL-1-driven autocrine amplification. The type II IL-1R was undetectable in vivo, its in vitro expression pattern proving IL-1- and hCG-independent. The periovulatory expression pattern of IL-1beta and its receptor (type I) is compatible with the notion that the intraovarian IL-1 system may play an intermediary role in the ovulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Cui L, Takagi Y, Wasa M, Iiboshi Y, Inoue M, Khan J, Sando K, Nezu R, Okada A. Zinc deficiency enhances interleukin-1alpha-induced metallothionein-1 expression in rats. J Nutr 1998; 128:1092-8. [PMID: 9649590 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.7.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether interleukin-1alpha-induced metallothionein gene expression is affected by zinc deficiency. Weaning male rats were fed a zinc-deficient (ZD) diet (2 mg zinc/kg) or a zinc-supplemented diet [50.8 mg zinc/kg; controls for the diet included pair-fed (PF) and ad libitum consumption groups (AL)] for 4 wk. All rats except those that served as controls for interleukin-1alpha administration, (injected with vehicle and killed at 0 h) were then injected subcutaneously with interleukin-1alpha (2 x 10(7) units/kg body wt) and killed at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 72 h after the injection. Compared with AL and/or PF rats, zinc depletion significantly reduced zinc concentrations in plasma and liver but not in kidney or intestine, and significantly reduced hepatic, renal, and intestinal metallothionein-1 mRNA levels analyzed by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Interleukin-1alpha injection reduced plasma zinc concentration and enhanced liver zinc concentration, but did not affect zinc levels in kidney or intestine. Metallothionein-1 mRNA was significantly elevated by interleukin-1alpha in liver, kidney and intestine of all groups; the levels in liver and kidney of ZD rats 6 h after the injection were significantly higher than those of AL or PF rats. Liver metallothionein protein levels were enhanced after interleukin-1alpha injection in both AL and ZD rats. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed significantly higher hepatic levels of interleukin-1 receptor type-I mRNA in ZD rats than in AL and PF rats but no differences in renal or intestinal tissues among groups before interleukin-1alpha challenge. In conclusion, zinc deficiency induces upregulation of metallothionein-1 gene expression in response to interleukin-1alpha challenge in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka 565, Japan
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24
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Ilyin SE, Gayle D, Flynn MC, Plata-Salamán CR. Interleukin-1beta system (ligand, receptor type I, receptor accessory protein and receptor antagonist), TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1 and neuropeptide Y mRNAs in specific brain regions during bacterial LPS-induced anorexia. Brain Res Bull 1998; 45:507-15. [PMID: 9570721 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin induces neurological manifestations including anorexia. It is proposed that LPS-induced cytokine production is involved in the generation of neurological manifestations and in neuroinflammatory/immunological responses during gram-negative infections. For example, LPS-induced effects can be blocked or ameliorated by the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Here, sensitive and specific RNase protection assays were used to investigate the effects of the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of LPS on mRNA levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) system components, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. The same brain region sample was analyzed with all of the antisense probes. The data show simultaneous local induction of multiple cytokine components messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) within specific brain regions in anorectic rats responding to i.c.v. administered LPS (500 ng/rat). Interleukin-1beta and IL-1Ra had a similar mRNA induction profile (hypothalamus > cerebellum > hippocampus). Interleukin-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) mRNA also increased in all three brain regions examined, and the soluble form of IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1R AcP II) mRNA was induced in the hypothalamus. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA levels increased in the hypothalamus > hippocampus > cerebellum. Levels of membrane bound IL-1R AcP, TGF-beta1, and NPY mRNAs did not change significantly in any brain region. The results suggest that: (1) endogenous up-regulation of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in the hypothalamus contribute to LPS-induced anorexia; and (2) the ratio IL-1Ra/IL-1beta, and IL-1beta <--> TNF-alpha interactions may have implications for gram-negative infections associated with high levels of LPS in the brain-cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Ilyin
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716-2590, USA
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25
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Nabeshima S, Chiba T, Takei Y, Watanabe S, Okuyama H, Onozaki K. Development of glycosylated human interleukin-1alpha, neoglyco IL-1alpha, by coupling with D-galactose monosaccharide: biological activities in vitro. Glycoconj J 1998; 15:69-74. [PMID: 9530958 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006943500806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the previous study, galactose with C9 spacer was chemically coupled to human recombinant (rh) IL-1alpha in order to study the effect of glycosylation on its activities, and to develop IL-1 with less deleterious effects. In this study we examined a variety of IL-1 activities in vitro, including proliferative effect on T cells, antiproliferative effect on myeloid leukemic cells and melanoma cells, stimulatory effects on IL-6 synthesis by melanoma cells and PGE2 synthesis by fibroblast cells Galactose-introduced IL-1alpha (Gal-IL-1alpha) exhibited reduced activities from 10 to 10000 times compared with unmodified IL-1alpha in all the activities performed in vitro. The competitive binding of 125I-IL-1alpha to mouse T cells and pre-B cells with unlabeled IL-1alpha s suggests a decrease in binding affinities of Gal-IL-1alpha to both type I and type II IL-1 receptors. Therefore, reduced activities of Gal-IL-1alpha are due, at least partially, to the decrease in their receptor binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nabeshima
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe, Mizuho, Japan.
