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Justiz-Vaillant AA, Gopaul D, Akpaka PE, Soodeen S, Arozarena Fundora R. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency-Classification, Microbiology Association and Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1589. [PMID: 37375091 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a primary inherited immunodeficiency disease that presents before the age of three months and can be fatal. It is usually due to opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa resulting in a decrease in number and impairment in the function of T and B cells. Autosomal, X-linked, and sporadic forms exist. Evidence of recurrent opportunistic infections and lymphopenia very early in life should prompt immunological investigation and suspicion of this rare disorder. Adequate stem cell transplantation is the treatment of choice. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive approach to the microorganisms associated with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and its management. We describe SCID as a syndrome and summarize the different microorganisms that affect children and how they can be investigated and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel A Justiz-Vaillant
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Darren Gopaul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Port of Spain General Hospital, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Patrick Eberechi Akpaka
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champs Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sachin Soodeen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Rodolfo Arozarena Fundora
- Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champs Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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2
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Vistain L, Van Phan H, Keisham B, Jordi C, Chen M, Reddy ST, Tay S. Quantification of extracellular proteins, protein complexes and mRNAs in single cells by proximity sequencing. Nat Methods 2022; 19:1578-1589. [PMID: 36456784 PMCID: PMC11289786 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We present proximity sequencing (Prox-seq) for simultaneous measurement of proteins, protein complexes and mRNAs in thousands of single cells. Prox-seq combines proximity ligation assay with single-cell sequencing to measure proteins and their complexes from all pairwise combinations of targeted proteins, providing quadratically scaled multiplexing. We validate Prox-seq and analyze a mixture of T cells and B cells to show that it accurately identifies these cell types and detects well-known protein complexes. Next, by studying human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we discover that naïve CD8+ T cells display the protein complex CD8-CD9. Finally, we study protein interactions during Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in human macrophages. We observe the formation of signal-specific protein complexes, find CD36 co-receptor activity and additive signal integration under lipopolysaccharide (TLR4) and Pam2CSK4 (TLR2) stimulation, and show that quantification of protein complexes identifies signaling inputs received by macrophages. Prox-seq provides access to an untapped measurement modality for single-cell phenotyping and can discover uncharacterized protein interactions in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Vistain
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hoang Van Phan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bijentimala Keisham
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian Jordi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Savaş Tay
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Rushdi MN, Pan V, Li K, Choi HK, Travaglino S, Hong J, Griffitts F, Agnihotri P, Mariuzza RA, Ke Y, Zhu C. Cooperative binding of T cell receptor and CD4 to peptide-MHC enhances antigen sensitivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7055. [PMID: 36396644 PMCID: PMC9671906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) of CD4+ T cells can be greatly enhanced by the coreceptor CD4. Yet, understanding of the molecular mechanism is hindered by the ultra-low affinity of CD4 binding to class-II peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC). Here we show, using two-dimensional (2D) mechanical-based assays, that the affinity of CD4-pMHC interaction is 3-4 logs lower than that of cognate TCR-pMHC interactions, and it is more susceptible to increased dissociation by forces (slip bond). In contrast, CD4 binds TCR-pre-bound pMHC at 3-6 logs higher affinity, forming TCR-pMHC-CD4 tri-molecular bonds that are prolonged by force (catch bond), and modulated by protein mobility on the cell membrane, indicating profound TCR-CD4 cooperativity. Consistent with a tri-crystal structure, using DNA origami as a molecular ruler to titrate spacing between TCR and CD4 we show that 7-nm proximity optimizes TCR-pMHC-CD4 tri-molecular bond formation with pMHC. Our results thus provide deep mechanistic insight into CD4 enhancement of TCR antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muaz Nik Rushdi
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.419673.e0000 0000 9545 2456Present Address: Medtronic CO., Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Victor Pan
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.510306.10000 0004 5907 6472Present Address: Intellia Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Kaitao Li
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Hyun-Kyu Choi
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Stefano Travaglino
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jinsung Hong
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.417587.80000 0001 2243 3366Present Address: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Fletcher Griffitts
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Pragati Agnihotri
- grid.440664.40000 0001 0313 4029W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA ,grid.281126.e0000 0004 0612 4549Present Address: Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Roy A. Mariuzza
- grid.440664.40000 0001 0313 4029W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Yonggang Ke
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Medical Scientist Training Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
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4
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Gangopadhyay K, Roy S, Sen Gupta S, Chandradasan A, Chowdhury S, Das R. Regulating the discriminatory response to antigen by T-cell receptor. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20212012. [PMID: 35260878 PMCID: PMC8965820 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-mediated immune response constitutes a robust host defense mechanism to eliminate pathogens and oncogenic cells. T cells play a central role in such a defense mechanism and creating memories to prevent any potential infection. T cell recognizes foreign antigen by its surface receptors when presented through antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and calibrates its cellular response by a network of intracellular signaling events. Activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) leads to changes in gene expression and metabolic networks regulating cell development, proliferation, and migration. TCR does not possess any catalytic activity, and the signaling initiates with the colocalization of several enzymes and scaffold proteins. Deregulation of T cell signaling is often linked to autoimmune disorders like severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The TCR remarkably distinguishes the minor difference between self and non-self antigen through a kinetic proofreading mechanism. The output of TCR signaling is determined by the half-life of the receptor antigen complex and the time taken to recruit and activate the downstream enzymes. A longer half-life of a non-self antigen receptor complex could initiate downstream signaling by activating associated enzymes. Whereas, the short-lived, self-peptide receptor complex disassembles before the downstream enzymes are activated. Activation of TCR rewires the cellular metabolic response to aerobic glycolysis from oxidative phosphorylation. How does the early event in the TCR signaling cross-talk with the cellular metabolism is an open question. In this review, we have discussed the recent developments in understanding the regulation of TCR signaling, and then we reviewed the emerging role of metabolism in regulating T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Gangopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Soumee Sen Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Athira C. Chandradasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
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5
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PD-1 suppresses TCR-CD8 cooperativity during T-cell antigen recognition. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2746. [PMID: 33980853 PMCID: PMC8115078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical success of blocking its interactions, how PD-1 inhibits T-cell activation is incompletely understood, as exemplified by its potency far exceeding what might be predicted from its affinity for PD-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1). This may be partially attributed to PD-1's targeting the proximal signaling of the T-cell receptor (TCR) and co-stimulatory receptor CD28 via activating Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatases (SHPs). Here, we report PD-1 signaling regulates the initial TCR antigen recognition manifested in a smaller spreading area, fewer molecular bonds formed, and shorter bond lifetime of T cell interaction with peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) in the presence than absence of PD-L1 in a manner dependent on SHPs and Leukocyte C-terminal Src kinase. Our results identify a PD-1 inhibitory mechanism that disrupts the cooperative TCR-pMHC-CD8 trimolecular interaction, which prevents CD8 from augmenting antigen recognition, explaining PD-1's potent inhibitory function and its value as a target for clinical intervention.
