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Muhammad Yusoff F, Wong KK, Mohd Redzwan N. Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2019; 53:8-20. [PMID: 31771364 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2019.1693545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the breakdown of immune tolerance leading to excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Imbalance in the levels of cytokines represents one of the multifactorial causes of SLE pathogenesis and it contributes to disease severity. Deregulated levels of T helper type 1 (Th1), type 2 (Th2), and type 17 (Th17) cytokines have been associated with autoimmune inflammation. Growing evidence has shown deregulated levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in SLE patients compared to healthy controls associated with disease activity and severity. In this review, we describe and discuss the levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in SLE patients, and clinical trials involving Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in SLE patients. In particular, with the exception of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-β1, the levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines are increased in SLE patients associated with disease severity. Current phase II or III studies involve therapeutic antibodies targeting IFN-α and type I IFN receptor, while low-dose IL-2 therapy is assessed in phase II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Muhammad Yusoff
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Norhanani Mohd Redzwan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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Larosa M, Zen M, Gatto M, Jesus D, Zanatta E, Iaccarino L, Inês L, Doria A. IL-12 and IL-23/Th17 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:42-51. [PMID: 30664357 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218824547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Our article is focused on emerging pathogenetic pathways in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Notably, IL-12 and IL-23 have been described as emerging cytokines in SLE pathogenesis. We know that IL-23 stimulates Th17 cells to produce IL-17. We try to point out the importance of IL-23/Th17 axis in SLE and to focus on the interaction between this axis and IL-12. Ustekinumab, a fully human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody directed towards the p40 shared subunit of IL-12 and IL-23, has been recently investigated in SLE, suggesting a potential novel therapeutic strategy in SLE. To our knowledge, there are no reviews which simultaneously focus on IL-12 an IL-23/Th17 axis in SLE. Thus, we believe our work will be of interest to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Larosa
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Margherita Zen
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Mariele Gatto
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Diogo Jesus
- 2 Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisabetta Zanatta
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Iaccarino
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Luis Inês
- 2 Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.,3 Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,4 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Andrea Doria
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
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McKay JT, Haro MA, Daly CA, Yammani RD, Pang B, Swords WE, Haas KM. PD-L2 Regulates B-1 Cell Antibody Production against Phosphorylcholine through an IL-5-Dependent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2020-2029. [PMID: 28768724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B-1 cells produce natural Abs which provide an integral first line of defense against pathogens while also performing important homeostatic housekeeping functions. In this study, we demonstrate that programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) regulates the production of natural Abs against phosphorylcholine (PC). Naive PD-L2-deficient (PD-L2-/-) mice produced significantly more PC-reactive IgM and IgA. This afforded PD-L2-/- mice with selectively enhanced protection against PC-expressing nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, but not PC-negative nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, relative to wild-type mice. PD-L2-/- mice had significantly increased PC-specific CD138+ splenic plasmablasts bearing a B-1a phenotype, and produced PC-reactive Abs largely of the T15 Id. Importantly, PC-reactive B-1 cells expressed PD-L2 and irradiated chimeras demonstrated that B cell-intrinsic PD-L2 expression regulated PC-specific Ab production. In addition to increased PC-specific IgM, naive PD-L2-/- mice and irradiated chimeras reconstituted with PD-L2-/- B cells had significantly higher levels of IL-5, a potent stimulator of B-1 cell Ab production. PD-L2 mAb blockade of wild-type B-1 cells in culture significantly increased CD138 and Blimp1 expression and PC-specific IgM, but did not affect proliferation. PD-L2 mAb blockade significantly increased IL-5+ T cells in culture. Both IL-5 neutralization and STAT5 inhibition blunted the effects of PD-L2 mAb blockade on B-1 cells. Thus, B-1 cell-intrinsic PD-L2 expression inhibits IL-5 production by T cells and thereby limits natural Ab production by B-1 cells. These findings have broad implications for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at altering natural Ab levels critical for protection against infectious disease, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome T McKay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Marcela A Haro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Christina A Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Rama D Yammani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Bing Pang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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4
