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Broomfield BJ, Tan CW, Qin RZ, Duckworth BC, Alvarado C, Dalit L, Chen J, Mackiewicz L, Muramatsu H, Pellegrini M, Rogers KL, Moon WJ, Nutt SL, Davis MJ, Pardi N, Wimmer VC, Groom JR. Transient inhibition of type I interferon enhances CD8 + T cell stemness and vaccine protection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600763. [PMID: 38979239 PMCID: PMC11230403 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Developing vaccines that promote CD8 + T cell memory is a challenge for infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy. TCF-1 + stem cell-like memory T (T SCM ) cells are important determinants of long-lived memory. Yet, the developmental requirements for T SCM formation are unclear. Here, we identify the temporal window for type I interferon (IFN-I) receptor (IFNAR) blockade to drive T SCM cell generation. T SCM cells were transcriptionally distinct and emerged from a transitional precursor of exhausted (T PEX ) cellular state concomitant with viral clearance. T SCM differentiation correlated with T cell retention within the lymph node paracortex, due to increased CXCR3 chemokine abundance which disrupted gradient formation. These affects were due a counterintuitive increase in IFNψ, which controlled cell location. Combining IFNAR inhibition with mRNA-LNP vaccination promoted specific T SCM differentiation and enhanced protection against chronic infection. These finding propose a new approach to vaccine design whereby modulation of inflammation promotes memory formation and function. HIGHLIGHTS Early, transient inhibition of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFNAR) during acute viral infection promotes stem cell-like memory T (T SCM ) cell differentiation without establishing chronic infection. T SCM and precursor of exhausted (T PEX ) cellular states are distinguished transcriptionally and by cell surface markers. Developmentally, T SCM cell differentiation occurs via a transition from a T PEX state coinciding with viral clearance. Transient IFNAR blockade increases IFNψ production to modulate the ligands of CXCR3 and couple T SCM differentiation to cell retention within the T cell paracortex of the lymph node. Specific promotion of T SCM cell differentiation with nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccination elicits enhanced protection against chronic viral challenge.
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Solstad AD, Denz PJ, Kenney AD, Mahfooz NS, Speaks S, Gong Q, Robinson RT, Long ME, Forero A, Yount JS, Hemann EA. IFN-λ uniquely promotes CD8 T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 relative to type I IFN. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e171830. [PMID: 38973611 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.171830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Optimization of protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 remains an urgent worldwide priority. In this regard, type III IFN (IFN-λ) restricts SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, and treatment with IFN-λ limits infection, inflammation, and pathogenesis in murine models. Furthermore, IFN-λ has been developed for clinical use to limit COVID-19 severity. However, whether endogenous IFN-λ signaling has an effect on SARS-CoV-2 antiviral immunity and long-term immune protection in vivo is unknown. In this study, we identified a requirement for IFN-λ signaling in promoting viral clearance and protective immune programming in SARS-CoV-2 infection of mice. Expression of both IFN and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) in the lungs were minimally affected by the absence of IFN-λ signaling and correlated with transient increases in viral titers. We found that IFN-λ supported the generation of protective CD8 T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 by facilitating accumulation of CD103+ DC in lung draining lymph nodes (dLN). IFN-λ signaling specifically in DCs promoted the upregulation of costimulatory molecules and the proliferation of CD8 T cells. Intriguingly, antigen-specific CD8 T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 was independent of type I IFN signaling, revealing a nonredundant function of IFN-λ. Overall, these studies demonstrate a critical role for IFN-λ in protective innate and adaptive immunity upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that IFN-λ serves as an immune adjuvant to support CD8 T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail D Solstad
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Parker J Denz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Najmus S Mahfooz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel Speaks
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Qiaoke Gong
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew E Long
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and
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3