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6
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Hong J, Ge C, Jothikumar P, Yuan Z, Liu B, Bai K, Li K, Rittase W, Shinzawa M, Zhang Y, Palin A, Love P, Yu X, Salaita K, Evavold BD, Singer A, Zhu C. A TCR mechanotransduction signaling loop induces negative selection in the thymus. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1379-1390. [PMID: 30420628 PMCID: PMC6452639 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expressed on thymocytes interacts with self-peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands to signal apoptosis or survival. Here, we found that negative-selection ligands induced thymocytes to exert forces on the TCR and the co-receptor CD8 and formed cooperative TCR-pMHC-CD8 trimolecular 'catch bonds', whereas positive-selection ligands induced less sustained thymocyte forces on TCR and CD8 and formed shorter-lived, independent TCR-pMHC and pMHC-CD8 bimolecular 'slip bonds'. Catch bonds were not intrinsic to either the TCR-pMHC or the pMHC-CD8 arm of the trans (cross-junctional) heterodimer but resulted from coupling of the extracellular pMHC-CD8 interaction to the intracellular interaction of CD8 with TCR-CD3 via associated kinases to form a cis (lateral) heterodimer capable of inside-out signaling. We suggest that the coupled trans-cis heterodimeric interactions form a mechanotransduction loop that reinforces negative-selection signaling that is distinct from positive-selection signaling in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Hong
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chenghao Ge
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Prithiviraj Jothikumar
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhou Yuan
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Baoyu Liu
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ke Bai
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaitao Li
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William Rittase
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miho Shinzawa
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Palin
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environment Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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7
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A High-Capacity Scintillation Proximity Assay for the Discovery and Evaluation of ZAP-70 Tandem SH2 Domain Antagonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108705719800300208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A scintillation proximity assay (SPA) is described, which quantitates the ability of compounds to inhibit the binding interaction of a select phosphopeptide with the tandem SH2 domains of the ZAP-70 protein tyrosine kinase. The method is based on the ability of a truncated ZAP-70 tandem SH2 domain-derived peptide to bind an125I-labeled, diphosphorylated peptide corresponding to the human T-cell receptor ζ-1 immunoglobulin receptor family tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). ZAP-70 tandem SH2 domain peptide was biotinylated and bound to streptavidin-coated SPA beads.125I-labeled ζ-1 ITAM ([125I]-ζ-1 ITAM) bound to immobilized ZAP-70 tandem SH2 domain peptide in a saturable, time- and peptide concentration-dependent fashion. Unlabeled diphosphorylated ζ-1 ITAM competed binding with an ICso value equal to approximately 10-15 nM. Binding of ζ-1 ITAM to the ZAP-70 tandem SH2 domain was dependent on the cooperative interaction of the dual phosphotyrosine residues. Unlabeled monotyrosyl-phosphorylated peptides failed to compete with [125I]-ζ-1 ITAM binding to ZAP-70 SH2 domain. Also, labeled monotyrosyl-phosphorylated peptides failed to associate with the ZAP-70 SH2 domain in direct binding studies. Association and dissociation binding kinetics were determined to be extremely rapid at room temperature, reaching equilibrium within 5 min. The Kdfor [125I]-ζ-1 ITAM binding to ZAP-70 tandem SH2 domain peptide was determined by Scatchard analysis to be 1.5-2 nM. The SPA assay was adapted for automated, high-capacity screening, which allowed evaluation of 23,040 small molecular weight compounds per day. The assay is useful for both drug discovery and as a research tool for the study of binding interactions between signal-transducing molecules critical for T-cell activation.
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8
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Ligand-engaged TCR is triggered by Lck not associated with CD8 coreceptor. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5624. [PMID: 25427562 PMCID: PMC4248239 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest molecular events in T cell recognition have not yet been fully described, and the initial T cell receptor (TCR) triggering mechanism remains a subject of controversy. Here, using TIRF/FRET microscopy, we observe a two-stage interaction between TCR, CD8, and MHCp. There is an early (within seconds) interaction between CD3ζ and the coreceptor CD8 that is independent of the binding of CD8 to MHC, but that requires CD8 association with Lck. Later (several minutes) CD3ζ-CD8 interactions require CD8-MHC binding. Lck can be found free or bound to the coreceptor. This work indicates that the initial TCR triggering event is induced by free Lck.
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9
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Functional avidity: a measure to predict the efficacy of effector T cells? Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:153863. [PMID: 23227083 PMCID: PMC3511839 DOI: 10.1155/2012/153863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The functional avidity is determined by exposing T-cell populations in vitro to different amounts of cognate antigen. T-cells with high functional avidity respond to low antigen doses. This in vitro measure is thought to correlate well with the in vivo effector capacity of T-cells. We here present the multifaceted factors determining and influencing the functional avidity of T-cells. We outline how changes in the functional avidity can occur over the course of an infection. This process, known as avidity maturation, can occur despite the fact that T-cells express a fixed TCR. Furthermore, examples are provided illustrating the importance of generating T-cell populations that exhibit a high functional avidity when responding to an infection or tumors. Furthermore, we discuss whether criteria based on which we evaluate an effective T-cell response to acute infections can also be applied to chronic infections such as HIV. Finally, we also focus on observations that high-avidity T-cells show higher signs of exhaustion and facilitate the emergence of virus escape variants. The review summarizes our current understanding of how this may occur as well as how T-cells of different functional avidity contribute to antiviral and anti-tumor immunity. Enhancing our knowledge in this field is relevant for tumor immunotherapy and vaccines design.
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10
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Zarnitsyna V, Zhu C. T cell triggering: insights from 2D kinetics analysis of molecular interactions. Phys Biol 2012; 9:045005. [PMID: 22871794 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/4/045005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with pathogen-derived peptide presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecule is central to adaptive immunity as it initiates intracellular signaling to trigger T cell response to infection. Kinetic parameters of this interaction have been under intensive investigation for more than two decades using soluble pMHCs and/or TCRs with at least one of them in the solution (three-dimensional (3D) methods). Recently, several techniques have been developed to enable kinetic analysis on live T cells with pMHCs presented by surrogate antigen presenting cells (APCs) or supported planar lipid bilayers (two-dimensional (2D) methods). Comparison of 2D versus 3D parameters reveals drastic differences with broader ranges of 2D affinities and on-rates and orders of magnitude faster 2D off-rates for functionally distinct pMHCs. Here we review new 2D data and discuss how it may impact previously developed models of T cell discrimination between pMHCs of different potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zarnitsyna
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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11
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Gascoigne NRJ, Casas J, Brzostek J, Rybakin V. Initiation of TCR phosphorylation and signal transduction. Front Immunol 2011; 2:72. [PMID: 22566861 PMCID: PMC3342367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data with CD8+ T cells show that the initial phase of T cell receptor (TCR) binding to MHC–peptide (MHCp) is quickly followed by a second, stronger, binding phase representing the binding of CD8 to the MHCp. This second phase requires signaling by a Src-family kinase such as Lck. These data point out two aspects of the initial stage of TCR signaling that have not yet been clearly resolved. Firstly, how and by which Src-family kinase, is the initial phosphorylation of CD3ζ accomplished, given that the Lck associated with the co-receptors (CD4 or CD8) is not yet available. Secondly, what is the mechanism by which the co-receptor is brought close to the bound TCR before the co-receptor binds to MHCp?
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA.
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12
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Laugel B, Cole DK, Clement M, Wooldridge L, Price DA, Sewell AK. The multiple roles of the CD8 coreceptor in T cell biology: opportunities for the selective modulation of self-reactive cytotoxic T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:1089-99. [PMID: 21954283 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0611316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Short peptide fragments generated by intracellular protein cleavage are presented on the surface of most nucleated cells bound to highly polymorphic MHCI molecules. These pMHCI complexes constitute an interface that allows the immune system to identify and eradicate anomalous cells, such as those that harbor infectious agents, through the activation of CTLs. Molecular recognition of pMHCI complexes is mediated primarily by clonally distributed TCRs expressed on the surface of CTLs. The coreceptor CD8 contributes to this antigen-recognition process by binding to a largely invariant region of the MHCI molecule and by promoting intracellular signaling, the effects of which serve to enhance TCR stimuli triggered by cognate ligands. Recent investigations have shed light on the role of CD8 in the activation of MHCI-restricted, antigen-experienced T cells and in the processes of T cell selection and lineage commitment in the thymus. Here, we review these data and discuss their implications for the development of potential therapeutic strategies that selectively target pathogenic CTL responses erroneously directed against self-derived antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Laugel
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN Wales, UK.
