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Sad K, Jones CY, Adams M, Lustenberger S, Lee RS, Elayavalli SR, Farhi J, Lemon LD, Fasken MB, Corbett AH, Spangle JM. Histone H3 E50K mutation confers oncogenic activity and supports an EMT phenotype. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.11.561775. [PMID: 37873162 PMCID: PMC10592736 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.561775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing of human patient tumors has identified recurrent missense mutations in genes encoding core histones. We report that mutations that convert histone H3 amino acid 50 from a glutamate to a lysine (H3E50K) support an oncogenic phenotype in human cells. Expression of H3E50K is sufficient to transform human cells as evidenced by a dramatic increase in cell migration and invasion, and a statistically significant increase in proliferation and clonogenicity. H3E50K also increases the invasive phenotype in the context of co-occurring BRAF mutations, which are present in patient tumors characterized by H3E50K. H3E50 lies on the globular domain surface in a region that contacts H4 within the nucleosome. We find that H3E50K perturbs proximal H3 post-translational modifications globally and dysregulates gene expression, activating the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Functional studies using S. cerevisiae reveal that, while yeast cells that express H3E50K as the sole copy of histone H3 show sensitivity to cellular stressors, including caffeine, H3E50K cells display some genetic interactions that are distinct from the characterized H3K36M oncohistone yeast model. Taken together, these data suggest that additional histone H3 mutations have the potential to be oncogenic drivers and function through distinct mechanisms that dysregulate gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - CY Jones
- Department of Biology; Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta GA 30322
| | - M Adams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - S Lustenberger
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - RS Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - SR Elayavalli
- Department of Biology; Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta GA 30322
| | - J Farhi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - LD Lemon
- Department of Biology; Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta GA 30322
| | - MB Fasken
- Department of Biology; Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta GA 30322
| | - AH Corbett
- Department of Biology; Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta GA 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - JM Spangle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Watt KI, Henstridge DC, Ziemann M, Sim CB, Montgomery MK, Samocha-Bonet D, Parker BL, Dodd GT, Bond ST, Salmi TM, Lee RS, Thomson RE, Hagg A, Davey JR, Qian H, Koopman R, El-Osta A, Greenfield JR, Watt MJ, Febbraio MA, Drew BG, Cox AG, Porrello ER, Harvey KF, Gregorevic P. Yap regulates skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and adiposity in metabolic disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2887. [PMID: 34001905 PMCID: PMC8129430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor underlying the development of metabolic disease and a growing public health concern globally. Strategies to promote skeletal muscle metabolism can be effective to limit the progression of metabolic disease. Here, we demonstrate that the levels of the Hippo pathway transcriptional co-activator YAP are decreased in muscle biopsies from obese, insulin-resistant humans and mice. Targeted disruption of Yap in adult skeletal muscle resulted in incomplete oxidation of fatty acids and lipotoxicity. Integrated 'omics analysis from isolated adult muscle nuclei revealed that Yap regulates a transcriptional profile associated with metabolic substrate utilisation. In line with these findings, increasing Yap abundance in the striated muscle of obese (db/db) mice enhanced energy expenditure and attenuated adiposity. Our results demonstrate a vital role for Yap as a mediator of skeletal muscle metabolism. Strategies to enhance Yap activity in skeletal muscle warrant consideration as part of comprehensive approaches to treat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Watt
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D C Henstridge
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - M Ziemann
- Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - C B Sim
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M K Montgomery
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D Samocha-Bonet
- Division of Healthy Aging, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B L Parker
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - G T Dodd
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S T Bond
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - T M Salmi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Dept of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R S Lee
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Phenotyping Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R E Thomson
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A Hagg
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J R Davey
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - H Qian
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R Koopman
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A El-Osta
- Dept of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - J R Greenfield
- Division of Healthy Aging, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Dept of Diabetes and Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - M J Watt
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M A Febbraio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B G Drew
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A G Cox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Dept of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - E R Porrello
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Dept of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Gregorevic
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Dept of Neurology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Nelson CP, Lee RS, Trout AT, Servaes S, Kraft KH, Barnewolt CE, Logvinenko T, Chow JS. The association of postnatal urinary tract dilation risk score with clinical outcomes. J Pediatr Urol 2019; 15:341.e1-341.e6. [PMID: 31164273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on the predictive value of the consensus urinary tract dilation (UTD) score with respect to subsequent clinical diagnoses. We sought to define the relationship between postnatal UTD risk score and clinical outcomes during childhood. METHODS Complete ultrasound image sets from a random selection of infants aged 0-90 days undergoing initial ultrasound at a single institution for prenatal hydronephrosis between 2012 and 2014 were assigned a UTD score by 1 pediatric urologist and 1 pediatric radiologist. Urinary tract dilation risk score was analyzed for association with a composite outcome comprising urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), ureteropelvic junction obstruction, non-refluxing megaureter (NRM), ureterocele, bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), and chronic kidney disease. Surgical intervention and resolution of UTD were evaluated separately. Descriptive and survival analyses were performed. RESULTS Urinary tract dilation scores for 494 subjects were P0 in 23.5%, P1 in 26.5%, P2 in 23.5%, and P3 in 26.5%. Seventy-four percent were male. Median age at initial imaging was 28 days; median follow-up was 19.8 months. The composite outcome occurred in 138 of 494 patients (27.9%) and varied significantly (p < 0.001) by UTD score: 11.2% for P0, 10.7% for P1, 29.3% for P2, and 58.8% for P3. On survival analysis (Summary Figure), higher UTD grade was significantly associated with the composite outcome (hazard ratio for P3 vs. P0 was 7.4 [95% CI: 3.44-15.92, p < 0.001]). Urinary tract infection and VUR diagnosis varied by UTD score (p = 0.03 and p < 0.001, respectively). Ureteropelvic junction obstruction was diagnosed (based on MAG3 results) in 6.3% of patients, 84% of whom were P3. Non-refluxing megaureter was diagnosed in 7.7%. Ureterocele and BOO were uncommon (1.4%, and 0.6%, respectively). Surgical intervention was also associated with UTD risk, with 46% of P3 undergoing surgery vs. 1% of P0, 1% of P1, and 6% of P2 (p < 0.001). Resolution of UTD occurred in 41% (median 10.1 months) and varied significantly by UTD risk (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Urinary tract dilation risk score is associated with clinical events, although ascertainment bias may influence some of the differences in outcomes, particularly for VUR, because VCUG utilization varied by the UTD group. The lack of any significant difference in outcomes between patients with UTD P0 versus P1 suggests that the P1 category could be eliminated as it does not meaningfully distinguish between outcome risk. CONCLUSIONS Higher UTD risk scores are strongly associated with genitourinary diagnoses during the first two years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Nelson
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA.