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26
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Yu PW, Schuler LA, Czuprynski CJ. Interleukin-1 receptor mRNA expression in activated bovine leukocytes in vitro. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 4:769-73. [PMID: 9384305 PMCID: PMC170656 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.4.6.769-773.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key player in inflammation and the immune response. To better understand the complex interactions of IL-1 and its receptors in inflammation, we need to investigate how type I and type II IL-1 receptors (IL-1RI and IL-1RII) are regulated by cytokines and other mediators. Using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and Northern analysis, we examined the regulation of IL-1RI and IL-1RII mRNA levels in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) (i.e., neutrophils) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. IL-1RI mRNA levels were up-regulated in PBMCs by recombinant bovine IL-1beta (rBoIL-1beta), recombinant bovine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rBoGM-CSF), rBoIL-4, recombinant bovine gamma interferon (rBoIFN-gamma), and dexamethasone. IL-1RI mRNA was increased in bovine PMNs exposed to rBoGM-CSF, rBoIL-4, and dexamethasone but was down-regulated by rBoIL-1beta and rBoIFN-gamma. IL-1RII mRNA was increased in bovine PBMCs and PMNs after exposure to rBoIL-1beta, rBoGM-CSF, rBoIL-4, and dexamethasone. In contrast, rBoIFN-gamma down-regulated the expression of bovine IL-1RII mRNA in PBMCs. These findings suggest that the expression of bovine IL-1RI and IL-1RII mRNAs is regulated differently by certain soluble stimuli (e.g., IFN-gamma) in PMNs and PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Yu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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27
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Plata-Salamán CR, Ilyin SE. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced modulation of the hypothalamic IL-1beta system, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNAs in obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats: implications to IL-1beta feedback systems and cytokine-cytokine interactions. J Neurosci Res 1997; 49:541-50. [PMID: 9302075 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19970901)49:5<541::aid-jnr4>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induces anorexia, fever, sleep changes, and neuroendocrine alterations when administered into the brain. Here, we investigated the regulation of the IL-1beta system (ligand, receptors, receptor accessory protein, and receptor antagonist), tumor necrosis factor-alpoha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and TGF-alpha mRNAs in the hypothalamus of obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats in response to the intracerebroventricular microinfusion of IL-1beta (8.0 ng/24 hr for 72 hr, a dose that yields estimated pathophysiological concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid). IL-1beta increased IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor types I and II (IL-1RI and IL-1RII), IL-1 receptor accessory protein soluble form (IL-1R AcP II), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta1 mRNAs in the hypothalamus from obese and lean rats. IL-1beta-induced IL-1beta system and ligand (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta1) mRNA profiles were highly intercorrelated in the same samples. Levels of membrane-bound IL-1R AcP and TGF-alpha mRNAs did not change. Heat-inactivated IL-1beta had no effect. The data suggest 1) the operation of an IL-1beta feedback system (IL-1beta/IL-1RI/IL-1R Acp II/IL-1RII/IL-1Ra) and 2) potential cytokine-cytokine interactions with positive (IL-1beta <--> TNF-alpha) and negative (TGF-beta1 --> IL-1beta/TNF-alpha) feedback. Dysregulation of the IL-1beta feedback system and the TGF-beta1/IL-1beta-TNF-alpha balance may have implications for neurological disorders associated with high levels of IL-1beta in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Plata-Salamán
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716-2590, USA.