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13
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Jiang N, Huang J, Edwards LJ, Liu B, Zhang Y, Beal CD, Evavold BD, Zhu C. Two-stage cooperative T cell receptor-peptide major histocompatibility complex-CD8 trimolecular interactions amplify antigen discrimination. Immunity 2011; 34:13-23. [PMID: 21256056 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) and CD8 bind peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) glycoproteins to initiate adaptive immune responses, yet the trimolecular binding kinetics at the T cell membrane is unknown. By using a micropipette adhesion frequency assay, we show that this kinetics has two stages. The first consists of TCR-dominant binding to agonist pMHC. This triggers a second stage consisting of a step increase in adhesion after a one second delay. The second-stage binding requires Src family kinase activity to initiate CD8 binding to the same pMHC engaged by the TCR. This induced trimeric-cooperative interaction enhances adhesion synergistically to favor potent ligands, which further amplifies discrimination. Our data reveal a TCR-CD8 positive-feedback loop involved in initial signaling steps that is sensitive to a single pMHC is rapid, reversible, synergistic, and peptide discriminative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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14
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Dushek O, Das R, Coombs D. A role for rebinding in rapid and reliable T cell responses to antigen. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000578. [PMID: 19956745 PMCID: PMC2775163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental work has shown that T cells of the immune system rapidly and specifically respond to antigenic molecules presented on the surface of antigen-presenting-cells and are able to discriminate between potential stimuli based on the kinetic parameters of the T cell receptor-antigen bond. These antigenic molecules are presented among thousands of chemically similar endogenous peptides, raising the question of how T cells can reliably make a decision to respond to certain antigens but not others within minutes of encountering an antigen presenting cell. In this theoretical study, we investigate the role of localized rebinding between a T cell receptor and an antigen. We show that by allowing the signaling state of individual receptors to persist during brief unbinding events, T cells are able to discriminate antigens based on both their unbinding and rebinding rates. We demonstrate that T cell receptor coreceptors, but not receptor clustering, are important in promoting localized rebinding, and show that requiring rebinding for productive signaling reduces signals from a high concentration of endogenous pMHC. In developing our main results, we use a relatively simple model based on kinetic proofreading. However, we additionally show that all our results are recapitulated when we use a detailed T cell receptor signaling model. We discuss our results in the context of existing models and recent experimental work and propose new experiments to test our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Dushek
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Raibatak Das
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Gibbings D, Befus AD. CD4 and CD8: an inside-out coreceptor model for innate immune cells. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:251-9. [PMID: 19401396 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 and CD4 are expressed by several cell types that do not express TCR. These include DCs, macrophages, monocytes, and NK cells. CD8(+) monocytes and macrophages are abundant at the site of pathology in many rat disease models, particularly those involving immune complex-mediated pathology. Indeed, in some disease models, CD8(+) macrophages correlate with severity of pathology or directly cause pathology or tumor cell killing. Evidence suggests CD8 or CD4 can enhance FcgammaR-dependent responses of human monocytes. Building on data that key components of TCR and FcgammaR signaling can substitute one another efficiently, we postulate that CD4 and CD8 operate with FcgammaR and potentially other receptors to enhance responses of T cells and various innate immune cells. Our model suggests CD8 on myeloid cells may contribute directly to tumor killing and tissue pathology by enhancing FcgammaR responses. Moreover, the model suggests a role for CD8 in cross-presentation of antibody-associated antigen by DCs and a new mechanism to regulate TCR sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Gibbings
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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16
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Gil D, Schrum AG, Daniels MA, Palmer E. A role for CD8 in the developmental tuning of antigen recognition and CD3 conformational change. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3900-9. [PMID: 18322198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR engagement by peptide-MHC class I (pMHC) ligands induces a conformational change (Deltac) in CD3 (CD3Deltac) that contributes to T cell signaling. We found that when this interaction took place between primary T lineage cells and APCs, the CD8 coreceptor was required to generate CD3Deltac. Interestingly, neither enhancement of Ag binding strength nor Src kinase signaling explained this coreceptor activity. Furthermore, Ag-induced CD3Deltac was developmentally attenuated by the increase in sialylation that accompanies T cell maturation and limits CD8 activity. Thus, both weak and strong ligands induced CD3Deltac in preselection thymocytes, but only strong ligands were effective in mature T cells. We propose that CD8 participation in the TCR/pMHC interaction can physically regulate CD3Deltac induction by "translating" productive Ag encounter from the TCR to the CD3 complex. This suggests one mechanism by which the developmentally regulated variation in CD8 sialylation may contribute to the developmental tuning of T cell sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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17
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Analysis of serial engagement and peptide-MHC transport in T cell receptor microclusters. Biophys J 2008; 94:3447-60. [PMID: 18227132 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In experiments where T cells interact with antigen-presenting-cells or supported bilayers bearing specific peptide-major-histocompatibility-complex (pMHC) molecules, T cell receptors (TCR) have been shown to form stable micrometer-scale clusters that travel from the periphery to the center of the contact region. pMHC molecules bind TCR on the opposing surface but the pMHC-TCR bond is weak and therefore pMHC can be expected to serially bind and unbind from TCR within the contact region. Using a novel mathematical analysis, we examine serial engagement of mobile clustered TCR by a single pMHC molecule. We determine the time a pMHC can be expected to remain within a TCR cluster. This also allows us to estimate the number of clustered TCR that are serially bound, and the distance a pMHC is transported by the clustered TCR. We find that TCR-pMHC binding alone does not allow substantial serial engagement of TCR and that the pMHC molecules are usually not transported to the center of the contact region by a single TCR cluster. We show that the presence of TCR coreceptors such as CD4 and CD8, or pMHC dimerization on the antigen-presenting cells, can substantially increase serial engagement and directed transport of pMHC. Finally, we analyze the effects of multiple TCR microclusters, showing that the size of individual clusters only weakly affects our prediction of TCR serial engagement by pMHC. Throughout, we draw parameter estimates from published data.
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18
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Belyakov IM, Kozlowski S, Mage M, Ahlers JD, Boyd LF, Margulies DH, Berzofsky JA. Role of alpha3 domain of class I MHC molecules in the activation of high- and low-avidity CD8+ CTLs. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1413-20. [PMID: 17981793 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 can serve as a co-receptor or accessory molecule on the surface of CTL. As a co-receptor, CD8 can bind to the alpha3 domain of the same MHC class I molecules as the TCR to facilitate TCR signaling. To evaluate the role of the MHC class I molecule alpha3 domain in the activation of CD8(+) CTL, we have produced a soluble 227 mutant of H-2D(d), with a point mutation in the alpha3 domain (Glu227 --> Lys). 227 mutant class I-peptide complexes were not able to effectively activate H-2D(d)-restricted CD8 T cells in vitro, as measured by IFN-gamma production by an epitope-specific CD8(+) CTL line. However, the 227 mutant class I-peptide complexes in the presence of another MHC class I molecule (H-2K(b)) (that cannot present the peptide) with a normal alpha3 domain can induce the activation of CD8(+) CTL. Therefore, in order to activate CD8(+) CTL, the alpha3 domain of MHC class I does not have to be located on the same molecule with the alpha1 and alpha2 domains of MHC class I. A low-avidity CD8(+) CTL line was significantly less sensitive to stimulation by the 227 mutant class I-peptide complexes in the presence of the H-2K(b) molecule. Thus, low-avidity CTL may not be able to take advantage of the interaction between CD8 and the alpha3 domain of non-presenting class I MHC molecules, perhaps because of a shorter dwell time for the TCR-MHC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Gibbings DJ, Marcet-Palacios M, Sekar Y, Ng MCY, Befus AD. CD8 alpha is expressed by human monocytes and enhances Fc gamma R-dependent responses. BMC Immunol 2007; 8:12. [PMID: 17678538 PMCID: PMC2000912 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD8α enhances the responses of antigen-specific CTL activated through TCR through binding MHC class I, favoring lipid raft partitioning of TCR, and inducing intracellular signaling. CD8α is also found on dendritic cells and rat macrophages, but whether CD8α enhances responses of a partner receptor, like TCR, to activate these cells is not known. TCR and FcR, use analogous or occasionally interchangeable signaling mechanisms suggesting the possibility that CD8α co-activates FcR responses. Interestingly, CD8α+ monocytes are often associated with rat models of disease involving immune-complex deposition and FcR-mediated pathology, such as arthritis, glomerulonephritis, ischaemia, and tumors. While rat macrophages have been shown to express CD8α evidence for CD8α expression by mouse or human monocytes or macrophages was incomplete. Results We detected CD8α, but not CD8β on human monocytes and the monocytic cell line THP-1 by flow cytometry. Reactivity of anti-CD8α mAb with monocytes is at least partly independent of FcR as anti-CD8α mAb detect CD8α by western blot and inhibit binding of MHC class I tetramers. CD8α mRNA is also found in monocytes and THP-1 suggesting CD8α is synthesized by monocytes and not acquired from other CD8α+ cell types. Interestingly, CD8α from monocytes and blood T cells presented distinguishable patterns by 2-D electrophoresis. Anti-CD8α mAb alone did not activate monocyte TNF release. In comparison, TNF release by human monocytes stimulated in a FcR-dependent manner with immune-complexes was enhanced by inclusion of anti-CD8α mAb in immune-complexes. Conclusion Human monocytes express CD8α. Co-engagement of CD8α and FcR enhances monocyte TNF release, suggesting FcR may be a novel partner receptor for CD8α on innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick J Gibbings