| | - R S Lee
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - A T Trout
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - S Servaes
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - K H Kraft
- Department of Urology, CS Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - C E Barnewolt
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - T Logvinenko
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - J S Chow
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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Varda BK, Rajender A, Yu RN, Lee RS. A contemporary single-institution retrospective cohort study comparing perioperative outcomes between robotic and open partial nephrectomy for poorly functioning renal moieties in children with duplex collecting systems. J Pediatr Urol 2018; 14:549.e1-549.e8. [PMID: 30172696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies evaluating robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RALPN) are limited to case series, amounting to a lack of studies directly comparing perioperative outcomes for RALPN to open partial nephrectomy (OPN). OBJECTIVE To compare perioperative outcomes between RALPN and OPN. METHODS A single-institution, retrospective cohort study was performed to compare perioperative outcomes (operative time (OT), length of stay (LOS), complications, readmissions, postoperative interventions, loss in size of the residual moiety, and the presence of postoperative 'contained fluid collections') for RALPN and OPN between February 2007 and July 2014. Descriptive statistics were calculated and unadjusted analyses performed, including Chi-squared/Fisher's exact for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum for continuous variables. RESULTS During the study period, 43 partial nephrectomies were performed for benign disease: 27 (63%) RALPN and 16 (37%) OPN. The RALPN cohort was significantly older than the OPN cohort (3.5 vs. 0.8 years; P = 0.003). The cohorts were otherwise similar regarding race, American Society of Anesthesiologist score (ASA), affected moiety, laterality, associated anomalies, moiety function, and surgical indication. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was associated with a significantly shorter LOS (1 vs. 3 days; P = 0.002). Operative time and complication rates were comparable. The OPN group had a longer median follow-up (2.7 years vs. 1.1; P = 0.03). No differences were observed between the cohorts for readmissions, postoperative interventions, loss in size of residual moiety, or development of 'contained fluid collections'. These outcomes are reported in the Summary Table. 'Contained fluid collections' occurred more frequently after lower pole resections (73% vs. 30%; P = 0.009). DISCUSSION This study is one of the few to directly compare RALPN to OPN, and demonstrated that RALPN has comparable (if not better) outcomes than OPN. In particular, RALPN provides the advantage of a shorter LOS. Avoiding the flank incision used in OPN may also offer reduced pain; however, this was not studied here and the literature provides weak evidence for this effect. This unadjusted analysis may have been confounded by its short median follow-up and significantly younger OPN cohort. CONCLUSION In this contemporary comparative analysis, RALPN predicted a similar median OT and safety profile to OPN while offering the advantage of a shorter LOS. Regardless of surgical cohort, there were no adverse effects on the residual renal moieties and postoperative 'contained fluid collections' occurred with notable frequency and were independently associated with lower pole pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Varda
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - A Rajender
- Department of Urology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R N Yu
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R S Lee
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Lee RS, Pirooznia M, Guintivano J, Ly M, Ewald ER, Tamashiro KL, Gould TD, Moran TH, Potash JB. Search for common targets of lithium and valproic acid identifies novel epigenetic effects of lithium on the rat leptin receptor gene. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e600. [PMID: 26171981 PMCID: PMC5068731 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics may have an important role in mood stabilizer action. Valproic acid (VPA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and lithium (Li) may have downstream epigenetic actions. To identify genes commonly affected by both mood stabilizers and to assess potential epigenetic mechanisms that may be involved in their mechanism of action, we administered Li (N = 12), VPA (N = 12), and normal chow (N = 12) to Brown Norway rats for 30 days. Genomic DNA and mRNA were extracted from the hippocampus. We used the mRNA to perform gene expression analysis on Affymetrix microarray chips, and for genes commonly regulated by both Li and VPA, we validated expression levels using quantitative real-time PCR. To identify potential mechanisms underlying expression changes, genomic DNA was bisulfite treated for pyrosequencing of key CpG island 'shores' and promoter regions, and chromatin was prepared from both hippocampal tissue and a hippocampal-derived cell line to assess modifications of histones. For most genes, we found little evidence of DNA methylation changes in response to the medications. However, we detected histone H3 methylation and acetylation in the leptin receptor gene, Lepr, following treatment with both drugs. VPA-mediated effects on histones are well established, whereas the Li effects constitute a novel mechanism of transcriptional derepression for this drug. These data support several shared transcriptional targets of Li and VPA, and provide evidence suggesting leptin signaling as an epigenetic target of two mood stabilizers. Additional work could help clarify whether leptin signaling in the brain has a role in the therapeutic action of Li and VPA in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 1068, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. E-mail:
| | - M Pirooznia
- Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Guintivano
- Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Graduate Program in Human Genetics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Ly
- Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E R Ewald
- Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K L Tamashiro
- Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T D Gould
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T H Moran
- Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J B Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Astle MV, Hannan KM, Ng PY, Lee RS, George AJ, Hsu AK, Haupt Y, Hannan RD, Pearson RB. AKT induces senescence in human cells via mTORC1 and p53 in the absence of DNA damage: implications for targeting mTOR during malignancy. Oncogene 2011; 31:1949-62. [PMID: 21909130 PMCID: PMC3325598 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and RAS oncogenic signalling modules are frequently mutated in sporadic human cancer. Although each of these pathways has been shown to play critical roles in driving tumour growth and proliferation, their activation in normal human cells can also promote cell senescence. Although the mechanisms mediating RAS-induced senescence have been well characterised, those controlling PI3K/AKT-induced senescence are poorly understood. Here we show that PI3K/AKT pathway activation in response to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) knockdown, mutant PI3K, catalytic, α polypeptide (PIK3CA) or activated AKT expression, promotes accumulation of p53 and p21, increases cell size and induces senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. We demonstrate that AKT-induced senescence is p53-dependent and is characterised by mTORC1-dependent regulation of p53 translation and stabilisation of p53 protein following nucleolar localisation and inactivation of MDM2. The underlying mechanisms of RAS and AKT-induced senescence appear to be distinct, demonstrating that different mediators of senescence may be deregulated during transformation by specific oncogenes. Unlike RAS, AKT promotes rapid proliferative arrest in the absence of a hyperproliferative phase or DNA damage, indicating that inactivation of the senescence response is critical at the early stages of PI3K/AKT-driven tumourigenesis. Furthermore, our data imply that chronic activation of AKT signalling provides selective pressure for the loss of p53 function, consistent with observations that PTEN or PIK3CA mutations are significantly associated with p53 mutation in a number of human tumour types. Importantly, the demonstration that mTORC1 is an essential mediator of AKT-induced senescence raises the possibility that targeting mTORC1 in tumours with activated PI3K/AKT signalling may exert unexpected detrimental effects due to inactivation of a senescence brake on potential cancer-initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Astle
- Growth Control and Differentiation Program, Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kim RH, Lee RS, Williams D, Bae S, Woo J, Lieberman M, Oh JE, Dong Q, Shin KH, Kang MK, Park NH. Bisphosphonates induce senescence in normal human oral keratinocytes. J Dent Res 2011; 90:810-6. [PMID: 21427353 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511402995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) commonly occurs in individuals receiving bisphosphonates (BPs) with clinical manifestations of the exposed necrotic bone. Although defective wound healing of soft tissue is frequently, if not always, observed in BRONJ, the effects of BPs on oral soft tissue or cells remain unknown. To investigate the effects of BPs on cells of oral mucosal tissue, we studied the effect of pamidronate (PAM), one of the BPs most commonly administered to cancer patients, on the phenotypes of normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK) and fibroblasts (NHOF). When exposed to PAM at 10 µM, NHOK, not NHOF, underwent senescence: NHOK overexpressed senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), p16INK4A, IL-6, and IL-8. When exposed to a higher level (50 µM) of PAM, NHOK maintained senescent phenotypes, but NHOF underwent apoptosis. PAM-induced senescence in NHOK is mediated, in part, via geranylgeranylation of the mevalonate pathway. Our in vitro 3D oral mucosal tissue construction studies further demonstrated that PAM induced senescence and impaired re-epithelialization of oral mucosa. Analysis of these data indicates that premature senescence of oral mucosal cells and subsequent defective soft-tissue wound healing might be partly responsible for the development of BRONJ in individuals receiving PAM or other BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Kim
