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McIntire KM, Meng H, Lin TH, Kim W, Moore NE, Han J, McMahon M, Wang M, Malladi SK, Mohammed BM, Zhou JQ, Schmitz AJ, Hoehn KB, Carreño JM, Yellin T, Suessen T, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Presti RM, Krammer F, Turner JS, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Kleinstein SH, Ellebedy AH. Maturation of germinal center B cells after influenza virus vaccination in humans. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20240668. [PMID: 38935072 PMCID: PMC11211068 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20240668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are microanatomical lymphoid structures where affinity-matured memory B cells and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells are primarily generated. It is unclear how the maturation of B cells within the GC impacts the breadth and durability of B cell responses to influenza vaccination in humans. We used fine needle aspiration of draining lymph nodes to longitudinally track antigen-specific GC B cell responses to seasonal influenza vaccination. Antigen-specific GC B cells persisted for at least 13 wk after vaccination in two out of seven individuals. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from persisting GC B cell clones exhibit enhanced binding affinity and breadth to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) antigens compared with related GC clonotypes isolated earlier in the response. Structural studies of early and late GC-derived mAbs from one clonal lineage in complex with H1 and H5 HAs revealed an altered binding footprint. Our study shows that inducing sustained GC reactions after influenza vaccination in humans supports the maturation of responding B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hailong Meng
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ting-Hui Lin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nina E. Moore
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sameer Kumar Malladi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bassem M. Mohammed
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julian Q. Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J. Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Temima Yellin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Suessen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - William D. Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharlene A. Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M. Presti
- Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Slamanig S, González-Domínguez I, Chang LA, Lemus N, Lai TY, Martínez JL, Singh G, Dolange V, Abdeljawad A, Kowdle S, Noureddine M, Warang P, Singh G, Lee B, García-Sastre A, Krammer F, Schotsaert M, Palese P, Sun W. Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant vaccines elicit humoral and cellular mucosal immunity in female mice. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105185. [PMID: 38848648 PMCID: PMC11200293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to prevent the emergence and spread of future variants of concern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), developing vaccines capable of stopping transmission is crucial. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine NDV-HXP-S can be administered live intranasally (IN) and thus induce protective immunity in the upper respiratory tract. The vaccine is based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing a stabilised SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. NDV-HXP-S can be produced as influenza virus vaccine at low cost in embryonated chicken eggs. METHODS The NDV-HXP-S vaccine was genetically engineered to match the Omicron variants of concern (VOC) BA.1 and BA.5 and tested as an IN two or three dose vaccination regimen in female mice. Furthermore, female mice intramuscularly (IM) vaccinated with mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were IN boosted with NDV-HXP-S. Systemic humoral immunity, memory T cell responses in the lungs and spleens as well as immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses in distinct mucosal tissues were characterised. FINDINGS NDV-HXP-S Omicron variant vaccines elicited high mucosal IgA and serum IgG titers against respective SARS-CoV-2 VOC in female mice following IN administration and protected against challenge from matched variants. Additionally, antigen-specific memory B cells and local T cell responses in the lungs were induced. Host immunity against the NDV vector did not interfere with boosting. Intramuscular vaccination with mRNA-LNPs was enhanced by IN NDV-HXP-S boosting resulting in improvement of serum neutralization titers and induction of mucosal immunity. INTERPRETATION We demonstrate that NDV-HXP-S Omicron variant vaccines utilised for primary immunizations or boosting efficiently elicit humoral and cellular immunity. The described induction of systemic and mucosal immunity has the potential to reduce infection and transmission. FUNDING This work was partially funded by the NIAIDCenters of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR) and by the NIAID Collaborative Vaccine Innovation Centers and by institutional funding from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. See under Acknowledgements for details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Slamanig
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Lauren A Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Lemus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tsoi Ying Lai
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose Luis Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Dolange
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Abdeljawad
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shreyas Kowdle
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moataz Noureddine
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prajakta Warang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Dos Reis Ferreira C, da Silva Fernandes VM, Tafulo SCR, Cerqueira A, Rocha ACB, Nunes ATPM, Ferreira IPCN, Santos MJC, Pinho ATMT, Tavares IC, Guerra MMBB, Norton SMMS. Repeated human leukocyte antigens eplets, importance of typing the partner. Transpl Immunol 2024; 84:102049. [PMID: 38729449 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is the most common cause of immune-mediated allograft failure after kidney transplant and impacts allograft survival. Previous sensitization is a major risk factor for development of donor specific antibodies (DSA). AMR can have a wide range of clinical features such as impaired kidney function, proteinuria/hypertension or can be subclinical. HLA molecules have specific regions of antigens binding antibodies called epitopes and eplets are considered essential components responsible for immune recognition. We present a patient with subclinical AMR 1 week post transplantation. CASE REPORT A 48-year-old, caucasian woman with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) secondary to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) on peritoneal dialysis was registered in deceased donor waitlist. She was a hypersensitized patient from 3 prior pregnancies with a calculated panel reactive antibody of 93,48%. She was transplanted through kidney paired exchange donation with no evidence of DSA pre transplantation. Surgery and post-op were unremarkable with excellent and immediate graft function. Per protocol DSA levels on the 5th day was DR1 of 3300 MFI, with an increase in MFI by day 13 with 7820 MFI and a new B41 1979MFI. Allograft kidney biopsy findings were diagnostic of AMR and she was treated with immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis. As early onset AMR post transplantation was observed an anamnestic response was hypothesized from a previous exposure to allo-HLA. We decided to type her husband, her son's father, which was presented with DSA. Mismatch eplet analysis revealed a shared 41 T and 67LQ eplets between the donor and husband, responsible for the reactivity and new HLA class I B41 and HLA class II DR1 DSA, respectively. DISCUSSION Shared eplets between the patient husband and donor was responsible for the alloimmune response and early development of DSAs. This case highlights the importance of early monitoring DSA levels in highly sensitized patients after transplant in order to promptly address and lower inflammatory damage. Mismatch eplet analysis can provide a thorough and precise evaluation of immune compatibility providing a useful technique to immune risk stratification, donor selection and post-transplant immunosuppressive therapy and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Cristina Ribeiro Tafulo
- Centro de Sangue e da Transplantação do Porto, IPST, Porto, Portugal; Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), ICBAS, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cerqueira
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine - University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Inês Passos Castro Neto Ferreira
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine - University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Isabel Cristina Tavares
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine - University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Susana Maria Moreira Sampaio Norton
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine - University of Porto, Portugal
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Zhu X, Hong S, Bu J, Liu Y, Liu C, Li R, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Li L, Zhou X, Hua Z, Zhu B, Hou B. Antiviral memory B cells exhibit enhanced innate immune response facilitated by epigenetic memory. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk0858. [PMID: 38552009 PMCID: PMC10980274 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The long-lasting humoral immunity induced by viral infections or vaccinations depends on memory B cells with greatly increased affinity to viral antigens, which are evolved from germinal center (GC) responses. However, it is unclear whether antiviral memory B cells represent a distinct subset among the highly heterogeneous memory B cell population. Here, we examined memory B cells induced by a virus-mimicking antigen at both transcriptome and epigenetic levels and found unexpectedly that antiviral memory B cells exhibit an enhanced innate immune response, which appeared to be facilitated by the epigenetic memory that is established through the memory B cell development. In addition, T-bet is associated with the altered chromatin architecture and is required for the formation of the antiviral memory B cells. Thus, antiviral memory B cells are distinct from other GC-derived memory B cells in both physiological functions and epigenetic landmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiachen Bu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runhan Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhuqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liping Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaolin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baidong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Tangye SG, Mackie J, Pathmanandavel K, Ma CS. The trajectory of human B-cell function, immune deficiency, and allergy revealed by inborn errors of immunity. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:212-232. [PMID: 37983844 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of B cells is to produce protective immunoglobulins (Ig) that recognize, neutralize, and clear invading pathogens. This results from the integration of signals provided by pathogens or vaccines and the stimulatory microenvironment within sites of immune activation, such as secondary lymphoid tissues, that drive mature B cells to differentiate into memory B cells and antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells. In this context, B cells undergo several molecular events including Ig class switching and somatic hypermutation that results in the production of high-affinity Ag-specific Abs of different classes, enabling effective pathogen neutralization and long-lived humoral immunity. However, perturbations to these key signaling pathways underpin immune dyscrasias including immune deficiency and autoimmunity or allergy. Inborn errors of immunity that disrupt critical immune pathways have identified non-redundant requirements for eliciting and maintaining humoral immune memory but concomitantly prevent immune dysregulation. Here, we will discuss our studies on human B cells, and how our investigation of cytokine signaling in B cells have identified fundamental requirements for memory B-cell formation, Ab production as well as regulating Ig class switching in the context of protective versus allergic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph Mackie
