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Reschke R, Enk AH, Hassel JC. Chemokines and Cytokines in Immunotherapy of Melanoma and Other Tumors: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6532. [PMID: 38928238 PMCID: PMC11203481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and cytokines represent an emerging field of immunotherapy research. They are responsible for the crosstalk and chemoattraction of immune cells and tumor cells. For instance, CXCL9/10/11 chemoattract effector CD8+ T cells to the tumor microenvironment, making an argument for their promising role as biomarkers for a favorable outcome. The cytokine Interleukin-15 (IL-15) can promote the chemokine expression of CXCR3 ligands but also XCL1, contributing to an important DC-T cell interaction. Recruited cytotoxic T cells can be clonally expanded by IL-2. Delivering or inducing these chemokines and cytokines can result in tumor shrinkage and might synergize with immune checkpoint inhibition. In addition, blocking specific chemokine and cytokine receptors such as CCR2, CCR4 or Il-6R can reduce the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) or regulatory T cells (Tregs). Efforts to target these chemokines and cytokines have the potential to personalize cancer immunotherapy further and address patients that are not yet responsive because of immune cell exclusion. Targeting cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-15 is currently being evaluated in clinical trials in combination with immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The improved overall survival of melanoma patients might outweigh potential risks such as autoimmunity. However, off-target toxicity needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Reschke
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, Core Center Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander H. Enk
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica C. Hassel
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, Core Center Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Zhang Q, Zhang J, Tian Y, Wang J, Jin G, Liu F. Ki67-targeted oncolytic adenovirus expressing IL-15 improves intratumoral T cell infiltration and PD-L1 expression in glioblastoma. Virology 2023; 587:109885. [PMID: 37738842 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating malignant brain tumor. Current therapeutic strategies targeting tumor cells have limited efficacy owing to the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Previous work demonstrated that the targeted Ad5-Ki67/IL-15 could specifically kill tumor cells and decrease the angiogenic capacity in vitro. However, the efficacy of this virus in vivo and its effect on the tumor microenvironment (TME) has not been elucidated. In this study, we found that the Ad5-Ki67/IL-15 treatment down-regulated PD-L1 expression of glioma cells. More importantly, Ad5-Ki67/IL-15 also remodeled the tumor microenvironment via increasing intratumoral T cell infiltration and PD-L1 improvement in a GBM model, as well as the increase of antitumor cytokines, thereby improving the efficacy of GBM treatment. Furthermore, a combination of Ad5-Ki67/IL-15 with PD-L1 blockade significantly inhibits tumor growth in the GBM model. These results provide new insight into the therapeutic effects of targeted oncolytic Ad5-Ki67/IL-15 in patients with GBM, indicating potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Junwen Zhang
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yifu Tian
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Guishan Jin
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100070, China.
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3
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Deng T, Wang C, Gao C, Zhang Q, Guo J. ITGAL as a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltrates in melanoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1181537. [PMID: 37388230 PMCID: PMC10300562 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1181537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between ITGAL expression and immune infiltration, clinical prognosis, and specific types of T cells in melanoma tissue. The findings reveal the key role of ITGAL in melanoma and its potential mechanism of regulating tumor immune infiltrating cells, highlighting its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- TengFei Deng
- Plastic Surgery Department, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyong Wang
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cong Gao
- Plastic Surgery Department, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Plastic Surgery Department, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Plastic Surgery Department, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou, China
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4
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The Roles of Skin Langerhans Cells in Immune Tolerance and Cancer Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091380. [PMID: 36146458 PMCID: PMC9503294 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are a unique population of tissue-resident macrophages with dendritic cell (DC) functionality that form a network of cells across the epidermis of the skin. Their location at the skin barrier suggests an important role for LC as immune sentinels at the skin surface. The classification of LC as DC over the past few decades has driven the scientific community to extensively study how LC function as DC-like cells that prime T cell immunity. However, LC are a unique type of tissue-resident macrophages, and recent evidence also supports an immunoregulatory role of LC at steady state and during specific inflammatory conditions, highlighting the impact of cutaneous environment in shaping LC functionality. In this mini review, we discuss the recent literature on the immune tolerance function of LC in homeostasis and disease conditions, including malignant transformation and progression; as well as LC functional plasticity for adaption to microenvironmental cues and the potential connection between LC population heterogeneity and functional diversity. Future investigation into the molecular mechanisms that LC use to integrate different microenvironment cues and adapt immunological responses for controlling LC functional plasticity is needed for future breakthroughs in tumor immunology, vaccine development, and treatments for inflammatory skin diseases.
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5
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Kheshti AMS, Hajizadeh F, Barshidi A, Rashidi B, Ebrahimi F, Bahmanpour S, Karpisheh V, Noukabadi FK, Kiani FK, Hassannia H, Atyabi F, Kiaie SH, Kashanchi F, Navashenaq JG, Mohammadi H, Bagherifar R, Jafari R, Zolbanin NM, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Combination Cancer Immunotherapy with Dendritic Cell Vaccine and Nanoparticles Loaded with Interleukin-15 and Anti-beta-catenin siRNA Significantly Inhibits Cancer Growth and Induces Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Pharm Res 2022; 39:353-367. [PMID: 35166995 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The invention and application of new immunotherapeutic methods can compensate for the inefficiency of conventional cancer treatment approaches, partly due to the inhibitory microenvironment of the tumor. In this study, we tried to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce anti-tumor immune responses by silencing the expression of the β-catenin in the tumor microenvironment and transmitting interleukin (IL)-15 cytokine to provide optimal conditions for the dendritic cell (DC) vaccine. METHODS For this purpose, we used folic acid (FA)-conjugated SPION-carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) chitosan (C) nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver anti-β-catenin siRNA and IL-15 to cancer cells. RESULTS The results showed that the codelivery of β-catenin siRNA and IL-15 significantly reduced the growth of cancer cells and increased the immune response. The treatment also considerably stimulated the performance of the DC vaccine in triggering anti-tumor immunity, which inhibited tumor development and increased survival in mice in two different cancer models. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the use of new nanocarriers such as SPION-C-CMD-FA could be an effective way to use as a novel combination therapy consisting of β-catenin siRNA, IL-15, and DC vaccine to treat cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Compounding
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Interleukin-15/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-15/chemistry
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNAi Therapeutics
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment
- beta Catenin/genetics
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farnaz Hajizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asal Barshidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bentolhoda Rashidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farbod Ebrahimi
- Nanoparticle Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Simin Bahmanpour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Karpisheh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Fariba Karoon Kiani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassannia
- Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Amol Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6715847141, Iran
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rafieh Bagherifar
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6715847141, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Hematology, Immune Cell Therapy, and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Hematology, Immune Cell Therapy, and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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6
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Fu C, Zhou L, Mi QS, Jiang A. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 11:222. [PMID: 35053338 PMCID: PMC8773673 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite largely disappointing clinical trials of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines, recent studies have shown that DC-mediated cross-priming plays a critical role in generating anti-tumor CD8 T cell immunity and regulating anti-tumor efficacy of immunotherapies. These new findings thus support further development and refinement of DC-based vaccines as mono-immunotherapy or combinational immunotherapies. One exciting development is recent clinical studies with naturally circulating DCs including plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). pDC vaccines were particularly intriguing, as pDCs are generally presumed to play a negative role in regulating T cell responses in tumors. Similarly, DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have been heralded as cell-free therapeutic cancer vaccines that are potentially superior to DC vaccines in overcoming tumor-mediated immunosuppression, although DCexo clinical trials have not led to expected clinical outcomes. Using a pDC-targeted vaccine model, we have recently reported that pDCs required type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) for optimal cross-priming by transferring antigens through pDC-derived exosomes (pDCexos), which also cross-prime CD8 T cells in a bystander cDC-dependent manner. Thus, pDCexos could combine the advantages of both cDC1s and pDCs as cancer vaccines to achieve better anti-tumor efficacy. In this review, we will focus on the pDC-based cancer vaccines and discuss potential clinical application of pDCexos in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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7
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Hamieh M, Chatillon JF, Dupel E, Bayeux F, Fauquembergue E, Maby P, Drouet A, Duval-Modeste AB, Adriouch S, Boyer O, Latouche JB. Generation of Pure Highly Functional Human Anti-Tumor Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes With Stem Cell-Like Memory Features for Melanoma Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674276. [PMID: 34566953 PMCID: PMC8456028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy based on the transfer of anti-tumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a promising strategy to cure cancers. However, rapid expansion of numerous highly functional CTLs with long-lived features remains a challenge. Here, we constructed NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast-based artificial antigen presenting cells (AAPCs) and precisely evaluated their ability to circumvent this difficulty. These AAPCs stably express the essential molecules involved in CTL activation in the HLA-A*0201 context and an immunogenic HLA-A*0201 restricted analogue peptide derived from MART-1, an auto-antigen overexpressed in melanoma. Using these AAPCs and pentamer-based magnetic bead-sorting, we defined, in a preclinical setting, the optimal conditions to expand pure MART-1-specific CTLs. Numerous highly purified MART-1-specific CTLs were rapidly obtained from healthy donors and melanoma patients. Both TCR repertoire and CDR3 sequence analyses revealed that MART-1-specific CTL responses were similar to those reported in the literature and obtained with autologous or allogeneic presenting cells. These MART-1-specific CTLs were highly cytotoxic against HLA-A*0201+ MART-1+ tumor cells. Moreover, they harbored a suitable phenotype for immunotherapy, with effector memory, central memory and, most importantly, stem cell-like memory T cell features. Notably, the cells harboring stem cell-like memory phenotype features were capable of self-renewal and of differentiation into potent effector anti-tumor T cells. These "off-the-shelf" AAPCs represent a unique tool to rapidly and easily expand large numbers of long-lived highly functional pure specific CTLs with stem cell-like memory T cell properties, for the development of efficient adoptive immunotherapy strategies against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hamieh