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28
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Ito A, Takii T, Soji T, Onozaki K. Endotoxin-induced upregulation of type I interleukin-1 receptor mRNA expression in hepatocytes of mice: role of cytokines. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1997; 17:55-61. [PMID: 9041472 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1997.17.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signal is transduced through the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI). Although regulation of IL-1R expression has been extensively studied in vitro, little is known about it in vivo. By using RT-PCR analysis, we investigated the regulation of the IL-1RI mRNA expression level in various organs of mice at 2, 6, and 24 h following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. IL-1RI mRNA expression in response to LPS appeared to be different in various organs. As a marked and sustained increase of IL-1RI mRNA expression in the liver was observed, we investigated the mechanism of the upregulation. IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) all increased the mRNA expression in the liver when administrated in vivo. In situ hybridization revealed that upregulation of IL-1R mRNA was observed in parenchymal liver cells (hepatocytes) in response to LPS administration. When primary cultured hepatocytes were treated in vitro, IL-1, IL-6, conditioned medium from LPS-treated mouse macrophages, and serum from LPS-treated mouse upregulated IL-1RI mRNA expression, but LPS, TNF, and prostaglandin E2 failed to do so. Therefore, these results suggest that the upregulation of IL-1RI mRNA in the hepatocytes by LPS administration is mediated by cytokines, especially by IL-1 and IL-6. The results also indicate that the regulation is different in different organs, and microenvironmental factors may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ito
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
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29
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Kanda-Nakamura C, Izumi Y, Sueda T. Increased expression of interleukin-1 receptors on fibroblasts derived from inflamed gingiva. J Periodontol 1996; 67:1267-73. [PMID: 8997672 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1996.67.12.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R) on the surfaces of cultured gingival fibroblasts derived from healthy and inflamed gingiva and the effects of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on IL-1R expression. Fibroblasts were obtained from explant culture of both healthy and inflamed gingiva. IL-1R on cell surfaces was detected immunohistochemically using an anti-human IL-1R monoclonal antibody. IL-1R expression was assessed quantitatively using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive staining for IL-1R was more evident on cells from inflamed gingiva compared with cells from healthy gingiva. The ELISA showed a significantly increased number of IL-1R on cells from inflamed gingiva compared with cells from healthy gingiva (P < 0.05). Treatment with IL-1 but not PGE2 increased expression of IL-1R on fibroblasts. These findings suggest that gingival fibroblast responses to IL-1 may represent a mechanism for amplification of gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kanda-Nakamura
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Dental School, Japan
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30
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Ilyin SE, Sonti G, Gayle D, Plata-Salamán CR. Regulation of brain interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) system mRNAs in response to pathophysiological concentrations of IL-1 beta in the cerebrospinal fluid. J Mol Neurosci 1996; 7:169-81. [PMID: 8906613 DOI: 10.1007/bf02736838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is released during pathophysiological processes. IL-1 beta induces neurological manifestations when administered into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at pathophysiological concentrations detected during central nervous system (CNS) infections and other neurological disorders. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of the IL-1 beta system in the CNS in response to the chronic intracerebroventricular (icv) microinfusion of IL-1 beta at estimated pathophysiological concentrations in the CSF. IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-1 beta mRNAs were determined by sensitive RNase protection assays in brain target regions for IL-1 beta (cerebellum, parieto-frontal cortex, hippocampus, and midbrain). The results show that chronic icy microinfusion of IL-1 beta induced significant anorexia, increased the cerebellar IL-1RI mRNA content, increased IL-1Ra and IL-1 beta mRNAs levels in the cerebellum > midbrain > cortex > hippocampus, and induced profiles of IL-1RI mRNA, IL-1Ra mRNA, and IL-1 beta mRNA that were highly intercorrelated. On the other hand, levels of rat glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA and 18S rRNA were fairly constant, and heat-inactivated IL-1 beta had no effect on food intake or on IL-1RI, IL-1Ra, and IL-1 beta mRNAs levels in any brain region. The data suggest the operation of an IL-1 beta feedback system (IL-1 beta/ IL-1Ra/IL-1RI) in brain regions. Dysregulation of the CNS IL-1 beta feedback system may have pathophysiological significance. This may be reflected, for example, in the pathogenicity and severity of neurological diseases, such as CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Ilyin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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31