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karrnan Pathmanandavel
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Teixeira FME, Oliveira LDM, Branco ACCC, Alberca RW, de Sousa ESA, Leite BHDS, Adan WCDS, Duarte AJDS, Lins RD, Sato MN, Viana IFT. Enhanced immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice following a Zika DNA vaccine designed by modulation of membrane-anchoring regions and its association to adjuvants. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1307546. [PMID: 38361945 PMCID: PMC10867427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1307546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging pathogen with high morbidity associated to congenital infection. Despite the scientific advances since the last outbreak in the Americas, there are no approved specific treatment or vaccines. As the development of an effective prophylactic approach remains unaddressed, DNA vaccines surge as a powerful and attractive candidate due to the efficacy of sequence optimization in achieving strong immune response. In this study, we developed four DNA vaccine constructs encoding the ZIKV prM/M (pre-membrane/membrane) and E (envelope) proteins in conjunction with molecular adjuvants. The DNA vaccine candidate (called ZK_ΔSTP), where the entire membrane-anchoring regions were completely removed, was far more immunogenic compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, inclusion of the tPA-SP leader sequence led to high expression and secretion of the target vaccine antigens, therefore contributing to adequate B cell stimulation. The ZK_ΔSTP vaccine induced high cellular and humoral response in C57BL/6 adult mice, which included high neutralizing antibody titers and the generation of germinal center B cells. Administration of ZK-ΔSTP incorporating aluminum hydroxide (Alum) adjuvant led to sustained neutralizing response. In consistency with the high and long-term protective response, ZK_ΔSTP+Alum protected adult mice upon viral challenge. Collectively, the ZK_ΔSTP+Alum vaccine formulation advances the understanding of the requirements for a successful and protective vaccine against flaviviruses and is worthy of further translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Mouradian Emidio Teixeira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Cláudia Calvielli Castelo Branco
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wesley Alberca
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuella Sarmento Alho de Sousa
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Dias Lins
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Feng F, Yuen R, Wang Y, Hua A, Kepler TB, Wetzler LM. Characterizing adjuvants' effects at murine immunoglobulin repertoire level. iScience 2024; 27:108749. [PMID: 38269092 PMCID: PMC10805652 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Generating large-scale, high-fidelity sequencing data is challenging and, furthermore, not much has been done to characterize adjuvants' effects at the repertoire level. Thus, we introduced an IgSeq pipeline that standardized library prep protocols and data analysis functions for accurate repertoire profiling. We then studied systemically effects of CpG and Alum on the Ig heavy chain repertoire using the ovalbumin (OVA) murine model. Ig repertoires of different tissues (spleen and bone marrow) and isotypes (IgG and IgM) were examined and compared in IGHV mutation, gene usage, CDR3 length, clonal diversity, and clonal selection. We found Ig repertoires of different compartments exhibited distinguishable profiles at the non-immunized steady state, and distinctions became more pronounced upon adjuvanted immunizations. Notably, Alum and CpG effects exhibited different tissue- and isotype-preferences. The former led to increased diversity of abundant clones in bone marrow, and the latter promoted the selection of IgG clones in both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Rachel Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Axin Hua
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lee M. Wetzler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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8
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Zheremyan EA, Ustiugova AS, Uvarova AN, Karamushka NM, Stasevich EM, Gogoleva VS, Bogolyubova AV, Mitkin NA, Kuprash DV, Korneev KV. Differentially activated B cells develop regulatory phenotype and show varying immunosuppressive features: a comparative study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178445. [PMID: 37731503 PMCID: PMC10509016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B lymphocytes (Bregs) are B cells with well-pronounced immunosuppressive properties, allowing them to suppress the activity of effector cells. A broad repertoire of immunosuppressive mechanisms makes Bregs an attractive tool for adoptive cell therapy for diseases associated with excessive activation of immune reactions. Such therapy implies Breg extraction from the patient's peripheral blood, ex vivo activation and expansion, and further infusion into the patient. At the same time, the utility of Bregs for therapeutic approaches is limited by their small numbers and extremely low survival rate, which is typical for all primary B cell cultures. Therefore, extracting CD19+ cells from the patient's peripheral blood and specifically activating them ex vivo to make B cells acquire a suppressive phenotype seems to be far more productive. It will allow a much larger number of B cells to be obtained initially, which may significantly increase the likelihood of successful immunosuppression after adoptive Breg transfer. This comparative study focuses on finding ways to efficiently manipulate B cells in vitro to differentiate them into Bregs. We used CD40L, CpG, IL4, IL21, PMA, and ionomycin in various combinations to generate immunosuppressive phenotype in B cells and performed functional assays to test their regulatory capacity. This work shows that treatment of primary B cells using CD40L + CpG + IL21 mix was most effective in terms of induction of functionally active regulatory B lymphocytes with high immunosuppressive capacity ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Zheremyan
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina S Ustiugova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aksinya N Uvarova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina M Karamushka
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M Stasevich
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violetta S Gogoleva
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Apollinariya V Bogolyubova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita A Mitkin
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kuprash
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Korneev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Wang J, Huang L, Guo N, Yao YP, Zhang C, Xu R, Jiao YM, Li YQ, Song YR, Wang FS, Fan X. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses up to 9 Months Post-Vaccination in Individuals with Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection Receiving Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040917. [PMID: 37112897 PMCID: PMC10145073 DOI: 10.3390/v15040917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity confers protection against COVID-19. The longevity of antibody responses after receiving an inactivated vaccine in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection is unclear. Plasma samples were collected from 58 individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and 25 healthy donors (HDs) who had been vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. The neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and S1 domain-specific antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and Omicron strains and nucleoside protein (NP)-specific antibodies were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed using clinical variables and antibodies at different timepoints after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. NAbs targeting the wild-type or Omicron strain were detected in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection at 12 months after infection (wild-type: 81%, geometric mean (GM): 20.3 AU/mL; Omicron: 44%, GM: 9.4 AU/mL), and vaccination provided further enhancement of these antibody levels (wild-type: 98%, GM: 53.3 AU/mL; Omicron: 75%, GM: 27.8 AU/mL, at 3 months after vaccination), which were significantly higher than those in HDs receiving a third dose of inactivated vaccine (wild-type: 85%, GM: 33.6 AU/mL; Omicron: 45%, GM: 11.5 AU/mL). The level of NAbs in individuals with previous infection plateaued 6 months after vaccination, but the NAb levels in HDs declined continuously. NAb levels in individuals with previous infection at 3 months post-vaccination were strongly correlated with those at 6 months post-vaccination, and weakly correlated with those before vaccination. NAb levels declined substantially in most individuals, and the rate of antibody decay was negatively correlated with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in the blood at discharge. These results suggest that the inactivated vaccine induced robust and durable NAb responses in individuals with previous infection up to 9 months after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Nan Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ya-Ping Yao
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ya-Qun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yao-Ru Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
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10
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Tangye SG, Pathmanandavel K, Ma CS. Cytokine-mediated STAT-dependent pathways underpinning human B-cell differentiation and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 81:102286. [PMID: 36764056 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
B cells are fundamental to host defence against infectious diseases; indeed, the ability of humans to elicit robust antibody responses following exposure to foreign antigens underpins long-lived humoral immunity and serological memory, as well as the success of most currently administered vaccines. However, B cells also have a dark side - they can cause myriad diseases, including autoimmunity, atopy, allergy and malignancy. Thus, it is critical to understand the molecular requirements for generating effective, high-affinity, specific immune responses following natural infection or vaccination, as well as for constraining B-cell function to mitigate B-cell-mediated immune dyscrasias. In this review, we discuss recent developments that have been derived from the identification and detailed analysis of individuals with inborn errors of immunity that disrupt cytokine signalling, resulting in immune dysregulatory conditions. These studies have defined fundamental cytokine/cytokine receptor/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathways that are critical for the generation and maintenance of human memory B-cell and plasma cell subsets during host defence, as well as revealed mechanisms of disease pathogenesis causing immune deficiency, autoimmunity and atopy. More importantly, these studies have identified molecules that could be targeted to either enhance humoral immunity in the settings of infection or vaccination, or attenuate humoral immunity that contributes to antibody-mediated autoimmunity or allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia), Australia.