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedecine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Jean-François Chatillon
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1234 - Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Estelle Dupel
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedecine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Florence Bayeux
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1234 - Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Emilie Fauquembergue
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedecine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Pauline Maby
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedecine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Aurelie Drouet
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedecine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | | | - Sahil Adriouch
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1234 - Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1234 - Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), IRIB, Rouen, France.,Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Latouche
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedecine (IRIB), Rouen, France.,Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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8
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Yao Y, Fu C, Zhou L, Mi QS, Jiang A. DC-Derived Exosomes for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153667. [PMID: 34359569 PMCID: PMC8345209 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the initiators of adaptive immune responses, DCs play a central role in regulating the balance between CD8 T cell immunity versus tolerance to tumor antigens. Exploiting their function to potentiate host anti-tumor immunity, DC-based vaccines have been one of most promising and widely used cancer immunotherapies. However, DC-based cancer vaccines have not achieved the promised success in clinical trials, with one of the major obstacles being tumor-mediated immunosuppression. A recent discovery on the critical role of type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) play in cross-priming tumor-specific CD8 T cells and determining the anti-tumor efficacy of cancer immunotherapies, however, has highlighted the need to further develop and refine DC-based vaccines either as monotherapies or in combination with other therapies. DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have been heralded as a promising alternative to DC-based vaccines, as DCexos are more resistance to tumor-mediated suppression and DCexo vaccines have exhibited better anti-tumor efficacy in pre-clinical animal models. However, DCexo vaccines have only achieved limited clinical efficacy and failed to induce tumor-specific T cell responses in clinical trials. The lack of clinical efficacy might be partly due to the fact that all current clinical trials used peptide-loaded DCexos from monocyte-derived DCs. In this review, we will focus on the perspective of expanding current DCexo research to move DCexo cancer vaccines forward clinically to realize their potential in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Chunmei Fu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.-S.M.); (A.J.); Tel.: +313-876-1017 (Q.-S.M.); +313-876-7292 (A.J.)
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.-S.M.); (A.J.); Tel.: +313-876-1017 (Q.-S.M.); +313-876-7292 (A.J.)
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9
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Yingjuan W, Li Z, Wei C, Xiaoyuan W. Identification of prognostic genes and construction of a novel gene signature in the skin melanoma based on the tumor microenvironment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26017. [PMID: 34032721 PMCID: PMC8154473 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin melanoma remains a highly prevalent and yet deadly form of cancer, with the exact degree of melanoma-associated mortality being strongly dependent upon the local tumor microenvironment. The exact composition of stromal and immune cells within this microenvironmental region has the potential to profoundly impact melanoma progression and prognosis. As such, the present study was designed with the goal of clarifying the predictive relevance of stromal and immune cell-related genes in melanoma patients through comprehensive bioinformatics analyses. We therefore analyzed melanoma sample gene expression within The Cancer Genome Atlas database and employed the ESTIMATE algorithm as a means of calculating both stromal and immune scores that were in turn used for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, univariate analyses were used to detect DEGs associated with melanoma patient survival, and through additional functional enrichment analyses, we determined that these survival-related DEGs are largely related to inflammatory and immune responses. A prognostic signature comprised of 10 genes (IL15, CCL8, CLIC2, SAMD9L, TLR2, HLA.DQB1, IGHV1-18, RARRES3, GBP4, APOBEC3G) was generated. This 10-gene signature effectively separated melanoma patients into low- and high-risk groups based upon their survival. These low- and high-risk groups also exhibited distinct immune statuses and differing degrees of immune cell infiltration. In conclusion, our results offer novel insights into a number of microenvironment-associated genes that impact survival outcomes in melanoma patients, potentially highlighting these genes as viable therapeutic targets.
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10
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Adam L, Tchitchek N, Todorova B, Rosenbaum P, Joly C, Poux C, Chapon C, Spetz AL, Ustav M, Le Grand R, Martinon F. Innate Molecular and Cellular Signature in the Skin Preceding Long-Lasting T Cell Responses after Electroporated DNA Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3375-3388. [PMID: 32385135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines delivered with electroporation (EP) have shown promising results in preclinical models and are evaluated in clinical trials. In this study, we aim to characterize early mechanisms occurring in the skin after intradermal injection and EP of the auxoGTUmultiSIV DNA vaccine in nonhuman primates. First, we show that EP acts as an adjuvant by enhancing local inflammation, notably via granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and CD1aint-expressing cell recruitment. EP also induced Langerhans cell maturation, illustrated by CD86, CD83, and HLA-DR upregulation and their migration out of the epidermis. Second, we demonstrate the crucial role of the DNA vaccine in soluble factors release, such as MCP-1 or IL-15. Transcriptomic analysis showed that EP played a major role in gene expression changes postvaccination. However, the DNA vaccine is required to strongly upregulate several genes involved in inflammatory responses (e.g., Saa4), cell migration (e.g., Ccl3, Ccl5, or Cxcl10), APC activation (e.g., Cd86), and IFN-inducible genes (e.g., Ifit3, Ifit5, Irf7, Isg15, orMx1), illustrating an antiviral response signature. Also, AIM-2, a cytosolic DNA sensor, appeared to be strongly upregulated only in the presence of the DNA vaccine and trends to positively correlate with several IFN-inducible genes, suggesting the potential role of AIM-2 in vaccine sensing and the subsequent innate response activation leading to strong adaptive T cell responses. Overall, these results demonstrate that a combined stimulation of the immune response, in which EP and the auxoGTUmultiSIV vaccine triggered different components of the innate immunity, led to strong and persistent cellular recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Adam
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Department, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université Paris-Sud 11, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Department, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université Paris-Sud 11, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Biliana Todorova
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Department, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université Paris-Sud 11, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pierre Rosenbaum
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Department, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université Paris-Sud 11, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Candie Joly
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Department, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université Paris-Sud 11, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Candice Poux
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Department, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université Paris-Sud 11, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Catherine Chapon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Department, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université Paris-Sud 11, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anna-Lena Spetz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Mart Ustav
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Department, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université Paris-Sud 11, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Department, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université Paris-Sud 11, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France;
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11
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Kuse N, Sun X, Akahoshi T, Lissina A, Yamamoto T, Appay V, Takiguchi M. Priming of HIV-1-specific CD8 + T cells with strong functional properties from naïve T cells. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:109-119. [PMID: 30956171 PMCID: PMC6491959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells are required for immune suppression of HIV-1 replication and elimination of the associated viral reservoirs. However, effective induction of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from naïve cells remains problematic in the setting of human vaccine trials. In this study, we investigated priming of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from naïve cells. Methods HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells were primed from naïve T cells of HIV-1-seronegative individuals using TLR4 ligand LPS or STING ligand 3′3′-cGAMP in vitro. We established HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell lines from primed T cells and then investigated functional properties of these cells. Findings HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells primed with LPS failed to suppress HIV-1. In contrast, 3′3′-cGAMP effectively primed HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells with strong ability to suppress HIV-1. 3′3′-cGAMP-primed T cells had higher expression levels of perforin and granzyme B than LPS-primed ones. The expression levels of granzyme B and perforin and viral suppression ability of 3′3′-cGAMP-primed T cells were positively correlated with the production level of type I IFN from PBMCs stimulated with 3′3′-cGAMP. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the potential of 3′3′-cGAMP to induce HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells with strong effector function from naïve cells via a strong type I IFN production and suggests that this STING ligand may be useful for AIDS vaccine and cure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Kuse
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Akahoshi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Anna Lissina
- Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Victor Appay
- Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), F-75013 Paris, France; International Research Center of Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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12
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IL-15 and a Two-Step Maturation Process Improve Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cell Cancer Vaccine. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010040. [PMID: 30621204 PMCID: PMC6356194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years, dendritic cells (DCs) have been largely used as a platform for therapeutic vaccination in cancer patients. However, despite its proven safety and ability to induce cancer specific immune responses, the clinical benefits of DC-based immunotherapy are currently very limited. Thus, novel approaches are still needed to boost its efficacy. Our group recently showed that squaric acid treatment of antigens is an important adjuvant that can increase vaccine-induced downstream immune responses and therapeutic outcomes. Here we further improved this dendritic cell vaccine formulation by developing a new method for differentiating and maturing DCs from their bone marrow precursors. Our data demonstrate that bone marrow-derived DCs differentiated with GM-CSF and IL-15 and matured with a maturation cocktail in two steps present a more mature and immunogenic phenotype, compared to standard DC preparations. Further suppression of the prostaglandin E₂ pathway achieved even more immunogenic DC phenotypes. This vaccine was more potent at delaying tumor growth, improved animal survival and induced a more immunogenic and Th1-skewed T cell response in an ovarian cancer mouse model. These promising results support future efforts for the clinical translation of this approach.
