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Pizzato HA, Alonso-Guallart P, Woods J, Connelly JP, Fehniger TA, Atkinson JP, Pruett-Miller SM, Monsma FJ, Bhattacharya D. Engineering human pluripotent stem cell lines to evade xenogeneic transplantation barriers. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:299-313. [PMID: 38215755 PMCID: PMC10874864 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful allogeneic human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived therapies must overcome immunological rejection by the recipient. To build reagents to define these barriers, we genetically ablated β2M, TAP1, CIITA, CD74, MICA, and MICB to limit expression of HLA-I, HLA-II, and natural killer (NK) cell activating ligands in hPSCs. Transplantation of these cells that also expressed covalent single chain trimers of Qa1 and H2-Kb to inhibit NK cells and CD55, Crry, and CD59 to inhibit complement deposition led to persistent teratomas in wild-type mice. Transplantation of HLA-deficient hPSCs into mice genetically deficient in complement and depleted of NK cells also led to persistent teratomas. Thus, T cell, NK cell, and complement evasion are necessary to prevent immunological rejection of hPSCs and their progeny. These cells and versions expressing human orthologs of immune evasion factors can be used to define cell type-specific immune barriers and conduct preclinical testing in immunocompetent mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Pizzato
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - James Woods
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Jon P Connelly
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John P Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Frederick J Monsma
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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2
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Pizzato HA, Alonso-Guallart P, Woods J, Johannesson B, Connelly JP, Fehniger TA, Atkinson JP, Pruett-Miller SM, Monsma FJ, Bhattacharya D. Engineering Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines to Evade Xenogeneic Transplantation Barriers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.546594. [PMID: 37425790 PMCID: PMC10326974 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cells and tissues for therapeutic transplantation must necessarily overcome immunological rejection by the recipient. To define these barriers and to create cells capable of evading rejection for preclinical testing in immunocompetent mouse models, we genetically ablated β2m, Tap1, Ciita, Cd74, Mica, and Micb to limit expression of HLA-I, HLA-II, and natural killer cell activating ligands in hPSCs. Though these and even unedited hPSCs readily formed teratomas in cord blood-humanized immunodeficient mice, grafts were rapidly rejected by immunocompetent wild-type mice. Transplantation of these cells that also expressed covalent single chain trimers of Qa1 and H2-Kb to inhibit natural killer cells and CD55, Crry, and CD59 to inhibit complement deposition led to persistent teratomas in wild-type mice. Expression of additional inhibitory factors such as CD24, CD47, and/or PD-L1 had no discernible impact on teratoma growth or persistence. Transplantation of HLA-deficient hPSCs into mice genetically deficient in complement and depleted of natural killer cells also led to persistent teratomas. Thus, T cell, NK cell, and complement evasion are necessary to prevent immunological rejection of hPSCs and their progeny. These cells and versions expressing human orthologs of immune evasion factors can be used to refine tissue- and cell type-specific immune barriers, and to conduct preclinical testing in immunocompetent mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A. Pizzato
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - James Woods
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jon P. Connelly
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Todd A. Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - John P. Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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3
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Abstract
Repair of damaged myocardium with pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes is becoming increasingly more feasible. Developments in stem cell research emphasize the need to address the foreseeable problem of immune rejection following transplantation. Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) derived cardiomyocytes have unique immune characteristics, some of which are not advantageous for transplantation. Here we review the possible mechanisms of PSC-derived cardiomyocytes rejection, summarize the current knowledge pertaining to immunogenicity of such cells and describe the existing controversies. Myocardial graft rejection can be reduced by modifying PSCs prior to their differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Overall, this approach facilitates the development of universal donor stem cells suitable for the regeneration of many different tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaruhi Karabekian
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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4
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Heng TSP, Dudakov JA, Khong DMP, Chidgey AP, Boyd RL. Stem cells—meet immunity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:1061-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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5