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Center for the Health Sciences, Room 43-091, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Lee RS, Hagel BE, Karkhaneh M, Rowe BH. A systematic review of correct bicycle helmet use: how varying definitions and study quality influence the results. Inj Prev 2009; 15:125-31. [DOI: 10.1136/ip.2008.019695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lee RS, Bakthavatsalam R, Marsh CL, Kuhr CS. Ureteral complications in renal transplantation: a comparison of the Lich-Gregoir versus the Taguchi technique. Transplant Proc 2007; 39:1461-4. [PMID: 17580162 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Modifications of the Lich-Gregoir extravesical ureteroneocystostomy have become the standard technique for management of the ureter during renal transplantation. We performed a comparative outcome examination of the standard Lich-Gregoir technique and the Taguchi or "one-stitch" technique. METHODS We reviewed our experience at the University of Washington with the Taguchi (one-stitch, Minnesota) extravesical reimplant technique that involves tacking the distal ureter to the bladder mucosa with a single absorbable stitch. RESULTS During a 3.5-year period, 330 renal transplants were performed and in 73 cases a Taguchi ureteral anastomosis was employed rather than the Lich-Gregoir technique (238 cases). The overall complication rate for the Taguchi technique was 23% (n = 16) as opposed to 7.1% for the Lich-Gregoir technique. When comparing the Taguchi to the Lich-Gregoir technique, there was a significant increase in hematuria and ureteral complications (P = .002, .012). In a multivariate analysis, the Taguchi technique was a significant risk factor for both hematuria and ureteral complications. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our limited experience with Taguchi ureteroneocystostomy resulted in dramatically higher complication rates than the modified the Lich-Gregoir technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Osteofibrous dysplasia is an unusual developmental condition of childhood, which almost exclusively affects the tibia. It is thought to follow a slowly progressive course and to stabilise after skeletal maturity. The possible link with adamantinoma is controversial and some authors believe that they are part of one histological process. We retrospectively reviewed 16 patients who were diagnosed as having osteofibrous dysplasia initially or on the final histological examination. Their management was diverse, depending on the severity of symptoms and the extent of the lesion. Definitive (extraperiosteal) surgery was localised ‘shark-bite’ excision for small lesions in five patients. Extensive lesions were treated by segmental excision and fibular autograft in six patients, external fixation and bone transport in four and proximal tibial replacement in one. One patient who had a fibular autograft required further excision and bone transport for recurrence. Six initially underwent curettage and all had recurrence. There were no recurrences after localised extraperiosteal excision or bone transport. There were three confirmed cases of adamantinoma. The relevant literature is reviewed. We recommend extraperiosteal excision in all cases of osteofibrous dysplasia, with segmental excision and reconstruction in more extensive lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK.
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Lee RS, Langstaff RJ. Entrusting patients with their own plain radiographs increases their availability in fracture clinic. Injury 2005; 36:1413-5. [PMID: 16242692 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 07/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Missing radiographs are a common cause of frustration in many fracture clinics. This can lead to unjustified delays and unnecessary radiation exposure. Patients were entrusted with their own radiographs and asked to bring them back to subsequent clinic consultations. We audited a 14-day-period and compared it with a similar period before implementation of this new protocol. The results showed a significant reduction in the number of missing radiographs by entrusting them with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Hillingdon Hospital, Trauma and Orthopaedics, Pield Heath Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3NN, UK.
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Lee RS, Ng DK, Wong S, Tong T, Chan C. Follow-up study on contamination rate of expressed breast milk samples and necrotizing enterocolitis in Chinese mothers. J Hosp Infect 2005; 61:359-60. [PMID: 16246461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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19
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Abstract
Loss of emerin, a lamin-binding nuclear membrane protein, causes Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. We analyzed 13 site-directed mutations, and four disease-causing mutations that do not disrupt emerin stability or localization. We show that emerin binds directly to barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), a DNA-bridging protein, and that this binding to BAF requires conserved residues in the LEM-motif of emerin. Emerin has two distinct functional domains: the LEM-domain at the N-terminus, which mediates binding to BAF, and a second functional domain in the central region, which mediates binding to lamin A. Disease mutation Δ95-99 mapped to the lamin-binding domain and disrupted lamin A binding in vitro. Two other disease-linked residues, Ser54 and Pro183, mapped outside the BAF and lamin-binding domains, suggesting that emerin may have additional functional domains relevant to disease. The disease-linked emerin proteins all remained active for binding to BAF, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that disease can result from the loss of specific molecular interactions between emerin and either lamin A or putative novel partner(s). The demonstration that emerin binds directly to BAF, coupled to similar results for LAP2, provides proof in principle that all LEM-domain nuclear proteins can interact with BAF, with interesting implications for chromatin attachment to the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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20
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Wu HL, Chen PJ, Lin HK, Lee RS, Lin HL, Liu CJ, Lee PJ, Lee JJ, Chen DS. Molecular cloning and expression of woodchuck granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. J Med Virol 2001; 65:567-75. [PMID: 11596095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has immunoregulatory and antiviral effects, and may thus be promising for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Using woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV)-infected woodchuck as an animal model to test the efficacy and safety of GM-CSF on the therapy of chronic hepatitis B, woodchuck GM-CSF will be required due to the apparent species-specific activity of GM-CSF. The cDNA of woodchuck GM-CSF was cloned using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers deriving from highly conserved regions of GM-CSF genes from other species. The deduced amino acids, including the signal peptide, is 138 in length and its identities to human, murine, canine and bovine GM-CSFs are 63, 49, 63, and 63% respectively. The genomic DNA of woodchuck GM-CSF was also cloned by PCR. Its organization is highly homologous to that of human and murine GM-CSF genes, consisting of four exons and three introns. Cloned woodchuck GM-CSF was expressed transiently in 293T cells. The recombinant protein expressed was found to stimulate the growth and differentiation of woodchuck bone marrow cells, indicating the protein expressed by the cloned gene is functional. These results pave the way for future studies on the potential role of GM-CSF for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B by using this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Wu
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
The most common cause of chronic allograft loss is an incompletely understood clinicopathological entity called chronic rejection (CR). Recent reports suggest an improvement in long-term renal allograft survival, although it is not clear from these data whether a true reduction of biopsy-proven CR has occurred. Although newer immunosuppressive medications have greatly reduced the incidence of acute rejection (AR) in the early post-transplantation period, the ideal therapy for both AR and CR would be to achieve a state of tolerance. By definition, such a state should allow for indefinite allograft survival, with no histopathological evidence of CR, despite immunocompetence in the host (i.e. without the need for chronic immunosuppression). Although several experimental studies are able to achieve tolerance, with clear improvement in allograft survival, detailed studies on graft function and morphology are often not included. This review will discuss possible ways that tolerance induction could lead to a CR-free state. General mechanisms of CR and transplantation tolerance induction are discussed as well as the difficulties in translating small animals studies into large animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Womer
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Dougherty N, Romer M, Lee RS. Trends in special care training in pediatric dental residencies. ASDC J Dent Child 2001; 68:384-7, 303. [PMID: 11985206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric dentist are often regarded by the dental community as the specialty group best prepared to treat patients with developmental disabilities. This may be because it is the only specialty that receives formal training in behavior management techniques. A questionnaire was mailed to the directors of all 55 ADA-accredited pediatric dental residency programs in the U.S. The purpose of the survey was two-fold: the first aim was to quantify the training that pediatric dental residents receive in providing care to persons with developmental disabilities. A second area of investigation addressed the issue of pediatric dentist continuing yo treat persons with developmental disabilities into adulthood. The survey determined that pediatric dental residency programs provide considerable training in "Special Care" dentistry. While adults with developmental disabilities continue to be treated in 48 percent of responding programs, 55 percent of the program directors stated outright that it should not be the role of pediatric dentist to provide treatment to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dougherty
- Departments of Dentistry and Pediatrics, Special Care Dental Program, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Abstract
Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have been implicated in rewarded behaviors, including intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). We demonstrate, in unrestrained rats, that the discharge activity of a homogeneous population of presumed VTA GABA neurons, implicated in cortical arousal, increases before ICSS of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). These findings suggest that VTA GABA neurons may be involved in the attentive processes related to brain stimulation reward (BSR).
