1
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Boardman DA, Wong MQ, Rees WD, Wu D, Himmel ME, Orban PC, Vent-Schmidt J, Zachos NC, Steiner TS, Levings MK. Flagellin-specific human CAR Tregs for immune regulation in IBD. J Autoimmun 2023; 134:102961. [PMID: 36470208 PMCID: PMC9908852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy is a promising strategy to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Data from animal models has shown that Tregs specific for intestinal antigens are more potent than polyclonal Tregs at inhibiting colitis. Flagellins, the major structural proteins of bacterial flagella, are immunogenic antigens frequently targeted in IBD subjects, leading to the hypothesis that flagellin-specific Tregs could be an effective cell therapy for IBD. We developed a novel chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for flagellin derived from Escherichia coli H18 (FliC). We used this CAR to confer FliC-specificity to human Tregs and investigated their therapeutic potential. FliC-CAR Tregs were activated by recombinant FliC protein but not a control flagellin protein, demonstrating CAR specificity and functionality. In a humanized mouse model, expression of the FliC-CAR drove preferential migration to the colon and expression of the activation marker PD1. In the presence of recombinant FliC protein in vitro, FliC-CAR Tregs were significantly more suppressive than control Tregs and promoted the establishment of colon-derived epithelial cell monolayers. These results demonstrate the potential of FliC-CAR Tregs to treat IBD and more broadly show the therapeutic potential of CARs targeting microbial-derived antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Boardman
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - May Q Wong
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - William D Rees
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan E Himmel
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul C Orban
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jens Vent-Schmidt
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada.
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2
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Lam AJ, Haque M, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Uday P, Wardell CM, Gillies JK, Speck M, Mojibian M, Klein Geltink RI, Levings MK. PTEN is required for human Treg suppression of costimulation in vitro. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1482-1497. [PMID: 35746855 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy is under clinical investigation for the treatment of transplant rejection, autoimmune disease, and graft-versus-host disease. With the advent of genome editing, attention has turned to reinforcing Treg function for therapeutic benefit. A hallmark of Tregs is dampened activation of PI3K-AKT signalling, of which PTEN is a major negative regulator. Loss-of-function studies of PTEN, however, have not conclusively shown a requirement for PTEN in upholding Treg function and stability. Using CRISPR-based genome editing in human Tregs, we show that PTEN ablation does not cause a global defect in Treg function and stability; rather, it selectively blocks their ability to suppress antigen-presenting cells. PTEN-KO Tregs exhibit elevated glycolytic activity, upregulate FOXP3, maintain a Treg phenotype, and have no discernable defects in lineage stability. Functionally, PTEN is dispensable for human Treg-mediated inhibition of T cell activity in vitro and in vivo, but is required for suppression of costimulatory molecule expression by antigen-presenting cells. These data are the first to define a role for a signalling pathway in controlling a subset of human Treg activity. Moreover, they point to the functional necessity of PTEN-regulated PI3K-AKT activity for optimal human Treg function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery J Lam
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Manjurul Haque
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Kirsten A Ward-Hartstonge
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Prakruti Uday
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christine M Wardell
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jana K Gillies
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Madeleine Speck
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Ramon I Klein Geltink
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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3
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Lam AJ, Uday P, Gillies JK, Levings MK. Helios is a marker, not a driver, of human Treg stability. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:75-84. [PMID: 34561855 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treg therapy holds promise as a potentially curative approach to establish immune tolerance in transplantation and autoimmune disease. An outstanding question is whether therapeutic Tregs have the potential to transdifferentiate into effector T-cells and, thus, exacerbate rather than suppress immune responses. In mice, the transcription factor Helios is thought to promote Treg lineage stability in a range of inflammatory contexts. In humans, the role of Helios in Tregs is less clear, in part, due to the inability to enrich and study subsets of Helios-positive versus Helios-negative Tregs. Using an in vitro expansion system, we found that loss of high Helios expression and emergence of an intermediate Helios (Heliosmid )-expressing population correlated with Treg destabilization. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to genetically ablate Helios expression in human naive or memory Tregs and found that Helios-KO and unedited Tregs were equivalent in their suppressive function and stability in inflammation. Thus, high Helios expression is a marker, but not a driver, of human Treg stability in vitro. These data highlight the importance of monitoring Helios expression in therapeutic Treg manufacturing and provide new insight into the biological function of this transcription factor in human T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery J Lam
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Prakruti Uday
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jana K Gillies
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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4
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Lam AJ, Lin DTS, Gillies JK, Uday P, Pesenacker AM, Kobor MS, Levings MK. Optimized CRISPR-mediated gene knockin reveals FOXP3-independent maintenance of human Treg identity. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109494. [PMID: 34348163 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy is a promising curative approach for a variety of immune-mediated conditions. CRISPR-based genome editing allows precise insertion of transgenes through homology-directed repair, but its use in human Tregs has been limited. We report an optimized protocol for CRISPR-mediated gene knockin in human Tregs with high-yield expansion. To establish a benchmark of human Treg dysfunction, we target the master transcription factor FOXP3 in naive and memory Tregs. Although FOXP3-ablated Tregs upregulate cytokine expression, effects on suppressive capacity in vitro manifest slowly and primarily in memory Tregs. Moreover, FOXP3-ablated Tregs retain their characteristic protein, transcriptional, and DNA methylation profile. Instead, FOXP3 maintains DNA methylation at regions enriched for AP-1 binding sites. Thus, although FOXP3 is important for human Treg development, it has a limited role in maintaining mature Treg identity. Optimized gene knockin with human Tregs will enable mechanistic studies and the development of tailored, next-generation Treg cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery J Lam
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - David T S Lin
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Jana K Gillies
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Prakruti Uday
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Anne M Pesenacker
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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5
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Fung VCW, Rosado-Sánchez I, Levings MK. Transduction of Human T Cell Subsets with Lentivirus. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2285:227-254. [PMID: 33928557 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1311-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer is an efficient method to introduce a variety of transgenes to human T cells. Here we describe a protocol to transduce human CD4+, CD8+, or CD4+ regulatory T cells. To illustrate the method, we use transduction with lentivirus encoding an HLA-A2-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and a transduction marker as an example. Methods to isolate, transduce, purify, and expand CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as regulatory T cells are provided. We also describe how to carry out cytotoxicity or suppression assays to assess the function of the resulting CAR T cell or CAR regulatory T cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian C W Fung
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Isaac Rosado-Sánchez
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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6
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Alonso-Guallart P, Llore N, Lopes E, Kofman SB, Ho SH, Stern J, Pierre G, Bruestle K, Tang Q, Sykes M, Griesemer A. CD40L-stimulated B cells for ex-vivo expansion of polyspecific non-human primate regulatory T cells for translational studies. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 203:480-492. [PMID: 33058141 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic applications of regulatory T cells (Tregs ) include treating autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host disease and induction of transplantation tolerance. For ex-vivo expanded Tregs to be used in deceased donor transplantation, they must be able to suppress T cell responses to a broad range of human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Here, we present a novel approach for the expansion of polyspecific Tregs in cynomolgus macaques that was adapted from a good manufacturing practice-compliant protocol. Tregs were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and expanded in the presence of a panel of CD40L-stimulated B cells (CD40L-sBc). Prior to Treg culture, CD40L-sBc were expanded in vitro from multiple major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-disparate macaques. Expanded Tregs expressed high levels of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and Helios, a high percentage of Treg -specific demethylated region (TSDR) demethylation and strong suppression of naïve T cell responses in vitro. In addition, these Tregs produced low levels of inflammatory cytokines and were able to expand post-cryopreservation. Specificity assays confirmed that these Tregs were suppressive upon activation by any antigen-presenting cells (APCs) whose MHC was shared by CD40L-sBc used during expansion, proving that they are polyspecific. We developed an approach for the expansion of highly suppressive cynomolgus macaque polyspecific Tregs through the use of a combination of CD40L-engineered B cells with the potential to be translated to clinical studies. To our knowledge, this is the first report that uses a pool of MHC-mismatched CD40L-sBc to create polyspecific Tregs suitable for use in deceased-donor transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alonso-Guallart