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13
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Santos PM, Butterfield LH. Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Vaccines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:443-449. [PMID: 29311386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized immune cells that play a critical role in promoting an immune response against Ags, which can include foreign pathogenic Ags and self-tumor Ags. DC are capable of boosting a memory T cell response but most importantly they are effective initiators of naive T cell responses. Many years of studies have focused on the use of DC vaccines against cancer to initiate and shape an antitumor-specific immune response and/or boost existing spontaneous antitumor T cell responses. In this study we give a brief overview of DC biology, function, and cellular subsets, and review the current status of the field of DC as cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; .,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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14
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Sánchez-Paulete AR, Teijeira A, Cueto FJ, Garasa S, Pérez-Gracia JL, Sánchez-Arráez A, Sancho D, Melero I. Antigen cross-presentation and T-cell cross-priming in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:xii44-xii55. [PMID: 28945841 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the main professional antigen-presenting cells for induction of T-cell adaptive responses. Cancer cells express tumor antigens, including neoantigens generated by nonsynonymous mutations, but are poor for antigen presentation and for providing costimulatory signals for T-cell priming. Mounting evidence suggests that antigen transfer to DCs and their surrogate presentation on major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules together with costimulatory signals is paramount for induction of viral and cancer immunity. Of the great diversity of DCs, BATF3/IRF8-dependent conventional DCs type 1 (cDC1) excel at cross-presentation of tumor cell-associated antigens. Location of cDC1s in the tumor correlates with improved infiltration by CD8+ T cells and tumor-specific T-cell immunity. Indeed, cDC1s are crucial for antitumor efficacy using checkpoint inhibitors and anti-CD137 agonist monoclonal antibodies in mouse models. Enhancement and exploitation of T-cell cross-priming by cDC1s offer opportunities for improved cancer immunotherapy, including in vivo targeting of tumor antigens to internalizing receptors on cDC1s and strategies to increase their numbers, activation and priming capacity within tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Sánchez-Paulete
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona
| | - A Teijeira
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona
| | - F J Cueto
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid
| | - S Garasa
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona
| | - J L Pérez-Gracia
- University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Arráez
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona
| | - D Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid
| | - I Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona.,University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Van Acker HH, Beretta O, Anguille S, De Caluwé L, Papagna A, Van den Bergh JM, Willemen Y, Goossens H, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VF, Smits EL, Foti M, Lion E. Desirable cytolytic immune effector cell recruitment by interleukin-15 dendritic cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13652-13665. [PMID: 28099143 PMCID: PMC5355127 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Success of dendritic cell (DC) therapy in treating malignancies is depending on the DC capacity to attract immune effector cells, considering their reciprocal crosstalk is partially regulated by cell-contact-dependent mechanisms. Although critical for therapeutic efficacy, immune cell recruitment is a largely overlooked aspect regarding optimization of DC vaccination. In this paper we have made a head-to-head comparison of interleukin (IL)-15-cultured DCs and conventional IL-4-cultured DCs with regard to their proficiency in the recruitment of (innate) immune effector cells. Here, we demonstrate that IL-4 DCs are suboptimal in attracting effector lymphocytes, while IL15 DCs provide a favorable chemokine milieu for recruiting CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and gamma delta (γδ) T cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that IL-15 DCs exhibit a high expression of chemokines involved in antitumor immune effector cell attraction, while IL-4 DCs display a more immunoregulatory profile characterized by the expression of Th2 and regulatory T cell-attracting chemokines. This is confirmed by functional data indicating an enhanced recruitment of granzyme B+ effector lymphocytes by IL-15 DCs, as compared to IL-4 DCs, and subsequent superior killing of tumor cells by the migrated lymphocytes. Elevated CCL4 gene expression in IL-15 DCs and lowered CCR5 expression on both migrated γδ T cells and NK cells, led to validation of increased CCL4 secretion by IL15 DCs. Moreover, neutralization of CCR5 prior to migration resulted in an important inhibition of γδ T cell and NK cell recruitment by IL-15 DCs. These findings further underscore the strong immunotherapeutic potential of IL-15 DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ottavio Beretta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Lien De Caluwé
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Papagna
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Johan M Van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yannick Willemen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Foti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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16
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Gorvel L, Korenfeld D, Tung T, Klechevsky E. Dendritic Cell-Derived IL-32α: A Novel Inhibitory Cytokine of NK Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1290-1300. [PMID: 28701509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines produced by dendritic cells (DCs) can largely determine the direction of immunity. Transcriptional analysis revealed that besides IL-15, IL-32 was the only other cytokine expressed by human Langerhans cells. IL-32 is a human cytokine that exists in four main isoforms. Currently, little is known about the regulation and function of the various IL-32 isoforms. In this study, we found that IL-15 is a potent inducer of IL-32α in DCs. Because IL-15 promotes NK cell activation, we investigated the interplay between IL-32 and IL-15 and their role in NK cell activity. We show that IL-32α acts on NK cells to inhibit IL-15-mediated STAT5 phosphorylation and to suppress their IL-15-induced effector molecule expression and cytolytic capacity. IL-32α also acted on DCs by downregulating IL-15-induced IL-18 production, an important cytokine in NK cell activity. Blocking IL-32α during DC:NK cell coculture enhanced NK cell effector molecule expression as well as their cytolytic capacity. Taken together, our findings suggest a feedback inhibition of IL-15-mediated NK cell activity by IL-32α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gorvel
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Daniel Korenfeld
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Thomas Tung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eynav Klechevsky
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
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17
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Immune Cells in Cancer Therapy and Drug Delivery. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5230219. [PMID: 27212807 PMCID: PMC4860248 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5230219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate the critical role of tumour associated macrophages, tumour associated neutrophils, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells in tumourigenesis. These cells can have a significant impact on the tumour microenvironment via their production of cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, products secreted from all these cells have defined specific roles in regulating tumour cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. They act in a protumour capacity in vivo as evidenced by the recent studies indicating that macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils may be manipulated to exhibit cytotoxic activity against tumours. Therefore therapy targeting these cells may be promising, or they may constitute drug or anticancer particles delivery systems to the tumours. Herein, we discussed all these possibilities that may be used in cancer treatment.
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18
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Generation of mouse and human dendritic cells in vitro. J Immunol Methods 2016; 432:24-9. [PMID: 26876301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) that can orchestrate immune responses and maintain host homeostasis, are indispensable components of the immune system. Although distributed widely in many lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, their rarity in number has become a limiting factor for DC related research and therapies. Therefore, methods for efficiently generating large numbers of DC resembling their in vivo counterparts are urgently needed for DC related research and therapies. Herein we summarize the current methods for generating mouse and human DC in vitro and hope that these will facilitate both studies of DC biology and their clinical applications.