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Brand C, da Costa TP, Bernardes ES, Machado CML, Andrade LR, Chammas R, de Oliveira FL, El-Cheikh MC. Differential development of oil granulomas induced by pristane injection in galectin-3 deficient mice. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:68. [PMID: 26572128 PMCID: PMC4647586 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-3 is known to be a lectin that plays an important role in inflammatory processes, acting as pro-inflammatory mediator in activation and migration of neutrophils and macrophages, as well as in the phagocytic function of these cells. The injection of mineral oils into the peritoneal cavity of mice, such as 2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane), induce a chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction which is rich in macrophages, B cells and peritoneal plasma cells known as oil granuloma. In addition, this inflammatory microenvironment provided by oil granulomas is also an important site of plasmacytoma induction, which are dependent on cytokine production and cellular mobilization. Here, we have analyzed the role of galectin-3 in inflammatory cells mobilization and organization after pristane injection characterizing granulomatous reaction through the formation of oil granulomas. Results In galectin-3 deficient mice (gal-3−/−), the mobilization of inflammatory cells, between peritoneal cavity and bone marrow, was responsible for the formation of disorganized oil granulomas, which presented scattered cells, large necrotic areas and low amounts of extracellular matrix. The production of inflammatory cytokines partially explained the distribution of cells through peritoneal cavity, since high levels of IL-6 in gal-3−/− mice led to drastically reduction of B1 cells. The previous pro-inflammatory status of these animals also explains the excess of cell death and disruption of oil granulomas architecture. Conclusions Our data indicate, for the first time, that the disruption in the inflammatory cells migration in the absence of galectin-3 is a crucial event in the formation and organization of oil granulomas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-015-0133-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Brand
- Laboratório de Proliferação e Diferenciação Celular, Programa de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Thayse Pinheiro da Costa
- Laboratório de Proliferação e Diferenciação Celular, Programa de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Emerson Soares Bernardes
- Centro de Radiofarmácia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas Nucleares (IPEN), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Camila Maria Longo Machado
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental-LIM24, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Investigação Médica Radioisótopos-LIM43, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Leonardo Rodrigues Andrade
- Laboratório de Biomineralização, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Roger Chammas
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Felipe Leite de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Proliferação e Diferenciação Celular, Programa de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Márcia Cury El-Cheikh
- Laboratório de Proliferação e Diferenciação Celular, Programa de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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Barbosa KVBD, Teixeira R, Bassetti-Soares E, de Souza AFM, Penido JMMO, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA. Phenotypic features of innate and adaptive immunity in patients with chronic hepatitis C and end-stage renal disease. Liver Int 2013; 33:1349-56. [PMID: 23692646 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The knowledge of the immunological profile of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on haemodialysis (HD) is still limited. AIMS This study investigated the immune response profile in HCV patients with concomitant ESRD focusing on the influence of the renal disease on the phenotypic profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes. METHODS Immunophenotypic features of peripheral blood leucocytes were assessed by flow cytometry in two distinct groups: HCV patients with ESRD (CHC+ESRD, n = 16) and HCV patients with normal renal function (CHC, n = 20). Two control groups that were included were as follows: HCV negative blood donors (BD, n = 15) and HCV negative patients with ESRD (ESRD, n = 19). RESULTS Higher frequency of macrophage-like and pro-inflammatory monocytes along with enhanced frequency of CD3(-) CD16(-) CD56(+) , mainly CD56(dim) NK-cells, were the hallmark of CHC+ESRD patients. Lower frequency of B cells with significant decreased of B1 and CD23(+) B-cells were associated with ESRD, regardless the HCV infection. Although higher rates of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were observed in the CHC and CHC+ESRD groups, the chemotaxis of T-cell subsets, based on their chemokine receptor expression, was affected by ESRD. CONCLUSIONS Chronic hepatitis C patients with ESRD on HD exhibit distinctive phenotypic profile of circulating leucocytes. It may be implicated in the natural history of HCV infection in this particular group of patients and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia V B D Barbosa
- Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Hospital Universitário - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Shimanovsky A, Jethava A, Dasanu CA. Immune alterations in malignant melanoma and current immunotherapy concepts. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:1413-27. [PMID: 23930800 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.827658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive, immunogenic tumor that has the ability to modulate the immune system to its own advantage. Patients with melanoma present numerous cellular immune defects and cytokine abnormalities, all leading to suppression of the host anti-tumor immune response. Innovative treatment strategies can be achieved through employing our knowledge of the melanoma-induced immune alterations. AREAS COVERED The authors review comprehensively the immune abnormalities in individuals with melanoma, and provide a summary of currently available melanoma immunotherapy agents that are currently on the market or undergoing clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the CTLA-4, is one of the current forefront treatment strategies in malignant melanoma. Novel immunomodulating agents have shown clear activity in patients with malignant melanoma. These include anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-1 ligand antibodies that may soon become important items in the anti-melanoma armamentarium. Combinations of different immunotherapy agents, between themselves or with other agents, are currently being studied in an attempt to further enhance the antineoplastic effect in patients with malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Shimanovsky
- University of Connecticut Health Science Center, Department of Medicine , Farmington, 21 Temple Street # 501, Hartford, CT 06103 , USA
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Domschke C, Schuetz F, Ge Y, Rom J, Zorn M, Sinn HP, Marmé F, Schott S, Heil J, Scharf A, Sohn C, Schneeweiss A, Beckhove P. Determination of paraneoplastic autoimmune responses by tumor cell biology and intratumoral IFN-alpha/IL-12 in breast cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:401-11. [PMID: 21161218 PMCID: PMC11029330 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of cancer types has been associated with paraneoplastic autoimmune disorders and with the induction of autoimmunity against several autoantigens, among them self-antigens that are also expressed by tumor cells. This raises the question of autoimmune disorders as a result of immune reactions to the tumor. To date, however, requirements for the generation of autoimmune reactions in cancer patients remain largely unclear. In this study, we characterized conditions in altogether 131 patients, which determine autoimmune responses in primary breast cancer patients. We used ex vivo IFN-γ EliSpot assays against autologous tumor or skin lysates to evaluate tumor- and auto-reactive T-cells (TCs) in the bone marrow (BM) as well as ELISA, ECLIA, and turbidimetric immunoassays for the detection of auto-reactive antibodies in the peripheral blood and compared results to intratumoral cytokine concentrations and pathobiological features of the primary tumor tissue. We here demonstrate a significant correlation between anti-tumor BMTC responses and cellular autoimmune reactivity in primary breast cancer patients (P = 0.002). Humoral autoimmune reactions, however, were negatively correlated with anti-tumor TC immunity (P = 0.039). We observed auto-reactive BMTCs especially in patients with well-differentiated, hormone receptor-positive carcinomas (P = 0.009). Furthermore, elevated concentrations of intratumoral IFN-α significantly correlated with the induction of cellular autoimmune reactivity (P = 0.0002), while humoral autoimmune reactions correlated with increased levels of intratumoral IL-12 (P = 0.04). Altogether, these data indicate a significant role of the tumor microenvironment and particularly that of IFN-α and IL-12 in the induction of systemic autoimmune responses and imply that the primary tumor tissue represents an integral site of autoimmune regulation in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Domschke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Voßstraße 9, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Xu Z, Duan B, Croker BP, Morel L. STAT4 deficiency reduces autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis in a mouse model of lupus. Clin Immunol 2006; 120:189-98. [PMID: 16713741 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine the respective role of the IL-12 and IL-4 pathways