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Steffensen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE We assess the long-term outcome of synchronous bladder reconstruction and antegrade continence enema in a large series of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed records of the last 50 consecutive patients treated at 1 unit in Southampton and 1 in Denver. RESULTS A total of 46 patients were available for analysis, including 24 from Southampton and 22 from Denver. Median patient age at operation was 12 years (range 4 to 30), median followup was 44 months (range 7 to 100), and 80% of patients had neuropathy and anorectal malformation. A variety of bladder reconstructive procedures were performed and 58% of patients underwent a simultaneous Mitrofanoff procedure. Fecal and urinary continence was achieved in 76% of patients but the rate of revision surgery was high. The most common complication was stomal stenosis (17%). Secondary procedures consisted of refashioning urethral length, closure of the bladder neck, bladder augmentation and conduit revision. CONCLUSIONS It is now possible to produce double continence in some patients with synchronous combined surgery, a goal that was not achievable without colostomy before the development of the antegrade continence enema in 1990. However, the surgery is demanding with high revision rates and we emphasize that it should only be performed in patients who are highly motivated and have reasonable dexterity and intelligence. This careful patient selection is confirmed by the fact that surgery was performed on 2 to 3 patients a year at each unit. This surgery should only be performed at facilities which can provide long-term patient followup.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wedderburn
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Utsugi R, Barth RN, Lee RS, Kitamura H, LaMattina JC, Ambroz J, Sachs DH, Yamada K. Induction of transplantation tolerance with a short course of tacrolimus (FK506): I. Rapid and stable tolerance to two-haplotype fully mhc-mismatched kidney allografts in miniature swine. Transplantation 2001; 71:1368-79. [PMID: 11391221 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200105270-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inbred miniature swine provide a large animal model in which the effects of selective major histocompatibility complex (MHC) matching can be reproducibly studied. We have previously demonstrated that although a 12-day course of cyclosporine uniformly induces tolerance to class I-mismatched renal allografts, it does not induce tolerance across full MHC barriers. In this study, we assessed whether and at what dose tacrolimus might permit allografts to induce tolerance across different MHC barriers. METHODS Recipients of MHC disparate renal allografts were treated with a 12-day course of tacrolimus by continuous intravenous infusion. Groups were divided as follows: (1) class I-mismatched kidneys with 0.3 mg/kg/day tacrolimus (n=3); (2) fully MHC-mismatched kidneys with 0.3 mg/kg/day tacrolimus (n=2); and (3) fully MHC-mismatched kidneys with 0.12-0.16 mg/kg/day tacrolimus (n=4). RESULTS In groups 1 and 2, recipients with tacrolimus levels of 45-80 ng/ml accepted renal allografts long-term with stable renal function. Donor-specific hyporesponsiveness was demonstrated by cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity and mixed lymphocyte response, and subsequent donor-matched grafts were also accepted, without further immunosuppression (n=4), confirming systemic tolerance. In group 3, recipients that achieved tacrolimus levels of 35 ng/ml (n=2) accepted their grafts without chronic changes, whereas recipients with levels of 20-26 ng/ml (n=2) developed chronic allograft glomerulopathy, suggesting 35 ng/ml as the threshold blood level for tolerance induction. In vitro assays demonstrated that peripheral blood lymphocytes from tolerant animals produced inhibitory cytokines, suggesting the involvement of regulatory mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study represents the first demonstration of the induction of transplant tolerance across a two-haplotype full MHC barrier with a short course of immunosuppression in a large animal model. These studies may also have clinical applicability, because the time course required to induce tolerance was sufficiently short that the high drug levels required might be expected to be tolerated clinically with only transient toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Utsugi
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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26
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Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Antioxidants might then be beneficial in the prevention of these diseases. Astringinin (3,3',4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene), a resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) analogue with considerably higher antioxidative activity and free radical scavenging capacity, was introduced to examine its cardioprotective effects in ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) rats. In the present study, the left main coronary artery was occluded by the following procedures: (i) 30 min occlusion, (ii) 5 min occlusion followed by 30 min reperfusion, and (iii) 4 h occlusion. Animals were infused with and without astringinin before coronary artery occlusion. Mortality, and the severity of ischemia- and I/R-induced arrhythmias were compared. Pretreatment of astringinin dramatically reduced the incidence and duration of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) during either ischemia or I/R period. Astringinin at 2.5 x 10(-5) and 2.5 x 10(-4) g/kg completely prevented the mortality of animals during ischemia or I/R. During the same period, astringinin pretreatment also increased nitric oxide (NO) and decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the carotid blood. In animals subjected to 4 h coronary occlusion, the cardiac infarct size (expressed as a percentage of occluded zone) was reduced from 44.4 + or - 4.1% to 19.1 + or - 2.4% by astringinin (2.5 x 10(-4) g/kg). We conclude that, astringinin is a potent antiarrhythmic agent with cardioprotective activity in ischemic and ischemic-reperfused rat heart. The beneficial effects of astringinin in the ischemic and ischemic-reperfused hearts may be correlated with its antioxidant activity and upregulation of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Hung
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lee RS, Yamada K, Houser SL, Womer KL, Maloney ME, Rose HS, Sayegh MH, Madsen JC. Indirect recognition of allopeptides promotes the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:3276-81. [PMID: 11248069 PMCID: PMC30644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.051584498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft loss from chronic rejection has become the major obstacle to the long-term success of whole organ transplantation. In cardiac allografts, chronic rejection is manifested as a diffuse and accelerated form of arteriosclerosis, termed cardiac allograft vasculopathy. It has been suggested that T-cell recognition of processed alloantigens (allopeptides) presented by recipient antigen-presenting cells through the indirect pathway of allorecognition plays a critical role in the development and progression of chronic rejection. However, definitive preclinical evidence to support this hypothesis is lacking. To examine the role of indirect allorecognition in a clinically relevant large animal model of cardiac allograft vasculopathy, we immunized MHC inbred miniature swine with synthetic polymorphic peptides spanning the alpha(1) domain of an allogeneic donor-derived swine leukocyte antigen class I gene. Pigs immunized with swine leukocyte antigen class I allopeptides showed in vitro proliferative responses and in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to the allogeneic peptides. Donor MHC class I disparate hearts transplanted into peptide-immunized cyclosporine-treated pigs not only rejected faster than unimmunized cyclosporine-treated controls (mean survival time = 5.5 +/-1.7 vs. 54.7 +/-3.8 days, P < 0.001), but they also developed obstructive fibroproliferative coronary artery lesions much earlier than unimmunized controls (<9 vs. >30 days). These results definitively link indirect allorecognition and cardiac allograft vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- The Transplantation Biology Research Center and Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Lee RS, Steffensen SC, Henriksen SJ. Discharge profiles of ventral tegmental area GABA neurons during movement, anesthesia, and the sleep-wake cycle. J Neurosci 2001; 21:1757-66. [PMID: 11222665 PMCID: PMC6762953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mesolimbic dopamine (DA) transmission has been implicated in behavioral and cortical arousal, DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) are not significantly modulated by anesthetics or the sleep-wake cycle. However, VTA and SN non-DA neurons evince increased firing rates during active wakefulness (AW) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, relative to quiet wakefulness. Here we describe the effects of movement, select anesthetics, and the sleep-wake cycle on the activity of a homogeneous population of VTA GABA-containing neurons during normal sleep and after 24 hr sleep deprivation. In freely behaving rats, VTA GABA neurons were relatively fast firing (29 +/- 6 Hz during AW), nonbursting neurons that exhibited markedly increased activity during the onset of discrete movements. Adequate anesthesia produced by administration of chloral hydrate, ketamine, or halothane significantly reduced VTA GABA neuron firing rate and converted their activity into phasic 0.5-2.0 sec ON/OFF periods. VTA GABA neuron firing rate decreased 53% during slow-wave sleep (SWS) and increased 79% during REM, relative to AW; however, the discharging was not synchronous with electrocortical alpha wave activity during AW, delta wave activity during SWS, or gamma wave activity during REM. During deprived SWS, there was a direct correlation between increased VTA GABA neuron slowing and increased delta wave power. These findings indicate that the discharging of VTA GABA neurons correlates with psychomotor behavior and that these neurons may be an integral part of the extrathalamic cortical activating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- The Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Lee RS, Yamada K, Houser SL, Womer KL, Maloney ME, Rose HS, Sayegh MH, Madsen JC. Indirect allorecognition promotes the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:308-10. [PMID: 11266832 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
The mechanisms by which CTLA4Ig exerts its powerful immunomodulatory effects are not clear. We show here that CTLA4Ig can induce linked regulation of allogeneic porcine T cell responses in vitro. Naive miniature swine SLA(dd) T cells were rendered hyporesponsive to specific allogeneic Ag after coculturing with MHC-mismatched SLA(cc) stimulators in the presence of CTLA4Ig. These Ag-specific hyporesponsive T cells were subsequently able to actively inhibit the allogeneic responses of naive syngeneic T cells in an MHC-linked fashion, as the responses of naive SLA(dd) responders against specific SLA(cc) and (SLA(ac))F(1) stimulators were inhibited, but allogeneic responses against a 1:1 mixture of SLA(aa) (I(a), II(a)) and SLA(cc) (I(c), II(c)) were maintained. This inhibition could be generated against either class I or class II Ags, was radiosensitive, and required cell-cell contact. Furthermore, the mechanism of inhibition was not dependent upon a deletional, apoptotic pathway, but it was reversed by anti-IL-10 mAb. These data suggest that CTLA4Ig-induced inhibition of naive allogeneic T cell responses can be mediated through the generation of regulatory T cells via an IL-10-dependent mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/radiation effects
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunization
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interphase/immunology
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Isoantigens/metabolism
- Isoantigens/radiation effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/radiation effects
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/genetics
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/radiation effects
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/radiation effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Zhang M, Fukushima A, Vistica BP, Kim SJ, Hung L, Wawrousek EF, Egwuagu CE, Lee RS, Whitcup SM, Gery I. Skewed abrogation of tolerance to a neo self-antigen in double-transgenic mice coexpressing the antigen with interleukin-1beta or interferon-gamma. Cell Immunol 2001; 207:6-12. [PMID: 11161447 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing hen egg lysozyme (HEL) under the control of the alphaA-crystallin promoter exhibit tolerance to HEL by both their T- and B-cell compartments. Here, we show that double-Tg mice, coexpressing HEL with either interleukin-1beta or interferon (IFN)-gamma, demonstrated unresponsiveness to HEL by their T-cell compartment, but most of them developed antibodies against HEL following a challenge with the antigen. The abrogation of humoral tolerance was more pronounced in the HEL/IL-1 double-Tg mice than in the HEL/IFN-gamma mice. Unlike their controls, double-Tg mice exhibited remarkable levels of variability in their antibody levels. The skewed abrogation of tolerance in the double-Tg mice is proposed to be due to the cytokines' capacity to rescue from clonal deletion small numbers of T cells, which provide help to antibody producing B cells. This notion is supported by the finding that adoptive transfer of small numbers of Th1 or Th2 cells into HEL-Tg mice made possible antibody production similar to that seen in the double-Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The major objective of the present study was to examine the cardioprotective effect of resveratrol, an antioxidant presents in red wines, in the rat after ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion (I-R). METHODS The left main coronary artery was occluded for 30 or 5 min followed by a 30-min reperfusion in anesthetized rats. Animals were preinfused with and without resveratrol before occlusion and the severity of ischemia- and I-R-induced arrhythmias and mortality were compared. RESULTS Resveratrol pretreatment had no effect on ischemia-induced arrhythmias nor on mortality. In contrast, a dramatic protective effects were observed against I-R-induced arrhythmias and mortality. Resveratrol pretreatment both reduced the incidence and duration of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). During the same period, resveratrol pretreatment also increased nitric oxide (NO) and decreased lactate dehydrogenase levels in the carotid blood. CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol is a potent antiarrhythmic agent with cardioprotective properties in I-R rats. The cardioprotective effects of resveratrol in the I-R rats may be correlated with its antioxidant activity and upregulation of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Hung
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Al-Joundi T, Gibson S, Brunt EM, Shakil O, Lee RS, Di Bisceglie AM. Delayed recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: detection of origin by chromosomal analysis. Liver Transpl 2000; 6:374-5. [PMID: 10827244 DOI: 10.1053/lv.2000.5202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on a 41-year-old man undergoing liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis C who presented 26 months later with hepatocellular carcinoma. No evidence of hepatocellular carcinoma could be found in the native liver, although features of small cell dysplasia were prominent. Although he had recurrent hepatitis C, the transplanted liver was not cirrhotic. Chromosomal analysis was used to resolve whether this was a de novo tumor or a recurrence of an unsuspected tumor present at the time of transplantation. This male patient had received a liver from a female donor, and in situ hybridization for the Y chromosome showed reactivity in the tumor but not in surrounding nontumorous liver. Thus, this is an example of the use of chromosomal analysis to resolve the origin of a tumor occurring in the transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Al-Joundi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
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35