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19
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Seledtsov VI, Goncharov AG, Seledtsova GV. Clinically feasible approaches to potentiating cancer cell-based immunotherapies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:851-69. [PMID: 25933181 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1009814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system exerts both tumor-destructive and tumor-protective functions. Mature dendritic cells (DCs), classically activated macrophages (M1), granulocytes, B lymphocytes, aβ and ɣδ T lymphocytes, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and natural killer (NK) cells may be implicated in antitumor immunoprotection. Conversely, tolerogenic DCs, alternatively activated macrophages (M2), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T (Tregs) and B cells (Bregs) are capable of suppressing antitumor immune responses. Anti-cancer vaccination is a useful strategy to elicit antitumor immune responses, while overcoming immunosuppressive mechanisms. Whole tumor cells or lysates derived thereof hold more promise as cancer vaccines than individual tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), because vaccinal cells can elicit immune responses to multiple TAAs. Cancer cell-based vaccines can be autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic. Clinical use of xenogeneic vaccines is advantageous in that they can be most effective in breaking the preexisting immune tolerance to TAAs. To potentiate immunotherapy, vaccinations can be combined with other modalities that target different immune pathways. These modalities include 1) genetic or chemical modification of cell-based vaccines; 2) cross-priming TAAs to T cells by engaging dendritic cells; 3) T-cell adoptive therapy; 4) stimulation of cytotoxic inflammation by non-specific immunomodulators, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, chemokines or hormones; 5) reduction of immunosuppression and/or stimulation of antitumor effector cells using antibodies, small molecules; and 6) various cytoreductive modalities. The authors envisage that combined immunotherapeutic strategies will allow for substantial improvements in clinical outcomes in the near future.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Ab, antibodies
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
- Breg, regulatory B cell
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CTA, cancer/testis antigen
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4
- DC, dendritic cell
- DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
- HIFU, high-intensity focused ultrasound
- IDO, indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LAK, lymphokine-activated killer
- M, macrophage
- M1, classically activated macrophage
- M2, alternatively activated macrophage, MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NK, natural killer (cell)
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RFA, radiofrequency ablation
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Th, T-helper cell
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- antitumor immunoprotection
- cancer cell-based vaccines
- combined immunotherapy
- immunosuppression
- reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Seledtsov
- a lmmanuel Kant Baltic Federal University ; Kaliningrad , Russia
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20
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Hong E, Usiskin IM, Bergamaschi C, Hanlon DJ, Edelson RL, Justesen S, Pavlakis GN, Flavell RA, Fahmy TM. Configuration-dependent Presentation of Multivalent IL-15:IL-15Rα Enhances the Antigen-specific T Cell Response and Anti-tumor Immunity. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:8931-50. [PMID: 26719339 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.695304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report a "configuration-dependent" mechanism of action for IL-15:IL-15Rα (heterodimeric IL-15 or hetIL-15) where the manner by which IL-15:IL-15Rα molecules are presented to target cells significantly affects its function as a vaccine adjuvant. Although the cellular mechanism of IL-15 trans-presentation via IL-15Rα and its importance for IL-15 function have been described, the full effect of the IL-15:IL-15Rα configuration on responding cells is not yet known. We found that trans-presenting IL-15:IL-15Rα in a multivalent fashion on the surface of antigen-encapsulating nanoparticles enhanced the ability of nanoparticle-treated dendritic cells (DCs) to stimulate antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. Localization of multivalent IL-15:IL-15Rα and encapsulated antigen to the same DC led to maximal T cell responses. Strikingly, DCs incubated with IL-15:IL-15Rα-coated nanoparticles displayed higher levels of functional IL-15 on the cell surface, implicating a mechanism for nanoparticle-mediated transfer of IL-15 to the DC surface. Using artificial antigen-presenting cells to highlight the effect of IL-15 configuration on DCs, we showed that artificial antigen-presenting cells presenting IL-15:IL-15Rα increased the sensitivity and magnitude of the T cell response, whereas IL-2 enhanced the T cell response only when delivered in a paracrine fashion. Therefore, the mode of cytokine presentation (configuration) is important for optimal immune responses. We tested the effect of configuration dependence in an aggressive model of murine melanoma and demonstrated significantly delayed tumor progression induced by IL-15:IL-15Rα-coated nanoparticles in comparison with monovalent IL-15:IL-15Rα. The novel mechanism of IL-15 transfer to the surface of antigen-processing DCs may explain the enhanced potency of IL-15:IL-15Rα-coated nanoparticles for antigen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enping Hong
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Ilana M Usiskin
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- the Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, and
| | - Douglas J Hanlon
- Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Richard L Edelson
- Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Sune Justesen
- the Department of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1017, Denmark
| | - George N Pavlakis
- the Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, and
| | | | - Tarek M Fahmy
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, the Departments of Immunobiology and
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21
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Anguille S, Smits EL, Bryant C, Van Acker HH, Goossens H, Lion E, Fromm PD, Hart DN, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN. Dendritic Cells as Pharmacological Tools for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:731-53. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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22
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de Haar C, Plantinga M, Blokland NJ, van Til NP, Flinsenberg TW, Van Tendeloo VF, Smits EL, Boon L, Spel L, Boes M, Boelens JJ, Nierkens S. Generation of a cord blood-derived Wilms Tumor 1 dendritic cell vaccine for AML patients treated with allogeneic cord blood transplantation. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1023973. [PMID: 26451309 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1023973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor survival rates of refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients after haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) requires the development of additional immune therapeutic strategies. As the elicitation of tumor-antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is associated with reduced relapses and enhanced survival, enhanced priming of these CTLs using an anti-AML vaccine may result in long-term immunity against AML. Cord blood (CB), as allogeneic HCT source, may provide a unique setting for such post-HCT vaccination, considering its enhanced graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effects and population of highly responsive naïve T cells. It is our goal to develop a powerful and safe immune therapeutic strategy composed of CB-HCT followed by vaccination with CB CD34+-derived dendritic cells (DCs) presenting the oncoprotein Wilms Tumor-1 (WT1), which is expressed in AML-blasts in the majority of patients. Here, we describe the optimization of a clinically applicable DC culture protocol. This two-step protocol consisting of an expansion phase followed by the differentiation toward DCs, enables us to generate sufficient cord blood-derived DCs (CBDCs) in the clinical setting. At the end of the culture, the CBDCs exhibit a mature surface phenotype, are able to migrate, express tumor antigen (WT1) after electroporation with mRNA encoding the full-length WT1 protein, and stimulate WT1-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin de Haar
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maud Plantinga
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Jg Blokland
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Wh Flinsenberg
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; University of Antwerp ; Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE); University of Antwerp ; Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium ; Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital ; Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros B.V. ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Spel
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Clinical Immunology Section; LTI; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Department Pediatrics; Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands ; U-DAIR; LTI; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Anguille S, Van Acker HH, Van den Bergh J, Willemen Y, Goossens H, Van Tendeloo VF, Smits EL, Berneman ZN, Lion E. Interleukin-15 Dendritic Cells Harness NK Cell Cytotoxic Effector Function in a Contact- and IL-15-Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123340. [PMID: 25951230 PMCID: PMC4423923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of natural killer (NK) cells to the treatment efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccines is being increasingly recognized. Much current efforts to optimize this form of immunotherapy are therefore geared towards harnessing the NK cell-stimulatory ability of DCs. In this study, we investigated whether generation of human monocyte-derived DCs with interleukin (IL)-15 followed by activation with a Toll-like receptor stimulus endows these DCs, commonly referred to as "IL-15 DCs", with the capacity to stimulate NK cells. In a head-to-head comparison with "IL-4 DCs" used routinely for clinical studies, IL-15 DCs were found to induce a more activated, cytotoxic effector phenotype in NK cells, in particular in the CD56bright NK cell subset. With the exception of GM-CSF, no significant enhancement of cytokine/chemokine secretion was observed following co-culture of NK cells with IL-15 DCs. IL-15 DCs, but not IL-4 DCs, promoted NK cell tumoricidal activity towards both NK-sensitive and NK-resistant targets. This effect was found to require cell-to-cell contact and to be mediated by DC surface-bound IL-15. This study shows that DCs can express a membrane-bound form of IL-15 through which they enhance NK cell cytotoxic function. The observed lack of membrane-bound IL-15 on "gold-standard" IL-4 DCs and their consequent inability to effectively promote NK cell cytotoxicity may have important implications for the future design of DC-based cancer vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Heleen H. Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yannick Willemen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo F. Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L. Smits
- Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi N. Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
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24