- Pulmonary Research Group, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcelo Marcet-Palacios
- Pulmonary Research Group, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Yokananth Sekar
- Pulmonary Research Group, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcus CY Ng
- Pulmonary Research Group, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - A Dean Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada
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20
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Brown K, Cheetham GMT. Crystal structures and inhibitors of proteins involved in IL-2 release and T cell signaling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2006; 74:31-59. [PMID: 17027510 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)74002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kieron Brown
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., Abingdon Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
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21
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Willemsen R, Ronteltap C, Heuveling M, Debets R, Bolhuis R. Redirecting human CD4+ T lymphocytes to the MHC class I-restricted melanoma antigen MAGE-A1 by TCR alphabeta gene transfer requires CD8alpha. Gene Ther 2005; 12:140-6. [PMID: 15496961 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy involving the transfer of autologous tumor or virus-reactive T lymphocytes has demonstrated its effectiveness in the eradication of cancer and virally infected cells. Clinical trails and in vitro studies have focused on CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta lymphocytes since these cells directly kill virally infected- and tumor cells after antigen-specific recognition via their TCR alphabeta. However, increasing evidence suggests that induction of sustained immunity against cancer and viral infections depends on the presence of tumor- or virus-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes, which are restricted by MHC class II. Here, we show that these MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T lymphocytes can efficiently be redirected to MHC class I-restricted tumor cells by retroviral introduction of an HLA-A1/MAGE-A1-specific chimeric two-chain TCR ValphaCalphazeta/VbetaCbetazeta (tcTCR/zeta). However, TCR-transduced CD4+ T lymphocytes were only able to specifically bind to HLA-A1/MAGE-A1 complexes and respond to HLA-A1+/MAGE-A1+ melanoma cells when the CD8alpha gene was cointroduced. These CD4+/CD8alpha+/TCR(POS) T lymphocytes produce IFN-gamma, TNFalpha and IL-2 when specifically stimulated via the introduced TCR with immobilized HLA-A1/MAGE-A1 complexes or HLA-A1+/MAGE-A1+ melanoma cells. Furthermore, introduction of the CD8alpha gene into TCR(POS) T lymphocytes rendered these T lymphocytes cytotoxic for HLA-A1+/MAGE-A1+ melanoma cells. These results demonstrate that human CD4+ T lymphocytes when genetically grafted with an HLA-A1/MAGE-A1-specific TCR and CD8alpha are induced to kill and produce cytokines upon specific interaction with the relevant melanoma cells. Hence, CD4+ T lymphocytes, in addition to CD8+ T lymphocytes, may be critical effector cells for adoptive immuno-gene therapy to generate a sustained tumor-specific immune response in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Willemsen
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, ErasmusMC-Daniel den Hoed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Kerry SE, Maile R, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA. Memory CD8 T cells require CD8 coreceptor engagement for calcium mobilization and proliferation, but not cytokine production. Immunology 2005; 114:44-52. [PMID: 15606794 PMCID: PMC1782059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.02070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T-cell responses are faster and more robust than those of their naive counterparts. The mechanisms by which memory T cells respond better to subsequent antigenic exposure remain unresolved. A portion of the more rapid response is undoubtedly the result of the increased frequency of antigen-specific cells. In addition, there are also differences in the cells themselves with respect to their requirements for costimulation and the apparent avidity of the T cells. We used major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers to stimulate T cells to focus on the interaction of T-cell receptor (TCR)/MHC and CD8 in the absence of other molecules that are present on cell surfaces and so contribute to the activation of T cells by undefined mechanisms. Mutated MHC class I tetramers that are unable to engage CD8 were used to investigate the role of CD8 engagement in memory cell activation. Either wild-type tetramers or tetramers carrying the mutation were used to stimulate both memory and naive TCR transgenic T cells in vitro. Surprisingly, like naive cells, memory CD8(+) T cells required CD8 engagement for calcium mobilization and optimum proliferation. In contrast, the requirements for cytokine production differed. Unlike naive cells, memory cells were able to produce cytokine in the absence of CD8 engagement. This suggests both a CD8-dependent pathway for early events and a CD8-independent pathway for cytokine production in memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Kerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
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23
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Abstract
The specificity and sensitivity of T-cell recognition is vital to the immune response. Ligand engagement with the T-cell receptor (TCR) results in the activation of a complex sequence of signalling events, both on the cell membrane and intracellularly. Feedback is an integral part of these signalling pathways, yet is often ignored in standard accounts of T-cell signalling. Here we show, using a mathematical model, that these feedback loops can explain the ability of the TCR to discriminate between ligands with high specificity and sensitivity, as well as provide a mechanism for sustained signalling. The model also explains the recent counter-intuitive observation that endogenous 'null' ligands can significantly enhance T-cell signalling. Finally, the model may provide an archetype for receptor switching based on kinase-phosphatase switches, and thus be of interest to the wider signalling community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliburn Chan
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
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24
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Kerry SE, Buslepp J, Cramer LA, Maile R, Hensley LL, Nielsen AI, Kavathas P, Vilen BJ, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA. Interplay between TCR affinity and necessity of coreceptor ligation: high-affinity peptide-MHC/TCR interaction overcomes lack of CD8 engagement. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:4493-503. [PMID: 14568922 PMCID: PMC3755740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8 engagement is believed to be a critical event in the activation of naive T cells. In this communication, we address the effects of peptide-MHC (pMHC)/TCR affinity on the necessity of CD8 engagement in T cell activation of primary naive cells. Using two peptides with different measured avidities for the same pMHC-TCR complex, we compared biochemical affinity of pMHC/TCR and the cell surface binding avidity of pMHC/TCR with and without CD8 engagement. We compared early signaling events and later functional activity of naive T cells in the same manner. Although early signaling events are altered, we find that high-affinity pMHC/TCR interactions can overcome the need for CD8 engagement for proliferation and CTL function. An integrated signal over time allows T cell activation with a high-affinity ligand in the absence of CD8 engagement.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Aspartic Acid/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- COS Cells
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Lysine/genetics
- Membrane Microdomains/genetics
- Membrane Microdomains/immunology
- Membrane Microdomains/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptor Cross-Talk/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Kerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jennifer Buslepp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Lorraine A. Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Lucinda L. Hensley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Alma I. Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Paula Kavathas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Barbara J. Vilen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Edward J. Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jeffrey A. Frelinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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25
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Abstract
Over the past decade, key protein interactions contributing to T cell antigen recognition have been characterized in molecular detail. These have included interactions involving the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) itself, its coreceptors CD4 and CD8, the accessory molecule CD2, and the costimulatory receptors CD28 and CTLA-4. A clear view is emerging of how these molecules interact with their ligands at the cell-cell interface. Structural and binding studies have confirmed that the proteins span small but comparable distances and that, overall, they interact very weakly. However, there have been important surprises as well: that TCR interactions with peptide-MHC are topologically constrained and characterized by considerable conformational flexibility at the binding interface; that coreceptors engage peptide-MHC with extraordinarily fast kinetics and at angles apparently precluding direct interactions with the TCR bound to the same peptide-MHC; that the structural mechanisms allowing recognition by costimulatory and accessory molecules to be weak and yet specific are very heterogeneous; and that because of differences in both binding affinity and stoichiometry, there is enormous variation in the stability of the various costimulatory receptor/ligand complexes. These studies provide the necessary framework for exploring how these molecular interactions initiate T cell activation.