in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, we bred the Stat4 and Stat6 null alleles onto the lupus-prone mouse B6.TC, which is a congenic derivative of NZM2410. This model is characterized by abnormal splenocyte expansion, distribution and architecture, T cell activation, peripheral B cell development, production of anti-nuclear antibodies, and proliferative glomerulonephritis. STAT4 deficiency normalized the expression of each of these disease markers toward or to C57BL/6 levels. In contrast, STAT6 deficiency impacted splenocyte expansion and architecture, T cell activation, and anti-nuclear autoantibody production, but without any significant effect on B cell development or renal pathology. These results show that the IL-12/STAT4 pathway is involved in multiple disease-associated phenotypes in the B6.TC mouse. In contrast, the IL-4/STAT6 pathway regulates only a subset of disease markers that did not affect renal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601-0275, USA
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Matsushita T, Fujimoto M, Hasegawa M, Komura K, Takehara K, Tedder TF, Sato S. Inhibitory role of CD19 in the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by regulating cytokine response. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:812-21. [PMID: 16507897 PMCID: PMC1606513 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nerve system that is considered a T helper type 1 (Th1)-mediated autoimmune disease. EAE currently serves as an experimental animal model for multiple sclerosis in human. Cytokines, such as interferon-gamma and interleukin-10, play a key role in the development and remission of EAE. Recent studies have also shown a role for B cells in the pathogenesis of EAE. Therefore, we examined the role of CD19, a B cell-specific surface molecule that defines signaling thresholds critical for B-cell responses and autoimmunity, on the development of EAE. Following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, CD19-deficient (CD19(-/-)) mice exhibited higher clinical and pathological severity scores of EAE than wild-type mice. The increased severity of EAE in CD19(-/-) mice was associated with polarized Th1 cytokines in the inflamed central nerve system but not with anti-MOG antibodies in the serum. MOG-primed CD19(-/-) B cells produced high levels of interferon-gamma, and transfer of MOG-primed CD19(-/-) B cells to wild-type mice worsened the disease. Thus, CD19 modulates the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in B cells and plays a critical role as a suppressive molecule in the development of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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Langrish CL, McKenzie BS, Wilson NJ, de Waal Malefyt R, Kastelein RA, Cua DJ. IL-12 and IL-23: master regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev 2005; 202:96-105. [PMID: 15546388 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Initiation of an effective immune response requires close interactions between innate and adaptive immunity. Recent advances in the field of cytokine biology have led to an increased understanding of how myeloid cell-derived factors regulate the immune system to protect the host from infections and prevent tumor development. In this review, we focus on the function of interleukin (IL)-23, a new member of the IL-12 family of regulatory cytokines produced by activated macrophages and dendritic cells. We propose that IL-12 and IL-23 promote two distinct immunological pathways that have separate but complementary functions. IL-12 is required for antimicrobial responses to intracellular pathogens, whereas IL-23 is likely to be important for the recruitment and activation of a range of inflammatory cells that is required for the induction of chronic inflammation and granuloma formation. These two cytokines work in concert to regulate cellular immune responses critical for host defense and tumor suppression.
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Riggs JE, Howell KF, Taylor J, Mahjied T, Prokopenko N, Alvarez J, Coleman C. Mls presentation by peritoneal cavity B cells. Immunobiology 2005; 209:255-64. [PMID: 15518337 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DBA/2J spleen and peritoneal cells were compared for their ability to present the minor lymphocyte stimulatory superantigen Mls-1a. Although capable of Mls presentation in vivo, peritoneal cells were less effective than spleen cells in vitro. This difference was not due to cell concentration or culture duration. Flow cytometric comparison of spleen and peritoneal B cells revealed no significant differences in cell surface markers needed for cognate interaction with T cells. Resolution of peritoneal B cell subsets by cell sorting revealed that even though B-1 cells were capable of Mls presentation, they were less effective than B-2 cells. Mixing experiments showed that B-1 cells did not inhibit B-2 cell presentation of Mls. In contrast, total peritoneal cells inhibited T cell responses to Mls presented by spleen cells. The peritoneal cavity harbors B cells that can present Mls as well as other cells that can suppress this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Riggs
- Department of Biology, Rider University, 2083 Lawrenceville Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648-3099, USA.