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Van Acker HH, Anguille S, Van Tendeloo VF, Lion E. Empowering gamma delta T cells with antitumor immunity by dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1021538. [PMID: 26405575 PMCID: PMC4570126 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1021538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are the all-rounders of our immune-system with their major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted cytotoxicity, capacity to secrete immunosti-mulatory cytokines and ability to promote the generation of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine therapy has the prospective to harness these unique features of the γδ T cells in the fight against cancer. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge on DC-mediated γδ T cell activation and related opportunities for tumor immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp ; Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp ; Antwerp, Belgium ; Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital ; Edegem, Belgium
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp ; Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp ; Antwerp, Belgium ; Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital ; Edegem, Belgium
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25
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Yan Y, Li S, Jia T, Du X, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Li L, Liang K, Liang W, Sun H, Li R. Combined therapy with CTL cells and oncolytic adenovirus expressing IL-15-induced enhanced antitumor activity. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4535-43. [PMID: 25627006 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of immunoregulation factor to an oncolytic adenovirus being constructed is a developmental step in tumor gene therapy; however, cytokine IL-15 has not been frequently used as a potential cancer therapy agent. Here, we constructed an E2F-1 promoter oncolytic adenovirus based on type 5 adenovirus, which induces viral replication and proliferation in targeted tumor cells. We inserted the IL-15 gene into the E3 region of the model and found that human IL-15 expressing oncolytic adenovirus (Ad-E2F/IL15) shows a more intense antitumor effect than simple oncolytic viruses (Ad-E2F) do. Precisely because IL-15 can activate natural killer (NK) cells, CD8(+)T cells, and other immune cells, in antitumor therapy, Ad-E2F/IL15 was used in combination with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to create a virus that can induce IL-15 gene expression while lysing tumors and stimulating the activity and function of adoptive immune cells. The therapeutic effect of this therapy is clearly stronger than that of a single application of oncolytic viruses or CTL, and hence, it could be a potential new tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yan
- General Surgery Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
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26
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Okada S, Han S, Patel ES, Yang LJ, Chang LJ. STAT3 signaling contributes to the high effector activities of interleukin-15-derived dendritic cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:461-71. [PMID: 25582338 PMCID: PMC4450366 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are important innate and adaptive immune effectors, and have a key role in antigen presentation and T-cell activation. Different lineages of DCs can be developed from hematopoietic progenitors following cytokine signaling, and the various lineages of DCs display distinct morphology, phenotype and functions. There has been limited information on differential cytokine-mediated molecular signaling in DCs. Analyses of surface molecules by flow cytometry and quantitative RNA profiling revealed differences between DCs derived from interleukin-4 (IL-4) versus IL-15 signaling, yet both lineages of DCs exhibited similar levels of surface molecules key to immune activation. Functional assays confirmed that IL-15-derived DCs elicited greater antigen-specific, primary and secondary CD8 and CD4 T-cell responses than did IL-4-derived DCs. Importantly, IL-15 DCs secreted substantial amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), which helped polarize a strong T-cell response. Assessment of signaling pathways revealed that IL-15 DCs exhibited a lower levels of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), STAT6 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 than IL-4 DCs, but after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/TNFα treatment, the STAT3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities were significantly enhanced in the IL-15 DCs. Surprisingly, contrary to the canonical IL-15-mediated STAT5 signaling pathway in lymphoid cells, IL-15 did not mediate a strong STAT5 or STAT3 activation in DCs. Further analysis using specific inhibitors to STAT3 and p38 MAPK pathways revealed that the STAT3 signaling, but not p38 MAPK signaling, contributed to IFN-γ production in DCs. Therefore, while IL-15 does not promote the STAT signaling in DCs, the increased STAT3 activity after LPS/TNFα treatment of the IL-15 DCs has a key role in their high IFN-γ effector activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlyn Okada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ekta S Patel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lung-Ji Chang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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27
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Nazarkina Z, Laktionov P. Preparation of dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:30-40. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of new effective method for cancer therapy is one of the most important trends in the modern medicine. Along with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, induction of an immune response against the tumor cells is a promising approach for therapy of cancer, particularly metastatic, slowly dividing tumors and cancer stem cells. Induction of the antitumor T-cell immune response involves activation of antigen-presenting cells, which can efficiently present the cancer antigens and activate T-lymphocytes. The immune response may be activated by dendritic cells (DC) loaded with tumor antigens, such as tumor-specific proteins, tumor cell lysates, apoptotic or necrotic tumor cells, as well as nucleic acids encoding tumor antigens. Regardless of the selected source of the tumor antigen, preparation of mature DC is a principal step in the development of anticancer vaccines aimed at the induction of the cytotoxic T-cell immune response. Recently, various research groups have proposed several strategies for producing mature DC, differed by the set of agents used. It has been shown that the maturation strategy influences both their phenotype and the ability to induce the immune response. In this review we have analyzed the results of studies on the various strategies of preparation of mature DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zh.K. Nazarkina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P.P. Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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28
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Zhang Y, Tian S, Liu Z, Zhang J, Zhang M, Bosenberg MW, Kedl RM, Waldmann TA, Storkus WJ, Falo LD, You Z. Dendritic cell-derived interleukin-15 is crucial for therapeutic cancer vaccine potency. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e959321. [PMID: 25941586 PMCID: PMC4292719 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.959321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 supports improved antitumor immunity. How to best incorporate IL-15 into vaccine formulations for superior cancer immunotherapy remains a challenge. DC-derived IL-15 (DCIL-15) notably has the capacity to activate DC, to substitute for CD4+ Th and to potentiate vaccine efficacy making IL-15-based therapies attractive treatment options. We observed in transplantable melanoma, glioma and metastatic breast carcinoma models that DCIL-15-based DNA vaccines in which DC specifically express IL-15 and simultaneously produce tumor Aghsp70 were able to mediate potent therapeutic efficacy that required both host Batf3+ DC and CD8+ T cells. In an inducible BrafV600E/Pten-driven murine melanoma model, DCIL-15 (not rIL-15)-based DNA vaccines elicited durable therapeutic CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor immunity. DCIL-15 was found to be superior to rIL-15 in "licensing" both mouse and human DC, and for activating CD8+ T cells. Such activation occurred even in the presence of Treg, without a need for CD4+ Th, but was IL-15/IL-15Rα-dependent. A single low-dose of DCIL-15 (not rIL-15)-based DC vaccines induced therapeutic antitumor immunity. CD14+ DC emigrating from human skin explants genetically-immunized by IL-15 and Aghsp70 were more effective than similar DC emigrating from the explants genetically-immunized by Aghsp70 in the presence of rIL-15 in expressing membrane-bound IL-15/IL-15Rα and activating CD8+ T cells. These results support future clinical use of DCIL-15 as a therapeutic agent in battling cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Shenghe Tian
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Meili Zhang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute ; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Marcus W Bosenberg
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; Yale University School of Medicine ; New Haven, CT USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; University of Colorado ; Aurora, CO USA
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute ; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Zhaoyang You
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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29
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Cairo C, Surendran N, Harris KM, Mazan-Mamczarz K, Sakoda Y, Diaz-Mendez F, Tamada K, Gartenhaus RB, Mann DL, Pauza CD. Vγ2Vδ2 T cell Costimulation Increases NK cell Killing of Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells. Immunology 2014; 144:422-430. [PMID: 25227493 PMCID: PMC4557679 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between NK and dendritic cells (DC) affect maturation and function of both cell populations, including NK killing of DC (editing) that is important for controlling the quality of immune responses. We also know that antigen-stimulated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells costimulate NK cells via 4-1BB to enhance killing of tumor cell lines but we do not know what regulates 4-1BB expression or whether other NK effector functions including DC killing, might also be influenced by NK:γδ T cell cross talk. Here we show that antigen-stimulated γδ T cells costimulate NK through ICOS:ICOSL and this signal increases NK killing of autologous DC. Effects of NK:γδ T cell co-culture, which could be reproduced with soluble ICOS-Fc fusion protein, included increased CD69 and 4-1BB expression, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1β, I-309, RANTES and sFasL production, as well as elevated mRNA levels for costimulatory receptors OX40 (TNFRSF4) and GITR (TNFRSF18). Thus, ICOS/ICOSL costimulation of NK by Vγ2Vδ2 T cells had broad effects on NK phenotype and effector functions. The NK γδ T cell cross talk links innate and antigen-specific lymphocyte responses in the control of cytotoxic effector function and dendritic cell killing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Naveen Surendran
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristina M Harris
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krystyna Mazan-Mamczarz
- School of Medicine Oncology Program, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yukimi Sakoda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Felisa Diaz-Mendez
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Koji Tamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald B Gartenhaus
- School of Medicine Oncology Program, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dean L Mann