| | - Karrnan Pathmanandavel
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia), Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia), Australia
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11
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Kumar NP, Padmapriyadarsini C, Rajamanickam A, Bhavani PK, Nancy A, Jeyadeepa B, Renji RM, Babu S. BCG vaccination induces enhanced humoral responses in elderly individuals. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 139:102320. [PMID: 36758395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have reported the beneficial effects of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination, including non-specific cross-protection against other infectious diseases. METHODS We investigated the impact of BCG vaccination on the frequencies of B cell subsets as well as total antibody levels in healthy elderly individuals at one month post vaccination. We also compared the above-mentioned parameters in post-vaccinated individuals to unvaccinated controls. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that BCG vaccination induced enhanced frequencies of immature, classical and activated memory B cells and plasma cells and diminished frequencies of naïve and atypical memory B cells. BCG vaccination induced significantly increased levels of total IgG subclass isotypes compared to baseline. Similarly, all of the above parameters were significantly higher in vaccinated individuals compared to unvaccinated controls. CONCLUSION BCG vaccination was associated with enhanced B cell subsets, suggesting its potential utility by enhancing heterologous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anuradha Rajamanickam
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Arul Nancy
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - B Jeyadeepa
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Rachel Mariam Renji
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
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12
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Pelham SJ, Caldirola MS, Avery DT, Mackie J, Rao G, Gothe F, Peters TJ, Guerin A, Neumann D, Vokurkova D, Hwa V, Zhang W, Lyu SC, Chang I, Manohar M, Nadeau KC, Gaillard MI, Bezrodnik L, Iotova V, Zwirner NW, Gutierrez M, Al-Herz W, Goodnow CC, Vargas-Hernández A, Forbes Satter LR, Hambleton S, Deenick EK, Ma CS, Tangye SG. STAT5B restrains human B-cell differentiation to maintain humoral immune homeostasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:931-946. [PMID: 35469842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte differentiation is regulated by coordinated actions of cytokines and signaling pathways. IL-21 activates STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 and is fundamental for the differentiation of human B cells into memory cells and antibody-secreting cells. While STAT1 is largely nonessential and STAT3 is critical for this process, the role of STAT5 is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study sought to delineate unique roles of STAT5 in activation and differentiation of human naive and memory B cells. METHODS STAT activation was assessed by phospho-flow cytometry cell sorting. Differential gene expression was determined by RNA-sequencing and quantitative PCR. The requirement for STAT5B in B-cell and CD4+ T-cell differentiation was assessed using CRISPR-mediated STAT5B deletion from B-cell lines and investigating primary lymphocytes from individuals with germline STAT5B mutations. RESULTS IL-21 activated STAT5 and strongly induced SOCS3 in human naive, but not memory, B cells. Deletion of STAT5B in B-cell lines diminished IL-21-mediated SOCS3 induction. PBMCs from STAT5B-null individuals contained expanded populations of immunoglobulin class-switched B cells, CD21loTbet+ B cells, and follicular T helper cells. IL-21 induced greater differentiation of STAT5B-deficient B cells into plasmablasts in vitro than B cells from healthy donors, correlating with higher expression levels of transcription factors promoting plasma cell formation. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal novel roles for STAT5B in regulating IL-21-induced human B-cell differentiation. This is achieved by inducing SOCS3 to attenuate IL-21 signaling, and BCL6 to repress class switching and plasma cell generation. Thus, STAT5B is critical for restraining IL-21-mediated B-cell differentiation. These findings provide insights into mechanisms underpinning B-cell responses during primary and subsequent antigen encounter and explain autoimmunity and dysfunctional humoral immunity in STAT5B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Pelham
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria Soledad Caldirola
- Grupo de Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas, Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutierrez," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Joseph Mackie
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geetha Rao
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Florian Gothe
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy J Peters
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Antoine Guerin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Neumann
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Doris Vokurkova
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Shu-Chen Lyu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif
| | - Iris Chang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif
| | - Monali Manohar
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Maria Isabel Gaillard
- Grupo de Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas, Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutierrez," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Grupo de Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas, Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutierrez," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center for Clinical Immunology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Violeta Iotova
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University-Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital "St Marina," Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mavel Gutierrez
- Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children/Presbyterian St Luke's Medical Center, Denver, Colo
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Retrovirology, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Lisa R Forbes Satter
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Retrovirology, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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13
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Liu JH, Zhang JJ, Han WJ, Cui C, Li MZ, Tian ZY, Bai RM, Li LM. B cell memory responses induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles in BALB/c mice. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 250:110458. [PMID: 35841772 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A challenging but critical question is that new foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines should be to induce B cell memory to provide antibodies for long-term protection. The maintenance of B cell memory is dependent on long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) and memory B cells. We developed a chimeric FMDV virus-like particles (FMDV-VLPs), fusing VP1-VP4 into HBcAg. In our study, we investigated if or how long B cell memory was induced by FMDV-VLPs in mice. The data showed that FMDV-VLPs can induce memory humoral responses with a high level of total IgG1, IgG2a, IgA, and FMDV-specific IgG antibodies in serum. The persistence of antibody levels in serum could depend on LLPCs. The proportion of LLPCs in CD19+ cells in bone marrow exhibited a dynamic trend with two peaks at 28 days post-immunization (dpi) and 72 dpi, respectively. Additionally, the proportion of memory B cells in CD19+ cells in the spleen increased significantly both at 7 days post primary immunization and at 7 days post -boost immunization. Of note, LLPCs together with memory B cells contribute to the production of FMDV-specific IgG and IgG1. The changes of LLPCs and memory B cells may be related to TNF-α, IL-6 and, CXCL12. Taken together, FMDV-VLPs could induce B cells memory responses. A further understanding of the mechanisms that FMDV-VLPs how we can manipulate the induction and maintenance of memory B cells and LLPCs will promote vaccine design and likely address several challenges to develop FMDV new vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Huan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Jun-Juan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Wei-Jian Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Chuan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Ruo-Man Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Li-Min Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China.
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14
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Alghonemy WY, Helal MB. Systemic immune response development in Albino rats after retrograde instillation of COVID-19 vaccine to submandibular salivary gland: An experimental study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12:332-338. [PMID: 35341219 PMCID: PMC8938316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate whether using the submandibular gland duct (SMD) as an alternative mucosal route for vaccine administration induced anti-COVID-19 specific immunity. Material and methods Forty rats were randomized equally into four groups; Group I: Rats did not receive any intervention. Group II: Rats were subjected to intramuscular (IM) injection of COVID-19 vaccine. Group III: Rats were subjected to ductal cannulation by retrograde instillation of sterile saline into right SMD. Group IV: Rats in this group who had 0.5 ml of COVID-19 vaccine retrogradely injected into the right SMD. Subsequently, rats were examined for anti-COVID-19 specific antibodies (IgG). Also, light microscopic observation of glandular changes and immunohistochemical staining for CD20 was performed. Results The obtained results demonstrated a significant increase in anti-COVID-19 IgG levels in all rats vaccinated via intraductal immunization (group IV) compared to group II. Histologically, ectopic follicles were found within the glandular lobules of the inoculated submandibular gland (SMG) in group IV. In addition, the nearby lymph node in group IV demonstrated reactive follicle characteristics in the form of activated secondary follicles with germinal centers (GCs). Immunohistochemically, CD20 was localized in group IV in GCs of the ectopic lymphoid tissue and the nearby lymph nodes while group I, group II, and III demonstrated negative immunoreactivity. Conclusion The immune response demonstrated by intraductal SG immunization is generally more significant than that elicited by IM inoculation of the same vaccine. Salivary gland intraductal vaccination developed a systemic immune response. High antibody levels are obtained via salivary glands intraductal vaccination. Salivary glands are a potential mucosal route for administering vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Yahia Alghonemy
- Corresponding author. Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Faculty of Dentistry, El-Giesh St, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt.
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15
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Sangare K, Helmold Hait S, Moore M, Hogge C, Hoang T, Rahman MA, Venzon DJ, LaBranche C, Montefiori D, Robert-Guroff M, Thomas MA. E4orf1 Suppresses E1B-Deleted Adenovirus Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020295. [PMID: 35214753 PMCID: PMC8875587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As demonstrated by the recent COVID pandemic, vaccines can reduce the burden arising from infectious agents. Adenoviruses (Ads) with deletion of the early region 1B55K (ΔE1B Ad) are currently being explored for use in vaccine delivery. ΔE1B Ads are different from Ads with deletions in early region 1 and early region 3 (ΔE1/E3) used in most Ad vaccine vectors in that they contain the Ad early region 1A (E1A), and therefore the ability to replicate. Common to almost all Ads that are being explored for clinical use is the Ad early region 4 (E4). Among the E4 genes is open reading frame 1 (E4orf1), which mediates signals through the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway that is known to modulate immune responses. This suggests that E4orf1 might also modulate immune responses, although it has remained unexplored in ΔE1B Ad. Here, we show that cells infected with an E1B55K and E4orf1-deleted (ΔE41) Ad exhibited reduced levels of phosphorylated Akt (Ser473 and Thr308)) and expressed different intrinsic innate immune cytokines from those induced in cells infected with an E4orf1-containing, ΔE1B parental Ad that exhibited elevated levels of phosphorylated Akt. Rhesus macaques immunized with a ΔE41 Ad that expressed rhFLSC (HIV-1BaL gp120 linked to rhesus CD4 D1 and D2), exhibited higher levels of rhFLSC-specific interferon γ-producing memory T-cells, higher titers of rhFLSC-specific IgG1 binding antibody in serum, and antibodies able to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with greater killing capacity than the ΔE1B Ad. Therefore, E4orf1, perhaps by acting through the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway, limits intrinsic innate and system-wide adaptive immune responses that are important for improved ΔE1B Ad-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotou Sangare
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (K.S.); (M.M.)
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Madison Moore
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (K.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Christopher Hogge
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (C.L.); (D.M.)