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Lausch RN, Chen SH, Tumpey TM, Su YH, Oakes JE. Early cytokine synthesis in the excised mouse cornea. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996; 16:35-40. [PMID: 8640449 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1996.16.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneas excised from normal BALB/c mice and incubated in vitro were analyzed for the production of "early-warning" cytokines via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. It was found that the trauma of excision stimulated rapid IL-1 alpha synthesis, with peak protein accumulation occurring at 6 h, whereas IL-6 synthesis was maximal at 18 h. Neither IL-1 beta protein nor message was detected at any point, and TNF-alpha synthesis never increased above constituted levels. Antibody neutralization of endogenous IL-1 alpha blocked IL-6 synthesis. Addition of exogenous IL-1 alpha induced IL-1 alpha and IL-6 synthesis in vitro. Inoculation of IL-1 alpha into the cornea induced IL-6 synthesis in vivo. Addition of IL-1 alpha could stimulate IL-1R, IL-1 alpha, and IL-6 mRNA synthesis in the epithelial, stromal, and endothelial components of the cornea. However, protein production was readily detected only in the epithelial layer. We concluded that mechanical trauma to the mouse cornea triggers the enhanced synthesis of IL-1 alpha and IL-1R, which in turn results in the production of IL-6 and more IL-1 alpha. That corneal excision did not stimulate the synthesis of IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha indicates that there is a selective induction of early cytokine expression in this specialized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Lausch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile 36688, USA
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32
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Milano S, Arcoleo F, Dieli M, D'Agostino R, De Nucci G, D'Agostino P, Cillari E. Ex vivo evidence for PGE2 and LTB4 involvement in cutaneous leishmaniasis: relation with infection status and cytokine production. Parasitology 1996; 112 ( Pt 1):13-9. [PMID: 8587796 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000065033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo culture of spleen cells from BALB/c mice infected with 2 x 10(6) Leishmania major (L. major) promastigotes were cultured with ConcanavalinA (ConA) or leishmanial antigen (L. Ag) and tested for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and for leukotriene B4 (LTB4), in order to study their involvement in the evolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the connexion with lymphokine-mediated responses. The data were compared with those obtained in BALB/c mice protected against L. major by sublethal irradiation (550 rad; cured mice). In the unprotected BALB/c mice the levels of PGE2 that were responsible for the depression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) Th1-associated cytokines and for the relative increase in the interleukin-4 (IL-4) became higher and higher as the lesion progressed. On the contrary, the cured mice produced levels of PGE2 similar to normal uninfected controls, high levels of TNF alpha and IFN-gamma and low levels of IL-4. Elevated levels of LTB4 were detected in the early stage of infection in the unprotected mice compared to cured ones, a sign of more intense inflammation and a stimulus for the recruitment of inflammatory cells. The observation that exogenous LTB4 was able to enhance in vitro both Th1 cytokines in cured mice and Th2 cytokines in unprotected ones suggests that LTB4 could act in the recruitment of the T cells already committed to Th1 or Th2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Milano
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Palermo, Italy
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33
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Takii T, Niki N, Yang D, Kimura H, Ito A, Hayashi H, Onozaki K. Type I and type II interferons upregulate functional type I interleukin-1 receptor in a human fibroblast cell line TIG-1. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1995; 15:1065-73. [PMID: 8746788 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1995.15.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of type I interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) expression by type I, interferon (IFN)-alpha A/D, and type II IFN, IFN-gamma, in a human fibroblast cell line TIG-1 was investigated. After 2 h stimulation with human IFN-alpha A/D or IFN-gamma, the levels of type I IL-1R mRNA increased. We previously reported that IL-1 upregulates transcription and cell surface molecules of type I IL-1R in TIG-1 cells through induction of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and cAMP accumulation. However, indomethacin was unable to inhibit the effect of IFNs, indicating that IFNs augment IL-1R expression through a pathway distinct from that of IL-1. The augmentation was also observed in other fibroblast cell lines. Nuclear run-on assays and studies of the stability of mRNA suggested that the increase in IL-1R mRNA was a result of the enhanced transcription of IL-1R gene. Binding studies using 125I-IL-1 alpha revealed that the number of cell surface IL-1R increased with no change in binding affinity by treatment with these IFNs. Pretreatment of the cells with IFNs enhanced IL-1-induced IL-6 production, indicating that IFNs upregulate functional IL-1R. IL-1 and IFNs are produced by the same cell types, as well as by the adjacent different cell types, and are concomitantly present in lesions of immune and inflammatory reactions. These results therefore suggest that IFNs exhibit synergistic effects with IL-1 through upregulation of IL-1R. Augmented production of IL-6 may also contribute to the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takii