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Llore
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Lopes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S-B Kofman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S-H Ho
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Stern
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Pierre
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Bruestle
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Q Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Griesemer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Alonso-Guallart P, Zitsman JS, Stern J, Kofman SB, Woodland D, Ho SH, Sondermeijer HP, Bühler L, Griesemer A, Sykes M, Duran-Struuck R. Characterization, biology, and expansion of regulatory T cells in the Cynomolgus macaque for preclinical studies. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2186-2198. [PMID: 30768842 PMCID: PMC6658340 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reliable in vitro expansion protocols of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are needed for clinical use. We studied the biology of Mauritian Cynomolgus macaque (MCM) Tregs and developed four in vitro Treg expansion protocols for translational studies. Tregs expanded 3000-fold when artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) expressing human CD80, CD58 and CD32 were used throughout the culture. When donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used as the single source of APCs followed by aAPCs, Tregs expanded 2000-fold. Tregs from all protocols suppressed the proliferation of anti-CD2CD3CD28 bead-stimulated autologous PBMCs albeit with different potencies, varying from 1:2-1:4 Treg:PBMC ratios, up to >1:32. Reculture of cryopreserved Tregs permitted reexpansion with improved suppressive activity. Occasionally, CD8 contamination was observed and resolved by resorting. Specificity studies showed greater suppression of stimulation by anti-CD2CD3CD28 beads of PBMCs from the same donor used for stimulation during the Treg cultures and of autologous cells than of third-party PBMC responders. Similar to humans, the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) within the Foxp3 locus correlated with suppressive activity and expression of Foxp3. Contrary to humans, FoxP3 expression did not correlate with CD45RA or CD127 expression. In summary, we have characterized MCM Tregs and developed four Treg expansion protocols that can be used for preclinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alonso-Guallart
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonah S. Zitsman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey Stern
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sigal B. Kofman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Woodland
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Siu-Hong Ho
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hugo P. Sondermeijer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Current address; Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Bühler
- Current address; Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adam Griesemer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Current address; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Greene S, Patel P, Allen CT. How patients with an intact immune system develop head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2019; 92:26-32. [PMID: 31010619 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the adaptive immune system can detect and eliminate malignant cells, patients with intact and fully functional immune systems develop head and neck cancer. How is this paradox explained? Manuscripts published in the English language from 1975 to 2018 were reviewed using search inputs related to tumor cell antigenicity and immunogenicity, immunodominance, cancer immunoediting and genomic alterations present within carcinomas. Early in tumor development, T cell responses to immunodominant antigens may lead to the elimination of cancer cells expressing these antigens and a tumor composed to tumor cells expressing only immunorecessive antigens. Conversely, other tumor cells may acquire genomic or epigenetic alterations that result in an antigen processing or presentation defect or other inability to be detected or killed by T cells. Such T cell insensitive tumor cells may also be selected for in a progressing tumor. Tumors harboring subpopulations of cells that cannot be eliminated by T cells may require non-T cell-based treatments, such as NK cell immunotherapies. Recognition of such tumor cell populations within a heterogeneous cancer may inform the selection of treatment for HNSCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Greene
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Priya Patel
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clint T Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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9
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Effect of Ex Vivo-Expanded Recipient Regulatory T Cells on Hematopoietic Chimerism and Kidney Allograft Tolerance Across MHC Barriers in Cynomolgus Macaques. Transplantation 2017; 101:274-283. [PMID: 27846155 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infusion of recipient regulatory T (Treg) cells promotes durable mixed hematopoietic chimerism and allograft tolerance in mice receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) with minimal conditioning. We applied this strategy in a Cynomolgus macaque model. METHODS CD4 CD25 Treg cells that were polyclonally expanded in culture were highly suppressive in vitro and maintained high expression of FoxP3. Eight monkeys underwent nonmyeloablative conditioning and major histocompatibility complex mismatched BMT with or without Treg cell infusion. Renal transplantation (from the same BMT donor) was performed 4 months post-BMT without immunosuppression to assess for robust donor-specific tolerance. RESULTS Transient mixed chimerism, without significant T cell chimerism, was achieved in the animals that received BMT without Treg cells (N = 3). In contrast, 2 of 5 recipients of Treg cell BMT that were evaluable displayed chimerism in all lineages, including T cells, for up to 335 days post-BMT. Importantly, in the animal that survived long-term, greater than 90% of donor T cells were CD45RA CD31, suggesting they were new thymic emigrants. In this animal, the delayed (to 4 months) donor kidney graft was accepted more than 294 days without immunosuppression, whereas non-Treg cell BMT recipients rejected delayed donor kidneys within 3 to 4 weeks. Early CMV reactivation and treatment was associated with early failure of chimerism, regardless of Treg cell administration. CONCLUSIONS Our studies provide proof-of-principle that, in the absence of early CMV reactivation (and BM-toxic antiviral therapy), cotransplantation of host Treg cell can promote prolonged and high levels of multilineage allogeneic chimerism and robust tolerance to the donor.
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10
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Frick M, Mouchacca P, Verdeil G, Hamon Y, Billaudeau C, Buferne M, Fallet M, Auphan-Anezin N, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Boyer C. Distinct patterns of cytolytic T-cell activation by different tumour cells revealed by Ca 2+ signalling and granule mobilization. Immunology 2016; 150:199-212. [PMID: 27716898 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-germline genes in both humans and mice have been shown to encode antigens susceptible to targeting by cytotoxic CD8 T effector cells (CTL). We analysed the ability of CTL to kill different tumour cell lines expressing the same cancer-germline gene P1A (Trap1a). We previously demonstrated that CTL expressing a T-cell receptor specific for the P1A35-43 peptide associated with H-2Ld , although able to induce regression of P1A-expressing P815 mastocytoma cells, were much less effective against P1A-expressing melanoma cells. Here, we analysed parameters of the in vitro interaction between P1A-specific CTL and mastocytoma or melanoma cells expressing similar levels of the P1A gene and of surface H-2Ld . The mastocytoma cells were more sensitive to cytolysis than the melanoma cells in vitro. Analysis by video-microscopy of early events required for target cell killing showed that similar patterns of increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i) were induced by both types of P1A-expressing tumour cells. However, the use of CTL expressing a fluorescent granzyme B (GZMB-Tom) showed a delay in the migration of cytotoxic granules to the tumour interaction site, as well as a partially deficient GZMB-Tom exocytosis in response to the melanoma cells. Among surface molecules possibly affecting tumour-CTL interactions, the mastocytoma cells were found to express intercellular adhesion molecule-1, the ligand for LFA-1, which was not detected on the melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Frick
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Mouchacca
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Cyrille Billaudeau
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Buferne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Boyer
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
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Restimulation After Cryopreservation and Thawing Preserves the Phenotype and Function of Expanded Baboon Regulatory T Cells. Transplant Direct 2015; 1:1-7. [PMID: 27019869 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Treg) are being explored for their tolerance-inducing capabilities. Freezing and banking Treg for future use makes this strategy more clinically applicable. We aimed to devise an improved method of expanding and cryopreserving Treg to maximize yield, purity, and function for use in xenotransplantation. METHODS Baboon peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from whole blood. CD4+/CD25hi cells were isolated by flow cytometric sorting and expanded for 26 days in culture with IL-2, anti-CD3 antibody, artificial APCs transfected with human CD58, CD32, and CD80, and rapamycin with weekly restimulations. Expanded Treg were frozen for 2 months then thawed and cultured for 48 hours in medium plus 1) no additives, 2) IL-2, 3) anti-CD3 antibody, 4) IL-2 + anti-CD3 antibody, and 5) IL-2 + anti-CD3 antibody + L cells. Phenotype and suppression were assessed after expansion, immediately after thawing, and after culturing. RESULTS We expanded purified baboon Treg more than 10,000-fold. Expanded Treg exhibited excellent suppression in functional assays. Cryopreservation decreased suppressive function without changing phenotype, but increasing amounts of reactivation after thawing produced significantly better viability and suppressive function with a trend towards greater Treg purity. CONCLUSIONS We produced numbers of expanded Tregs consistent with clinical use. In contrast to some previous reports, both Treg phenotype and suppressive function were preserved or even enhanced by increasing amounts of restimulation after thawing. Thus, banking of expanded recipient Tregs for in vivo infusion should be possible.