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (C.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Michael A. Thomas
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (K.S.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-202-806-6941
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16
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Quinti I, Locatelli F, Carsetti R. The Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: Insights Learned From Adult Patients With Common Variable Immune Deficiency. Front Immunol 2022; 12:815404. [PMID: 35126372 PMCID: PMC8807657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.815404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CVID patients have an increased susceptibility to vaccine-preventable infections. The question on the potential benefits of immunization of CVID patients against SARS-CoV-2 offered the possibility to analyze the defective mechanisms of immune responses to a novel antigen. In CVID, as in immunocompetent subjects, the role of B and T cells is different between infected and vaccinated individuals. Upon vaccination, variable anti-Spike IgG responses have been found in different CVID cohorts. Immunization with two doses of mRNA vaccine did not generate Spike-specific classical memory B cells (MBCs) but atypical memory B cells (ATM) with low binding capacity to Spike protein. Spike-specific T-cells responses were also induced in CVID patients with a variable frequency, differently from specific T cells produced after multiple exposures to viral antigens following influenza virus immunization and infection. The immune response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection was enhanced by subsequent immunization underlying the need to immunize convalescent COVID-19 CVID patients after recovery. In particular, immunization after SARS-Cov-2 infection generated Spike-specific classical memory B cells (MBCs) with low binding capacity to Spike protein and Spike-specific antibodies in a high percentage of CVID patients. The search for a strategy to elicit an adequate immune response post-vaccination in CVID patients is necessary. Since reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 has been documented, at present SARS-CoV-2 positive CVID patients might benefit from new preventing strategy based on administration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Isabella Quinti,
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Materno-Infantile e Scienze Urologiche, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Diagnostic Immunology Clinical Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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17
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Age and Primary Vaccination Background Influence the Plasma Cell Response to Pertussis Booster Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020136. [PMID: 35214595 PMCID: PMC8878388 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Over the past years, the incidence and mortality of pertussis increased significantly. A possible cause is the switch from whole-cell to acellular pertussis vaccines, although other factors may also contribute. Here, we applied high-dimensional flow cytometry to investigate changes in B cells in individuals of different ages and distinct priming backgrounds upon administration of an acellular pertussis booster vaccine. Participants were divided over four age cohorts. We compared longitudinal kinetics within each cohort and between the different cohorts. Changes in the B-cell compartment were correlated to numbers of vaccine-specific B- and plasma cells and serum Ig levels. Expansion and maturation of plasma cells 7 days postvaccination was the most prominent cellular change in all age groups and was most pronounced for more mature IgG1+ plasma cells. Plasma cell responses were stronger in individuals primed with whole-cell vaccine than in individuals primed with acellular vaccine. Moreover, IgG1+ and IgA1+ plasma cell expansion correlated with FHA-, Prn-, or PT- specific serum IgG or IgA levels. Our study indicates plasma cells as a potential early cellular marker of an immune response and contributes to understanding differences in immune responses between age groups and primary vaccination backgrounds.
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18
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Bitencourt J, Peralta-Álvarez MP, Wilkie M, Jacobs A, Wright D, Salman Almujri S, Li S, Harris SA, Smith SG, Elias SC, White AD, Satti I, Sharpe SS, O’Shea MK, McShane H, Tanner R. Induction of Functional Specific Antibodies, IgG-Secreting Plasmablasts and Memory B Cells Following BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 12:798207. [PMID: 35069580 PMCID: PMC8767055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem and the only currently-licensed vaccine, BCG, is inadequate. Many TB vaccine candidates are designed to be given as a boost to BCG; an understanding of the BCG-induced immune response is therefore critical, and the opportunity to relate this to circumstances where BCG does confer protection may direct the design of more efficacious vaccines. While the T cell response to BCG vaccination has been well-characterized, there is a paucity of literature on the humoral response. We demonstrate BCG vaccine-mediated induction of specific antibodies in different human populations and macaque species which represent important preclinical models for TB vaccine development. We observe a strong correlation between antibody titers in serum versus plasma with modestly higher titers in serum. We also report for the first time the rapid and transient induction of antibody-secreting plasmablasts following BCG vaccination, together with a robust and durable memory B cell response in humans. Finally, we demonstrate a functional role for BCG vaccine-induced specific antibodies in opsonizing mycobacteria and enhancing macrophage phagocytosis in vitro, which may contribute to the BCG vaccine-mediated control of mycobacterial growth observed. Taken together, our findings indicate that the humoral immune response in the context of BCG vaccination merits further attention to determine whether TB vaccine candidates could benefit from the induction of humoral as well as cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bitencourt
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM/Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Morven Wilkie
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Jacobs
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Salem Salman Almujri
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shuailin Li
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A. Harris
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G. Smith
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Biosciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sean C. Elias
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. White
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sally S. Sharpe
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. O’Shea
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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19
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Weisel NM, Joachim SM, Smita S, Callahan D, Elsner RA, Conter LJ, Chikina M, Farber DL, Weisel FJ, Shlomchik MJ. Surface phenotypes of naive and memory B cells in mouse and human tissues. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:135-145. [PMID: 34937918 PMCID: PMC8712407 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) protect the body from recurring infections. MBCs differ from their naive counterparts (NBCs) in many ways, but functional and surface marker differences are poorly characterized. In addition, although mice are the prevalent model for human immunology, information is limited concerning the nature of homology in B cell compartments. To address this, we undertook an unbiased, large-scale screening of both human and mouse MBCs for their differential expression of surface markers. By correlating the expression of such markers with extensive panels of known markers in high-dimensional flow cytometry, we comprehensively identified numerous surface proteins that are differentially expressed between MBCs and NBCs. The combination of these markers allows for the identification of MBCs in humans and mice and provides insight into their functional differences. These results will greatly enhance understanding of humoral immunity and can be used to improve immune monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors contributed equally
| | - Stephen M. Joachim
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors contributed equally
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Derrick Callahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Laura J. Conter
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Florian J. Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors jointly supervised this work
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors jointly supervised this work,Correspondence to:
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20
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Class-Switching of B Lymphocytes by DNA and Cell Immunization for Stereospecific Monoclonal Antibodies against Native GPCR. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop efficient applications of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic purposes, stereospecific recognition of the target antigens is needed. DNA immunization is one of the best methods for sensitizing B lymphocytes that can produce conformation-specific antibodies. Here we verified the class-switching of monoclonal antibodies by DNA immunization followed by cell immunization for the generation of stereospecific monoclonal antibodies against native G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) using the optimized stereospecific targeting (SST) technique. This technology facilitates the efficient selection of sensitized B lymphocytes through specific interaction with the intact antigen via B-cell receptors (BCRs). We demonstrate that multiple DNA immunizations followed by a single cell immunization in combination with a longer sensitization period (three to four months) are an appropriate sensitizing strategy for the generation of IgG-type stereospecific monoclonal antibodies by class-switching, and the characteristics of antibody production could be transferred to hybridoma cells provided by the optimized SST technique.
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21
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Pulvirenti F, Fernandez Salinas A, Milito C, Terreri S, Piano Mortari E, Quintarelli C, Di Cecca S, Lagnese G, Punziano A, Guercio M, Bonanni L, Auria S, Villani F, Albano C, Locatelli F, Spadaro G, Carsetti R, Quinti I. B Cell Response Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Boosted by the BNT162b2 Vaccine in Primary Antibody Deficiencies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112915. [PMID: 34831138 PMCID: PMC8616496 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with primary antibody deficiencies are at risk in the current COVID-19 pandemic due to their impaired response to infection and vaccination. Specifically, patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) generated poor spike-specific antibody and T cell responses after immunization. Methods: Thirty-four CVID convalescent patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection, 38 CVID patients immunized with two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, and 20 SARS-CoV-2 CVID convalescents later and immunized with BNT162b2 were analyzed for the anti-spike IgG production and the generation of spike-specific memory B cells and T cells. Results: Spike-specific IgG was induced more frequently after infection than after vaccination (82% vs. 34%). The antibody response was boosted in convalescents by vaccination. Although immunized patients generated atypical memory B cells possibly by extra-follicular or incomplete germinal center reactions, convalescents responded to infection by generating spike-specific memory B cells that were improved by the subsequent immunization. Poor spike-specific T cell responses were measured independently from the immunological challenge. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection primed a more efficient classical memory B cell response, whereas the BNT162b2 vaccine induced non-canonical B cell responses in CVID. Natural infection responses were boosted by subsequent immunization, suggesting the possibility to further stimulate the immune response by additional vaccine doses in CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pulvirenti
- Regional Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (L.B.); (S.A.); (F.V.)
| | - Ane Fernandez Salinas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.F.S.); (C.M.)
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.T.); (E.P.M.); (C.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.F.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Sara Terreri
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.T.); (E.P.M.); (C.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.T.); (E.P.M.); (C.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy; (C.Q.); (S.D.C.); (M.G.); (F.L.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Cecca
- Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy; (C.Q.); (S.D.C.); (M.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Gianluca Lagnese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.L.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Alessandra Punziano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.L.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Marika Guercio
- Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy; (C.Q.); (S.D.C.); (M.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Livia Bonanni
- Regional Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (L.B.); (S.A.); (F.V.)
| | - Stefania Auria
- Regional Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (L.B.); (S.A.); (F.V.)
| | - Francesca Villani
- Regional Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (L.B.); (S.A.); (F.V.)
| | - Christian Albano
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.T.); (E.P.M.); (C.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy; (C.Q.); (S.D.C.); (M.G.); (F.L.)
- Dipartimento Materno-Infantile e Scienze Urologiche, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.L.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.T.); (E.P.M.); (C.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.F.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649972007
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22
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SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Induced Atypical Immune Responses in Antibody Defects: Everybody Does their Best. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1709-1722. [PMID: 34669144 PMCID: PMC8527979 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Data on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with Primary Antibody Deficiencies (PAD) are limited to infected patients and to heterogeneous cohorts after immunization. Methods Forty-one patients with Common Variable Immune Deficiencies (CVID), six patients with X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA), and 28 healthy age-matched controls (HD) were analyzed for anti-Spike and anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody production, generation of Spike-specific memory B-cells, and Spike-specific T-cells before vaccination and one week after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Results The vaccine induced Spike-specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in all HD and in 20% of SARS-CoV-2 naive CVID patients. Anti-Spike IgG were detectable before vaccination in 4 out 7 CVID previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and were boosted in six out of seven patients by the subsequent immunization raising higher levels than patients naïve to infection. While HD generated Spike-specific memory B-cells, and RBD-specific B-cells, CVID generated Spike-specific atypical B-cells, while RBD-specific B-cells were undetectable in all patients, indicating the incapability to generate this new specificity. Specific T-cell responses were evident in all HD and defective in 30% of CVID. All but one patient with XLA responded by specific T-cell only. Conclusion In PAD patients, early atypical immune responses after BNT162b2 immunization occurred, possibly by extra-follicular or incomplete germinal center reactions. If these responses to vaccination might result in a partial protection from infection or reinfection is now unknown. Our data suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection more effectively primes the immune response than the immunization alone, possibly suggesting the need for a third vaccine dose for patients not previously infected. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10875-021-01133-0.