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12
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Binder CJ, Hartvigsen K, Chang MK, Miller M, Broide D, Palinski W, Curtiss LK, Corr M, Witztum JL. IL-5 links adaptive and natural immunity specific for epitopes of oxidized LDL and protects from atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:427-37. [PMID: 15286809 PMCID: PMC484976 DOI: 10.1172/jci20479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During atherogenesis, LDL is oxidized, generating various oxidation-specific neoepitopes, such as malondialdehyde-modified (MDA-modified) LDL (MDA-LDL) or the phosphorylcholine (PC) headgroup of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs). These epitopes are recognized by both adaptive T cell-dependent (TD) and innate T cell-independent type 2 (TI-2) immune responses. We previously showed that immunization of mice with MDA-LDL induces a TD response and atheroprotection. In addition, a PC-based immunization strategy that leads to a TI-2 expansion of innate B-1 cells and secretion of T15/EO6 clonotype natural IgM antibodies, which bind the PC of OxPLs within oxidized LDL (OxLDL), also reduces atherogenesis. T15/EO6 antibodies inhibit OxLDL uptake by macrophages. We now report that immunization with MDA-LDL, which does not contain OxPL, unexpectedly led to the expansion of T15/EO6 antibodies. MDA-LDL immunization caused a preferential expansion of MDA-LDL-specific Th2 cells that prominently secreted IL-5. In turn, IL-5 provided noncognate stimulation to innate B-1 cells, leading to increased secretion of T15/EO6 IgM. Using a bone marrow transplant model, we also demonstrated that IL-5 deficiency led to decreased titers of T15/EO6 and accelerated atherosclerosis. Thus, IL-5 links adaptive and natural immunity specific to epitopes of OxLDL and protects from atherosclerosis, in part by stimulating the expansion of atheroprotective natural IgM specific for OxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Binder
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0682, USA
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13
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Binder CJ, Hartvigsen K, Chang MK, Miller M, Broide D, Palinski W, Curtiss LK, Corr M, Witztum JL. IL-5 links adaptive and natural immunity specific for epitopes of oxidized LDL and protects from atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200420479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Knoops L, Louahed J, Renauld JC. IL-9-Induced Expansion of B-1b Cells Restores Numbers but Not Function of B-1 Lymphocytes in xid Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6101-6. [PMID: 15128795 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mice expressing the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) mutation lack functional Bruton's tyrosine kinase and were shown to be specifically deficient in peritoneal B-1 lymphocytes. We have previously shown that IL-9, a cytokine produced by TH2 lymphocytes, promotes B-1 cell expansion in vivo. To determine whether IL-9 overexpression might compensate the xid mutation for B-1 lymphocyte development, we crossed xid mice with IL-9-transgenic mice. In this model, IL-9 restored normal numbers of mature peritoneal B-1 cells that all belonged to the CD5(-) B-1b subset. Despite this normal B-1 lymphocyte number, IL-9 failed to restore classical functions of B-1 cells, namely, the production of natural IgM Abs, the T15 Id Ab response to phosphorylcholine immunization, and the antipolysaccharide humoral response against Streptococcus pneumoniae. By using bromelain-treated RBC, we showed that the antigenic repertoire of these IL-9-induced B-1b lymphocytes was different from the repertoire of classical CD5(+) B-1a cells, indicating that the lack of B-1 function by B-1b cells is associated with distinct Ag specificities. Taken together, our data show that B-1b cell development can restore the peritoneal B-1 population in xid mice but that these B-1b cells are functionally distinct from CD5(+) B-1a lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Knoops
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Experimental Medicine Unit, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Elphick GF, Wieseler-Frank J, Greenwood BN, Campisi J, Fleshner M. B-1 cell (CD5+/CD11b+) numbers and nIgM levels are elevated in physically active vs. sedentary rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95:199-206. [PMID: 12651863 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01054.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitual, moderate exercise is associated with improved health, including reductions in illness. These benefits may stem, in part, from immune function improvements. We have previously reported that daily wheel running increases serum and peritoneal natural IgM (nIgM) in pathogen-free Sprague-Dawely rats. B-1 cells, which primarily reside in the peritoneal cavity, produce nIgM in the absence of antigen stimulation. This study examined whether physical activity would also increase B-1 cell numbers in the peritoneal cavity, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. Male, pathogen-free Fischer 344 rats were sedentary (standard cages) or physically active (running wheel access) for 6-7 wk. Peritoneal cavity, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen cells were taken, and the number of CD5+/CD11b+ (B-1) cells were measured by using two-color flow cytometry. The results were that physically active animals had increased numbers of CD5+/CD11b+ cells in the peritoneal cavity. In addition, physically active animals had increased serum and peritoneal nIgM, thus replicating our previous observations. These results indicate that voluntary running selectively increases the B-1 cell population, which is most likely responsible for the elevated serum and peritoneal nIgM in active rats. Because B-1 cells are important in host defense, these changes may contribute to the health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn F Elphick
- Department of Intergrative Phsiololgy, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
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16