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Vranckx JJ, Hoeller D, Velander PEM, Theopold CFP, Petrie N, Takedo A, Eriksson E, Yao F. Cell suspension cultures of allogenic keratinocytes are efficient carriers for ex vivo gene transfer and accelerate the healing of full-thickness skin wounds by overexpression of human epidermal growth factor. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 15:657-64. [PMID: 17971011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2007.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The concept of using growth factor therapy to induce wound repair has been endorsed in studies that show reduced growth factors in wound fluid from chronic and aged wounds. In this study, we used cell suspensions of allogenic keratinocytes as gene-delivery vehicles for human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) and analyzed their impact on wound repair in a porcine wound-healing model. Full-thickness wounds were created on the backs of six Yorkshire pigs and covered with a wound chamber to create a wet wound-healing environment. First, 5 x 10(5) allogenic, autogenic, or mixed keratinocytes were transplanted into wounds and healing parameters were analyzed. Second, we measured long-term reepithelialization and contraction rates from day 8 until day 35. In the third experiment, allogenic keratinocytes were transfected with an hEGF-expressing plasmid pCEP-hEGF and transplanted in full-thickness wounds to improve repair. Wounds treated with autogenic, allogenic, or mixed keratinocytes showed a significantly higher rate of reepithelialization relative to saline-treated control wounds. Repetitive biopsies indicated that the use of allogenic keratinocytes did not lead to long-term wound breakdown. Wounds treated with hEGF-expressing allogenic keratinocytes reepithelialized faster than wounds treated with allogenic keratinocytes or control wounds. With a peak hEGF expression of 920.8 pg/mL, hEGF was detectable until day 5 after transplantation compared with minimal hEGF expression in control wounds. This study shows that allogenic keratinocytes can serve as efficient gene transfer vehicles for ex vivo growth factor delivery to full-thickness wounds and overexpression of hEGF further improves reepithelialization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jeroen Vranckx
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Gene Transfer, Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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6
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Embryonic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of myocardial infarction: immune privilege or rejection. Transpl Immunol 2007; 18:88-93. [PMID: 18005850 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation (SCT) has emerged to be an appealing tool for repair medicine. In the treatment of ischemic heart diseases, SCT will be of great help because it is capable of replacing scar with new myocardial tissue. Among the many candidate cell lines for SCT, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have their unique advantages. However, the controversy about the host immune attack and the transplanted ESCs or their derivatives transplanted into ischemic heart still existed. In this review, the immune properties of ESCs and ESC-derived cardiomyocytes and possible mechanisms were discussed; furthermore, the prevention strategies against potential immune responses were also identified.
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7
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Silk JD, Schoendorf D, Bartok I, Chai JG, Gray D, Simpson E, Dyson J. Mixed-haplotype MHC class II molecules select functional CD4+ T cells. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:1129-39. [PMID: 15829303 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II molecules are formed from polymorphic alpha and beta chains. While pairing of chains is most efficient within class II isotypes and haplotypes, limited pairing and surface expression of mixed-haplotype and -isotype class II molecules is common. The function of such molecules in antigen presentation has been established by the unique restriction of responses in F1 mice. However, it has not been established whether mixed class II molecules are able to mediate selection of functional T cells and how the reduced avidity of the TCR/MHC interaction influences the repertoire. In this report we have addressed these issues through the production of mice expressing solely mixed-haplotype class II molecules. The mixed class II molecules promote selection of a small CD4+ T cell repertoire with modified TCR use. The selected CD4+ T cells are functional in vivo and in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigen Presentation
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gamma Rays
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Haplotypes/genetics
- Haplotypes/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Selection, Genetic
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Silk
- Transplantation Biology Group, Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
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8
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells have excellent potential for being the ultimate source of transplantable cells for many different tissues. To enable their clinical use, differentiation protocols should be developed and safety standards must be met. The cells should improve symptoms without generating side effects and their immune rejection must be overcome. Profiling of the immune antigens expressed on the cells has revealed that upon differentiation the cells express molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Here, we propose ways of overcoming the rejection of human embryonic stem cells after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Drukker
- Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
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9
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Drukker M. Immunogenicity of human embryonic stem cells: can we achieve tolerance? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 26:201-13. [PMID: 15549307 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-004-0163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells are unique in their capacity to propagate without losing pluripotency, and at the same time may readily differentiate to various cell types of the three embryonic germ layers. It is widely accepted today that differentiated human embryonic stem cells may in the future enable repair of vital tissues of the body. Detailed differentiation protocols need to be developed and safety issues associated with cellular therapeutics must be examined. One of the greatest hurdles facing transplantation is the development of immune rejection processes towards non-autologous cells. Profiling of histocompatibility antigens expressed on the cells reveals that they might be subjected to immune response. Here we describe the routes of immune recognition that can identify these antigens and the proposed ways for overcoming the rejection of human embryonic stem cell derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Drukker
- Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
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10
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Braun MY, Grandjean I, Feunou P, Duban L, Kiss R, Goldman M, Lantz O. Acute rejection in the absence of cognate recognition of allograft by T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4879-83. [PMID: 11290764 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.4879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of the indirect pathway of allograft recognition using T cells from TCR transgenic Marilyn mice, which recognize the male Ag H-Y in an I-A(b)-restricted fashion. The T cells are not alloreactive to the H-2(k) haplotype, because they are not activated when adoptively transferred into recombinase-activating gene-2(-/-) common gamma-chain(-/-) double-mutant H-2(k) male or female mice. However, skin from H-2(k) males, but not from H-2(k) females, is acutely rejected by recombinase-activating gene-2(-/-) transgenic female recipients. In vitro, Marylin spleen cells primed by H-2(k) skin grafting proliferated and secreted both IL-4 and IFN-gamma in response to H-2(k) male stimulators. However, the removal of H-2(b) APC from the responding population abolished the response. Taken together, these results show that the indirect recognition that triggers rejection in this model is due to the recognition of H-Y Ag shed from H-2(k) male allograft and presented by the recipient's own I-A(b) APC to transgenic T cells. This study demonstrates unequivocally the capacity of naive CD4(+) T cells to promote the rejection of allografts through mechanisms that involve indirect destruction of grafted tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Braun
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Department of Histopathology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Mannon RB, Doyle C, Griffiths R, Bustos M, Platt JL, Coffman TM. Altered intragraft immune responses and improved renal function in MHC class II-deficient mouse kidney allografts. Transplantation 2000; 69:2137-43. [PMID: 10852613 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200005270-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During renal allograft rejection, expression of MHC class II antigens is up-regulated on the parenchymal cells of the kidney. This up-regulation of MHC class II proteins may stimulate the intragraft alloimmune response by promoting their recognition by recipient CD4+ T cells. In previous studies, absence of donor MHC class II antigens did not affect skin graft survival, but resulted in prolonged survival of cardiac allografts. METHODS To further explore the role of MHC class II antigens in kidney graft rejection, we performed vascularized kidney transplants using donor kidneys from A(beta)b-deficient mice that lack MHC class II expression. RESULTS At 4 weeks after transplant, GFR was substantially depressed in control allografts (2.18+/-0.46 ml/min/kg) compared to nonrejecting isografts (7.98+/-1.62 ml/min/kg; P<0.01), but significantly higher in class II- allografts (4.38+/-0.60 ml/min/kg; P<0.05). Despite the improvement in renal function, class II- allograft demonstrated histologic features of acute rejection, not unlike control allografts. However, morphometric analysis at 1 week after transplantation demonstrated significantly fewer CD4+ T cells infiltrating class II- allografts (12.8+/-1.2 cells/mm2) compared to controls (25.5+/-2.6 cells/mm2; P=0.0007). Finally, the intragraft profile of cytokines was altered in class II- allografts, with significantly reduced expression of Th2 cytokine mRNA compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These results support a role of MHC class II antigens in the kidney regulating immune cells within the graft. Further, effector pathways triggered by class II antigens promote renal injury during rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Mannon
- Department of Medicine, Durham Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Carolina 27705, USA
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12
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Gray DW. Observations regarding the effect of targeted gene deletions (knockouts) on graft rejection. Transplantation 2000; 69:694-8. [PMID: 10708137 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200002270-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Gene targeting, the manipulation of gene in the mouse genome using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, is a powerful experimental tool that has been widely utilized in a number of disciplines. The ability to precisely alter genes in this way provides an avenue for investigating the role of a gene product in normal and pathological processes in the intact animal, with a precision and efficacy not possible using pharmacological agents, antibodies or engineered proteins. In transplant research, gene targeting provides a unique tool for discriminating the contributions of gene expression in donor versus recipient tissues. This review focuses on several areas in transplantation research where gene targeting has made useful contributions. These include studies of the role of donor and recipient multiple histocompatibility complex antigens in regulating rejection responses, the role of CD4+ T cell in mediating acute rejection, and the functions of cytokines during rejection and tolerance induction. These studies highlight the unique advantages of gene targeting in studies of complex processes in whole animals and illustrate the contributions of this technique to understanding the pathogenesis of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Mannon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