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23
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Kibler A, Budeus B, Homp E, Bronischewski K, Berg V, Sellmann L, Murke F, Heinold A, Heinemann FM, Lindemann M, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Horn PA, Kirschning CJ, Küppers R, Seifert M. Systematic memory B cell archiving and random display shape the human splenic marginal zone throughout life. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211756. [PMID: 33538775 PMCID: PMC7868796 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human memory B cells (MBCs) are generated and diversified in secondary lymphoid tissues throughout the organism. A paired immunoglobulin (Ig)-gene repertoire analysis of peripheral blood (PB) and splenic MBCs from infant, adult, and elderly humans revealed that throughout life, circulating MBCs are comprehensively archived in the spleen. Archive MBC clones are systematically preserved and uncoupled from class-switching. Clonality in the spleen increases steadily, but boosts at midlife, thereby outcompeting small clones. The splenic marginal zone (sMZ) represents a primed MBC compartment, generated from a stochastic exchange within the archive memory pool. This is supported by functional assays, showing that PB and splenic CD21+ MBCs acquire transient CD21high expression upon NOTCH2-stimulation. Our study provides insight that the human MBC system in PB and spleen is composed of three interwoven compartments: the dynamic relationship of circulating, archive, and its subset of primed (sMZ) memory changes with age, thereby contributing to immune aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kibler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Homp
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kevin Bronischewski
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Victoria Berg
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ludger Sellmann
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Murke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinold
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Falko M Heinemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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24
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Szodoray P, Andersen TK, Heinzelbecker J, Imbery JF, Huszthy PC, Stanford SM, Bogen B, Landsverk OB, Bottini N, Tveita A, Munthe LA, Nakken B. Integration of T helper and BCR signals governs enhanced plasma cell differentiation of memory B cells by regulation of CD45 phosphatase activity. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109525. [PMID: 34380042 PMCID: PMC8435664 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity relies on the efficient differentiation of memory B cells (MBCs) into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). T helper (Th) signals upregulate B cell receptor (BCR) signaling by potentiating Src family kinases through increasing CD45 phosphatase activity (CD45 PA). In this study, we show that high CD45 PA in MBCs enhances BCR signaling and is essential for their effective ASC differentiation. Mechanistically, Th signals upregulate CD45 PA through intensifying the surface binding of a CD45 ligand, Galectin-1. CD45 PA works as a sensor of T cell help and defines high-affinity germinal center (GC) plasma cell (PC) precursors characterized by IRF4 expression in vivo. Increasing T cell help in vitro results in an incremental CD45 PA increase and enhances ASC differentiation by facilitating effective induction of the transcription factors IRF4 and BLIMP1. This study connects Th signals with BCR signaling through Galectin-1-dependent regulation of CD45 PA and provides a mechanism for efficient ASC differentiation of MBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szodoray
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tor Kristian Andersen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Heinzelbecker
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John F Imbery
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter C Huszthy
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Stanford
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole B Landsverk
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anders Tveita
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Britt Nakken
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Keim D, Gollner K, Gollner U, Jérôme V, Freitag R. Generation of Recombinant Primary Human B Lymphocytes Using Non-Viral Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8239. [PMID: 34361005 PMCID: PMC8347318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the development of gene delivery systems based on non-viral vectors is advancing, it remains a challenge to deliver plasmid DNA into human blood cells. The current "gold standard", namely linear polyethyleneimine (l-PEI 25 kDa), in particular, is unable to produce transgene expression levels >5% in primary human B lymphocytes. Here, it is demonstrated that a well-defined 24-armed poly(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA, 755 kDa) nano-star is able to reproducibly elicit high transgene expression (40%) at sufficient residual viability (69%) in primary human B cells derived from tonsillar tissue. Moreover, our results indicate that the length of the mitogenic stimulation prior to transfection is an important parameter that must be established during the development of the transfection protocol. In our hands, four days of stimulation with rhCD40L post-thawing led to the best transfection results in terms of TE and cell survival. Most importantly, our data argue for an impact of the B cell subsets on the transfection outcomes, underlining that the complexity and heterogeneity of a given B cell population pre- and post-transfection is a critical parameter to consider in the multiparametric approach required for the implementation of the transfection protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keim
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| | - Katrin Gollner
- Praxis am Schießgraben, Schießgraben 21, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany; (K.G.); (U.G.)
| | - Ulrich Gollner
- Praxis am Schießgraben, Schießgraben 21, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany; (K.G.); (U.G.)
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
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Ticha O, Klemm D, Moos L, Bekeredjian-Ding I. A cell-based in vitro assay for testing of immunological integrity of Tetanus toxoid vaccine antigen. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:88. [PMID: 34162886 PMCID: PMC8222253 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines containing inactivated toxins confer protection by eliciting a neutralizing antibody response against bacterial toxins such as tetanus and diphtheria. At present, release of tetanus toxoid (TT) and diphtheria toxoid (DT)-containing vaccines relies on in vivo experiments showing the protective vaccine response. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable in vitro assay for TT vaccine antigen characterization with the potential of replacing in vivo potency experiments. To this end, we exploited that TT elicits a recall response in vaccinated donors: human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with alum-adsorbed TT bulk antigen and low concentrations of TLR9 ligand; induction of TT-specific IgG was quantified via ELISpot after 5 days. Proof-of-concept was obtained using paired samples from donors before and after vaccination; anti-TT IgG was only detected in PBMC collected after booster vaccination; specificity was demonstrated with DT stimulation as control. Notably, when using PBMC from buffy coats, the specific response to TT was reproducible in 30% of cells; responsiveness correlated with higher numbers of switched memory B cells. Consecutive results showed that TT-specific IgG was also detectable when PBMC were stimulated with DTaP final vaccine product. Thus, the assay provides a viable means to test B-cell differentiation and induction of TT-specific IgG secretion using bulk antigen and final vaccine. However, prequalification of PBMC is required for reliable performance. Along with physicochemical and immunochemical methods, the functional assay could represent a complementary tool to replace in vivo potency assays in batch release of TT-containing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ticha
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Dido Klemm
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Lukas Moos
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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27
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Achiron A, Gurevich M, Falb R, Dreyer-Alster S, Sonis P, Mandel M. SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics and B-cell memory response over time in COVID-19 convalescent subjects. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1349.e1-1349.e6. [PMID: 33975009 PMCID: PMC8106530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The worldwide spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the need for assessment of long-term humoral immunity in convalescent subjects. Our objectives were to evaluate long-term IgG antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and B-cell memory response in COVID-19 convalescent subjects. Methods Blood samples were collected from a cohort of subjects recovering from COVID-19 and from healthy subjects who donated blood. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were quantitatively detected by ELISA using anti-S1 spike IgG. SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG memory B cells were evaluated by reversed B-cell FluroSpot based on human IgG SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain in a randomly selected group of subjects recovering from COVID-19. Statistical analysis was performed with clinical variables and time post COVID-19 infection. Results Antibody response was not detected in 26 of 392 COVID-19 convalescent subjects (6.6%). Over a period of 9 months, the level of antibodies decreased by 50% but stabilized at 6 months, and a protective level prevailed for up to 9 months. No differences were found regarding IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels for age, gender, and major blood types over time. Over time, asymptomatic COVID-19 subjects did not differ in antibody level from subjects with mild to severe disease. Repeated paired IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody level analyses disclosed that, over 6 and 9 months, 15.3% (nine of 59) and 15.8% (three of 19) of subjects became SARS-CoV-2 IgG-seronegative, respectively, all with a low antibody level at 3 months. Rate of antibody decline was not affected by age, gender, or clinical symptomatology. In a subgroup of recovering subjects, memory B-cell response up to 9 months post-COVID-19 infection was undetectable in 31.8% of subjects (14/44), and there was no correlation with age, SARS-CoV-2 antibody level, or time post infection. Conclusions The majority of convalescent COVID-19 subjects develop an IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody response and a protective level prevails over a period of up to 9 months, regardless of age, gender, major blood types or clinical symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Achiron
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel.
| | - Michael Gurevich
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel
| | - Rina Falb
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel
| | - Sapir Dreyer-Alster
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel
| | - Polina Sonis
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel
| | - Mathilda Mandel
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel
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28
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Liu Y, Yang CL, Yang B, Du T, Li XL, Zhang P, Ge MR, Lian Y, Li H, Liu YD, Duan RS. Prophylactic administration of fingolimod (FTY720) ameliorated experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by reducing the number of dendritic cells, follicular T helper cells and antibody-secreting cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107511. [PMID: 33915521 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor antagonist, possesses potent immunomodulatory activity via lymphocyte homing. The effects of FTY720 have been widely studied in various T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, while the immunomodulatory effects on experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), a typical disease model for antibody-mediated autoimmunity, remain elusive. In the present study, FTY720 was administered to EAMG rats as prophylaxis. The clinical scores were recorded every other day, and serum antibodies at different time points were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The immune cell subsets in the spleen, bone marrow, circulation, and thymus were determined by flow cytometry. The prophylactic administration alleviated EAMG symptoms by reducing the level of serum antibodies IgG and its isotype IgG2b on days 30 and 46 post immunization, as well as IgG and Ig kappa antibody-secreting cells in the spleen and bone marrow. The mitigated humoral immune response can be attributed to the decreased dendritic cells, follicular T help cells (Tfh) and Tfh subsets (Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17), and T helper cell subsets (Th1, Th2, and Th17) in the spleen. The promotion of lymphocyte homing and inhibition of thymocyte egress contribute to the effects of FTY720 on these effector T cell subsets. Overall, the prophylactic administration of FTY720 ameliorated EAMG partially by regulating humoral immune response,suggesting that FTY720 could be part of a pharmacological strategy for managing myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, China.
| | - Chun-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, China.