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Elphick GF, Greenwood BN, Campisi J, Fleshner M. Increased serum nIgM in voluntarily physically active rats: a potential role for B-1 cells. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94:660-7. [PMID: 12391051 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00547.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate, habitual physical activity improves health, possibly because of beneficial changes in immune function. For example, physical activity can increase natural killer cell cytotoxicity, T cell proliferation, and macrophage function but has minimal impact on antigen-driven B-2-mediated immunoglobulin (Ig) responses. The following studies tested whether physical activity selectively impacts nonantigen-driven B-1-natural IgM (nIgM) but not antigen-driven B-2 Ig. Adult male, pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats in a barrier facility voluntarily ran in wheels from 7 to 56 days or were housed in an enriched environment for 56 days. Rats received either no antigen or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) to assess the B-2 response. Blood samples assessed serum nIgM, total IgG, total serum protein, anti-KLH IgM, and anti-KLH IgG. Physically active rats had higher serum nIgM after 7 days of running, and nIgM remained elevated over 56 days of running. In contrast, free-wheel running produced no changes in total IgG, total serum protein, anti-KLH IgM, and anti-KLH IgG. Environmental enrichment did not alter immune measures from controls. These results suggest that B-1, not B-2, cell responses are selectively impacted by physical activity. Because nIgM is important in multiple aspects of the immune response, an elevation in this innate humoral component could contribute to improved immunity in physically active organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn F Elphick
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0354, USA
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17
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Richards HB, Reap EA, Shaw M, Satoh M, Yoshida H, Reeves WH. B cell subsets in pristane-induced autoimmunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 252:201-7. [PMID: 11125477 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57284-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H B Richards
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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18
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Airoldi I, Gri G, Marshall JD, Corcione A, Facchetti P, Guglielmino R, Trinchieri G, Pistoia V. Expression and function of IL-12 and IL-18 receptors on human tonsillar B cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:6880-8. [PMID: 11120812 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.6880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 activates murine and human B cells, but little information is available as to the expression and function of IL-12R on human B lymphocytes. Here we show that the latter cells, freshly isolated from human tonsils, expressed the transcripts of both beta1 and beta2 chains of IL-12R and that beta2 chain mRNA was selectively increased (4- to 5-fold) by incubation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I bacteria or IL-12. B cell stimulation with IL-12 induced de novo expression of the transcripts of the two chains of IL-18R, i.e., IL-1 receptor-related protein and accessory protein-like. Functional studies showed that both IL-12 and IL-18 signaled to B cells through the NF-kappaB pathway. In the case of IL-12, no involvement of STAT transcription factors, and in particular of STAT-4, was detected. c-rel and p50 were identified as the members of NF-kappaB family involved in IL-12-mediated signal transduction to B cells. IL-12 and IL-18 synergized in the induction of IFN-gamma production by tonsillar B cells, but not in the stimulation of B cell differentiation, although either cytokine promoted IgM secretion in culture supernatants. Finally, naive but not germinal center or memory, tonsillar B cells were identified as the exclusive IL-12 targets in terms of induction of NF-kappaB activation and of IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Airoldi
- Laboratory of Oncology, G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.
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19
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20
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Buchanan RM, Arulanandam BP, Metzger DW. IL-12 Enhances Antibody Responses to T-Independent Polysaccharide Vaccines in the Absence of T and NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.10.5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Polysaccharide vaccines to encapsulated bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are weakly immunogenic due to their T-independent (TI) nature. Even when converted to T-dependent forms through conjugation to foreign proteins, polysaccharides induce responses that are deficient in many respects, such as induction of murine IgG2a Ab, the isotype that mediates optimal complement fixation and opsonization. We now show that IL-12 treatment of mice induces significantly increased levels of IgG2a Ab to the model TI-2 Ag, DNP-Ficoll, and to vaccines composed of polysaccharides from pneumococci and meningococci. Use of immunodeficient mice lacking T cells and/or NK cells demonstrated that such cells were not responsible for the observed Ab enhancement. Furthermore, the use of IFN-γ knockout mice showed that stimulation of TI-2 Ab responses by IL-12 was only partially dependent on IFN-γ. The ability of IL-12 to dramatically enhance TI Ab responses suggests that IL-12 will be useful as a powerful vaccine adjuvant to induce protective immune responses against encapsulated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M. Buchanan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614
| | | | - Dennis W. Metzger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trinchieri
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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22