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - C David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Sehgal K, Ragheb R, Fahmy TM, Dhodapkar MV, Dhodapkar KM. Nanoparticle-mediated combinatorial targeting of multiple human dendritic cell (DC) subsets leads to enhanced T cell activation via IL-15-dependent DC crosstalk. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:2297-305. [PMID: 25080481 PMCID: PMC6195217 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most vaccines depend on coadministration of Ags and adjuvants that activate APCs. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as an attractive vehicle for synchronized delivery of Ags and adjuvants to APCs and can be targeted to specific cell types, such as dendritic cells (DCs), which are potent APCs. Which subset of human DCs should be targeted for optimal activation of T cell immunity, however, remains unknown. In this article, we describe a poly-lactic-coglycolic acid-based NP platform, wherein avidin-decorated NPs can be targeted to multiple human DC subsets via biotinylated Abs. Both BDCA3(+) and monocyte-derived DC-SIGN(+) NP-loaded DCs were equally effective at generating Ag-specific human T cells in culture, including against complex peptide mixtures from viral and tumor Ags across multiple MHC molecules. Ab-mediated targeting of NPs to distinct DC subsets led to enhanced T cell immunity. However, combination targeting to both DC-SIGN and BDCA3(+) DCs led to significantly greater activation of T cells compared with targeting either DC subset alone. Enhanced T cell activation following combination targeting depended on DC-mediated cytokine release and was IL-15 dependent. These data demonstrate that simultaneous targeting of multiple DC subsets may improve NP vaccines by engaging DC crosstalk and provides a novel approach to improving vaccines against pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Sehgal
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Ragy Ragheb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Kavita M Dhodapkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
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31
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Eyrich M, Schreiber SC, Rachor J, Krauss J, Pauwels F, Hain J, Wölfl M, Lutz MB, de Vleeschouwer S, Schlegel PG, Van Gool SW. Development and validation of a fully GMP-compliant production process of autologous, tumor-lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:946-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Jing W, Chen Y, Lu L, Hu X, Shao C, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Wu L, Liu R, Fan K, Jin G. Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells producing IL15 eradicate established pancreatic tumor in syngeneic mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2127-37. [PMID: 24928851 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent a new tool for delivery of therapeutic agents to cancer sites because of their strong tropism toward tumors. IL15 has demonstrated a potent antitumor activity in various animal models as well as clinical trials. However, because of its short half-life, effective therapeutic effects usually require a high dose, which often results in undesired side effects; thus, new strategies for overcoming this disadvantage are needed. In this study, human MSCs were isolated from umbilical cord blood as delivery vehicles and transduced with lentivirus vector expressing murine IL15 (MSC-IL15). In vitro assays of lymphocyte activation and proliferation demonstrated that IL15 produced by MSCs was biofunctional. In syngeneic mice bearing Pan02 pancreatic tumors, systemic administration of MSC-IL15 significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice, which were associated with tumor cell apoptosis, and natural killer (NK)- and T-cell accumulation. Furthermore, we confirmed that MSC-IL15 could migrate toward tumor and secreted IL15 in tumor-specific sites. Depletion of NK and CD8(+) T cells abolished the antitumor activity of MSC-IL15, suggesting that NK and CD8(+) T cells play a key role for MSC-IL15-mediated effect. Interestingly, cured mice after MSC-IL15 treatment were resistant to Pan02 pancreatic tumor rechallenge, and adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from cured mice also could cause rejection of Pan02 tumor inoculation in naïve mice, indicating that MSC-IL15 induced tumor-specific T-cell immune memory response. Overall, these data support that MSCs producing IL15 might represent an innovative strategy for therapy of pancreatic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jing
- Departments of General Surgery and
| | | | - Lei Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, PLA No. 323 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lang Wu
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| | - Rui Liu
- Departments of General Surgery and
| | - Kexing Fan
- International Cancer Research Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai; Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Gang Jin
- Departments of General Surgery and
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Gomes-Giacoia E, Miyake M, Goodison S, Sriharan A, Zhang G, You L, Egan JO, Rhode PR, Parker AS, Chai KX, Wong HC, Rosser CJ. Intravesical ALT-803 and BCG treatment reduces tumor burden in a carcinogen induced bladder cancer rat model; a role for cytokine production and NK cell expansion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96705. [PMID: 24896845 PMCID: PMC4045574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been shown to induce a specific immunologic response (i.e., activation of IL-2 and effector T-cells), while preclinical studies using ALT-803 (mutated IL-15 analogue combined with IL-15Rα-Fc fusion) have shown promising results by prolonging the agent's half-life and stimulating CD8+ T-cells. Based on these results, we hypothesized that the intravesical administration of ALT-803 along with BCG will generate an immunologic response leading to significant bladder tumor burden reduction. Using a well-established carcinogen induced rat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) model, we studied the effects of intravesical ALT-803 with and without BCG. Rat tissues were evaluated to document treatment response. Intravesical ALT-803 was safe and well tolerated alone and in combination with BCG. As a single treatment agent, ALT-803 reduced tumor burden by 35% compared to control whereas BCG alone only reduced tumor burden by 15%. However, the combination of ALT-803 plus BCG reduced tumor burden by 46% compared to control. Immune monitoring suggested that the antitumor response was linked to the production and secretion of IL-1α, IL-1β and RANTES, which in turn, induced the proliferation and activation of NK cells. Lastly, tumoral responses of the combinational treatment were associated with 76% reduction in angiogenesis, which is significantly higher than when assessed with either agent alone. The enhanced therapeutic index seen with this duplet provides justification for the development of this regimen for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Gomes-Giacoia
- Cancer Research Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Makito Miyake
- Cancer Research Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Steve Goodison
- Cancer Research Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Aravindhan Sriharan
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ge Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lijing You
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jack O Egan
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter R Rhode
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexander S Parker
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Karl X Chai
- Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hing C Wong
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Charles J Rosser
- Cancer Research Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America; Clinical and Translational Research, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
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Hanke NT, LaCasse CJ, Larmonier CB, Alizadeh D, Trad M, Janikashvili N, Bonnotte B, Katsanis E, Larmonier N. PIAS1 and STAT-3 impair the tumoricidal potential of IFN-γ-stimulated mouse dendritic cells generated with IL-15. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2489-2499. [PMID: 24777831 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Primarily defined by their antigen-presenting property, dendritic cells (DCs) are being implemented as cancer vaccines in immunotherapeutic interventions. DCs can also function as direct tumor cell killers. How DC cytotoxic activity can be efficiently harnessed and the mechanisms controlling this nonconventional property are not fully understood. We report here that the tumoricidal potential of mouse DCs generated from myeloid precursors with GM-CSF and IL-15 (IL-15 DCs) can be triggered with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide to a similar extent compared with that of their counterparts, conventionally generated with IL-4 (IL-4 DCs). The mechanism of tumor cell killing depends on the induction of iNOS expression by DCs. In contrast, interferon (IFN)-γ induces the cytotoxic activity of IL-4 but not IL-15 DCs. Although the IFN-γ-STAT-1 signaling pathway is overall functional in IL-15 DCs, IFN-γ fails to induce iNOS expression in these cells. iNOS expression is negatively controlled in IFN-γ-stimulated IL-15 DCs by the cooperation between the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS1 and STAT-3, and can be partially restored with PIAS1 siRNA and STAT-3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale T Hanke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Collin J LaCasse
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Claire B Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Darya Alizadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Malika Trad
- INSERM UMR 1098, Faculty of Medicine, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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35
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Nazarkina ZK, Laktionov PP. Preparation of dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Wölfl M, Greenberg PD. Antigen-specific activation and cytokine-facilitated expansion of naive, human CD8+ T cells. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:950-66. [PMID: 24675735 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific priming of human, naive T cells has been difficult to assess. Owing to the low initial frequency in the naive cell pool of specific T cell precursors, such an analysis has been obscured by the requirements for repeated stimulations and prolonged culture time. In this protocol, we describe how to evaluate antigen-specific priming of CD8(+) cells 10 d after a single specific stimulation. The assay provides reference conditions, which result in the expansion of a substantial population of antigen-specific T cells from the naive repertoire. Various conditions and modifications during the priming process (e.g., testing new cytokines, co-stimulators and so on) can now be directly compared with the reference conditions. Factors relevant to achieving effective priming include the dendritic cell preparation, the T cell preparation, the cell ratio at the time of priming, the serum source used for the experiment and the timing of addition and concentration of the cytokines used for expansion. This protocol is relevant for human immunology, vaccine biology and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wölfl
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philip D Greenberg
- 1] Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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37