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, China.
| | - Tong Du
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, China.
| | - Meng-Ru Ge
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, China.
| | - Ying Lian
- Department of Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, China.
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, China.
| | - Yu-Dong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, China.
| | - Rui-Sheng Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, China; Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, China.
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29
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Tomosugi T, Iwasaki K, Sakamoto S, Niemann M, Spierings E, Nahara I, Futamura K, Okada M, Hiramitsu T, Takeda A, Goto N, Narumi S, Watarai Y, Kobayashi T. Clinical Significance of Shared T Cell Epitope Analysis in Early De Novo Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Antibody Production After Kidney Transplantation and Comparison With Shared B cell Epitope Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621138. [PMID: 33897684 PMCID: PMC8061417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In pre-sensitizing events, immunological memory is mainly created via indirect allorecognition where CD4+ T cells recognize foreign peptides in the context of self-HLA class II (pHLA) presented on antigen-presenting cells. This recognition makes it possible for naive CD4+ T-helper cells to differentiate into memory cells, resulting in the creation of further antibody memory. These responses contribute to effective secretion of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) after second encounters with the same peptide. Preformed donor-reactive CD4+ memory T cells may induce early immune responses after transplantation; however, the tools to evaluate them are limited. This study evaluated shared T cell epitopes (TEs) between the pre-sensitizing and donor HLA using an in silico assay, an alternative to estimate donor-reactive CD4+ memory T cells before transplantation. In 578 living donor kidney transplants without preformed DSA, 69 patients had anti-HLA antibodies before transplantation. Of them, 40 had shared TEs and were estimated to have donor-reactive CD4+ memory T cells. De novo DSA formation in the early phase was significantly higher in the shared TE-positive group than in the anti-HLA antibody- and shared TE-negative groups (p=0.001 and p=0.02, respectively). In conclusion, evaluation of shared TEs for estimating preformed donor-reactive CD4+ memory T cells may help predict the risk of early de novo DSA formation after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Tomosugi
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kenta Iwasaki
- Department of Kidney Diseases and Transplant Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sakamoto
- Department of Histocompatibility Laboratory, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Eric Spierings
- Center of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Isao Nahara
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Futamura
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Manabu Okada
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hiramitsu
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asami Takeda
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihiko Goto
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shunji Narumi
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Watarai
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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Booth JS, Toapanta FR. B and T Cell Immunity in Tissues and Across the Ages. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010024. [PMID: 33419014 PMCID: PMC7825307 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B and T cells are key components of the adaptive immune system and coordinate multiple facets of immunity including responses to infection, vaccines, allergens, and the environment. In humans, B- and T-cell immunity has been determined using primarily peripheral blood specimens. Conversely, human tissues have scarcely been studied but they host multiple adaptive immune cells capable of mounting immune responses to pathogens and participate in tissue homeostasis. Mucosal tissues, such as the intestines and respiratory track, are constantly bombarded by foreign antigens and contain tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells that exhibit superior protective capacity to pathogens. Also, tissue-resident memory B (BRM) cells have been identified in mice but whether humans have a similar population remains to be confirmed. Moreover, the immune system evolves throughout the lifespan of humans and undergoes multiple changes in its immunobiology. Recent studies have shown that age-related changes in tissues are not necessarily reflected in peripheral blood specimens, highlighting the importance of tissue localization and subset delineation as essential determinants of functional B and T cells at different life stages. This review describes our current knowledge of the main B- and T-cell subsets in peripheral blood and tissues across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S. Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21075, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Franklin R. Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21075, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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31
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Brookens SK, Cho SH, Basso PJ, Boothby MR. AMPKα1 in B Cells Dampens Primary Antibody Responses yet Promotes Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Persistence of B Cell Memory. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:3011-3022. [PMID: 33148712 PMCID: PMC7686102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic programs regulate B cell activation and Ab responses. However, the metabolic mediators that support the durability of the memory B cell and long-lived plasma cell populations are not fully elucidated. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinase that integrates cellular energy status and nutrient availability to intracellular signaling and metabolic pathways. In this study, we use genetic mouse models to show that loss of ΑMPKα1 in B cells led to a weakened recall Ab response associated with a decline in the population of memory-phenotype B cells. AMPKα1-deficient memory B lymphocytes exhibited aberrant mitochondrial activity, decreased mitophagy, and increased lipid peroxidation. Moreover, loss of AMPKα1 in B lymphoblasts was associated with decreased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity. Of note, AMPKα1 in B cells was dispensable for stability of the bone marrow-resident, long-lived plasma cell population, yet absence of this kinase led to increased rates of Ig production and elevated serum Ab concentrations elicited by primary immunization. Collectively, our findings fit a model in which AMPKα1 in B cells supports recall function of the memory B cell compartment by promoting mitochondrial homeostasis and longevity but restrains rates of Ig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna K Brookens
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Paulo J Basso
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mark R Boothby
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
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32
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Wang AA, Gommerman JL, Rojas OL. Plasma Cells: From Cytokine Production to Regulation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166655. [PMID: 32976908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
B cells are a critical arm of the adaptive immune system. After encounter with antigen, B cells are activated and differentiate into plasmablasts (PBs) and plasma cells (PCs). Although their frequency is low, PB/PCs can be found in all lymphoid organs including peripheral lymph nodes and spleen. Upon immunization, depending on the location of where B cells encounter their antigen, PB/PCs subsequently home to and accumuate in the bone marrow and the intestine where they can survive as long-lived plasma cells for years, continually producing antibody. Recent evidence has shown that, in addition to producing antibodies, PB/PCs can also produce cytokines such as IL-17, IL-10, and IL-35. In addition, PB/PCs that produce IL-10 have been shown to play a regulatory role during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of neuroinflammation. The purpose of this review is to describe the phenotype and function of regulatory PB/PCs in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Yang L, Jing Y, Wang W, Ying W, Lin L, Chang J, Luo L, Kang D, Jiang P, Liu J, Chen Q, Miller H, Herrada AA, Kubo M, Sun J, Liu C. DOCK2 couples with LEF-1 to regulate B cell metabolism and memory response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:296-302. [PMID: 32703426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) is essential for the B cell differentiation, BCR signaling and humoral immune response. However, the role of DOCK2 in the memory response of B cell is unknown. By using two DOCK2 deficient patients, we found that the memory B cells were decreased and the early activation of DOCK2 deficient memory B cells was abolished to the degree of naïve B cells due to the decreased expression of CD19 and CD21 mechanistically. Interestingly the expression of LEF-1, a negative regulator of CD21, was increased in DOCK2 deficient B cells. This was linked to the increased expression of HIF-1α and cell metabolism, which in turn affected the ER structure. Finally, the reduction of memory B cells in DOCK2 patients was due to the increased apoptosis, which might be related with the increased metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yukai Jing
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Ying
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danqing Kang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Panpan Jiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Andrés A Herrada
- Lymphatic and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jinqiao Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Dhenni R, Phan TG. The geography of memory B cell reactivation in vaccine-induced immunity and in autoimmune disease relapses. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:62-86. [PMID: 32472583 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (Bmem) provide an active second layer of defense against re-infection by pathogens that have bypassed the passive first layer provided by neutralizing antibodies. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of Bmem heterogeneity in terms of their origin (germinal center-dependent vs center-independent), phenotype (canonical vs atypical vs age-associated B cells), trafficking (recirculating vs tissue-resident), and fate (plasma cell vs germinal center differentiation). The development of transgenic models and intravital imaging technologies has made it possible to track the cellular dynamics of Bmem reactivation by antigen, their interactions with follicular memory T cells, and differentiation into plasma cells in subcapsular proliferative foci in the lymph nodes of immune animals. Such in situ studies have reinforced the importance of geography in shaping the outcome of the secondary antibody response. We also review the evidence for Bmem reactivation and differentiation into short-lived plasma cells in the pathogenesis of disease flares in relapsing-remitting autoimmune diseases. Elucidating the mechanisms that control the Bmem fate decision to differentiate into plasma cells or germinal center B cells will aid future efforts to more precisely engineer fit-for-purpose vaccines as well as to treat antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Dhenni
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Prechl J. Network Organization of Antibody Interactions in Sequence and Structure Space: the RADARS Model. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020013. [PMID: 32384800 PMCID: PMC7345901 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity in vertebrates is a complex self-organizing network of molecular interactions. While deep sequencing of the immune-receptor repertoire may reveal clonal relationships, functional interpretation of such data is hampered by the inherent limitations of converting sequence to structure to function. In this paper, a novel model of antibody interaction space and network, termed radial adjustment of system resolution, RAdial ADjustment of System Resolution (RADARS), is proposed. The model is based on the radial growth of interaction affinity of antibodies towards an infinity of directions in structure space, each direction corresponding to particular shapes of antigen epitopes. Levels of interaction affinity appear as free energy shells of the system, where hierarchical B-cell development and differentiation takes place. Equilibrium in this immunological thermodynamic system can be described by a power law distribution of antibody-free energies with an ideal network degree exponent of phi square, representing a scale-free fractal network of antibody interactions. Plasma cells are network hubs, memory B cells are nodes with intermediate degrees, and B1 cells function as nodes with minimal degree. Overall, the RADARS model implies that a finite number of antibody structures can interact with an infinite number of antigens by immunologically controlled adjustment of interaction energy distribution. Understanding quantitative network properties of the system should help the organization of sequence-derived predicted structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Prechl
- Diagnosticum Zrt., 126. Attila u., 1047 Budapest, Hungary
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Payne K, Li W, Salomon R, Ma CS. OMIP-063: 28-Color Flow Cytometry Panel for Broad Human Immunophenotyping. Cytometry A 2020; 97:777-781. [PMID: 32298042 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Payne
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wenyan Li
- Garvan Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Salomon
- Garvan Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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37
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IgM + memory B cells induced in response to Plasmodium berghei adopt a germinal centre B cell phenotype during secondary infection. Parasitology 2020; 147:994-998. [PMID: 32279662 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000061x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence started to delineate multiple layers of memory B cells, with distinct effector functions during recall responses. Whereas most studies examining long-lived memory B cell responses have focussed on the IgG+ memory B cell compartment, IgM+ memory B cells have only recently started to receive attention. It has been proposed that unlike IgG+ memory B cells, which differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon antigen re-encounter, IgM+ memory B cells might have the additional capacity to establish secondary germinal centre (GC) responses. The precise function of IgM+ memory B cells in the humoral immune response to malaria has not been fully defined. Using a murine model of severe malaria infection and adoptive transfer strategies we found that IgM+ memory B cells induced in responses to P. berghei ANKA readily proliferate upon re-infection and adopt a GC B cell-like phenotype. The results suggest that that IgM+ memory B cells might play an important role in populating secondary GCs after re-infection with Plasmodium, thereby initiating the induction of B cell clones with enhanced affinity for antigen, at faster rates than naive B cells.