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12
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Stevanović S, Nijmeijer BA, van Schie ML, Salvatori DC, Maas S, Griffioen M, Falkenburg JF. Donor T Cells Administered Over HLA Class II Barriers Mediate Antitumor Immunity without Broad Off-Target Toxicity in a NOD/Scid Mouse Model of Acute Leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:867-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Wound healing characteristics of ICAM-1 null mice devoid of all isoforms of ICAM-1. J Surg Res 2011; 171:e1-7. [PMID: 21872884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) permits leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and transmigration during inflammation. Membrane-bound ICAM-1 knockout mice have been used to understand this molecule's role in wound-healing, but expressed spliced isoforms of ICAM-1 that may have impacted results. We aimed to characterize wound-healing in an ICAM-1 null model devoid of all ICAM-1 isoforms. METHODS Full-thickness 8-mm wounds were created on C57/BL6 wild-type (n = 24) and ICAM-1 null (n = 24) mice. Wound area was calculated using daily photographs. Histologic samples were harvested on postoperative Days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Wound margins were evaluated for mRNA expression of 13 inflammatory cytokines. A separate group of wild-type and ICAM-1 null mice (n = 24) received full-thickness incisions with tensiometry measured at Day 14. Separately, complete blood counts were measured in unwounded wild-type (n = 4) and ICAM-1 null mice (n = 4). RESULTS Wound-closure was significantly delayed in ICAM-1 null mice through Day 7 by gross and histologic measurement. mRNA expression of VEGF-A was increased in ICAM-1 null mice on Day 3, although no increase in VEGF-A was observed in the wound bed by immunohistochemistry. ICAM-1 null wounds demonstrated higher stiffness by tensiometry on Day 14 compared to the wild-type (1880 ± 926 kPa versus 478 ± 117 kPa; P < 0.01), and had higher counts of white blood cells (10,009 versus 5720 cells/μL, P < 0.05), neutrophils (2130 versus 630 cells/μL, P < 0.01), and lymphocytes (7130 versus 4,740 cells/μL, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS ICAM-1 null mice demonstrate delayed wound-healing and decreased wound elasticity compared to wild-type controls. This lag, however, was less than observed in earlier membrane-bound ICAM-1 knockouts, suggesting that other ICAM-1 isoforms may promote delayed wound-healing.
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14
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Hamaï A, Meslin F, Benlalam H, Jalil A, Mehrpour M, Faure F, Lecluse Y, Vielh P, Avril MF, Robert C, Chouaib S. ICAM-1 has a critical role in the regulation of metastatic melanoma tumor susceptibility to CTL lysis by interfering with PI3K/AKT pathway. Cancer Res 2009; 68:9854-64. [PMID: 19047166 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human primary melanoma cells (T1) were found to be more susceptible to lysis by a Melan-A/MART-1-specific CTL clone (LT12) than their metastatic derivative (G1). We show that this differential susceptibility does not involve antigen presentation by target cells, synapse formation between the metastatic target and CTL clone, or subsequent granzyme B (GrB) polarization. Although PI-9, an inhibitor of GrB, was found to be overexpressed in metastatic G1 cells, knockdown of the PI-9 gene did not result in the attenuation of G1 resistance to CTL-induced killing. Interestingly, we show that whereas T1 cells express high levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a dramatically reduced expression was noted on G1 cells. We also showed that sorted ICAM-1+ G1 cells were highly sensitive to CTL-induced lysis compared with ICAM-1- G1 cells. Furthermore, incubation of metastatic G1 cells with IFN-gamma resulted in the induction of ICAM-1 and the potentiation of their susceptibility to lysis by LT12. More importantly, we found that the level of ICAM-1 expression by melanoma cells correlated with decreased PTEN activity. ICAM-1 knockdown in T1 cells resulted in increased phosphorylation of PTEN and the subsequent activation of AKT. We have additionally shown that inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway by the specific inhibitor wortmannin induced a significant potentiation of susceptibility of G1 and ICAM-1 small interfering RNA-treated T1 cells to CTL-induced lysis. The present study shows that a shift in ICAM-1 expression, which was associated with an activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, can be used by metastatic melanoma cells to escape CTL-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamaï
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U753, Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines: Interaction effecteurs cytotoxiques-système tumoral, Institut Gustave Roussy PR1 and IFR 54, Villejuif, France
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15
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Kornacker M, Moldenhauer G, Herbst M, Weilguni E, Tita-Nwa F, Harter C, Hensel M, Ho AD. Cytokine-induced killer cells against autologous CLL: direct cytotoxic effects and induction of immune accessory molecules by interferon-gamma. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1377-82. [PMID: 16642465 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK cells), coexpressing CD3 and CD56, can be expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by the timed addition of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-2 and OKT3. The effects of CIK cells on primary, autologous CLL cells are described. We used MACS to separate CD3(+) cells for expansion of CIK cell effectors and CD19(+) targets from peripheral blood of 16 CLL patients. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring annexinV staining in CLL cells. After incubation of autologous CIK with CLL, specific apoptosis in CLL cells was 15%. Coincubation with irradiated CIK cells for 48 hr before adding vital CIK cells resulted in an increased ICAM-1 expression on CLL cells and an increase in apoptosis of CLL targets (30%). These effects were mediated by IFN-gamma secretion of CIK cells. In addition to their direct cytotoxic effect, CIK cells secrete IFN-gamma that modulates the expression of adhesion molecules on CLL cells, and this enhances apoptosis induction by cytotoxic effector cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Muromonab-CD3/pharmacology
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Recombinant Proteins
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kornacker
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Slavin-Chiorini DC, Catalfamo M, Kudo-Saito C, Hodge JW, Schlom J, Sabzevari H. Amplification of the lytic potential of effector/memory CD8+ cells by vector-based enhancement of ICAM-1 (CD54) in target cells: implications for intratumoral vaccine therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:665-80. [PMID: 15354200 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that enhanced expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD54 and CD48 (designated rF-TRICOM) on target cells, as delivered via a recombinant fowlpox vector, results in an increased state of stimulation of CD8+ T cells, and consequent increased lysis of target cells. CTL studies in conjunction with antibody-blocking studies demonstrated that the enhanced effector activity of these CD8+ T cells is mediated mainly through CD54. Intracellular staining of CD8+ cells that interact with target cells infected with rF-TRICOM showed that they contain higher amounts of perforin and have a higher level of perforin message. Enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules (specifically CD54) on target cells using rF-TRICOM vectors also leads to the formation of stable conjugates/synapses between targets and T cells. The interaction of T cells with target cells that overexpress costimulatory molecules upon infection with rF-TRICOM leads to enhanced signaling through Lck, ZAP70, and STAT-1 in CD8+ T cells and heightened lytic activity of CD8+ cells through the formation of a greater number of immunological synapses. This, in turn, leads to enhanced signaling in T cells. Finally, studies were conducted in mice in which CEA is a self-antigen in an attempt to understand the potential clinical relevancy of intratumoral vaccine therapy. Mice were transplanted subcutaneously with CEA expressing tumors. Intratumoral (i.t.) vaccination was administered 8 days post tumor transplant. Mice vaccinated i.t. with rF-TRICOM demonstrated significantly reduced tumor growth and 40% of the mice had complete tumor regression. The antitumor effects were further improved by the addition of tumor antigen (CEA) in the vaccination by utilizing rF-CEA/TRICOM, with 80% of the mice experiencing complete tumor regression. These studies thus support the concept of intratumoral vaccination employing vectors expressing costimulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale C Slavin-Chiorini
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Gonzales DM, Fu L, Li Y, Das Sarma J, Lavi E. Coronavirus-induced demyelination occurs in the absence of CD28 costimulatory signals. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 146:140-3. [PMID: 14698856 PMCID: PMC7119462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain A59 results in acute encephalitis, hepatitis, and chronic demyelinating disease. T lymphocytes play an important role in MHV infection, and costimulatory signals are an important component of T cell function. To elucidate the role of the main costimulatory molecule, CD28, in MHV pathogenesis and demyelination, we examined the kinetics of MHV-A59 infection in CD28 knockout mice. MHV-A59-infected CD28 knockout mice developed acute encephalitis and hepatitis, and the same degree of chronic demyelination as normal C57Bl/6 (B6) mice. Thus, CD28, the costimulatory T cell molecule, is not required for MHV infection and MHV-induced demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Gonzales
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 613 Stellar-Chance Laboratory, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA
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18
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Khanolkar A, Fu Z, Underwood LJ, Bondurant KL, Rochford R, Cannon MJ. CD4+ T cell-induced differentiation of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells is associated with diminished recognition by EBV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3187-94. [PMID: 12626577 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
EBV transformation of human B cells in vitro results in establishment of immortalized cell lines (lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL)) that express viral transformation-associated latent genes and exhibit a fixed, lymphoblastoid phenotype. In this report, we show that CD4(+) T cells can modify the differentiation state of EBV-transformed LCL. Coculture of LCL with EBV-specific CD4(+) T cells resulted in an altered phenotype, characterized by elevated CD38 expression and decreased proliferation rate. Relative to control LCL, the cocultured LCL were markedly less susceptible to lysis by EBV-specific CD8(+) CTL. In contrast, CD4(+) T cell-induced differentiation of LCL did not diminish sensitivity of LCL to lysis by CD8(+) CTL specific for an exogenously loaded peptide Ag or lysis by alloreactive CD8(+) CTL, suggesting that differentiation is not associated with intrinsic resistance to CD8(+) T cell cytotoxicity and that evasion of lysis is confined to EBV-specific CTL responses. CD4(+) T cell-induced differentiation of LCL and concomitant resistance of LCL to lysis by EBV-specific CD8(+) CTL were associated with reduced expression of viral latent genes. Finally, transwell cocultures, in which direct LCL-CD4(+) T cell contact was prevented, indicated a major role for CD4(+) T cell cytokines in the differentiation of LCL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD58 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD58 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed/cytology