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Jeong YJ, Kim JH, Hong JM, Kang JS, Kim HR, Lee WJ, Hwang YI. Vitamin C treatment of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells enhanced CD8(+) memory T cell production capacity of these cells in vivo. Immunobiology 2014; 219:554-64. [PMID: 24698552 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C has been found to stimulate dendritic cells (DCs) to secrete more IL-12 and thereby drive naïve CD4(+) T cells to differentiate into Th1 cells. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of these vitamin C-treated DCs on CD8(+) T cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Mouse bone marrow-derived DCs were prepared in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-15. With vitamin C treatment, these DCs, when LPS-stimulated, secreted more IL-12p70 and IL-15 than did untreated DCs. And when co-cultured with T cells, they yielded a higher frequency of IFN-γ(+) CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, we found that administering vitamin C-treated and tumor lysate-loaded DCs into mice yielded a higher frequency of CD44(high) CD62L(low) CD8(+) effector and effector memory T cells, which showed an increased ex vivo killing effect of the tumor cells. These DCs also elicited enhanced protective effects against inoculated tumor cells, most probably by way of the increased cytotoxic T cells, as was revealed by the decreased growth of the inoculated tumor cells in these mice. This ex vivo vitamin C treatment effect on DCs can be considered as a strategy for boosting DC vaccination potency against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joo Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Man Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-il Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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Wu TC, Xu K, Banchereau R, Marches F, Yu CI, Martinek J, Anguiano E, Pedroza-Gonzalez A, Snipes GJ, O'Shaughnessy J, Nishimura S, Liu YJ, Pascual V, Banchereau J, Oh S, Palucka K. Reprogramming tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells for CD103+ CD8+ mucosal T-cell differentiation and breast cancer rejection. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:487-500. [PMID: 24795361 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Our studies showed that tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DC) in breast cancer drive inflammatory Th2 (iTh2) cells and protumor inflammation. Here, we show that intratumoral delivery of the β-glucan curdlan, a ligand of dectin-1, blocks the generation of iTh2 cells and prevents breast cancer progression in vivo. Curdlan reprograms tumor-infiltrating DCs via the ligation of dectin-1, enabling the DCs to become resistant to cancer-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), to produce IL-12p70, and to favor the generation of Th1 cells. DCs activated via dectin-1, but not those activated with TLR-7/8 ligand or poly I:C, induce CD8+ T cells to express CD103 (αE integrin), a ligand for cancer cells, E-cadherin. Generation of these mucosal CD8+ T cells is regulated by DC-derived integrin αvβ8 and TGF-β activation in a dectin-1-dependent fashion. These CD103+ CD8+ mucosal T cells accumulate in the tumors, thereby increasing cancer necrosis and inhibiting cancer progression in vivo in a humanized mouse model of breast cancer. Importantly, CD103+ CD8+ mucosal T cells elicited by reprogrammed DCs can reject established cancer. Thus, reprogramming tumor-infiltrating DCs represents a new strategy for cancer rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chia Wu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Gillgrass A, Ashkar A. Stimulating natural killer cells to protect against cancer: recent developments. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 7:367-82. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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40
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Schürch CM, Riether C, Ochsenbein AF. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for myeloid leukemias. Front Immunol 2013; 4:496. [PMID: 24427158 PMCID: PMC3876024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic myeloid leukemia (AML, CML) are hematologic malignancies arising from oncogene-transformed hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells known as leukemia stem cells (LSCs). LSCs are selectively resistant to various forms of therapy including irradiation or cytotoxic drugs. The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has dramatically improved disease outcome in patients with CML. For AML, however, prognosis is still quite dismal. Standard treatments have been established more than 20 years ago with only limited advances ever since. Durable remission is achieved in less than 30% of patients. Minimal residual disease (MRD), reflected by the persistence of LSCs below the detection limit by conventional methods, causes a high rate of disease relapses. Therefore, the ultimate goal in the treatment of myeloid leukemia must be the eradication of LSCs. Active immunotherapy, aiming at the generation of leukemia-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), may represent a powerful approach to target LSCs in the MRD situation. To fully activate CTLs, leukemia antigens have to be successfully captured, processed, and presented by mature dendritic cells (DCs). Myeloid progenitors are a prominent source of DCs under homeostatic conditions, and it is now well established that LSCs and leukemic blasts can give rise to "malignant" DCs. These leukemia-derived DCs can express leukemia antigens and may either induce anti-leukemic T cell responses or favor tolerance to the leukemia, depending on co-stimulatory or -inhibitory molecules and cytokines. This review will concentrate on the role of DCs in myeloid leukemia immunotherapy with a special focus on their generation, application, and function and how they could be improved in order to generate highly effective and specific anti-leukemic CTL responses. In addition, we discuss how DC-based immunotherapy may be successfully integrated into current treatment strategies to promote remission and potentially cure myeloid leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Schürch
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland ; Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Adrian F Ochsenbein
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland ; Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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41
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Terhune J, Berk E, Czerniecki BJ. Dendritic Cell-Induced Th1 and Th17 Cell Differentiation for Cancer Therapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:527-49. [PMID: 26344346 PMCID: PMC4494209 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of cellular immunotherapies against cancer requires the generation of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. The type of T-cell response generated (e.g., Th1 or Th2) will determine the efficacy of the therapy, and it is generally assumed that a type-1 response is needed for optimal cancer treatment. IL-17 producing T-cells (Th17/Tc17) play an important role in autoimmune diseases, but their function in cancer is more controversial. While some studies have shown a pro-cancerous role for IL-17, other studies have shown an anti-tumor function. The induction of polarized T-cell responses can be regulated by dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are key regulators of the immune system with the ability to affect both innate and adaptive immune responses. These properties have led many researchers to study the use of ex vivo manipulated DCs for the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. While Th1/Tc1 cells are traditionally used for their potent anti-tumor responses, mounting evidence suggests Th17/Tc17 cells should be utilized by themselves or for the induction of optimal Th1 responses. It is therefore important to understand the factors involved in the induction of both type-1 and type-17 T-cell responses by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Terhune
- Department of Surgery and Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Erik Berk
- Department of Surgery and Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery and Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Rena Rowan Breast Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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IL-4 blocks TH1-polarizing/inflammatory cytokine gene expression during monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation through histone hypoacetylation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1409-19. [PMID: 24139608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas recent research has characterized the mechanism by which dendritic cells (DCs) induce T(H)1/T(H)17 responses, the functional specialization enabling DCs to polarize T(H)2 responses remains undefined. Because IL-4 is essential during T(H)2 responses not only by acting on CD4(+) T cells through the activation of GATA-3 but also by regulating IgE class-switching, epithelial cell permeability, and muscle contractility, we hypothesized that IL-4 could also have a role in the conditioning of DCs during T(H)2 responses. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze whether IL-4 exerts an immunomodulatory function on DCs during their differentiation, leading to their functional specialization for the induction of T(H)2 responses. METHODS Monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) conditioned by IL-4 during their differentiation (IL-4-conditioned moDCs [IL-4-moDCs]) were analyzed for T(H)1-polarizing/inflammatory cytokine production in response to Toll-like receptor stimulation. The acetylation level of the promoters of the genes encoding these cytokines was analyzed by using chromatin immunoprecipitation. Gene expression profiling of IL-4-moDCs was defined by using mouse genome microarrays. IL-4-moDCs were tested for their capacity to induce house dust mite-mediated allergic reactions. RESULTS Our data suggest that IL-4 inhibits T(H)1-polarizing/inflammatory cytokine gene expression on IL-4-moDCs through the deacetylation of the promoters of these genes, leading to their transcriptional repression. Microarray analyses confirmed that IL-4 upregulated T(H)2-related genes as eosinophil-associated ribonucleases, eosinophil/basophil chemokines, and M2 genes. IL-4 licensed moDCs for the induction of T(H)2 responses, causing house dust mite-mediated allergic airway inflammation. CONCLUSION This study describes a new role for IL-4 by demonstrating that moDCs are conditioned by IL-4 for the induction of T(H)2 responses by blocking T(H)1-polarizing/inflammatory cytokine production through histone hypoacetylation and upregulating T(H)2-related genes.
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Gehring AJ, Haniffa M, Kennedy PT, Ho ZZ, Boni C, Shin A, Banu N, Chia A, Lim SG, Ferrari C, Ginhoux F, Bertoletti A. Mobilizing monocytes to cross-present circulating viral antigen in chronic infection. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3766-76. [PMID: 23908113 DOI: 10.1172/jci66043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of antigens for therapeutic vaccination against chronic viral infections is complicated by pathogen genetic variations. We tested whether antigens present during persistent viral infections could provide a personalized antigenic reservoir for therapeutic T cell expansion in humans. We focused our study on the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), which is present in microgram quantities in the serum of chronic HBV patients. We demonstrated by quantitative fluorescent microscopy that, out of 6 professional APC populations in the circulation, only CD14 monocytes (MNs) retained an HBsAg depot. Using TCR-redirected CD8+ T cells specific for MHC-I-restricted HBV epitopes, we showed that, despite being constantly exposed to antigen, ex vivo-isolated APCs did not constitutively activate HBV-specific CD8+ T cells. However, differentiation of HBsAg+ CD14 MNs from chronic patients to MN-derived DCs (moDCs) induced cross-presentation of the intracellular reservoir of viral antigen. We exploited this mechanism to cross-present circulating viral antigen and showed that moDCs from chronically infected patients stimulated expansion of autologous HBV-specific T cells. Thus, these data demonstrate that circulating viral antigen produced during chronic infection can serve as a personalized antigenic reservoir to activate virus-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Gehring
- Infection and Immunity Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.