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14
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Sun Y, Chen Z, Chung SW, Zeng H, Gorczynski RM. TCR diversity in gammadeltaTCR+ hybridomas derived from mice given portal vein donor-specific pre-immunization and skin allografts. Immunol Lett 1998; 64:85-95. [PMID: 9870659 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Portal venous (p.v.) immunization with multiple minor histoincompatible cells leads to antigen-specific increased skin allograft survival. GammadeltaTCR+ hybridoma cells, prepared from mesenteric lymphocytes of p.v. immunized animals, can adoptively transfer this increased graft survival to naive animals. We have analyzed VgammaVdelta gene usage, and TCR gamma-chain junctional diversity in gammadeltaTCR+ hybridomas from mice immunized with different antigen combinations by p.v. or conventional lateral tail vein (i.v.) immunization. Following p.v. immunization two independent sets of hybridoma cells were derived, one expressing a common gamma-chain junctional sequence which was also found in > 85% of the hybridomas derived following i.v. immunization, while the other set showed remarkable gamma-chain junctional sequence diversity. The diversity seen in these latter hybridomas was associated with the antigen specificity of the hybridoma cells. Cells expressing these 'unique' TCR junctional sequences were stimulated to produce cytokines both by hsp and by minor-histocompatibility-specific irradiated peritoneal cells. Cells expressing TCR with a common gamma-chain junctional sequence were stimulated to cytokine production by MHC-matched but minor-histocompatibility mismatched (as well as matched) peritoneal cells, but not by hsp. We suggest that p.v. immunization results in stimulation of both antigen-specific and non-specific regulatory gammadeltaTCR+ cells, which can be distinguished by gamma-chain TCR sequence diversity.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary
- Genetic Variation
- Graft Survival
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Portal Vein
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin Transplantation
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- The Toronto Hospital, Department of Surgery and Immunology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Hultman CS, Hunt JP, Yamamoto H, Giannopoulos A, deSerres S, Frelinger JA, Meyer AA. Immunogenicity of cultured keratinocyte allografts deficient in major histocompatibility complex antigens. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1998; 45:25-33; discussion 33-4. [PMID: 9680007 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199807000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Full-thickness (FT) and cultured keratinocyte (CK) allografts have been used as temporary skin replacements in patients with massive burns, but these grafts are ultimately rejected after restoration of host immunocompetence. Genetic engineering has permitted the creation of knockout (KO) mice deficient in class I or class II major histocompatibility antigens. This study examines the immunogenicity of such grafts to determine if these genetically modified keratinocytes could be used for permanent wound coverage. METHODS Host sensitization to alloantigen was assessed by second-set rejection. CBA mice (n = 111) were primed with flank grafts consisting of FT and CK allografts from normal C57BL/6 donors, FT and CK class I KO allografts, FT and CK class II KO allografts, and CK autografts. Three weeks later, hosts were challenged with normal tail allografts and observed for second-set rejection. Median graft survival was analyzed by chi2 and Wilcoxon rank tests. In the second experiment, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were harvested from CBA mice (n = 28) 3 weeks after flank grafting. CTL effectors were tested on radiolabeled targets at various ratios in a 51Cr release assay. Dilution curves of CTL activity were compared by analysis of variance. RESULTS Hosts primed with CK or FT allografts demonstrated accelerated rejection of second-set tail grafts compared with hosts covered with CBA autografts. CK knockout grafts were less immunogenic than FT knockout skin; class II KO allografts were considerably less immunogenic than class I KO allografts. CTL activity against the knockout CK allografts was negligible compared with that of hosts primed with normal allografts or FT knockout allografts. CONCLUSION Although full-thickness knockout skin retains substantial immunogenicity, cultured keratinocytes deficient in class II antigens fail to prime for accelerated second-set rejection and do not elicit a CTL response in the graft recipient. This lack of immunogenicity may permit the indefinite survival of allogeneic knockout keratinocytes in patients requiring massive wound excision and coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Hultman
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7210, USA
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16
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Eibl MM, Wolf HM. Biologic consequences of defective major histocompatibility complex class II presentation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998; 232:217-40. [PMID: 9557400 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-72045-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Eibl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Vienna, Austria
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17