- Cell Line, Transformed/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed/virology
- Cell Transformation, Viral/immunology
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- HLA Antigens/biosynthesis
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Virus Latency/genetics
- Virus Latency/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaruni Khanolkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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19
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Cerwenka A, O'Callaghan CA, Hamerman JA, Yadav R, Ajayi W, Roopenian DC, Joyce S, Lanier LL. Cutting edge: the minor histocompatibility antigen H60 peptide interacts with both H-2Kb and NKG2D. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3131-4. [PMID: 11907062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Minor histocompatibility Ags elicit cell-mediated immune responses and graft rejection in individuals receiving MHC-matched tissues. H60 represents a dominant Ag that elicits a strong CTL response in C57BL/6 mice immunized against BALB.B. An 8-aa peptide in the H60 protein is presented by H-2K(b) and this is recognized by the TCR as an alloantigen. The intact H60 glycoprotein is a ligand for the costimulatory NKG2D receptor that is expressed by activated CD8(+) T cells. Thus, H60 may provide both an allogeneic peptide and its own costimulation. We show that mutation of an H-2K(b)-binding anchor residue in the H60 peptide completely abrogates binding of H60 glycoprotein to NKG2D and a synthetic H60 peptide partially blocks the binding of NKG2D to its ligand. Ligands of the human NKG2D receptor are remarkably polymorphic, suggesting that these may also serve as minor histocompatibility Ags.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/biosynthesis
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Immunodominant Epitopes/biosynthesis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/physiology
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/physiology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Cerwenka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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20
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Blazevic V, Trubey CM, Shearer GM. Analysis of the costimulatory requirements for generating human virus-specific in vitro T helper and effector responses. J Clin Immunol 2001; 21:293-302. [PMID: 11506200 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010987426835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzes the role of CD28-B7-mediated costimulation during in vitro human peripheral blood memory T cell activation by influenza A virus. Inhibition studies using the B7-binding fusion protein CTLA4Ig and antibodies against CD80 and CD86 demonstrate that CTLA4Ig and anti-CD86 inhibited influenza-specific T cell proliferation, interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma production, and generation of influenza-specific CD8+ CTL. The production of IL-10 and IL-18, which are known to modulate T cell immune responses, were not affected by blocking the CD28-B7 costimulatory pathway. Inhibition of diverse influenza-specific T cell functions could be reversed by the addition of exogenous IL-2 or IL-12 but not by the addition of IFN-gamma or IL-18. Although IL-2 is known to overcome CD28-B7 costimulatory requirements, this is the first report showing that exogenous IL-12 is able to bypass CD28-B7 costimulatory blockade induced by CTLA4Ig in vitro. The induction of IFN-gamma production with the recently described IFN-gamma inducing cytokine IL-18 was not detected. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that CD86 represents a major costimulatory signal for the activation of resting peripheral blood memory T cells with recall antigens. These observations may have important implications for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies in diverse immunodeficiency diseases as well as in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Blazevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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21
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Levings MK, Sangregorio R, Galbiati F, Squadrone S, de Waal Malefyt R, Roncarolo MG. IFN-alpha and IL-10 induce the differentiation of human type 1 T regulatory cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5530-9. [PMID: 11313392 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells suppress Ag-specific immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Although IL-10 is critical for the differentiation of Tr1 cells, the effects of other cytokines on differentiation of naive T cells into Tr1 cells have not been investigated. Here we demonstrate that endogenous or exogenous IL-10 in combination with IFN-alpha, but not TGF-beta, induces naive CD4(+) T cells derived from cord blood to differentiate into Tr1 cells: IL-10(+)IFN-gamma(+)IL-2(-/low)IL-4(-). Naive CD4(+) T cells derived from peripheral blood require both exogenous IL-10 and IFN-alpha for Tr1 cell differentiation. The proliferative responses of the Tr1-containing lymphocyte populations, following activation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs, were reduced. Similarly, cultures containing Tr1 cells displayed reduced responses to alloantigens via a mechanism that was partially mediated by IL-10 and TGF-beta. More importantly, Tr1-containing populations strongly suppressed responses of naive T cells to alloantigens. Collectively, these results show that IFN-alpha strongly enhances IL-10-induced differentiation of functional Tr1 cells, which represents a first major step in establishing specific culture conditions to generate T regulatory cells for biological and biochemical analysis, and for cellular therapy to induce peripheral tolerance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Levings
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy
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22
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Lim DG, Bieganowska Bourcier K, Freeman GJ, Hafler DA. Examination of CD8+ T cell function in humans using MHC class I tetramers: similar cytotoxicity but variable proliferation and cytokine production among different clonal CD8+ T cells specific to a single viral epitope. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:6214-20. [PMID: 11086055 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Following infection by human T cell lymphotrophic virus-I (HTLV-I), high frequencies of polyclonal Tax11-19-reactive CD8(+) T cells can be detected in the peripheral blood. To investigate whether there are differences in the effector functions of these cells, we generated a panel of Tax11-19-reactive T cell clones by single cell sorting of HLA-A2/Tax11-19 tetramer binding CD8(+) T cells followed by repeated stimulation with PHA and IL-2. Examination of the TCRs revealed 17 different T cell clones with unique clonal origins. Nine representative CD8(+) T cell clones showed a similar cytotoxic dose-response activity against Ag-pulsed target cells, even though they express different TCRs. This cytotoxic effector function was not influenced by the engagement of either CD28 or CD2 costimulatory molecules. In contrast to the cytotoxic activity, qualitatively different degrees of proliferative response and cytokine secretion were observed among T cell clones of different clonal origin. The induction of proliferation and cytokine secretion required the engagement of costimulatory molecules, particularly CD2-LFA-3 interaction. These results indicate that functionally diverse, polyclonal CTL populations can be activated specific to a single immunodominant viral epitope; they can manifest virtually identical cytotoxic effector function but have marked differences in proliferation and cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Lim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Abstract
Successful immune targeting of malignancies hinges upon the ability to activate specific T-cell populations to recognize and attack tumor but spare normal vital tissues. Investigators in the field of tumor immunology are currently utilizing at least three distinct approaches toward this goal. In the first approach, molecular targets of cytolytic T cells which spontaneously develop in tumor-bearing patients have been identified and are subsequently used as immunogens in immunotherapy trials. Whereas this approach originally focused upon the identification of tumor antigens in the immune-responsive tumors malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, it surprisingly led to the identification of a variety of molecules that are now known to be expressed in other common pediatric and adult tumors. In the second approach, tumor-specific molecules (eg, mutant p53 and chromosomal translocations) that have been identified in individual tumors during the study of neoplastic transformation are used as immunogens. Because chromosomal translocations are common in pediatric tumors, such targets may be of particular interest in pediatric oncology. In the third approach, immunization with whole tumor cell components is undertaken with the assumption that the most immunogenic molecules within the tumor will dominate the immune response induced. The benefits and limitations for each approach, particularly as it pertains to the development of immunotherapy for pediatric tumors, are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Mackall
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Abstract
AbstractDown-modulation of CD3ζ expression on CD8 T lymphocytes occurs, independently of other T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 components, in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and autoimmune disease. These associations suggest that it might be related to chronic antigenic stimulation. CD3ζ down-modulation was found, however, in CD8 T cells that proliferate in response to acute viral infections. In 3 otherwise healthy donors with acute gastroenteritis, infectious mononucleosis, and Epstein–Barr virus/cytomegalovirus/mononucleosis, 30% to 60% of circulating CD8 T cells had down-modulated CD3ζ to below the level of detection. The CD3ζ-T cells were also CD28− but expressed the activation markers HLA-DR and CD57. CD3ζ–CD28– T cells are effector CTL because they express perforin and produce IFN-γ, but not IL-2, on activation and contain the viral-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). However, CD3ζ–CD28–T cells generally do not express CD25 after anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation and are not cytotoxic until they are cultured with IL-2 overnight. Cytotoxicity coincides with the re-expression of CD3ζ but not CD28. Down-modulation of CD3ζ and CD28 on effector CTL may control CTL triggering and proliferation to prevent immunopathogenesis.