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Lee RS, Yamada K, Womer KL, Pillsbury EP, Allison KS, Marolewski AE, Geng D, Thall AD, Arn JS, Sachs DH, Sayegh MH, Madsen JC. Blockade of CD28-B7, but not CD40-CD154, prevents costimulation of allogeneic porcine and xenogeneic human anti-porcine T cell responses. J Immunol 2000; 164:3434-44. [PMID: 10706740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.6.3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing use of swine in transplantation research, the ability to block costimulation of allogeneic T cell responses has not been demonstrated in swine, and the effects of costimulatory blockade on xenogeneic human anti-porcine T cell responses are also not clear. We have compared the in vitro effects of anti-human CD154 mAb and human CTLA4IgG4 on allogeneic pig T cell responses and xenogeneic human anti-pig T cell responses. Both anti-CD154 mAb and CTLA4IgG4 cross-reacted on pig cells. While anti-CD154 mAb and CTLA4IgG4 both inhibited the primary allogeneic pig MLRs, CTLA4IgG4 (7.88 microg/ml) was considerably more inhibitory than anti-CD154 mAb (100 microg/ml) at optimal doses. Anti-CD154 mAb inhibited the production of IFN-gamma by 75%, but did not inhibit IL-10 production, while CTLA4IgG4 completely inhibited the production of both IFN-gamma and IL-10. In secondary allogeneic pig MLRs, CTLA4IgG4, but not anti-CD154 mAb, induced Ag-specific T cell anergy. CTLAIgG4 completely blocked the indirect pathway of allorecognition, while anti-CD154 mAb blocked the indirect response by approximately 50%. The generation of porcine CTLs was inhibited by CTLA4IgG4, but not by anti-CD154 mAb. Human anti-porcine xenogeneic MLRs were blocked by CTLA4IgG4, but only minimally by anti-CD154 mAb. Finally, CTLA4IgG4 prevented secondary xenogeneic human anti-porcine T cell responses. These data indicate that blockade of the B7-CD28 pathway was more effective than blockade of the CD40-CD154 pathway in inhibiting allogeneic pig T cell responses and xenogeneic human anti-pig T cell responses in vitro. These findings have implications for inhibiting cell-mediated immune responses in pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/analysis
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Heterophile/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunoglobulin G/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Gallegos RA, Lee RS, Criado JR, Henriksen SJ, Steffensen SC. Adaptive responses of gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons in the ventral tegmental area to chronic ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 291:1045-53. [PMID: 10565823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently identified a homogeneous population of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), an area implicated in the reinforcing properties of alcohol. We evaluated the effects of local and systemic ethanol on VTA GABA neuron spontaneous activity in ethanol naive and chronically treated freely behaving rats and in anesthetized rats. In freely behaving animals, acute i.p. administration of 0.2 to 2.0 g/kg ethanol reduced the firing rate of VTA GABA neurons. Chronic administration of 2.0 g/kg i.p. ethanol enhanced baseline activity of VTA GABA neurons and induced tolerance to ethanol inhibition of their firing rate. In a separate group of freely behaving animals, tolerance to 0.4 to 2.0 g/kg i.p. ethanol-induced inhibition of VTA GABA neuron firing rate was observed following 2 weeks of chronic exposure to ethanol vapors producing intermittent blood alcohol levels of 158 mg/100 ml. In acute studies in halothane-anesthetized animals, ethanol applied locally into the VTA decreased the spontaneous firing rate of VTA GABA neurons, whereas systemic ethanol produced an early inhibition followed by a late excitation at 30 to 60 min after the ethanol injection, suggesting that ethanol modulation of an extrinsic input may excite VTA GABA neurons. Tolerance to local ethanol inhibition of VTA GABA neuron firing rate was produced by 2 weeks of chronic exposure to intermittent ethanol vapors. These results demonstrate the marked sensitivity of these neurons to ethanol and suggest that chronic ethanol administration produces selective adaptive circuit responses within the VTA or in extrategmental structures that regulate VTA GABA neuron activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gallegos
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuropharmacology and Alcohol Research Center, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Xia K, Lee RS, Narsimhan RP, Mukhopadhyay NK, Neel BG, Roberts TM. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the proto-oncoprotein Raf-1 is regulated by Raf-1 itself and the phosphatase Cdc25A. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:4819-24. [PMID: 10373531 PMCID: PMC84280 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.7.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that Raf-1 is phosphorylated on tyrosines upon stimulation of a variety of receptors. Although detection of Raf-1 tyrosine phosphorylation has remained elusive, genetic analyses have demonstrated it to be important for Raf-1 activation. Here we report new findings which indicate that Raf-1 tyrosine phosphorylation is regulated in vivo. In both a mammalian and baculovirus expression system, a kinase-inactive allele of Raf-1 was found to be tyrosine phosphorylated at levels much greater than that of wild-type Raf-1. The level of tyrosine phosphate on Raf-1 was markedly increased upon treatment with phosphatase inhibitors either before or after cell lysis. Cdc25A was found to dephosphorylate Raf-1 on tyrosines that resulted in a significant decrease in Raf-1 kinase activity. In NIH 3T3 cells, coexpression of wild-type Raf-1 and phosphatase-inactive Cdc25A led to a marked increase in Raf-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in response to platelet-derived growth factor. These data suggest that the tyrosine phosphorylation of Raf-1 is regulated not only by itself but also by Cdc25A.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Xia
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been hypothesized to be a critical component of the circuit mediating opiate-seeking behaviors. To further explore the electrophysiological correlates of opiate-seeking behavior, we recorded neurons in the NAcc and in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats trained to self-administer heroin for at least 2 weeks. Rats were trained to lever press (FR-1 schedule) for an intravenous (i.v.) infusion of heroin (0.06 mg/kg/injection) in an operant chamber. Spontaneous single unit activity in the NAcc and the mPFC was then recorded while animals were allowed to self-administer heroin. Our data suggest that about 20% (8/42) of the NAcc neurons studied exhibited an inhibitory response immediately after heroin self-administration. However, most of the NAcc neurons studied (76%; 32/42) were not affected during heroin self-administration. In contrast, noncontingent injection of a similar dose of heroin (0.06 mg/kg/injection) had no effect on NAcc spontaneous activity (0/6). On the other hand, passive administration of higher doses of heroin (0.2-0.6/mg/kg/injection) markedly suppressed the firing rate in 46% (6/13) of the neurons studied. These effects of heroin on NAcc activity were antagonized by systemic administration ofnaloxone (4-6 mg/kg, i.v.). Studies characterizing the responses of mPFC neurons during heroin self-administration showed that 40% (2/5) of the neurons tested exhibited an inhibitory effect immediately after heroin self-administration. These data suggest that in animals well-trained to self-administer heroin, only a small number (20%) of the NAcc neurons studied responded to heroin self-administration. Further research is necessary to determine whether these responses are a function of the opiate-seeking state of the animal and the mechanism(s) responsible for these effects of heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Muehlenhard CL, Highby BJ, Lee RS, Bryan TS, Dodrill WA. The sexual revictimization of women and men sexually abused as children: a review of the literature. Annu Rev Sex Res 1999; 9:177-223. [PMID: 10349028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C L Muehlenhard
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045-2160, USA.