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38
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Gemenetzi K, Agathangelidis A, Zaragoza-Infante L, Sofou E, Papaioannou M, Chatzidimitriou A, Stamatopoulos K. B Cell Receptor Immunogenetics in B Cell Lymphomas: Immunoglobulin Genes as Key to Ontogeny and Clinical Decision Making. Front Oncol 2020; 10:67. [PMID: 32083012 PMCID: PMC7006488 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clonotypic B cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) plays a seminal role in B cell lymphoma development and evolution. From a clinical perspective, this view is supported by the remarkable therapeutic efficacy of BcR signaling inhibitors, even among heavily pre-treated, relapsed/refractory patients. This clinical development complements immunogenetic evidence for antigen drive in the natural history of these tumors. Indeed, BcR IG gene repertoire biases have been documented in different B cell lymphoma subtypes, alluding to selection of B cell progenitors that express particular BcR IG. Moreover, distinct entities display imprints of somatic hypermutation within the clonotypic BcR IG gene following patterns that strengthen the argument for antigen selection. Of note, at least in certain B cell lymphomas, the BcR IG genes are intraclonally diversified, likely in a context of ongoing interactions with antigen(s). Moreover, BcR IG gene repertoire profiling suggests that unique immune pathways lead to distinct B cell lymphomas through targeting cells at different stages in the B cell differentiation trajectory (e.g., germinal center B cells in follicular lymphoma, FL). Regarding the implicated antigens, although their precise nature remains to be fully elucidated, immunogenetic analysis has offered important hints by revealing similarities between the BcR IG of particular lymphomas and B cell clones with known antigenic specificity: this has paved the way to functional studies that identified relevant antigenic determinants of classes of structurally similar epitopes. Finally, in certain tumors, most notably chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), immunogenetic analysis has also proven instrumental in accurate patient risk stratification since cases with differing BcR IG gene sequence features follow distinct disease courses and respond differently to particular treatment modalities. Overall, delving into the BcR IG gene sequences emerges as key to understanding B cell lymphoma pathophysiology, refining prognostication and assisting in making educated treatment choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Gemenetzi
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Laura Zaragoza-Infante
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Electra Sofou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Papaioannou
- Hematology Department, University General Hospital of Thessaloniki AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Zahran AM, Abdallah AM, Saad K, Osman NS, Youssef MAM, Abdel-Raheem YF, Elsayh KI, Abo Elgheet AM, Darwish SF, Alblihed MA, Elhoufey A. Peripheral Blood B and T Cell Profiles in Children with Active Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2019; 67:427-432. [PMID: 31535168 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases in children. Our study aimed to evaluate the peripheral blood B and T lymphocyte subpopulations in children with JIA. This case-control study included 20 children with JIA as well as 20 healthy children with matching age and sex as a control group. All patients included in the study were in activity as determined by visual analog scale. In addition to complete clinical evaluation, basic investigations, peripheral blood B and T lymphocyte subpopulations were done to all participants by flow cytometry. JIA patients displayed a significant decrease in IgM memory B lymphocytes, switched memory B lymphocytes, and total memory B lymphocytes when compared to the healthy controls. The percentages of naïve B lymphocytes were significantly increased in JIA patients than in controls. Total T lymphocytes, CD8+CD28null cells, and CD4+CD28null cells were significantly increased in JIA patients as compared to controls. In conclusion; JIA patients have an alteration in both B and T lymphocytes with the predisposition of memory cells which may have a role in sustaining the JIA disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Alameldin M Abdallah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Naglaa S Osman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Mervat A M Youssef
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | | | - Khalid I Elsayh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Amir M Abo Elgheet
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Sanaa F Darwish
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamd A Alblihed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira Elhoufey
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Sabia University College, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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40
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Biswas A, Chakrabarti AK, Dutta S. Current challenges: from the path of “original antigenic sin” towards the development of universal flu vaccines. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 39:21-36. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1685990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Biswas
- Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Alok K. Chakrabarti
- Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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41
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Historical H1N1 Influenza Virus Imprinting Increases Vaccine Protection by Influencing the Activity and Sustained Production of Antibodies Elicited at Vaccination in Ferrets. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040133. [PMID: 31569351 PMCID: PMC6963198 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus imprinting is now understood to significantly influence the immune responses and clinical outcome of influenza virus infections that occur later in life. Due to the yearly cycling of influenza viruses, humans are imprinted with the circulating virus of their birth year and subsequently build a complex influenza virus immune history. Despite this knowledge, little is known about how the imprinting strain influences vaccine responses. To investigate the immune responses of the imprinted host to split-virion vaccination, we imprinted ferrets with a sublethal dose of the historical seasonal H1N1 strain A/USSR/90/1977. After a +60-day recovery period to build immune memory, ferrets were immunized and then challenged on Day 123. Antibody specificity and recall were investigated throughout the time course. At challenge, the imprinted vaccinated ferrets did not experience significant disease, while naïve-vaccinated ferrets had significant weight loss. Haemagglutination inhibition assays showed that imprinted ferrets had a more robust antibody response post vaccination and increased virus neutralization activity. Imprinted-vaccinated animals had increased virus-specific IgG antibodies compared to the other experimental groups, suggesting B-cell maturity and plasticity at vaccination. These results should be considered when designing the next generation of influenza vaccines.
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42
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The formation of mutated IgM memory B cells in rat splenic marginal zones is an antigen dependent process. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220933. [PMID: 31490967 PMCID: PMC6730915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in rodents have indicated that only a minor fraction of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV-Cμ) transcripts carry somatic mutations and are considered memory B cells. This is in marked contrast to humans where nearly all marginal zone B (MZ-B) cells are mutated. Here we show in rats that the proportion of mutated IgM+ MZ-B cells varies significantly between the various IGHV genes analyzed, ranging from 27% mutated IGHV5 transcripts to 65% mutated IGHV4 transcripts. The observed data on mutated sequences in clonally-related B cells with a MZ-B cell or follicular B (FO-B) cell phenotype indicates that mutated IgM+ MZ-B and FO-B cells have a common origin. To further investigate the origin of mutated IgM+ MZ-B cells we determined whether mutations occurred in rearranged IGHV-Cμ transcripts using IGHV4 and IGHV5 genes from neonatal rat MZ-B cells and FO-B cells. We were not able to detect mutations in any of the IGHV4 and IGHV5 genes expressed by MZ-B cells or FO-B cells obtained from neonatal rat spleens. Germinal centres (GCs) are absent from neonatal rat spleen in the first few weeks of their life, and no mutations were found in any of the neonatal sequences, not even in the IGHV4 gene family which accumulates the highest number of mutated sequences (66%) in the adult rat. Therefore, these data do not support the notion that MZ-B cells in rats mutate their IGHV genes as part of their developmental program, but are consistent with the notion that mutated rat MZ-B cells require GCs for their generation. Our findings support that the splenic MZ of rats harbors a significant number of memory type IgM+ MZ-B cells with mutated IGHV genes and propose that these memory MZ-B cells are probably generated as a result of an antigen driven immune response in GCs, which still remains to be proven.