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Nagoya City University, Japan
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34
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Sawamura H, Hayashi H, Onozaki K. Differential effects of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2 on growth and differentiation of murine myeloid leukemic cell line, M1. Microbiol Immunol 1995; 39:809-15. [PMID: 8577272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Effects of prostaglandins (PGs) of the E series on growth and differentiation of murine myeloid leukemic cell line M1 were studied. PGE1, but not PGE2, inhibited the growth of M1 cells. PGE2 neither inhibited nor augmented the antiproliferative effect of PGE1. PGE1 augmented the differentiation of M1 cells into macrophage-like cells induced by interleukin 6. PGE2, however, did not exhibit any effect on the differentiation. PGE1 caused a marked increased in intracellular cAMP level in M1 cells, whereas PGE2 had no effect. These results indicate that M1 cells are able to respond only to PGE1. Radiolabeled PGE1 binding experiments, however, revealed that there was no specific binding in M1 cells, suggesting that the cells express low numbers of receptors or very low affinity receptors specific for PGE1. Stable agonists of PGI2, iloprost, cicaprost or carbacyclin, also potently inhibited the growth of M1 cells. These findings suggest that PGE1 as well as PGI2 may play a role in the differentiation of monocyte-macrophage lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sawamura
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
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35
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Kawaguchi Y. IL-1 alpha gene expression and protein production by fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 97:445-50. [PMID: 8082299 PMCID: PMC1534852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta gene expression and protein production in human dermal fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) to investigate the abnormal function of SSc fibroblasts. Human dermal fibroblasts were biopsied from 13 patients with SSc, three patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and five healthy normal controls (NC). Cells were cultured in serum-free media and total RNA was collected from second or third passage fibroblasts. In cultured SSc fibroblasts, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta mRNAs were constitutively expressed and intracellular pro-IL-1 alpha was present. These observations suggest that an autocrine effect of IL-1 alpha contributes to the fibrosis in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawaguchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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36
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Reinisch N, Wolkersdorfer M, Kähler CM, Ye K, Dinarello CA, Wiedermann CJ. Interleukin-1 receptor type I mRNA in mouse brain as affected by peripheral administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Neurosci Lett 1994; 166:165-7. [PMID: 8177494 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Following administration of endotoxin in vivo, alterations of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor binding have been reported. In order to assess in vivo regulation of IL-1 receptor gene expression in brain, mRNA levels for IL-1 receptor type I were measured after peripheral administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in mice. When 25 micrograms of lipopolysaccharide were administered intraperitoneally, IL-1 receptor type I mRNA in the brain was increased after 3 h. After 20 h, the level was diminished. This result suggests that bacterial lipopolysaccharide affects regulation of IL-1 receptor type I mRNA expression in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Reinisch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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37
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Araki M, Yano T, Hayashi H, Takii T, Suzuki K, Onozaki K. Resistance to the anti-proliferative effect of IL-1 on human melanoma cell line is associated with endogenous production of IL-1 and IL-6. Int J Cancer 1994; 56:275-80. [PMID: 8314311 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910560222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A human melanoma cell line (A375-6) became resistant to the anti-proliferative effect of human IL-1 after a long period of culture. Two stable resistant sub-clones were obtained, and the mechanism of the IL-1 resistance was investigated. Resistant cells, but not sensitive cells, appeared to produce constitutively IL-1 activity. The activity was neutralized by anti-IL-1 alpha antibody but not by anti-IL-1 beta antibody. Resistant cells expressed IL-1 alpha but not IL-1 beta mRNA. Therefore, the resistant cells appeared to produce IL-1 alpha mRNA for IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was not detected in resistant cells, indicating that the resistance is not attributable to IL-1Ra. These resistant cells were also resistant to the anti-proliferative effect of human IL-6, but not to that of human TNF. Resistant cells appeared to produce constitutively IL-6 more than sensitive cells, and IL-6 production both in sensitive and in resistant cells was augmented by exogenous IL-1. Furthermore, constitutive production of IL-6 in resistant cells was inhibited by IL-1Ra. Type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) mRNA was expressed equally in resistant and sensitive cells. These data indicate that the resistance is not the result of loss of functional IL-1R and that IL-1 induces IL-6 in an autocrine manner. It is, therefore, conceivable that endogenous IL-1 and IL-6 contribute to IL-1 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Araki