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26
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Buslepp J, Kerry SE, Loftus D, Frelinger JA, Appella E, Collins EJ. High affinity xenoreactive TCR:MHC interaction recruits CD8 in absence of binding to MHC. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:373-83. [PMID: 12496422 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TCR from a xenoreactive murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone, AHIII 12.2, recognizes murine H-2D(b) complexed with peptide p1058 (FAPGFFPYL) as well as human HLA-A2.1 complexed with human self-peptide p1049 (ALWGFFPVL). To understand more about T cell biology and cross-reactivity, the ectodomains of the AHIII 12.2 TCR have been produced in E. coli as inclusion bodies and the protein folded to its native conformation. Flow cytometric and surface plasmon resonance analyses indicate that human p1049/A2 has a significantly greater affinity for the murine AHIII 12.2 TCR than does murine p1058/D(b). Yet, T cell binding and cytolytic activity are independent of CD8 when stimulated with human p1049/A2 as demonstrated with anti-CD8 Abs that block CD8 association with MHC. Even in the absence of direct CD8 binding, stimulation of AHIII 12.2 T cells with "CD8-independent" p1049/A2 produces p56(lck) activation and calcium flux. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer flow cytometry demonstrate CD8 is recruited to the site of TCR:peptide MHC binding. Taken together, these results indicate that there exists another mechanism for recruitment of CD8 during high affinity TCR:peptide MHC engagement.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Heterophile/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/physiology
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-A2 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oligopeptides/immunology
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Buslepp
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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27
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Lee PUY, Kranz DM. Allogeneic and syngeneic class I MHC complexes drive the association of CD8 and TCR on 2C T cells. Mol Immunol 2003; 39:687-95. [PMID: 12531280 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In most cases, cytotoxic T cell activation is dependent on the interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD8 with MHC class I molecules. In the CD8(+) T cell system based on the mouse cytotoxic T cell clone 2C, recognition of the allogeneic MHC L(d) exhibits a less significant role for CD8 than recognition of the syngeneic MHC K(b). Here, we examined whether this difference is related to the relative abilities of the two pepMHC complexes to drive the association of CD8 and TCR on the T cell surface. We show that both the syngeneic and allogeneic pepMHC induced association of CD8 and TCR, as revealed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Thus, the orientation of the syngeneic and allogeneic ligands when bound to the same TCR both allow CD8 to be recruited to the TCR complex. The conserved diagonal orientation of TCRs on different pepMHC ligands may facilitate such associations. The FRET results are consistent with the known binding properties and the CD8 involvement of the two different TCR:pepMHC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter U Y Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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28
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Schott E, Ploegh HL. Mouse MHC class I tetramers that are unable to bind to CD8 reveal the need for CD8 engagement in order to activate naive CD8 T cells. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:3425-34. [PMID: 12432573 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200212)32:12<3425::aid-immu3425>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of CD8 as a supplier of lck is unchallenged, its role in contributing to the formation of a stable complex between class I molecules and the TCR, as well as its role as an adhesion molecule, is less clear. To address the role of CD8/MHC-I interactions, we generated tetramers composed of H2-K(b) molecules with mutations in the alpha 3 domain of H2-K(b) that abolish CD8 binding. We show that the ability of tetramers to stain and activate CD8 T cells is strongly dependent on binding of CD8 to the same class I molecule engaged by the TCR. We characterize a mutation in the alpha 3 domain that results in H2-K(b) molecules capable of staining specific CD8 T cells with little ensuing activation. Although CD8 to some extent serves an adhesive function, this contribution is modest and does not substitute for lack of binding of CD8 to the class I molecule engaged by the TCR. We show that CD8 and the TCR associate in a process independent of binding of CD8 to class I. Our data support the notion that CD8 is required to form a stable complex between class I and the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckart Schott
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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29
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Cawthon AG, Alexander-Miller MA. Optimal colocalization of TCR and CD8 as a novel mechanism for the control of functional avidity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 169:3492-8. [PMID: 12244138 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The improved efficacy of high avidity CTL for clearance of virus has been well-documented. Thus, elucidation of the mechanisms that confer the increased sensitivity to peptide ligand demonstrated by high avidity CTL is critical. Using CTL lines of high and low avidity generated from a TCR transgenic mouse, we have found that functional avidity can be controlled by the expression of CD8alphaalpha vs CD8alphabeta and the ability of CTLs to colocalize the TCR and CD8 in the membrane. Colocalization of these molecules was mediated by lipid rafts and importantly, raft disruption resulted in the conversion of high avidity CTL into a lower functional avidity phenotype. These novel findings provide insights into the control of functional avidity in response to viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Line
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/biosynthesis
- Membrane Microdomains/immunology
- Membrane Microdomains/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Cawthon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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30
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Maeurer MJ, Necker A, Salter RD, Castelli C, Höhn H, Karbach J, Freitag K, Neukirch C, Knuth A, Jäger E. Improved detection of melanoma antigen-specific T cells expressing low or high levels of CD8 by HLA-A2 tetramers presenting a Melan-A/Mart-1 peptide analogue. Int J Cancer 2002; 97:64-71. [PMID: 11774245 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I tetramers containing peptide epitopes are sensitive tools for detecting antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. We demonstrate here that binding of HLA-A2 tetramers to CD8(+) T cells specific for the melanoma-associated antigen Melan-A/MART-1 can be fine-tuned by altering either the bound peptide epitope or residues in the alpha 3 domain of HLA-A2, which is important for CD8 binding. Antigen-specific T cells expressing high levels of CD8 could be detected using HLA-A2 tetramers containing the peptide AAGIGILTV, an epitope which is naturally processed and presented from Melan-A/MART-1. In contrast, low CD8-expressing, antigen-specific T cells could be detected efficiently only by using a mutated HLA-A2 tetramer with an altered CD8 binding site or, less efficiently, using the wild-type HLA-A2 tetramer loaded with the peptide analogue ELAGIGILTV, which is superior in stimulating antigen-specific T-cell responses. Our results suggest ways to optimize the identification and expansion of antigen-specific T cells with different requirements for the costimulatory CD8 molecule in facilitating T-cell receptor binding to peptide variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Maeurer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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31
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Daniels MA, Devine L, Miller JD, Moser JM, Lukacher AE, Altman JD, Kavathas P, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. CD8 binding to MHC class I molecules is influenced by T cell maturation and glycosylation. Immunity 2001; 15:1051-61. [PMID: 11754824 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CD8 serves both as an adhesion molecule for class I MHC molecules and as a coreceptor with the TCR for T cell activation. Here we study the developmental regulation of CD8-mediated binding to noncognate peptide/MHC ligands (i.e., those not bound by the TCR). We show that CD8's ability to bind soluble class I MHC tetramers and to mediate T cell adhesion under shear flow conditions diminishes as double-positive thymocytes mature into CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that this decreased CD8 binding results from increased T cell sialylation upon T cell maturation. These data suggest that CD8's ability to interact with class I MHC is not fixed and is developmentally regulated through the T cell's glycosylation state.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Differentiation
- Cellular Senescence
- Glycosylation
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Ligands
- Macromolecular Substances
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/metabolism
- Neuraminidase/pharmacology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Rheology
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Daniels
- Center for Immunology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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32