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Lee RS, Wheeler TT, Peterson AJ. Large-format, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ovine periimplantation uterine luminal fluid proteins: identification of aldose reductase, cytoplasmic actin, and transferrin as conceptus-synthesized proteins. Biol Reprod 1998; 59:743-52. [PMID: 9746721 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod59.4.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Early pregnancy in ruminants, such as the sheep, is characterized by relatively extensive development of the conceptus before attachment to the endometrium. Between the period of blastocyst hatching and initial attachment, the uterus responds to signals from the conceptus and adapts to provide an environment that permits the establishment of pregnancy. We used large-format two-dimensional (2D) PAGE to analyze the dynamic changes in protein composition of uterine luminal fluid (ULF) during this stage of pregnancy, and we determined the contribution of each of the extraembryonic membranes and the endometrium to these changes. The majority of the more than 40 pregnancy-associated proteins in ULF at Day 17 were secreted by the conceptus. By 2D gel map comparison and Western blotting, we identified transferrin, secreted by the yolk sac from Day 15, and cytoplasmic actin, one of the most abundant proteins produced by the trophoblast at Day 17. Apolipoprotein A1 and aldose reductase, whose abundance were markedly increased in pregnancy, were identified by peptide microsequencing. Aldose reductase, an enzyme required for the conversion of glucose to fructose, was shown to be synthesized by the trophoblast, and its detection even before the formation of the placenta suggests that the synthesis of fructose may occur much earlier than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Molecular Embryology.AgResearch, Ruakura Research Center, Hamilton, New
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Lai JC, Fukushima A, Wawrousek EF, Lobanoff MC, Charukamnoetkanok P, Smith-Gill SJ, Vistica BP, Lee RS, Egwuagu CE, Whitcup SM, Gery I. Immunotolerance against a foreign antigen transgenically expressed in the lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39:2049-57. [PMID: 9761283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To extend our knowledge concerning immunotolerance against autologous lens crystallins, transgenic (Tg) mice that express a foreign antigen in their lens were generated, and the immune response against the antigen in these mice was analyzed. METHODS Conventional techniques were used to generate lines of Tg mice that express soluble (S-) or membrane-bound (M-) hen egg lysozyme (HEL) under the control of the alphaA-crystallin promoter. The presence of HEL in various organs was determined by the particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect mRNA transcripts of the molecule. To examine the development of immunity (or tolerance), Tg mice and their wild-type controls were immunized with HEL (25 microg) in Freund's complete adjuvant and 14 days later were tested for immune response against the antigen. Cellular immunity was measured by the lymphocyte proliferation assay and cytokine production, and humoral immunity was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Eyes of the high copy number M-HEL Tg mice were dystrophic, with disrupted lens, whereas no morphologic changes were detected in the eyes of the other Tg mouse lines. All Tg mice exhibited tolerance to HEL by their cellular and humoral immune compartments. The state of immunotolerance to HEL was retained in the Tg mice for as long as 10 months after removal of the main depot of this protein, by enucleation. Measurable amounts of HEL were found in the eyes of all Tg mice, but the protein could not be detected in the serum or in other organs by the sensitive PCFIA (with a threshold of 1 ng/ml). Yet, HEL mRNA was found in the thymus of the Tg mice, suggesting that minute amounts of the protein are expressed in this organ. CONCLUSIONS The unresponsiveness to HEL in the Tg mice seems to be due to a "central" mechanism of tolerance, mediated by a minuscule amount of HEL in the thymus. Conversely, the much larger amounts of HEL in the peripheral depot, the eyes, play a minor role if any in the tolerogenic process. It is further proposed that a similar mechanism of central tolerance is responsible for the immunotolerance against autologous lens crystallins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lai
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute-NIH Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, USA
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Lee RS, Tartour E, van der Bruggen P, Vantomme V, Joyeux I, Goud B, Fridman WH, Johannes L. Major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of exogenous soluble tumor antigen fused to the B-fragment of Shiga toxin. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2726-37. [PMID: 9754560 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199809)28:09<2726::aid-immu2726>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Targeting exogenous antigen into the MHC class I-restricted presentation pathway is a prerequisite for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) which have been shown to represent an important component of the protective and therapeutic immune response to viral infections and tumors. In this study, we produced recombinant proteins composed of the receptor-binding non-toxic B-fragment of bacterial Shiga toxin derived from Shigella dysenteriae associated with an epitope from a model tumor antigen, Mage 1. We show that Shiga B-Mage 1 fusion proteins carrying an active or inactive endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal (the C-terminal peptides KDEL or KDELGL, respectively) could be presented by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an MHC class I-restricted manner to Mage 1-specific CTL. After pulsing B lymphoblastoid cells or dendritic cells with Shiga B-Mage 1 fusion protein, activation of the MHC class I-restricted Mage 1-specific CTL was also demonstrated. In further analysis, we showed that treatment with brefeldin A or paraformaldehyde fixation of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells prevented the presentation of the Mage 1 T cell epitope, which excluded extracellular processing of the antigen. Immunofluorescence analysis also revealed that the Shiga B-Mage 1 fusion protein was largely excluded from Lamp-2-positive lysosomal structures. Therefore, the ability of Shiga toxin B-fragment to target dendritic cells and B cells and to direct antigen into the exogenous class I-restricted pathway makes it an attractive non-living and non-toxic vaccine vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, INSERM U255, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Abstract
Reporter gene analysis of the Hoxc-9 genomic region in transgenic mice allowed us to identify a positional enhancer in the Hoxc-9 intron that drives expression in the posterior neural tube of midgestation mouse embryos in a Hoxc-9-related manner. Sequence comparison to the chicken Choxc-9 intron revealed the existence of two highly conserved sequence elements (CSEs) in a similar spatial arrangement. These structural similarities in the mammalian and avian lineage are mirrored by conserved function of the chicken Choxc-9 intron in transgenic mice. Deletion analysis of the two introns suggests that full activity of both enhancers depends on cooperation between the two CSEs located close to the respective 5' and 3' splice sites. Following the paradigm of phylogenetically conserved developmental control mechanisms, the Hoxc-9 intragenic enhancer was tested in Drosophila. Our data show that the mouse Hoxc-9 enhancer acts in a conserved fashion in transgenic flies, conferring posteriorly restricted reporter gene expression to the developing central nervous system in third instar larvae. This finding indicates that the Hoxc-9 intragenic enhancer is involved in transcriptional regulatory circuits conserved between vertebrates and arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Papenbrock