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
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38
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Abstract
Cytokines play an important regulatory role in the metabolism of proteoglycans. Proteoglycans are found in plasma membranes, but predominantly in the extra-cellular matrix. In the latter they are quantitatively and qualitatively essential components. Especially in a tissue like cartilage without any blood vessels, the cells are dependent on cytokines for the communication among themselves in the extra-cellular matrix and also for communication with the 'outside world'. Various cytokines have been found to be able to penetrate the extra-cellular matrix and inhibit, respectively stimulate the proteoglycan synthesis. Also, the degradation of proteoglycans can be stimulated, respectively inhibited by several cytokines. In addition, some cytokines have been found which regulate the effects of the other cytokines. With respect to proteoglycan metabolism a complex cytokine network is emerging. Furthermore it is becoming increasingly clear that proteoglycans are connected to the cytokine network by their own bioactive functions. First, they possibly possess cytokine activities themselves. Second, they can function as receptors, protectors, inactivators and storage ligands for cytokines. So the proteoglycans are clearly involved in the feedback signalling from the extra-cellular matrix to the cells that are synthesizing this extra-cellular matrix. Together with agonistic or antagonistic cytokines they are involved in the regulation of proteoglycan turnover during balanced or unbalanced metabolism in normal, respectively pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Nietfeld
- University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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39
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Abstract
Cytokines play an important regulatory role in the metabolism of proteoglycans. Proteoglycans are found in plasma membranes, but predominantly in the extra-cellular matrix. In the latter they are quantitatively and qualitatively essential components. Especially in a tissue like cartilage without any blood vessels, the cells are dependent on cytokines for the communication among themselves in the extra-cellular matrix and also for communication with the 'outside world'. Various cytokines have been found to be able to penetrate the extra-cellular matrix and inhibit, respectively stimulate the proteoglycan synthesis. Also, the degradation of proteoglycans can be stimulated, respectively inhibited by several cytokines. In addition, some cytokines have been found which regulate the effects of the other cytokines. With respect to proteoglycan metabolism a complex cytokine network is emerging. Furthermore it is becoming increasingly clear that proteoglycans are connected to the cytokine network by their own bioactive functions. First, they possibly possess cytokine activities themselves. Second, they can function as receptors, protectors, inactivators and storage ligands for cytokines. So the proteoglycans are clearly involved in the feedback signalling from the extra-cellular matrix to the cells that are synthesizing this extra-cellular matrix. Together with agonistic or antagonistic cytokines they are involved in the regulation of proteoglycan turnover during balanced or unbalanced metabolism in normal, respectively pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Nietfeld
- University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Hart RP, Liu C, Shadiack AM, McCormack RJ, Jonakait GM. An mRNA homologous to interleukin-1 receptor type I is expressed in cultured rat sympathetic ganglia. J Neuroimmunol 1993; 44:49-56. [PMID: 7684399 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) induces substance P (SP) gene expression in cultured rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) explants. In order to study the molecular mechanism of this action of IL-1, the presence of an interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) activity and the identity of an mRNA homologous to known IL-1R sequence was determined in SCG. The SP increase is blocked by recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, so IL-1 must be interacting with a specific receptor. We have cloned cDNA homologous to IL-1R type I from rat SCG using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The resulting cDNA sequence is strongly homologous with mouse and human IL-1R cDNA of the T cell and fibroblast type (type I; encoding an 80-kDa protein). mRNA specific for IL-1R can be readily detected in intact SCG by quantitative RT-PCR and S1 hybridization. However, the level of IL-1R mRNA increases 3-6-fold by 2 days in culture. This increase is independent of the presence of dexamethasone, IL-1 beta or IL-1 receptor antagonist protein ligands. The increase of IL-1R following explantation, a model of nerve injury, may provide a mechanism linking inflammatory signalling to neuronal phenotypic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Hart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
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