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Tocce K, Masters G, Rago C, Prior L, Suppiah K, Glysing-Jensen T, Leary S, Riggs J. Increased serum IgG1 levels and reduced numbers of B-1 B cells in DBA/2J mice. Immunology 1998; 94:403-9. [PMID: 9767424 PMCID: PMC1364260 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell heterogeneity studies have historically focused upon BALB/c mice and their derivatives. In contrast, the B cells of DBA/2J mice, a prototype strain for the study of the endogenous minor lymphocyte stimulatory (Mls) viral superantigen Mls-1a, have not been extensively investigated. DBA/2J B cells, by functioning as Mls-1a antigen-presenting cells, influence their own differentiation and diversity by inducing the proliferation and differentiation of specific CD4 T-cell subsets. In this report, the B cells of DBA/2J and BALB/c mice were compared for their ability to restore B-cell function in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) recipients. Although spleen and bone marrow cells from these strains exhibited similar restoration of serum IgM production, the transfer of DBA/2J B cells into SCID mice led to greater IgG1 production. The peritoneal cells of DBA/2J mice consisted of a lower percentage of B-1 B cells and were less capable of restoring B-cell function after transfer into SCID recipients. These differences are discussed with respect to the possible role of viral superantigens in influencing B-lymphocyte diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tocce
- Department of Biology, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648-3099, USA
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23
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Donckier V, Flamand V, Desalle F, Vanderhaeghen ML, de Veerman M, Thielemans K, Abramowicz D, Goldman M. IL-12 prevents neonatal induction of transplantation tolerance in mice. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:1426-30. [PMID: 9565383 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199804)28:04<1426::aid-immu1426>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of IL-12 on the induction of transplantation tolerance by neonatal injection of allogenic cells. We first observed that injection of newborn BALB/c mice with IL-12 and (A/J x BALB/c)F1 spleen cells prevented the Th2 alloimmune response induced by neonatal inoculation of F1 cells alone and allowed the differentiation of T cells secreting high amounts of IL-2 and IFN-gamma in mixed lymphocyte cultures with donor-type stimulators. Furthermore, IL-12 administration resulted in the emergence of anti-donor cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses although at lower levels than in control uninjected mice. In parallel, we found that mice injected at birth with IL-12 and F1 cells did not develop chimerism and were able to reject a donor-type skin graft as efficiently as control mice. We conclude that IL-12 inhibits the Th2 polarization of the newborn response to alloantigens and prevents thereby the establishment of transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Donckier
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Université Libre des Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a cytokine composed of two chains, a heavy chain or p40, and a light chain or p35, forming a disulfite-linked heterodimer, or p70. IL-12 was originally discovered as a product of human B lymphoblastoid cell lines; however, the most important physiological producers of IL-12 in vitro are phagocytic cells and antigen-presenting cells rather than B cells. The major target cells of IL-12 action are natural killer and T cells, on which IL-12 induce: (1) production of cytokine, particularly interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma); (2) proliferation, in synergy with other mitogenic or costimulatory signals; (3) enhancement of cytotoxic activity. In addition, IL-12 has been described to have stimulatory effects on hematopoietic precursor cells and on B lymphocytes. In vivo, IL-12 is produced very early during infections or immune response, and exerts important proinflammatory functions and enhancement of innate resistance by activating natural killer cells and, through IFN-gamma induction, phagocytic cells. The IL-12 produced during this inflammatory phase, both by direct action and, indirectly, by determining the composition of the cytokine milieu at the site of the murine response, induces differentiation of T helper type 1 (Th1) cells while inhibiting the generation of Th2 cells. Thus, because of its double function of a proinflammatory cytokine and an immunoregulatory factor, IL-12 plays a key role in the resistance to infections, particularly those mediated by bacteria or intracellular parasites, against which phagocytic cell activation and Th1-mediated responses are particularly effective. However, because of the same activities, IL-12 also plays a role in pathological situations, such as septic shock, tissue damage during inflammation and organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
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25
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Metzger DW, McNutt RM, Collins JT, Buchanan JM, Van Cleave VH, Dunnick WA. Interleukin-12 acts as an adjuvant for humoral immunity through interferon-gamma-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:1958-65. [PMID: 9295032 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a pivotal cytokine that has dramatic effects on cell-mediated immunity. It is now becoming increasingly recognized that IL-12 also strongly controls humoral immunity. We have investigated the mechanism by which IL-12 induces alterations in antibody isotype expression by determining the influence of IL-12 on in vitro immunoglobulin (Ig) production in polyclonally activated murine spleen cell cultures. Cells exposed to IL-12 plus lipopolysaccharide or anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody showed dramatically elevated IgG2a and suppressed IgG1 production compared to cells cultured in the absence of IL-12. IL-12 treatment of spleen cell cultures induced expression of gamma2a germ-line transcripts, consistent with initiation of switch recombination to IgG2a. In addition, exposure of limiting dilution cultures to IL-12 increased IgG2a+ cell precursor frequency. All of the above results were dependent on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). However, in the absence of IFN-gamma, IL-12 still had significant effects on Ig secretion. Specifically, IL-12 enhanced IgG1 and IgG2b anti-DNP antibody levels in mice containing specific disruptions in the IFN-gamma gene. Our results suggest that IL-12 induces T helper type 1 and natural killer cells to secrete large amounts of IFN-gamma which then causes B cells to switch to IgG2a and IgG3 production. In addition, IL-12 has direct or indirect effects on B cells that are independent of IFN-gamma. The IFN-gamma-independent effects may include enhancement of Ig expression by post-switched cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Metzger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008, USA.