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25
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Abstract
Down-modulation of CD3ζ expression on CD8 T lymphocytes occurs, independently of other T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 components, in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and autoimmune disease. These associations suggest that it might be related to chronic antigenic stimulation. CD3ζ down-modulation was found, however, in CD8 T cells that proliferate in response to acute viral infections. In 3 otherwise healthy donors with acute gastroenteritis, infectious mononucleosis, and Epstein–Barr virus/cytomegalovirus/mononucleosis, 30% to 60% of circulating CD8 T cells had down-modulated CD3ζ to below the level of detection. The CD3ζ-T cells were also CD28− but expressed the activation markers HLA-DR and CD57. CD3ζ–CD28– T cells are effector CTL because they express perforin and produce IFN-γ, but not IL-2, on activation and contain the viral-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). However, CD3ζ–CD28–T cells generally do not express CD25 after anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation and are not cytotoxic until they are cultured with IL-2 overnight. Cytotoxicity coincides with the re-expression of CD3ζ but not CD28. Down-modulation of CD3ζ and CD28 on effector CTL may control CTL triggering and proliferation to prevent immunopathogenesis.
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Lavie G, Meruelo D, Aroyo K, Mandel M. Inhibition of the CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity reaction by hypericin: potential for treatment of T cell-mediated diseases. Int Immunol 2000; 12:479-86. [PMID: 10744649 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.4.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity reaction of murine CD8 T lymphocytes has been found to be strongly inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hypericin, a lipophilic dianthraquinone with photodynamic properties. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-induced target cell apoptosis, as well as exocytosis of cytolytic granules from these cells, were ablated by hypericin, administered at the onset of the reaction, without affecting CTL viability. The inhibition of cytolysis occurred without the light irradiation which is essential for photosensitization. The findings suggest that the action of hypericin targets the effector CTL; however, apoptosis induced in murine L-cells with recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was also prevented by hypericin. Since hypericin is a known inhibitor of protein kinase C, MAP kinase and at least one other tyrosine kinase, this inhibitory activity could play a role in the down-modulation of CTL-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, our studies show that the action of hypericin induces rapid dephosphorylation of phospholipids associated with low-density membranes in CTL, but not with membranes of the cytotoxic granules. The ability of hypericin to interfere with cytotoxicity may render it useful in the treatment of T cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lavie
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
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27
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Heemskerk MH, Hooijberg E, Ruizendaal JJ, van der Weide MM, Kueter E, Bakker AQ, Schumacher TN, Spits H. Enrichment of an antigen-specific T cell response by retrovirally transduced human dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 1999; 195:10-7. [PMID: 10433792 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The superior ability of dendritic cells (DC) in triggering antigen-specific T cell responses makes these cells attractive tools for the generation of antitumor or antiviral immunity. We report here an efficient retroviral transduction system for the introduction of antigens into DC. A retroviral vector encoding several CTL epitopes in a string-of-beads fashion in combination with the marker gene green fluorescence protein (GFP) was generated. Polyepitope transduced EBV-LCL could be isolated on the basis of GFP expression and were found to be sensitive to lysis by antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells, demonstrating that antigens encoded by the retroviral construct were stably expressed, processed, and presented in the context of HLA class I molecules. CD34(+) cells isolated from G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood were transduced with high efficiency (40-60%) with this retroviral construct. These cells could be considerably expanded in vitro and differentiated into mature DC without loss of the transduced antigen. DC transduced with the polyepitope constructs were able to mount a CTL response against an influenza epitope in the context of HLA-A2, demonstrating the antigen-specific CTL priming capacity of retrovirally transduced DC. Staining of the T cells with tetramers of HLA-A2 and the influenza virus peptide demonstrated a marked antigen-specific CTL enrichment after 2 in vitro stimulations using DC transduced with the polyepitope. However, additional in vitro stimulations of the T cells with transduced DC did not result in a further enrichment of tetramer staining cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Heemskerk
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, CX Amsterdam, NL-1066, The Netherlands
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Leshem B, Brass D. Mouse lymphoblasts lose their immunogenicity and susceptibility to specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte lysis during maintenance in culture. Immunology 1998; 95:409-18. [PMID: 9824505 PMCID: PMC1364408 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to search for possible mechanisms by which T-cell lines become non-immunogenic and refractory to cellular-mediated lysis during culture. We demonstrate that mouse lymphoblasts (LB) lost their susceptibility to specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated lysis following culture for more than 5 days in the presence interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7 but not IL-4. In contrast, the cultured lymphoblasts (CLB) were efficiently lysed by specific antibody and C' and by CTL in the presence of concanavalin A. In addition, CLB did not inhibit cytotoxicity against LB in a cold target competition assay, indicating that CLB and LB differ in the expression of certain surface molecules. Indeed, a significantly lower expression of H-2D class I antigen, the Fas antigen and the adhesion molecules intracelluar adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4) was observed on the CLB surface. Consequently, CLB could not form conjugates with specific CTL, a prerequisite for CTL-mediated lysis. In addition, there was a marked decrease in CLB immunogenicity: the cultured cells were unable to stimulate allogeneic spleen cells in mixed lymphocyte culture nor could they induce a cytotoxic response following their injection into allogeneic mice. The reduced immunogenicity enabled the prolonged survival of active CLB in an allogeneic host. We suggest that the extended survival in an allogeneic tumour-bearing host of cultured, hence weakly immunogenic, anti-tumour CTL, will enable them the in vivo implementation of their anti-tumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Leshem
- The Lautenberg Centre for General and Tumour Immunology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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29
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Abstract
To investigate how early events in antigen processing affect the repertoire of peptides presented by MHC class I molecules, we compared the presentation of the influenza A nucleoprotein epitope 265-273 by HLA-A3 class I molecules in human and mouse cells. Mouse cells that express HLA-A3 failed to present the NP265-273 peptide when contained within the full-length nucleoprotein, to HLA-A3-restricted human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, when the epitope was generated directly in the cytosol using a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed the nonamer peptide, mouse cells were recognized by HLA-A3-restricted CTL. Poor transport of the peptide by mouse TAP was not responsible for the defect as co-infection of mouse cells with recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the full-length nucleoprotein and the human TAP1 and TAP2 peptide transporter complex failed to restore presentation. These results therefore demonstrate a differential processing of the influenza nucleoprotein in mouse and human cells. This polymorphism influences the repertoire of peptides presented by MHC class I molecules at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Braud
- Molecular Immunology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, GB.