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Arcaro A, Grégoire C, Bakker TR, Baldi L, Jordan M, Goffin L, Boucheron N, Wurm F, van der Merwe PA, Malissen B, Luescher IF. CD8beta endows CD8 with efficient coreceptor function by coupling T cell receptor/CD3 to raft-associated CD8/p56(lck) complexes. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1485-95. [PMID: 11714755 PMCID: PMC2193676 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.10.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary sensitivity of CD8+ T cells to recognize antigen impinges to a large extent on the coreceptor CD8. While several studies have shown that the CD8beta chain endows CD8 with efficient coreceptor function, the molecular basis for this is enigmatic. Here we report that cell-associated CD8alphabeta, but not CD8alphaalpha or soluble CD8alphabeta, substantially increases the avidity of T cell receptor (TCR)-ligand binding. To elucidate how the cytoplasmic and transmembrane portions of CD8beta endow CD8 with efficient coreceptor function, we examined T1.4 T cell hybridomas transfected with various CD8beta constructs. T1.4 hybridomas recognize a photoreactive Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite (PbCS) peptide derivative (PbCS (4-azidobezoic acid [ABA])) in the context of H-2K(d), and permit assessment of TCR-ligand binding by TCR photoaffinity labeling. We find that the cytoplasmic portion of CD8beta, mainly due to its palmitoylation, mediates partitioning of CD8 in lipid rafts, where it efficiently associates with p56(lck). In addition, the cytoplasmic portion of CD8beta mediates constitutive association of CD8 with TCR/CD3. The resulting TCR-CD8 adducts exhibit high affinity for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide. Importantly, because CD8alphabeta partitions in rafts, its interaction with TCR/CD3 promotes raft association of TCR/CD3. Engagement of these TCR/CD3-CD8/lck adducts by multimeric MHC-peptide induces activation of p56(lck) in rafts, which in turn phosphorylates CD3 and initiates T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arcaro
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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33
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Proudfoot JR, Betageri R, Cardozo M, Gilmore TA, Glynn S, Hickey ER, Jakes S, Kabcenell A, Kirrane TM, Tibolla AK, Lukas S, Patel UR, Sharma R, Yazdanian M, Moss N, Beaulieu PL, Cameron DR, Ferland JM, Gauthier J, Gillard J, Gorys V, Poirier M, Rancourt J, Wernic D, Llinas-Brunet M. Nonpeptidic, monocharged, cell permeable ligands for the p56lck SH2 domain. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2421-31. [PMID: 11448224 DOI: 10.1021/jm000446q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
p56lck is a member of the src family of tyrosine kinases and plays a critical role in the signal transduction events that lead to T cell activation. Ligands for the p56lck SH2 domain have the potential to disrupt the interaction of p56lck with its substrates and derail the signaling cascade that leads to the production of cytokines such as interleukin-2. Starting from the quintuply charged (at physiological pH) phosphorylated tetrapeptide, AcpYEEI, we recently disclosed (J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 722 and J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 1757) the design of the modified dipeptide 3, which carries just two charges at physiological pH. Here we present the elaboration of 3 to the nonpeptidic, monocharged compound, 9S. This molecule displays good binding affinity for the p56lck SH2 domain (K(d) 1 microM) and good cell permeation, and this combination of properties allowed us to demonstrate clear-cut inhibitory effects on a very early event in T cell activation, namely calcium mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Proudfoot
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Quebec H7S 2G5, Canada.
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34
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Block MS, Johnson AJ, Mendez-Fernandez Y, Pease LR. Monomeric class I molecules mediate TCR/CD3 epsilon/CD8 interaction on the surface of T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:821-6. [PMID: 11441088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both CD8 and the TCR bind to MHC class I molecules during physiologic T cell activation. It has been shown that for optimal T cell activation to occur, CD8 must be able to bind the same class I molecule that is bound by the TCR. However, no direct evidence for the class I-dependent association of CD8 and the TCR has been demonstrated. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we show directly that a single class I molecule causes TCR/CD8 interaction by serving as a docking molecule for both CD8 and the TCR. Furthermore, we show that CD3epsilon is brought into close proximity with CD8 upon TCR/CD8 association. These interactions are not dependent on the phosphorylation events characteristic of T cell activation. Thus, MHC class I molecules, by binding to both CD8 and the TCR, mediate the reorganization of T cell membrane components to promote cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Block
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate and Medical Schools, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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35
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Romagnoli P, Strahan D, Pelosi M, Cantagrel A, van Meerwijk JP. A potential role for protein tyrosine kinase p56(lck) in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid T lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness. Int Immunol 2001; 13:305-12. [PMID: 11222499 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid (SF)-T lymphocytes appear relatively inactive in situ and respond only weakly to diverse stimuli ex vivo. To characterize the molecular defects underlying this hyporesponsiveness we analyzed the expression level of several proteins involved in TCR-proximal signal transduction. As compared to peripheral blood (PB)-T lymphocytes, SF-T cells from some (but not all) of the patients analyzed expressed lower levels of TCRalphabeta, CD3epsilon, TCRzeta, p56(lck) and LAT, while p59(fyn), phospholipase C-gamma1 and ZAP-70 expression was unaltered. Semi-quantitative analysis of T cells from several patients revealed that the degree of TCRzeta chain and p56(lck) modulation correlated statistically significantly with the level of SF-T cell hyporesponsiveness. The differential reactivity of p56(lck) specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in SF-T but not PB-T lymphocytes indicated that p56(lck) modulation consists of a conformational change rather than loss of expression. Our results indicate that multiple signaling molecules can be modulated in RA SF-T cells and show for the first time a direct quantitative correlation between T cell hyporesponsiveness and modulation of TCRzeta and of p56(lck), a critical protein tyrosine kinase required for T cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/enzymology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/enzymology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- CD3 Complex
- Defensins
- Female
- Humans
- Knee Joint
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/physiology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Plant Proteins
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- P Romagnoli
- Tolerance and Autoimmunity Section, INSERM U395, IFR 30, CHU Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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36
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Cho BK, Lian KC, Lee P, Brunmark A, McKinley C, Chen J, Kranz DM, Eisen HN. Differences in antigen recognition and cytolytic activity of CD8(+) and CD8(-) T cells that express the same antigen-specific receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1723-7. [PMID: 11172018 PMCID: PMC29324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) and CD8(-) T cell lines expressing the same antigen-specific receptor [the 2C T cell receptor (TCR)] were compared for ability to bind soluble peptide-MHC and to lyse target cells. The 2C TCR on CD8(-) cells bound a syngeneic MHC (K(b+))-peptide complex 10-100 times less well than the same TCR on CD8(+) cells, and the CD8(-) 2C cells lysed target cells presenting this complex very poorly. Surprisingly, however, the CD8(-) cells differed little from CD8(+) cells in ability to bind an allogeneic MHC (L(d+))-peptide complex and to lyse target cells presenting this complex. The CD8(+)/CD8(-) difference provided an opportunity to estimate how long TCR engagements with peptide-MHC have to persist to initiate the cytolytic T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Cho
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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37
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Dougall DS, Lamousé-Smith ES, McCarthy SA. Generation and regeneration of a novel anti-CD8-resistant cytolytic T lymphocyte population. Cell Immunol 2000; 205:1-12. [PMID: 11078602 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the in vivo development of a novel CD8(+), but anti-CD8 mAb-resistant, CTL population is complex and distinct from that of conventional anti-CD8 mAb-sensitive CD8(+) CTL. In this study, we explored the role of the thymus in the generation of anti-CD8-resistant pCTL and in their maintenance once they are generated. We also investigated the capacities of the adult periphery and thymus to support the regeneration of anti-CD8-resistant pCTL after peripheral lymphocyte and/or thymocyte depletion. These studies indicate that the thymus is necessary for the generation but not the maintenance of peripheral anti-CD8-resistant pCTL. These studies also indicate that the adult thymus can produce these pCTL and the adult periphery can support their regeneration, if a new wave of thymic maturation is experimentally induced. These results may have implications for immune reconstitution after treatment for cancer or HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Dougall
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
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38
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Arcaro A, Grégoire C, Boucheron N, Stotz S, Palmer E, Malissen B, Luescher IF. Essential role of CD8 palmitoylation in CD8 coreceptor function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2068-76. [PMID: 10925291 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular basis that makes heterodimeric CD8alphabeta a more efficient coreceptor than homodimeric CD8alphaalpha, we used various CD8 transfectants of T1.4 T cell hybridomas, which are specific for H-2Kd, and a photoreactive derivative of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite peptide PbCS 252-260 (SYIPSAEKI). We demonstrate that CD8 is palmitoylated at the cytoplasmic tail of CD8beta and that this allows partitioning of CD8alphabeta, but not of CD8alphaalpha, in lipid rafts. Localization of CD8 in rafts is crucial for its coreceptor function. First, association of CD8 with the src kinase p56lck takes place nearly exclusively in rafts, mainly due to increased concentration of both components in this compartment. Deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of CD8beta abrogated localization of CD8 in rafts and association with p56lck. Second, CD8-mediated cross-linking of p56lck by multimeric Kd-peptide complexes or by anti-CD8 Ab results in p56lck activation in rafts, from which the abundant phosphatase CD45 is excluded. Third, CD8-associated activated p56lck phosphorylates CD3zeta in rafts and hence induces TCR signaling and T cell activation. This study shows that palmitoylation of CD8beta is required for efficient CD8 coreceptor function, mainly because it dramatically increases CD8 association with p56lck and CD8-mediated activation of p56lck in lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arcaro