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26
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Gahéry-Ségard H, Juillard V, Gaston J, Lengagne R, Pavirani A, Boulanger P, Guillet JG. Humoral immune response to the capsid components of recombinant adenoviruses: routes of immunization modulate virus-induced Ig subclass shifts. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:653-9. [PMID: 9079805 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examines in detail the capsid-specific humoral immune response of BALB/c mice after one single injection of a replication-defective adenovirus. Two routes of immunization, intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.), were compared for the response induced against the adenovirus particle and the three major components of the viral capsid, hexon, penton base, and fiber. A single immunization with the replication-defective adenovirus induces a long and persistent humoral response specific for the virus. However, the molecular components of the viral capsid are differentially recognized depending on the route of immunization. The sera from mice immunized i.p. recognized only the hexon protein and a preferential switch to the IgG2a subclass was obtained which remained stable 100 days post-immunization. The sera obtained from mice immunized i.v. gave a more complex response. At the beginning of the response, an isotype bias toward the IgG2a subclass was observed, but the isotype distribution changed during the whole period of the response. Neutralizing activity was maximum 45 days after immunization by both routes, and no activity was detectable after 3 months. However, the i.v. serum displayed a higher neutralizing activity than the i.p. serum. The IgM antiviral antibodies appeared to be an important component of the neutralizing activity, and the two routes of immunization do not induce the same IgG isotypes to neutralize viral infectivity. Extension of these findings to human gene therapy using recombinant adenoviruses may help to characterize the precise viral protein targets of neutralizing antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Blotting, Western
- Capsid/immunology
- Capsid Proteins
- Cells, Cultured
- Defective Viruses/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Time Factors
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Structural Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gahéry-Ségard
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Pathologies Infectieuses et Tumorales, INSERM Unité 445, Université R. Descartes, Paris, France.
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27
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Velupillai P, Sypek J, Harn DA. Interleukin-12 and -10 and gamma interferon regulate polyclonal and ligand-specific expansion of murine B-1 cells. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4557-60. [PMID: 8890206 PMCID: PMC174412 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.11.4557-4560.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells (CD5+ B220+) are a self-replenishing lineage of B cells which are autoreactive and capable of producing large amounts of interleukin-10 (IL-10). In mice experimentally infected with the human helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni, expansion of B-1 cells is seen in the peritoneal cavity just prior to egg laying. In naive mice, B-1 cell expansion can be elicited by intraperitoneal injection of saline soluble egg antigens (SEA) or the polylactosamine sugar lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFPIII), which contains the Lewis-X trisaccharide. In this study, we demonstrate that LNFPIII is the major stimulus in SEA responsible for expansion of B-1 cells, since SEA-induced B-1 outgrowth is blocked by multiple injections of non-cross-linked free LNFPIII. IL-10 is an autocrine growth factor for B-1 cells, and we show that B-1 outgrowth after SEA and LNFPIII administration is inhibited by injection of anti-IL-10 antibodies. Furthermore, SEA- and LNFPIII-induced expansion of B-1 cells is inhibited by in vivo administration of recombinant murine IL-12 or recombinant gamma interferon. These data suggest that activation and expansion of IL-10-producing B-1 cells are governed via cross-regulatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Velupillai
- Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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