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Hunt JP, Hunter CT, Brownstein M, Hultman CS, deSerres S, Bracey L, Frelinger J, Meyer AA. Host priming, not target antigen type, decides rejection rate in mice primed with MHC II "knockout" cultured keratinocytes. J Surg Res 1998; 76:32-6. [PMID: 9695735 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of skin for autograft continues to be problematic in patients with large burns. Allograft and xenograft have been used, but are prone to rapid rejection. Use of cultured keratinocytes (CK) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II "knockout" grafts leads to prolonged graft survival compared to allograft. Whether this prolongation is secondary to decreased priming efficacy or target recognition is unknown. Whether a combination of these techniques would generate a less immunogenic allograft remains to be determined. METHODS CBA mice (n = 100) were flank-grafted with full thickness C57BL/6 (B6 FT), B6 cultured keratinocytes (B6 CK), B6 major histocompatibility complex II "knockout" full thickness (KO II FT), B6 major histocompatibility complex II "knockout" cultured keratinocytes (KO II CK), or a full thickness autograft (Auto). Three weeks after priming flank grafting, B6, MHC I (KO I), and KO II full thickness tail grafts were placed on each mouse. Tail graft rejection was assessed daily by an observer blinded to flank and tail-graft type. A 4-point grading system for graft color, hair loss, and texture was used. RESULTS Animals primed with KO II CK flank grafts had increased survival of tail grafts over B6 FT flank grafted controls (12.3 +/- 1.05 vs 10.1 +/- 1.00, P < 0.05). Within flank graft groups, however, B6, KO I, and KO II tail graft survival was similar. CONCLUSIONS KO II CK allografts decrease host priming compared to normal B6 FT allograft. MHC deletion (KO I or KO II) does not protect a target graft from rejection in a primed host. CK and KO techniques may offer a less immunogenic allograft and a readily available source of wound coverage in patients with extensive burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hunt
- Department of Surgery and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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18
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Porter
- Gene Targeting Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
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Lee RS, Grusby MJ, Laufer TM, Colvin R, Glimcher LH, Auchincloss H. CD8+ effector cells responding to residual class I antigens, with help from CD4+ cells stimulated indirectly, cause rejection of "major histocompatibility complex-deficient" skin grafts. Transplantation 1997; 63:1123-33. [PMID: 9133474 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199704270-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin grafts from mice that are deficient in the expression of both class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are rejected rapidly by normal recipients. METHODS To determine the mechanism of this rejection, MHC-deficient skin grafts were placed on recipients with different degrees of antigenic disparity and on recipients depleted of selected T cell subpopulations. In addition, the recipient's T cells were examined in vitro for their responses before and after graft rejection. RESULTS The results indicate that (1) CD4+ cells provide help for this rejection by recognizing donor antigens presented by recipient class II antigens, and (2) CD8+ cells can participate as effector cells, recognizing residual class I antigens expressed by the MHC-deficient grafts. CONCLUSIONS The primary conclusion from these studies is that the supposedly MHC-deficient mice actually do have sufficient class I antigen expression to cause skin graft rejection. This finding prevents the use of these mice to answer definitively the question of whether grafts entirely lacking MHC antigens would be rejected. However, these studies do illustrate two important (although previously recognized) features of allogeneic skin graft rejection: (1) that rejection can be initiated by help provided entirely through the indirect pathway, and (2) that help provided through the indirect pathway is available for effector T cells sensitized directly by donor cells. However, the results from these and other studies suggest that indirect effector mechanisms would probably be able to destroy truly MHC-deficient grafts under some circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Tranplantation Unit, General Surgical Services, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Brandon EP, Idzerda RL, McKnight GS. Targeting the mouse genome: a compendium of knockouts (Part III). Curr Biol 1995; 5:873-81. [PMID: 7583145 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
Several types of molecules related to classical class I and II antigens of the MHC have been recently discovered. At the same time we have learnt more about the functions of non-classical (class Ib) antigens. This has shed light on the possible evolutionary origins and the likely roles that these molecules may play in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Stroynowski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8854, USA
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Abstract
The advance in transgenic animal technology, and in particular the use of germline manipulation for the creation of targeted gene mutations, has resulted in the generation of a plethora of murine models for the study of diseases of the immune system. In the past year, a number of studies have given us interesting, and sometimes unexpected, insights into the events that lead to immune dysregulation. Surprisingly, similar disease manifestations can arise in experimental animals with quite different immune abnormalities. This review is focussed on mice with mutations affecting T cells and T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Viney
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
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Abstract
During the past year, we have witnessed a veritable explosion in the number of mutant mouse strains produced by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Many of the informative targeted mutants have relevance to the field of immunology. At least one mutant mouse strain now exists for most of the important genes in immunology, and this collection of mutant mice has greatly expanded the experimental repertoire of immunologists. New targeting techniques have been developed that have often found their first application in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mombaerts
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
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