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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39
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Peng Y, Falck-Pedersen E, Elkon KB. Soluble CD8 attenuates cytotoxic T cell responses against replication-defective adenovirus affording transprotection of transgenes in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:1470-8. [PMID: 10903752 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.3.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The T cell coreceptor, CD8, enhances T cell-APC interactions. Because soluble CD8alpha homodimers can antagonize CD8 T cell activation in vitro, we asked whether secretion of soluble CD8 would effect cytotoxic T cell responses in vivo. Production of soluble CD8 by a replication-defective adenovirus vector allowed persistent virus expression for up to 5 mo in C57BL/6 mice and protected a second foreign transgene from rapid deletion. Soluble CD8 selectively inhibited CD8 T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production and could also attenuate peptide-specific CD8 T cell responses in vivo. These finding suggest that gene vector delivery of soluble CD8 may have therapeutic applications.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Adenoviridae/physiology
- Animals
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/blood
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Defective Viruses/genetics
- Defective Viruses/immunology
- Defective Viruses/physiology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/blood
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Transgenes/immunology
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Peng
- Departments ofMedicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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40
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Bosselut R, Kubo S, Guinter T, Kopacz JL, Altman JD, Feigenbaum L, Singer A. Role of CD8beta domains in CD8 coreceptor function: importance for MHC I binding, signaling, and positive selection of CD8+ T cells in the thymus. Immunity 2000; 12:409-18. [PMID: 10795739 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the CD8beta subunit to CD8 coreceptor function is poorly understood. We now demonstrate that the CD8beta extracellular domain increases the avidity of CD8 binding to MHC I, and that the intracellular domain of CD8beta enhances association with two intracellular molecules required for TCR signal transduction, Lck and LAT. By assessing CD8+ T cell differentiation in CD8beta-deficient mice reconstituted with various transgenic CD8beta chimeric molecules, we also demonstrate that the intracellular and extracellular domains of CD8beta can contribute independently to CD8+ T cell development, but that both CD8beta domains together are most efficient. Thus, this study identifies the molecular functions of the CD8beta intracellular and extracellular domains and documents their contributions to CD8+ T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bosselut
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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41
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Daniels MA, Jameson SC. Critical role for CD8 in T cell receptor binding and activation by peptide/major histocompatibility complex multimers. J Exp Med 2000; 191:335-46. [PMID: 10637277 PMCID: PMC2195759 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/1999] [Accepted: 10/12/1999] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data using MHC/peptide tetramers and dimers suggests that the T cell coreceptors, CD4 and CD8, although important for T cell activation, do not play a direct role in facilitating T cell receptor (TCR) binding to multivalent MHC/peptide ligands. Instead, a current model proposes that coreceptors are recruited only after a stable TCR-MHC/peptide complex has already formed and signaled. In contrast, we show using multimeric class I MHC/peptide ligands that CD8 plays a critical (in some cases obligatory) role in antigen-specific TCR binding. T cell activation, measured by calcium mobilization, was induced by multimeric but not monomeric ligands and also showed CD8 dependency. Our analysis using anti-CD8 antibodies revealed that binding to different epitopes of CD8 can either block or augment TCR-MHC/peptide interaction. These effects on TCR binding to high-affinity agonist ligands were even more pronounced when binding to multimeric low-affinity ligands, including TCR antagonists, was studied. Our data have important implications for the role of CD8 in TCR binding to MHC/peptide ligands and in T cell activation. In addition, our results argue against the view that multimeric MHC/peptide ligands bind directly and solely to the TCR; rather, our data highlight a pivotal contribution of CD8 for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Daniels
- Center for Immunology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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42
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Salmon P, Mong M, Kang XJ, Cado D, Robey E. The Role of CD8α′ in the CD4 Versus CD8 Lineage Choice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.10.5312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
During thymic development the recognition of MHC proteins by developing thymocytes influences their lineage commitment, such that recognition of class I MHC leads to CD8 T cell development, whereas recognition of class II MHC leads to CD4 T cell development. The coreceptors CD8 and CD4 may contribute to these different outcomes through interactions with class I and class II MHC, respectively, and through interactions with the tyrosine kinase p56lck (Lck) via their cytoplasmic domains. In this paper we provide evidence that an alternatively spliced form of CD8 that cannot interact with Lck (CD8α′) can influence the CD4 vs CD8 lineage decision. Constitutive expression of a CD8 minigene transgene that encodes both CD8α and CD8α′ restores CD8 T cell development in CD8α mutant mice, but fails to permit the development of mismatched CD4 T cells bearing class I-specific TCRs. These results indicate that CD8α′ favors the development of CD8-lineage T cells, perhaps by reducing Lck activity upon class I MHC recognition in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Salmon
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mimi Mong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Xiao-Jun Kang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Dragana Cado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ellen Robey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Lamousé-Smith ESN, Dougall DS, McCarthy SA. Cytokine Requirements for Production of a Novel Anti-CD8-Resistant CTL Population. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A population of CD8+ CTL can be generated in vitro in the presence of anti-CD8 mAb. Due to their apparent high avidity characteristic, these anti-CD8-resistant CD8+ CTL may have important functional in vivo roles in graft rejection, and may be important in antiviral and antitumor responses. We have previously reported that this anti-CD8-resistant subset of CD8+ CTL demonstrates functional differences from anti-CD8-sensitive CD8+ CTL. One important difference between the subsets is the markedly greater dependence of anti-CD8-resistant CTL upon exogenous cytokines for their generation in vitro. In this study, we have investigated in detail the cytokine requirements for the generation of allospecific CD8+ CTL in vitro and have found that IL-4 can augment the generation of anti-CD8-sensitive but not anti-CD8-resistant CTL, whereas IL-2 or IL-12 can augment the generation of both anti-CD8-sensitive and anti-CD8-resistant CTL. However, anti-CD8-resistant CTL require at least 10-fold higher concentrations of IL-2 than do anti-CD8-sensitive CTL. This more stringent IL-2 requirement precludes the efficient generation of anti-CD8-resistant CTL in vitro in the absence of exogenous IL-2 because they cannot produce sufficient IL-2 to meet their needs, in contrast to anti-CD8-sensitive CTL. By providing exogenous cytokines to allospecific CTL generation cultures, we further demonstrate that anti-CD8-resistant CTL can be functionally skewed to the Tc1 subset, but differ from anti-CD8-sensitive conventional CTL in that they cannot be skewed to the Tc2 subset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan A. McCarthy
- *Immunology Graduate Training Program and Departments of
- †Surgery, and
- ‡Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Sinha S, Corey SJ. Implications for Src kinases in hematopoiesis: signal transduction therapeutics. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 1999; 8:465-80. [PMID: 10791898 DOI: 10.1089/152581699319920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction therapeutics is now the dominant theme of drug discovery, and its most immediate impact will be in cancer therapeutics. Blood cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation are controlled by cytokines, whose receptors contain tyrosine kinase catalytic domains or recruit cytosolic tyrosine kinases. Among the most important cytosolic protein tyrosine kinases are the Src and Jak families. Receptor or cytosolic protein tyrosine kinases activate a similar set of intracellular signaling molecules. In blood cells, excessive tyrosine kinase activity is associated with either cancer or autoreactive diseases. Therefore, tyrosine kinases and their substrates serve as excellent candidates for drug intervention. Herceptin has been approved for use in breast cancer. Other agents, such as SU101 and CGP 57418B, are well into phase I-III trials. Newer, more selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors are being evaluated for future use in the treatment of hematologic and solid tumors as well as a wide range of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sinha
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA