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Zikich D, Schachter J, Besser MJ. Immunotherapy for the management of advanced melanoma: the next steps. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013; 14:261-72. [PMID: 23516145 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-013-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an immunogenic tumor that can induce a natural immune response. A number of immunotherapy-based approaches have been developed over the past decades, and certain degrees of effectiveness were achieved by the use of cytokines, adoptive cell transfer and T-cell immune modulators. Currently, interleukin-2 and the immune stimulatory antibody, ipilimumab, are the only two approved immunotherapies for metastatic melanoma, but various new therapies are in promising developmental stages. This comprehensive review will discuss the latest achievements of immunotherapy and emerging directions for the management of advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragoslav Zikich
- Ella Institute for Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Anguille S, Lion E, Van den Bergh J, Van Acker HH, Willemen Y, Smits EL, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN. Interleukin-15 dendritic cells as vaccine candidates for cancer immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1956-61. [PMID: 23778748 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their professional antigen-presenting capacity and unique potential to induce tumor antigen-specific T cell immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) have attracted much interest over the past decades for therapeutic vaccination against cancer. Clinical trials have shown that the use of tumor antigen-loaded DCs in cancer patients is safe and that it has the potential to induce anti-tumor immunity which, in some cases, culminates in striking clinical responses. Unfortunately, in a considerable number of patients, DC vaccination is unable to mount effective anti-tumor immune responses and, if it does so, the resultant immunity is often insufficient to translate into tangible clinical benefit. This underscores the necessity to re-design and optimize the current procedures for DC vaccine manufacturing. A new generation of DC vaccines with improved potency has now become available for clinical use as a result of extensive pre-clinical research. One of the promising next-generation DC vaccine candidates are interleukin (IL)-15-differentiated DCs. In this commentary, we will compile the research data that have been obtained by our group and other groups with these so-called IL-15 DCs and summarize the evidence supporting the implementation of IL-15 DCs in DC-based cancer vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Anguille
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); University of Antwerp; Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp, Belgium
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Hubo M, Trinschek B, Kryczanowsky F, Tuettenberg A, Steinbrink K, Jonuleit H. Costimulatory molecules on immunogenic versus tolerogenic human dendritic cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:82. [PMID: 23565116 PMCID: PMC3615188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are sentinels of immunity, essential for homeostasis of T cell-dependent immune responses. Both functions of DC, initiation of antigen-specific T cell immunity and maintenance of tissue-specific tolerance originate from distinct stages of differentiation, immunogenic versus tolerogenic. Dependent on local micro milieu and inflammatory stimuli, tissue resident immature DC with functional plasticity differentiate into tolerogenic or immunogenic DC with stable phenotypes. They efficiently link innate and adaptive immunity and are ideally positioned to modify T cell-mediated immune responses. Since the T cell stimulatory properties of DC are significantly influenced by their expression of signal II ligands, it is critical to understand the impact of distinct costimulatory pathways on DC function. This review gives an overview of functional different human DC subsets with unique profiles of costimulatory molecules and outlines how different costimulatory pathways together with the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 bias immunogenic versus tolerogenic DC functions. Furthermore, we exemplarily describe protocols for the generation of two well-defined monocyte-derived DC subsets for their clinical use, immunogenic versus tolerogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hubo
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
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47
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Understanding dendritic cells and their role in cutaneous carcinoma and cancer immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:624123. [PMID: 23606870 PMCID: PMC3625554 DOI: 10.1155/2013/624123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) represent a diverse group of professional antigen-presenting cells that serve to link the innate and adaptive immune systems. Their capacity to initiate a robust and antigen-specific immune response has made them the ideal candidates for cancer immunotherapies. To date, the clinical impact of DC immunotherapy has been limited, which may, in part, be explained by the complex nature of DC biology. Multiple distinct subsets of DCs have been identified in the skin, where they can be broadly subcategorized into epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), myeloid-derived dermal dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Each subset is functionally unique and may activate alternate branches of the immune system. This may be relevant for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, where we have shown that the tumor microenvironment may preferentially suppress the activity of mDCs, while LCs remain potent stimulators of immunity. Here, we provide an in depth analysis of DC biology, with a particular focus on skin DCs and their role in cutaneous carcinoma. We further explore the current approaches to DC immunotherapy and provide evidence for the targeting of LCs as a promising new strategy in the treatment of skin cancer.
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Croce M, Orengo AM, Azzarone B, Ferrini S. Immunotherapeutic applications of IL-15. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:957-69. [PMID: 23046239 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is a member of the IL-2 family of cytokines, which play a fundamental role in innate and adaptive immune responses. IL-15 has pleiotropic immune-enhancing activities, as it stimulates NK, T and NKT cell proliferation, survival and effector functions. In view of these properties, IL-15 is regarded as a good candidate for cancer immunotherapy. This possibility is reinforced by its low toxicity and efficacy in preclinical tumor models. The use of IL-15 to boost the immune response in HIV infection has also been proposed, although further studies are required to establish potential risks and benefits. Clinical trials of IL-15 have been initiated in cancer patients and in HIV vaccination and will elucidate the potential of IL-15-based immunotherapy. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the potential applications of IL-15 in cancer immunotherapy and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Croce
- IRCCS-AOU San-Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
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Anguille S, Lion E, Tel J, de Vries IJM, Couderé K, Fromm PD, Van Tendeloo VF, Smits EL, Berneman ZN. Interleukin-15-induced CD56(+) myeloid dendritic cells combine potent tumor antigen presentation with direct tumoricidal potential. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51851. [PMID: 23284789 PMCID: PMC3532168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the quintessential antigen-presenting cells of the human immune system and play a prime role in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses, explaining the strong and still growing interest in their application for cancer immunotherapy. Much current research in the field of DC-based immunotherapy focuses on optimizing the culture conditions for in vitro DC generation in order to assure that DCs with the best possible immunogenic qualities are being used for immunotherapy. In this context, monocyte-derived DCs that are alternatively induced by interleukin-15 (IL-15 DCs) have attracted recent attention due to their superior immunostimulatory characteristics. In this study, we show that IL-15 DCs, in addition to potent tumor antigen-presenting function, possess tumoricidal potential and thus qualify for the designation of killer DCs. Notwithstanding marked expression of the natural killer (NK) cell marker CD56 on a subset of IL-15 DCs, we found no evidence of a further phenotypic overlap between IL-15 DCs and NK cells. Allostimulation and antigen presentation assays confirmed that IL-15 DCs should be regarded as bona fide myeloid DCs not only from the phenotypic but also from the functional point of view. Concerning their cytotoxic activity, we demonstrate that IL-15 DCs are able to induce apoptotic cell death of the human K562 tumor cell line, while sparing tumor antigen-specific T cells. The cytotoxicity of IL-15 DCs is predominantly mediated by granzyme B and, to a small extent, by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) but is independent of perforin, Fas ligand and TNF-α. In conclusion, our data provide evidence of a previously unappreciated role for IL-15 in the differentiation of human monocytes towards killer DCs. The observation that IL-15 DCs have killer DC capacity lends further support to their implementation in DC-based immunotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Anguille
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Hopkins RA, Connolly JE. The specialized roles of immature and mature dendritic cells in antigen cross-presentation. Immunol Res 2012; 53:91-107. [PMID: 22450675 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous antigen cross-presentation is integral to the stimulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against viruses and tumors. Central to this process are dendritic cells (DCs), which specialize in cross-presentation. DCs may be considered to exist in two radically different states of activation, generally referred to as immature and mature. In each of these states, the cell has a series of separate and specialized abilities for the induction of T-cell immunity. In the immature state, the DC is adept in surveying the periphery, acquiring and storing antigen, but has a limited capacity for direct T-cell activation. During a brief and defined window of time following DC stimulation, nearly every aspect of antigen handling changes, as it transitions from an entity focused on protein preservation to one capable of efficient cross-presentation. It is this time period and the underlying molecular mechanisms active here, which form the core of our studies on cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hopkins
- Program in Translational Immunology, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03 Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore
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