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30
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Spengler U, Leifeld L, Braunschweiger I, Dumoulin FL, Lechmann M, Sauerbruch T. Anomalous expression of costimulatory molecules B7-1, B7-2 and CD28 in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1997; 26:31-6. [PMID: 9148019 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(97)80006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T lymphocytes require two important signals for efficient activation: 1) recognition of antigens bound to self major histocompatibility complex antigens, and 2) simultaneous stimulation via so-called costimulatory molecules. Interaction of the costimulatory B7 molecules on antigen presenting cells with CD28 on T lymphocytes appears to be particularly important, as it modifies secretion of cytokines, especially interleukin 2. In primary biliary cirrhosis biliary epithelial cells aberrantly express major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and may function as antigen presenting cells. METHODS We studied expression of HLA-DR, B7-1, B7-2 and CD28 on cryostat liver sections in 16 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, three patients each with autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis and nine patients with chronic viral hepatitis (five hepatitis B, four hepatitis C) using mouse monoclonal antibodies in an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. RESULTS In advanced primary biliary cirrhosis, HLA-DR was found on 57% of bile ducts, B7-2 on 5% of bile ducts, and B7-1 could not be detected on any bile duct. Neither B7-1 nor B7-2 was seen on bile ducts in the four patients with early primary biliary cirrhosis. HLA-DR+ bile ducts also lacked expression of B7 molecules in autoimmune hepatitis. In contrast, HLA-DR, B7-1 and B7-2 were expressed simultaneously on professional antigen presenting cells such as macrophages in epitheloid granulomas. CONCLUSION HLA-DR+ biliary epithelial cells in primary biliary cirrhosis insufficiently co-express B7-1 or B7-2 molecules. Therefore, they must either use different costimulatory molecules, or otherwise are deficient in lymphocyte activation. Since recognition of antigen in the absence of B7-CD28 interaction may lead to anergy of lymphocytes, this might contribute to the impaired cytokine secretion found in primary biliary cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Spengler
- Department of General Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
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31
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Christensen JP, Marker O, Thomsen AR. T-cell-mediated immunity to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in beta2-integrin (CD18)- and ICAM-1 (CD54)-deficient mice. J Virol 1996; 70:8997-9002. [PMID: 8971031 PMCID: PMC190999 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.12.8997-9002.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was studied in mice with deficient expression of beta2-integrins or ICAM-1. In such mice, the generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes was only slightly impaired and bystander activation was as extensive as that observed in wild-type mice. T-cell-mediated inflammation, assessed as primary footpad swelling and susceptibility to intracerebral infection, was slightly compromised only in beta2-integrin-deficient mice. However, adoptive immunization of mutant mice soon after local infection did reveal a reduced capacity to support the inflammatory reaction, indicating that under conditions of more limited immune activation both molecules do play a role in formation of the inflammatory exudate. Finally, virus control was found to be somewhat impaired in both mutant strains. In conclusion, our results indicate that although LFA-1-ICAM-1 interaction is important for certain aspects of the T-cell-mediated response to viruses, T-cell activation is surprisingly intact in these mutant mice, indicating extensive functional redundancy within cell interaction molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Christensen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Eissner G, Lindner H, Behrends U, Kölch W, Hieke A, Klauke I, Bornkamm GW, Holler E. Influence of bacterial endotoxin on radiation-induced activation of human endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo: protective role of IL-10. Transplantation 1996; 62:819-27. [PMID: 8824483 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199609270-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous work from our group has contributed to demonstrate the role of conditioning related release of proinflammatory cytokines in induction of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In the present report we show that ionizing radiation (IR) in a clinical relevant dose upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on cultured human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC). Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in a concentration corresponding to serum levels seen during clinical endotoxemia, is capable of further enhancing ICAM-1 expression on irradiated cells. Adhesion assays with freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) revealed that increased ICAM-1 on IR-treated endothelial cells led to an increased adhesion of PBMC. Again, this effect could be superinduced by LPS. Recombinant human interleukin 10 (IL-10), an antagonistic cytokine known to function as an LPS antagonist, was able to counteract the LPS-mediated enhancement of IR-triggered ICAM-1 induction and PBMC adhesion. In contrast, IL-10 could not inhibit irradiation caused effects. IL-10 seemed to interfere with the translocation of preformed intracellular ICAM-1 to the cell membrane. To investigate whether this superinductive function of IR and LPS on endothelial cells is of clinical relevance, mice were treated with total body irradiation (TBI) and inoculated with a single dose of LPS. Immunohistochemical analyses of murine tissues demonstrated that LPS superinduces IR-triggered ICAM-1 also in vivo. These findings may be of clinical importance as they suggest that the endothelium is activated after radiotherapy or TBI used for conditioning in bone marrow transplantation. The activated endothelium in turn may facilitate the accumulation of effector cells at sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eissner
- GSF Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Strahlenbiologie, Molekulare Virologie, und Klinische Hämatologie, München, Germany
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33
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Sornasse T, Larenas PV, Davis KA, de Vries JE, Yssel H. Differentiation and stability of T helper 1 and 2 cells derived from naive human neonatal CD4+ T cells, analyzed at the single-cell level. J Exp Med 1996; 184:473-83. [PMID: 8760801 PMCID: PMC2192741 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.2.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of CD4+ T helper (Th) type 1 and 2 cells is essential for the eradication of pathogens, but can also be responsible for various pathological disorders. Therefore, modulation of Th cell differentiation may have clinical utility in the treatment of human disease. Here, we show that interleukin (IL) 12 and IL-4 directly induce human neonatal CD4- T cells, activated via CD3 and CD28, to differentiate into Th1 and Th2 subsets. In contrast, IL-13, which shares many biological activities with IL-4, failed to induce T cell differentiation, consistent with the observation that human T cells do not express IL-13 receptors. Both the IL-12-induced Th1 subset and the IL-4-induced Th2 subset produce large quantities of IL-10, confirming that human IL-10 is not a typical human Th2 cytokine. Interestingly, IL-4-driven Th2 cell differentiation was completely prevented by an IL-4 mutant protein (IL-4.Y124D), indicating that this molecule acts as a strong IL-4 receptor antagonist. Analysis of single T cells producing interferon gamma or IL-4 revealed that induction of Th1 cell differentiation occurred rapidly and required only 4 d of priming of the neonatal CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-12. The IL-12-induced Th1 cell phenotype was stable and was not significantly affected when repeatedly stimulated in the presence of recombinant IL-4. In contrast, the differentiation of Th2 cells occurred slowly and required not only 6 d of priming, but also additional restimulation of the primed CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-4. Moreover, IL-4-induced Th2 cell phenotypes were not stable and could rapidly be reverted into a population predominantly containing Th0 and Th1 cells, after a single restimulation in the presence of IL-12. The observed differences in stability of IL-12- and IL-4-induced human Th1 and Th2 subsets, respectively, may have implications for cytokine-based therapies of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sornasse
- Department of Human Immunology, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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34
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Fiorentino S, Dalod M, Olive D, Guillet JG, Gomard E. Predominant involvement of CD8+CD28- lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic activity. J Virol 1996; 70:2022-6. [PMID: 8627730 PMCID: PMC190033 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.3.2022-2026.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct functional CD8+ T-cell populations have been observed during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. One of these functions is the inhibition of viral replication by a noncytotoxic mechanism, which was shown to be mediated by the CD8+CD28+ subpopulation. On the other hand, CD8+ T cells exert an HIV-specific cytotoxic activity. The present study shows that CD8+CD28- lymphocytes display this HIV-specific cytotoxic activity, which is detectable immediately after the cells are purified from peripheral blood. The CD28- population is also able to proliferate and to retain its cytotoxic activity after in vitro restimulation with autologous blast cells. Finally, HIV-specific cytotoxic T cells can be obtained in vitro from the CD8+CD28+ population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fiorentino
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Pathologies Infectieuses et Tumorales, Unité 445 de l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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35
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Vánky F, Hising C, Sjöwall K, Larsson B, Klein E. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment of ex vivo human carcinoma cells potentiates their interaction with allogeneic lymphocytes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996; 16:201-7. [PMID: 8697142 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1996.16.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term exposure of ex vivo carcinoma and sarcoma cells to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha induced or elevated to detectable levels the surface expression of MHC class I, class II, and ICAM-1 (CD54), but only rarely the B7 (CD80) molecules. The cytokine-treated tumor cells interacted more efficiently with allogeneic blood lymphocytes collected from healthy donors compared with untreated cells. This was demonstrated (1) by the induction of DNA synthesis and generation of cytotoxic activity in mixed cultures and (2) by the elevated susceptibility to the cytotoxic effectors. Although the cytokine-induced increase in MHC and ICAM-1 on the low-expressor tumors were probably important to the interaction with lymphocytes, it is likely that other properties were also induced that contributed to the phenomenon. This was indicated by the results obtained with several tumors that expressed indigenously high levels of these molecules but reacted with the allogeneic lymphocytes only or more efficiently after treatment with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. In these experiments B7 expression did not influence the efficiency of interactions between lymphocyte and tumor cells. The results also showed that, under the conditions used, the untreated tumor cells that did not activate allogeneic lymphocytes were sensitive to appropriately activated effectors. Thus the afferent and efferent arms of lymphocyte-tumor cell interactions appeared to have different requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vánky
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Ghiotto-Ragueneau M, Battifora M, Truneh A, Waterfield MD, Olive D. Comparison of CD28-B7.1 and B7.2 functional interaction in resting human T cells: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase association to CD28 and cytokine production. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:34-41. [PMID: 8566081 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
CD28 is a 44kDa homodimer present on T cells providing an important costimulatory signal for T cell proliferation, cytokine production and cytokine receptor expression. CD28 activation is mediated by interaction with its counter-receptors, B7.1/CD80 and B7.2/B70/CD86. The biochemical basis of these co-stimulatory signals are still poorly understood, particularly in resting T cells. However, various biochemical pathways such as tyrosine phosphorylation, phospholipase C, sphingomyelinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) activation have been reported to play a role in CD28 signaling in tumor T cell lines and CD28-transfected cells or pre-activated T cells. In addition, recent reports propose that CD28-B7.1 and B7.2 interaction could be involved in the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, respectively, but the putative biochemical basis for these different functions is still unknown. We have analyzed the functional and molecular consequences of CD28 activation by B7.1 and B7.2 in human resting T cells. We demonstrate in this report that both CD28-B7.1 and CD28-B7.2 interactions induce the association of PI3-K to CD28 in the CD4 subpopulation, whereas it was barely detectable in CD8 cells. This association involves the binding of the src homology domain 2 (SH2) of p85 to tyrosine-phosphorylated CD28 and does not require pre-activation by CD3-T cell receptor. Worthmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3-K enzymatic activity within the nanomolar range also inhibits the interleukin-2 production induced by costimulation mediated by either the B7.1- and B7.2-transfected cells or CD28 monoclonal antibodies. The only slight difference between B7.1 and B7.2 costimulation is the IC50 of worthmannin being 25 and 110 nM, respectively, which could suggest differences in their activation of the T cell PI3-K.