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45
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Romagnoli P, Bron C. Defective TCR signaling events in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-deficient T cells derived from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1411-22. [PMID: 10464162 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.9.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired hemolytic disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal cells of various hematopoietic cell lineages deficient in surface expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored molecules. By analyzing T cells isolated from patients affected with PNH, it was found that ex vivo GPI-deficient CD4(+) and CD8(+) peripheral T cells display a more naive phenotype as compared to wild-type cells. In addition, in vitro proliferative responses to allogeneic antigen-presenting cells were shown to be reduced in mutant T cells. To investigate the molecular basis responsible for defective T cell activation in GPI-deficient T cells, T cell lines and T cell clones were generated from patients affected with PNH. When stimulated with anti-CD3epsilon mAb, mutant cells displayed a significantly decreased activation of protein tyrosine kinase p56(lck). The decreased kinase activity was accompanied by a delayed TCR capping and internalization. Interestingly, protein tyrosine phosphorylation is not only quantitatively but also qualitatively affected, with one substrate being more intensively phosphorylated in mutant than in wild-type cells. These observations suggest that a defective activation of p56(lck) contributes to the depressed immune responses observed in GPI-deficient T cells derived from PNH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Romagnoli
- Institute of Biochemistry, BIL Biomedical Research Centre, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Zhu X, Kim JL, Newcomb JR, Rose PE, Stover DR, Toledo LM, Zhao H, Morgenstern KA. Structural analysis of the lymphocyte-specific kinase Lck in complex with non-selective and Src family selective kinase inhibitors. Structure 1999; 7:651-61. [PMID: 10404594 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphocyte-specific kinase Lck is a member of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Lck catalyzes the initial phosphorylation of T-cell receptor components that is necessary for signal transduction and T-cell activation. On the basis of both biochemical and genetic studies, Lck is considered an attractive cell-specific target for the design of novel T-cell immunosuppressants. To date, the lack of detailed structural information on the mode of inhibitor binding to Lck has limited the discovery of novel Lck inhibitors. RESULTS We report here the high-resolution crystal structures of an activated Lck kinase domain in complex with three structurally distinct ATP-competitive inhibitors: AMP-PNP (a non-selective, non-hydrolyzable ATP analog); staurosporine (a potent but non-selective protein kinase inhibitor); and PP2 (a potent Src family selective protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor). Comparison of these structures reveals subtle but important structural changes at the ATP-binding site. Furthermore, PP2 is found to access a deep, hydrophobic pocket near the ATP-binding cleft of the enzyme; this binding pocket is not occupied by either AMP-PNP or staurosporine. CONCLUSIONS The potency of staurosporine against Lck derives in part from an induced movement of the glycine-rich loop of the enzyme upon binding of this ligand, which maximizes the van der Waals interactions present in the complex. In contrast, PP2 binds tightly and selectively to Lck and other Src family kinases by making additional contacts in a deep, hydrophobic pocket adjacent to the ATP-binding site; the amino acid composition of this pocket is unique to Src family kinases. The structures of these Lck complexes offer useful structural insights as they demonstrate that kinase selectivity can be achieved with small-molecule inhibitors that exploit subtle topological differences among protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhu
- Kinetix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Lund TC, Prator PC, Medveczky MM, Medveczky PG. The Lck binding domain of herpesvirus saimiri tip-484 constitutively activates Lck and STAT3 in T cells. J Virol 1999; 73:1689-94. [PMID: 9882381 PMCID: PMC104000 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.2.1689-1694.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) has been associated with oncogenesis. Previously, a protein required for T-cell transformation by the DNA tumor virus herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) strain 484, designated tyrosine kinase-interacting protein (Tip-484), was shown to interact with and dramatically upregulate the activity of the STATs in an Lck-dependent manner. The minimal region of Tip-484 responsible for binding Lck was defined as a 10-residue C-terminal Src-related kinase homology domain, an 18-amino-acid spacer, and a 10-residue potential SH3 binding domain. This region is termed the LBD (for Lck binding domain). The present data show that only the LBD of Tip-484 is needed to activate Lck in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the LBD was shown to form a complex with STAT3 in vitro, and expression of the LBD in T cells led to STAT3 activation equal to that of full-length Tip-484. These studies demonstrate that the 48-amino-acid LBD of Tip-484 can perform as effectively as the full-length protein in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Lund
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomolecular Science, and the H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612-4799, USA
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Wyer JR, Willcox BE, Gao GF, Gerth UC, Davis SJ, Bell JI, van der Merwe PA, Jakobsen BK. T cell receptor and coreceptor CD8 alphaalpha bind peptide-MHC independently and with distinct kinetics. Immunity 1999; 10:219-25. [PMID: 10072074 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The T cell surface glycoprotein CD8 enhances T cell antigen recognition by binding to MHC class I molecules. We show that human CD8 alphaalpha binds to the MHC class I molecule HLA-A2 with an extremely low affinity (Kd approximately 0.2 mM at 37 degrees C) and with kinetics that are between 2 and 3 orders of magnitude faster than reported for T cell receptor/peptide-MHC interactions. Furthermore, CD8 alphaalpha had no detectable effect on a T cell receptor (TCR) binding to the same peptide-MHC class I complex. These binding properties provide an explanation as to why the CD8/MHC class I interaction is unable to initiate cell-cell adhesion and how it can enhance TCR recognition without interfering with its specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Wyer
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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49
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Cai Z, Brunmark AB, Luxembourg AT, Garcia KC, Degano M, Teyton L, Wilson I, Peterson PA, Sprent J, Jackson MR. Probing the activation requirements for naive CD8+ T cells with Drosophila cell transfectants as antigen presenting cells. Immunol Rev 1998; 165:249-65. [PMID: 9850865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of T cells involves multiple receptor-ligand interactions between T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC). At least two signals are required for T-cell activation: Signal 1 results from recognition of MHC/peptide complexes on the APC by cell surface T-cell receptors (TCR), whereas Signal 2 is induced by the interactions of co-stimulatory molecules on APC with their complementary receptors on T cells. This review focuses on our attempts to understand these various signals in a model system involving the 2C TCR. The structural basis of Signal 1 was investigated by determining the crystal structure of 2C TCR alone and in complex with MHC/peptide. Analysis of these structures has provided some basic rules for how TCR and MHC/peptide interact; however, the critical question of how this interaction transduces Signal 1 to T cells remains unclear. The effects of Signal 1 and Signal 2 on T-cell activation were examined with naive T cells from the 2C TCR transgenic mice, defined peptides as antigen and transfected Drosophila cells as APC. The results suggest that, except under extreme conditions, Signal 1 alone is unable to activate naive CD8 T cells despite the induction of marked TCR downregulation. Either B7 or intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 can provide the second signal for CD8 T-cell activation. However, especially at low MHC/peptide densities, optimal activation and differentiation of CD8 T cells required interaction with both B7 and ICAM-1 on the same APC. Thus, the data suggest that at least two qualitatively different co-stimulation signals are required for full activation of CD8 T cells under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cai
- R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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50
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Viola A, Salio M, Tuosto L, Linkert S, Acuto O, Lanzavecchia A. Quantitative contribution of CD4 and CD8 to T cell antigen receptor serial triggering. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1775-9. [PMID: 9362538 PMCID: PMC2199127 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.10.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 and CD8 are thought to function as coreceptors by binding to the cognate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules recognized by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and initiating the signal transduction cascade. We report that during T cell-antigen-presenting cell interaction, triggered TCRs and coreceptors are downregulated and degraded with identical kinetics. This coordinated disappearance takes place whenever the TCR is triggered, even when the coreceptor does not engage the cognate MHC molecule and is the consequence of binding of the coreceptor-associated Lck to ZAP-70. The interaction of coreceptor and cognate MHC molecules is dispensable when T cells are stimulated by optimal ligands, but becomes crucial when suboptimal ligands are used. In the latter case the coreceptor increases the efficiency of TCR triggering without changing the activation threshold or the quality of the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Viola
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland.
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