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Dhande J, Salunke P, Kulkarni A, Ghate M, Thakar M. Short Communication: Nonprogressive HIV-1 Infection Is Associated with Expansion of IL-21R Expressing Class-Switched Memory B Cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:729-733. [PMID: 31044603 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV perturbs the functionality of B cells resulting in defective humoral responses. As efficient humoral immune responses are important in controlling HIV-disease progression, we characterized the memory B cell population for its subsets and their activation (CD38 expression) and functional [interleukin (IL)-21R expression] profile in individuals with nonprogressive [long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs), N = 16] and progressive HIV disease (progressors, N = 16) along with 10 HIV uninfected healthy controls (HCs). The frequencies of total memory B cells were similar in HCs and HIV-infected individuals, whereas the frequencies of unswitched memory B (UMB) cells and CD38+ UMB cells were significantly higher in progressors than LTNPs and HCs (p < .03). LTNPs showed higher frequencies of class-switched memory B (SMB) cells and IL-21R expressing SMB cells than seen in progressors (p = .019), which were similar to that seen in HCs. The %UMB cells correlated inversely (p = .0002, r = -0.6053) and %SMB cells correlated positively (p = .0005, r = 0.5804) with CD4 count. IL-21/IL-21R interaction is required for class switching of B cells and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. The higher expression of IL-21R on class SMB cells from LTNPs might be resulting in efficient plasma cell differentiation and the functional humoral immune response that might be responsible for mounting efficient antibody response against the encountered infections. The more insights in this area might be required to further understand the role of IL-21R expressing class SMB cells in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Dhande
- Departments of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Pooja Salunke
- Departments of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Archana Kulkarni
- Departments of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Manisha Ghate
- Departments of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- Departments of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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44
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Palm AKE, Henry C. Remembrance of Things Past: Long-Term B Cell Memory After Infection and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1787. [PMID: 31417562 PMCID: PMC6685390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of vaccines is dependent on the generation and maintenance of immunological memory. The immune system can remember previously encountered pathogens, and memory B and T cells are critical in secondary responses to infection. Studies in mice have helped to understand how different memory B cell populations are generated following antigen exposure and how affinity for the antigen is determinant to B cell fate. Additionally, such studies were fundamental in defining memory B cell niches and how B cells respond following subsequent exposure with the same antigen. On the other hand, human studies are essential to the development of better, newer vaccines but sometimes limited by the difficulty to access primary and secondary lymphoid organs. However, work using human influenza and HIV virus infection and/or immunization in particular has significantly advanced today's understanding of memory B cells. This review will focus on the generation, function, and longevity of B-cell mediated immunological memory (memory B cells and plasma cells) in response to infection and vaccination both in mice and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin E Palm
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Carole Henry
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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45
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Kwak K, Akkaya M, Pierce SK. B cell signaling in context. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:963-969. [PMID: 31285625 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-induced signaling pathways have been described in extraordinary molecular detail, mainly from studies of B cell responses to antigens in vitro. BCR signaling has been shown to govern the initiation of transcriptional programs associated with B cell activation and fate decisions, as well as the BCR-dependent processing of antigen and presentation of antigen to T cells. However, although the potential of the BCR to orchestrate B cell behavior was known, there was no clear appreciation of the context in which B cells signal in secondary lymphoid organs in vivo or how that context influences signaling. In this Review, we describe the current view of the cellular consequences of BCR signaling and advances in the understanding of B cell signaling in context in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuck Kwak
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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46
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Levels MJ, Fehres CM, van Baarsen LG, van Uden NO, Germar K, O'Toole TG, Blijdorp IC, Semmelink JF, Doorenspleet ME, Bakker AQ, Krasavin M, Tomilin A, Brouard S, Spits H, Baeten DL, Yeremenko NG. BOB.1 controls memory B-cell fate in the germinal center reaction. J Autoimmun 2019; 101:131-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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DiSano KD, Linzey MR, Royce DB, Pachner AR, Gilli F. Differential neuro-immune patterns in two clinically relevant murine models of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:109. [PMID: 31118079 PMCID: PMC6532235 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms driving multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults, remain unknown despite extensive research. Especially puzzling are the underlying molecular processes behind the two major disease patterns of MS: relapsing-remitting and progressive. The relapsing-remitting course is exemplified by acute inflammatory attacks, whereas progressive MS is characterized by neurodegeneration on a background of mild-moderate inflammation. The molecular and cellular features differentiating the two patterns are still unclear, and the role of inflammation during progressive disease is a subject of active debate. Methods We performed a comprehensive analysis of the intrathecal inflammation in two clinically distinct mouse models of MS: the PLP139-151-induced relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) and the chronic progressive, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). Microarray technology was first used to examine global gene expression changes in the spinal cord. Inflammation in the spinal cord was further assessed by immunohistochemical image analysis and flow cytometry. Levels of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes and chemokines were quantitated using Luminex Multiplex technology, whereas a capture ELISA was used to measure serum and CSF albumin levels. Finally, an intrathecal Ig synthesis index was established with the ratio of CSF and serum test results corrected as a ratio of their albumin concentrations. Results Microarray analysis identified an enrichment of B cell- and Ig-related genes upregulated in TMEV-IDD mice. We also demonstrated an increased level of intrathecal Ig synthesis as well as a marked infiltration of late differentiated B cells, including antibody secreting cells (ASC), in the spinal cord of TMEV-IDD, but not R-EAE mice. An intact blood-brain barrier in TMEV-IDD mice along with higher CSF levels of CXCL13, CXCL12, and CCL19 provides evidence for an intrathecal synthesis of chemokines mediating B cell localization to the central nervous system (CNS). Conclusions Overall, these findings, showing increased concentrations of intrathecally produced Igs, substantial infiltration of ASC, and the presence of B cell supporting chemokines in the CNS of TMEV-IDD mice, but not R-EAE mice, suggest a potentially important role for Igs and ASC in the chronic progressive phase of demyelinating diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1501-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista D DiSano
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Michael R Linzey
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Darlene B Royce
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Andrew R Pachner
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Francesca Gilli
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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Leng Y, Romero R, Xu Y, Galaz J, Slutsky R, Arenas-Hernandez M, Garcia-Flores V, Motomura K, Hassan SS, Reboldi A, Gomez-Lopez N. Are B cells altered in the decidua of women with preterm or term labor? Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13102. [PMID: 30768818 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The immunophenotype of B cells at the maternal-fetal interface (decidua) in labor at term and preterm labor is poorly understood. METHOD OF STUDY Decidual tissues were obtained from women with preterm or term labor and from non-labor gestational age-matched controls. Immunophenotyping of decidual B cells was performed using multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS (a) In the absence of acute or chronic chorioamnionitis, total B cells were more abundant in the decidua parietalis of women who delivered preterm than in those who delivered at term, regardless of the presence of labor; (b) decidual transitional and naïve B cells were the most abundant B-cell subsets; (c) decidual B1 B cells were increased in women with either labor at term or preterm labor and chronic chorioamnionitis compared to those without this placental lesion; (d) decidual transitional B cells were reduced in women with preterm labor compared to those without labor; (e) naïve, class-switched, and non-class-switched B cells in the decidual tissues underwent mild alterations with the process of preterm labor; (f) decidual plasmablasts seemed to increase in women with either labor at term or preterm labor with chronic chorioamnionitis; and (g) decidual B cells expressed high levels of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6, and/or IL-35. CONCLUSION Total B cells are not increased with the presence of preterm or term labor; yet, specific subsets (B1 and plasmablasts) undergo alterations in women with chronic chorioamnionitis. Therefore, B cells are solely implicated in the pathological process of preterm labor in a subset of women with chronic inflammation of the placenta. These findings provide insight into the immunology of the maternal-fetal interface in preterm and term labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhu Leng
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rebecca Slutsky
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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50
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Weinberg A, Lambert SL, Canniff J, Yu L, Lang N, Esser MT, Falloon J, Levin MJ. Antibody and B cell responses to an investigational adjuvanted RSV vaccine for older adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2466-2474. [PMID: 30852939 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1589282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause significant morbidity and hospitalization in older adults. We studied the humoral, mucosal and B cell responses of an investigational adjuvanted RSV sF vaccine, MEDI7510, in older adults. Methods: In a substudy of a randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled study of MEDI7510 in adults ≥60 years of age, we collected blood and nasal secretions at days 0, 8, 29, 91 and 180 post-vaccination to measure F-specific IgG and IgA antibodies by ELISA, and plasmablasts and memory B cells by IgA/IgG dual-color fluorospot. Results: The 27 vaccine- and 18 placebo-recipients had a mean age of 73 years and included 24 women. Among vaccinees, 93% had significant increases in F-specific plasma IgG 85% had increased plasma IgA; 74% had increased nasal IgG and 26% nasal IgA; 93% had IgG and 89% IgA plasmablasts on Day 8 post-immunization; and 82% had IgG and 7.4% IgA memory B cell responses to the vaccine. Vaccinees <70 years of age and women had the highest responses to the vaccine. Conclusions: This adjuvanted vaccine generated robust humoral immune responses in older adults, including RSV F-specific systemic and mucosal antibodies and memory B cells. Nevertheless, age ≥70 years was associated with decreased immunogenicity of the adjuvanted vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Weinberg
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center , Aurora, CO , USA.,Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center , Aurora, CO , USA.,Pathology of the University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center , Aurora , CO , USA
| | | | - Jennifer Canniff
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Li Yu
- Statistical Sciences, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Nancy Lang
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Mark T Esser
- Translational Medicine, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Judith Falloon
- Clinical Development, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Myron J Levin
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center , Aurora, CO , USA.,Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center , Aurora, CO , USA
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