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Vánky F, Hising C, Sjöwall K, Larsson B, Rodriguez L, Orre L, Klein E. Immunogenicity and immunosensitivity of ex vivo human carcinomas: interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor alpha treatment of tumour cells potentiates their interaction with autologous blood lymphocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995; 41:217-26. [PMID: 7489564 PMCID: PMC11037809 DOI: 10.1007/bf01516996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/1995] [Accepted: 07/11/1995] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human carcinoma cells vary appreciably in the expression of MHC class I, class II, ICAM-1 (CD54) and B7 (CD80) molecules. Short-term in vitro exposure of ex vivo carcinoma cells to interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor alpha elevated/induced the surface expression of MHC class I, class II and ICAM-1, but only rarely of B7. We found that cytokine treatment elevated the cytotoxic susceptibility and the stimulatory potential of ex vivo tumour cells. This was demonstrated (a) by the increased frequency and elevated level of auto-tumour lysis and (b) by induction of DNA synthesis and generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes in autologous mixed lymphocyte/tumour cell culture (MLTC). The MHC class I and ICAM-1 molecules on the tumour cells were required for interaction with the lymphocytes as indicated by the inhibitory effect of specific mAb both in the stimulation and in the cytotoxic tests. While the cytokine-induced increases in MHC and ICAM-1 on the low-expression tumours were probably important for the modification of functional interaction with the autologous lymphocytes, it is likely that alterations in other properties of tumour cells were also induced which contributed to the phenomenon. This was indicated by the results obtained with several tumours, which expressed indigenously high levels of these molecules but activated the autologous lymphocytes only after cytokine treatment. In several experiments the untreated targets that did not activate the lymphocytes were sensitive to the cytotoxicity of the effectors activated in MLTC. The results show that the afferent and efferent arms of the immune response have different requirements for functional interactions between lymphocytes and tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vánky
- Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Abstract
It is now well established that CD4+ T cells can express cytotoxic activity. This type of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is associated with the Th1-, but not with the Th2-phenotype. While the activation of CD4+ CTL is MHC class II-restricted, the effector phase, i.e. the target cell killing is unrestricted and antigen non-specific. In analogy to CD8+ CTL, CD4-mediated target cell death is by DNA fragmentation. However, the molecular mechanism of killing differs from CD8-mediated lysis. Thus, CD4+ CTL preferentially lyse their targets via Fas-Fas ligand interaction, whereas the major cytotoxic effect of CD8+ CTL is by granule exocytosis, i.e. perforin and granzymes. Although CD8+ CTL can also express the FasL, their lytic activity through interaction with Fas is of less importance. Likewise, some CD4+ CTL may also kill by perforin/granzymes activity, but this pathway is of minor significance. The aims of CD8- or CD4-mediated lysis are also different. Thus, the major task of CD8+ CTL which recognize and kill their targets in the context of MHC class I molecules, is the lysis of virally infected cells and battling against tumor cells. CD4+ CTL, on the other hand, have an immunomodulatory role. Thus, they preferentially eliminate activated MHC class II-positive cells, i.e. APC, be they monocytes/macrophages, B cells or T cells. They may lyse these cells in order to prevent an overreaction of the ongoing immune response or in order to remove potentially hazardous cells upon completion of the immune response. The Fas-FasL pathway is particularly suitable for this task as myeloid or lymphoid cells express Fas only if activated, while FasL is preferentially expressed on activated CD4+ Th1 cells. Moreover, activated T cells eliminate themselves by the Fas-mediated pathway. Whether this happens by fratricide only, or also by suicide or both is open. Moreover, CD4+ CTL are particularly suitable for killing tumor cells as well, as they are efficient effectors in bystander lysis in contrast to CD8+ CTL. On the other hand, the non-specific killing via Fas-FasL interaction, which is an important reason for the bystander lysis, may have unwanted effects in that cells which should not be eliminated could be killed. Such reactions affecting various organs and cells, e.g. the liver, thyroid or islet cells of the pancreas could be an explanation for certain autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hahn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Andersson EC, Christensen JP, Scheynius A, Marker O, Thomsen AR. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection is associated with long-standing perturbation of LFA-1 expression on CD8+ T cells. Scand J Immunol 1995; 42:110-8. [PMID: 7543210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes from mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus revealed marked and long-standing up-regulation of LFA-1 expression on CD8+, but not on CD4+ T cells. Appearance of CD8+ T cells with a changed expression of adhesion molecules reflected polyclonal activation and expansion which was demonstrated not to depend on CD4+ T cells or their products. Cell sorting experiments defined virus-specific CTL to be included in this population (LFA-1hiMEL-14lo), but since about 80% of splenic CD8+ T cells have a changed phenotype, extensive bystander activation must take place; this is indicated also by the finding that CD8+LFA-1hi cells transiently express several markers of cellular activation, e.g. transferrin receptor, IL-2R alpha and beta. Analysis of cells from the cerebrospinal fluid of mice infected intracerebrally showed that virtually all T cells present belonged to the CD8+LFA-1hi subset and, correspondingly, the ligand ICAM-1 was found to be up-regulated on endothelial cells in the inflamed meninges. Preincubation of LCMV-primed donor splenocytes with anti-LFA-1 markedly inhibited the transfer of virus-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity to naive recipients. Together, these findings indicate that up-regulation of LFA-1 expression is a critical factor involved in directing activated CD8+ T cells to sites of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Andersson
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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40
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Van Elsas A, Nijman HW, Van der Minne CE, Mourer JS, Kast WM, Melief CJ, Schrier PI. Induction and characterization of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes recognizing a mutated p21ras peptide presented by HLA-A*0201. Int J Cancer 1995; 61:389-96. [PMID: 7729952 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910610319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The ras oncogene is frequently found to be activated in human cancer through point mutations at codons 12, 13 or 61. We explored whether these altered p21ras protein sequences contain peptide sequences that can activate naive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Several wild-type and mutated p21ras peptides were identified that carry a binding motif for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201. Two peptides were found to bind strongly to this allele. CD8+ CTL bulk cultures specifically reacting with one of these peptides could be induced, using processing-defective T2 cells loaded with peptide CLLDILDTAGL as stimulators. The peptide is derived from p21ras, position 51-61, and carries a 61 Gln-->Leu mutation. In contrast, a 9-mer peptide CLLDILDTA corresponding to amino acid sequence 51-59 of wild-type p21ras did not yield reactive CTL cultures. T-cell clones with low affinity for the 11-mer peptide were isolated from CLLDILDTAGL-reactive bulk cultures. These T cells did not lyse melanoma cells transfected with 61-Leu N-ras, although lysis was found when these transfectants were pulsed with the 11-mer peptide. Possibly, T cells of higher affinity may be required to demonstrate processed peptide on the cell surface. The combined experiments suggest that a peptide derived from mutated p21ras can be recognized by HLA class I-restricted CTL, whereas an analogous wild-type p21ras peptide may not be immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Elsas
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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41
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Lehner PJ, Wang EC, Moss PA, Williams S, Platt K, Friedman SM, Bell JI, Borysiewicz LK. Human HLA-A0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition of influenza A is dominated by T cells bearing the V beta 17 gene segment. J Exp Med 1995; 181:79-91. [PMID: 7807026 PMCID: PMC2191841 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is important in the clearance of viral infections in humans. After influenza A infection, a peptide from the matrix protein, M58-66, is presented in the context of the MHC allele HLA-A0201 and the resulting CTL response is detectable in most HLA-A0201 subjects. An initial study suggested that M58-66-specific CTL clones show conserved T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta gene segments. We have addressed the significance of this observation by determining the expression of V beta 17 during the development of M58-66-specific CTL lines in 21 unrelated HLA-A0201 subjects, and analyzing TCR usage by M58-66-specific CTL clones. TCR V beta 17 was the dominant V beta segment used and CD8 V beta 17 expansion correlated with M58-66-specific lysis. Limiting dilution analysis from five subjects showed the M58-66 CTL precursor frequency to vary between 1/54,000 and less than 1/250,000, and that up to 85% of the matrix peptide (M58-66)-specific CTL used the V beta 17 gene segment. The M58-66 specific CTL response was dependent on previous viral exposure and specific V beta 17 expansion, as it was not found in cord blood, despite a readily expandable V beta 17+ CD8+ T cell subpopulation. Sequence analysis of 38 M58-66-specific V beta 17 transcripts from 13 subjects revealed extensive conservation in the CDR3 region including conservation of an arginine-serine motif. To test the dependence of this CTL response on the V beta 17 gene segment, peripheral blood lymphocytes were depleted of CD8+ TCR V beta 17+ cells, before the generation of M58-66-specific CTL. In most cases such depletion blocked or severely reduced the generation of the M58-66-specific response, and under limiting dilution conditions could abolish M58-66-specific CTL precursors. These studies reveal the dependence of this natural human immune response on a particular TCR gene segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff