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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Lee RS, Koob GF, Henriksen SJ. Electrophysiological responses of nucleus accumbens neurons to novelty stimuli and exploratory behavior in the awake, unrestrained rat. Brain Res 1998; 799:317-22. [PMID: 9675326 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To establish a physiological correlate of goal-directed and reward-seeking non-operant behaviors, we studied the electrophysiological activity of NAcc neurons in unrestrained, naive Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results showed an inhibitory response in 21% (7/34) of the recorded NAcc neurons during spontaneous nosepoking behavior and in 16% (4/25) of the NAcc neurons when rats were fed with a favorite novel food morsel (popcorn). These data suggest that a subgroup of NAcc neurons is actively modulated during motivated behavior and during consummatory events resulting in a suppression of neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, Blake Building CVN-13, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Human low density lipoprotein (LDL) is prepared in the presence of antioxidants and is oxidized to different levels (measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) with copper ion. The effects of unoxidized LDL and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) on stress fiber formation, cell membrane ruffling, and pinocytosis (measured by [14C]sucrose uptake) in cultured human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (EC) are compared. We show that at a concentration range of 100 to 200 microg cholesterol/ml, both unoxidized LDL and ox-LDL promote EC elongation and stress fiber formation, but the effect by the latter is more prominent when compared at the same dose range. In addition, ox-LDL also induces EC membrane ruffling and promotes pinocytosis. These effects are positively correlated with the extent of LDL oxidation and depend on the dose of ox-LDL. Ox-LDL-promoted membrane ruffling and pinocytosis are effectively blocked by brief preexposure of the cells to antioxidants. In contrast, stress fiber formation is not affected by antioxidant pretreatment. Although unoxidized LDL also promotes [14C]sucrose uptake, it is less potent than ox-LDL and significantly higher concentrations are required to produce a detectable effect. Unlike ox-LDL, unoxidized LDL-enhanced pinocytosis is not accompanied by the appearance of membrane ruffling; therefore, they may act via different mechanisms. Elevated pinocytosis may increase transcytotic activity of the endothelium, leading to an increased influx of plasma components such as LDL into the subendothelial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Chow
- Department of Biology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei
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Abstract
Genomic imprinting, where only one of the two parental genes is expressed, occurs in many phyla. In mammals, however, this phenomenon has been primarily studied in mice, and to a lesser extent, in humans. To understand how genomic imprinting may affect development in other species, particularly those with a different mode of placental development from mice and humans, 339 sheep zygotes were micromanipulated to contain either 2 large (presumptive male) or 2 small (presumptive female) pronuclei. One hundred and twenty-seven of these embryos and 86 manipulated and nonmanipulated control embryos were transferred to recipient ewes over 3 breeding seasons. Twenty-one control and 7 experimental conceptuses were recovered on day 21. Four of these conceptuses derived from zygotes with 2 small pronuclei were identified by karyotyping to be gynogenones (maternal-derived genome). While the gross morphology of the embryos appeared no different to those of normal controls, the extra-embryonic tissue from the conceptuses showed some hypertrophy and hypervascularization. Preliminary Northern blots of mRNA from allantoic and trophoblast tissue showed an overexpression of H19 and an underexpression of IGF2. Although the sheep gynogenetic phenotype contrasts with that seen in mice, these two genes appear to be similarly differentially expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Hagemann
- AgResearch, Dairy and Beef Division, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Abstract
Dielectric methods, based on time domain reflectometry (TDR), have been employed to characterise DNA chain melting and denaturation. A dielectric dispersion has been identified, centred in the low megahertz region, which has been attributed to the fluctuation of counterions along short segments of the DNA chain. Chain melting studies have shown that the magnitude of this dispersion is dependent not only on the relative proportions of single to double stranded DNA but also on the intermolecular interactions between the DNA chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, University of Wales, Dean Street, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 1UT, UK.
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Fridman WH, Berger A, Lee RS, Tartour E. [Update on tumor immunology]. Bull Cancer 1998; 85:29-30. [PMID: 9752341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W H Fridman
- Laboratoire d'immunologie cellulaire et clinique, Institut Curie, Paris
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Vaccaro AR, Ring D, Lee RS, Scuderi G, Garfin SR. Salvage anterior C1-C2 screw fixation and arthrodesis through the lateral approach in a patient with a symptomatic pseudoarthrosis. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 1997; 26:349-53. [PMID: 9181194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
On occasions when the posterior approach to the upper cervical spine is not feasible, the options provided by a lateral exposure can be invaluable. A case of a nonunited posterior fusion between C1 and C2, with a free-floating posterior C1 arch due to nonhealing of a previous intraoperative C1 ring fracture, is presented to illustrate this point. This 28-year-old man underwent screw fixation between the first and second cervical vertebrae, supplemented with autogenous iliac crest cancellous bone graft, via the lateral approach of Whitesides. The patient's symptoms subsequently resolved, and radiographic evaluation 3 months after the procedure revealed a solid fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lee RS, Grusby MJ, Laufer TM, Colvin R, Glimcher LH, Auchincloss H. CD8+ effector cells responding to residual class I antigens, with help from CD4+ cells stimulated indirectly, cause rejection of "major histocompatibility complex-deficient" skin grafts. Transplantation 1997; 63:1123-33. [PMID: 9133474 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199704270-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin grafts from mice that are deficient in the expression of both class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are rejected rapidly by normal recipients. METHODS To determine the mechanism of this rejection, MHC-deficient skin grafts were placed on recipients with different degrees of antigenic disparity and on recipients depleted of selected T cell subpopulations. In addition, the recipient's T cells were examined in vitro for their responses before and after graft rejection. RESULTS The results indicate that (1) CD4+ cells provide help for this rejection by recognizing donor antigens presented by recipient class II antigens, and (2) CD8+ cells can participate as effector cells, recognizing residual class I antigens expressed by the MHC-deficient grafts. CONCLUSIONS The primary conclusion from these studies is that the supposedly MHC-deficient mice actually do have sufficient class I antigen expression to cause skin graft rejection. This finding prevents the use of these mice to answer definitively the question of whether grafts entirely lacking MHC antigens would be rejected. However, these studies do illustrate two important (although previously recognized) features of allogeneic skin graft rejection: (1) that rejection can be initiated by help provided entirely through the indirect pathway, and (2) that help provided through the indirect pathway is available for effector T cells sensitized directly by donor cells. However, the results from these and other studies suggest that indirect effector mechanisms would probably be able to destroy truly MHC-deficient grafts under some circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lee
- Tranplantation Unit, General Surgical Services, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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