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Ito M, Watanabe M, Kamiya H, Sakurai M. Changes of adhesion molecule (LFA-1, ICAM-1) expression on memory T cells activated with cytomegalovirus antigen. Cell Immunol 1995; 160:8-13. [PMID: 7842489 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(95)80003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The expression of adhesion molecules (LFA-1, ICAM-1, CD29) on T cells activated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen was investigated by three-color flow cytometry analysis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from CMV-seropositive adults were cultured with CMV or control antigen for 6 days. After culture, the expression of LFA-1, ICAM-1, and CD29 on T cells in subpopulations defined as CD45RO+ or CD45RO- was analyzed. The population of cells that expressed LFA-1 at high levels (LFA-1high) among CD4+C-D45RO+ cells increased when cultured with CMV antigen compared to control antigen. The population of cells that expressed LFA-1high cells among CD8+C-D45RO+ cells was down-regulated by culture for 6 days; however, the population of LFA-1high cells among CD8+CD45RO+ cells cultured with CMV antigen was higher than when cultured with control antigen. The population of LFA-1high cells among CD4+CD45RO- and CD8+CD45RO- cells did not change after culture with CMV antigen. The intensity of CD29 and expression of ICAM-1 also increased on both CD4+CD45RO+ and CD8+CD45RO+ cells after culture with the CMV antigen. Up-regulation of adhesion molecules occurred on activated T cells by culture with the CMV antigen. This change was observed mainly on CD45RO+ T memory cells. The results suggested that these changes of adhesion molecules on activated T cells with CMV may contribute to some immune reaction or inflammatory change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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Azuma M, Lanier LL. The role of CD28 costimulation in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 198:59-74. [PMID: 7774283 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79414-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Azuma
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Pozzilli P, Carotenuto P, Delitala G. Lymphocytic traffic and homing into target tissue and the generation of endocrine autoimmunity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994; 41:545-54. [PMID: 7828340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb01816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine autoimmunity is known to be characterized by the presence of specific autoantibodies and from the histopathological point of view by lymphocytic infiltration in the target tissue. The presence of mononuclear cell infiltrates is the pathological hallmark of most endocrine diseases characterized by an autoimmune process directed against antigens expressed on endocrine cells. Infiltrating cells can usually be detected by biopsy or by using other, non-invasive, techniques. However, in endocrine tissue such as the islets of Langerhans and the adrenal glands it is difficult to perform biopsies and diagnosis of the autoimmune process is dependent mainly upon detection of specific autoantibodies. A crucial aspect of endocrine autoimmunity and of all processes of organ specific autoimmunity is why and how lymphocytes migrate from primary lymphoid tissue to their specific targets. This occurs mainly through contact with specific adhesion molecules which enable lymphocytes to adhere to the endothelial vessels in close proximity to the target tissue. In this review we discuss the homing of peripheral mononuclear cells into target endocrine tissues and the mediating role of adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pozzilli
- Cattedra Endocrinologia (1), University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
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46
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Janssen RA, Mulder NH, The TH, de Leij L. The immunobiological effects of interleukin-2 in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 39:207-16. [PMID: 7954522 PMCID: PMC11038771 DOI: 10.1007/bf01525983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/1994] [Accepted: 06/28/1994] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Janssen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Eissner G, Kölch W, Mischak H, Bornkamm GW, Holler E. Differential role of protein kinase C in cytokine induced lymphocyte-endothelium interaction in vitro. Scand J Immunol 1994; 40:395-402. [PMID: 7939411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the influence of the PKC-inhibitor GF109203X on cytokine- and endotoxin-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and on the adhesion of lymphocytes to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. We found that tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ICAM-1 expression on a human endothelium-derived cell line (EA.hy926) were unaffected by the PKC-inhibitor and thus appeared to be independent of PKC activation. In contrast, GF109203X significantly reduced ICAM-1 expression induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). The functional relevance of these findings was evaluated in an adhesion assay using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In fact, the IFN-gamma- and IL-1-induced adhesion of PBMC to cytokine treated HUVEC could be down-regulated by the PKC-inhibitor, whereas TNF alpha- and LPS-mediated adhesion was not affected. Additionally, the IL-1-driven ICAM-1 expression on HUVEC as well as the IL-1 induced adhesion of PBMC to HUVEC was found to be TNF-dependent, as both effects could be inhibited by an anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody (MoAb) (MAK195). Based on these data on differential regulation of cytokine-induced lymphocyte-endothelium interactions our study supports the use of PKC-inhibitors as additive modulators in cytokine related pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eissner
- GSF-Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, München, Germany
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Ibraghimov AR, Lynch RG. Heterogeneity and biased T cell receptor alpha/beta repertoire of mucosal CD8+ cells from murine large intestine: implications for functional state. J Exp Med 1994; 180:433-44. [PMID: 8046326 PMCID: PMC2191605 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.2.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 90% of CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) of the murine large intestine (LI) belong to the alpha/beta T cell lineage and consist of two subsets. One subset expresses both alpha and beta subunits of the CD8 coreceptor, and is uniformly Thy1+, CD5+, B220-, CD2+, CD28+. The CD8 alpha+beta+ LI-IEL exclude self-reacting V beta structures, and readily proliferate in vivo in response to T cell receptor-mediated stimuli. The CD8 alpha+beta- subset of TCR-alpha/beta+ LI-IEL is Thy1-/+, CD5-, B220+, CD2+/-, and CD28-. It contains cells with potentially self-reacting V beta s and is responsive in vivo to high doses of anti-TCR-alpha/beta monoclonal antibody (mAb), but not to bacterial superantigens. Both subsets are abundant in LI-IEL of old nude mice, and CD8 alpha+beta+ LI-IEL in nude mice undergo the same V beta deletions as in euthymic mice of the same background. Both subsets express the intestinal T cell-specific integrin alpha M290 beta 7, known to be a homing receptor for IEL. Unusually high proportions of CD69+ cells within both subsets indicate chronic activation. The proportions of CD69+ and alpha M290 beta 7+ cells within the CD8 alpha+beta+ subset increase with age, probably due to constant antigenic challenge. We propose that CD8 alpha+beta+ and CD8 alpha+beta- subsets of LI-IEL permanently reside in LI and represent a lineage different from spleen and lymph node CD8+ T cells. The CD8 alpha+beta+ undergoes negative selection, and is responsive to TCR-mediated stimuli. The CD8 alpha+beta- subset of LI-IEL is a subject of distinct selection mechanisms, and has low responsiveness to TCR-mediated stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ibraghimov
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242
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Leger-Ravet MB, Mathiot C, Portier A, Brandely M, Galanaud P, Fridman WH, Emilie D. Increased expression of perforin and granzyme B genes in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with recombinant interleukin-2. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 39:53-8. [PMID: 8044827 PMCID: PMC11038965 DOI: 10.1007/bf01517181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/1994] [Accepted: 03/17/1994] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of peripheral blood cells expressing the perforin gene or the granzyme B gene was evaluated by in situ hybridization in nine patients suffering from metastatic melanoma and treated with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). A spontaneous expression of both genes was detected in five to seven patients. rIL-2 administration increased the frequency of positive cells in all patients (P < 0.03 for each gene), the highest frequency being reached in the patients who already expressed these genes prior to rIL-2 treatment (P < 0.02). Expressions of the granzyme B gene and of the perforin gene were strongly correlated before IL-2 treatment and they were similarly affected by rIL-2 administration. In contrast, their modification under treatment did not correlate with that of CD56+ cell counts, of natural killer activity and of sCD8 release. This indicates that perforin and granzyme B gene expressions are markers of cytotoxic cell activation independent of those previously described, and that they should be further evaluated in patients with malignancies to delineate their potential value in predicting clinical outcome.
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Baxevanis CN, Papamichail M. Characterization of the anti-tumor immune response in human cancers and strategies for immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1994; 16:157-79. [PMID: 8074801 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(94)90069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C N Baxevanis
- Department of Immunology, Hellenic Anticancer Institute, Athens, Greece
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