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Song J, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Zhan J, Cheng X, Huang H, Mao S, Zong Z. The dawn of a new Era: mRNA vaccines in colorectal cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112037. [PMID: 38599100 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a typical cancer that accounts for 10% of all new cancer cases annually and nearly 10% of all cancer deaths. Despite significant progress in current classical interventions for CRC, these traditional strategies could be invasive and with numerous adverse effects. The poor prognosis of CRC patients highlights the evident and pressing need for more efficient and targeted treatment. Novel strategies regarding mRNA vaccines for anti-tumor therapy have also been well-developed since the successful application for the prevention of COVID-19. mRNA vaccine technology won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, signaling a new direction in human anti-cancer treatment: mRNA medicine. As a promising new immunotherapy in CRC and other multiple cancer treatments, the mRNA vaccine has higher specificity, better efficacy, and fewer side effects than traditional strategies. The present review outlines the basics of mRNA vaccines and their advantages over other vaccines and informs an available strategy for developing efficient mRNA vaccines for CRC precise treatment. In the future, more exploration of mRNA vaccines for CRC shall be attached, fostering innovation to address existing limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chulin Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianhao Zhan
- Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xifu Cheng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haoyu Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengxun Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Zhen Zong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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4
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Wei L, Dong C, Zhu W, Wang BZ. mRNA Vaccine Nanoplatforms and Innate Immunity. Viruses 2024; 16:120. [PMID: 38257820 PMCID: PMC10820759 DOI: 10.3390/v16010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
mRNA-based vaccine technology has been significantly developed and enhanced, particularly highlighted by the authorization of mRNA vaccines for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. Various biomaterials are developed in nano-scales and applied as mRNA vaccine delivery platforms. However, how these mRNA nanoplatforms influence immune responses has not been thoroughly studied. Hence, we have reviewed the current understanding of various mRNA vaccine platforms. We discussed the possible pathways through which these platforms moderate the host's innate immunity and contribute to the development of adaptive immunity. We shed light on their development in reducing biotoxicity and enhancing antigen delivery efficiency. Beyond the built-in adjuvanticity of mRNA vaccines, we propose that supplementary adjuvants may be required to fine-tune and precisely control innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (L.W.); (C.D.); (W.Z.)
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5
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Marx AF, Kallert SM, Brunner TM, Villegas JA, Geier F, Fixemer J, Abreu-Mota T, Reuther P, Bonilla WV, Fadejeva J, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Aparicio-Domingo P, Scarpellino L, Charmoy M, Utzschneider DT, Hagedorn C, Lu M, Cornille K, Stauffer K, Kreppel F, Merkler D, Zehn D, Held W, Luther SA, Löhning M, Pinschewer DD. The alarmin interleukin-33 promotes the expansion and preserves the stemness of Tcf-1 + CD8 + T cells in chronic viral infection. Immunity 2023; 56:813-828.e10. [PMID: 36809763 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
T cell factor 1 (Tcf-1) expressing CD8+ T cells exhibit stem-like self-renewing capacity, rendering them key for immune defense against chronic viral infection and cancer. Yet, the signals that promote the formation and maintenance of these stem-like CD8+ T cells (CD8+SL) remain poorly defined. Studying CD8+ T cell differentiation in mice with chronic viral infection, we identified the alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) as pivotal for the expansion and stem-like functioning of CD8+SL as well as for virus control. IL-33 receptor (ST2)-deficient CD8+ T cells exhibited biased end differentiation and premature loss of Tcf-1. ST2-deficient CD8+SL responses were restored by blockade of type I interferon signaling, suggesting that IL-33 balances IFN-I effects to control CD8+SL formation in chronic infection. IL-33 signals broadly augmented chromatin accessibility in CD8+SL and determined these cells' re-expansion potential. Our study identifies the IL-33-ST2 axis as an important CD8+SL-promoting pathway in the context of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Friederike Marx
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra M Kallert
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias M Brunner
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - José A Villegas
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Fixemer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Abreu-Mota
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Reuther
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Weldy V Bonilla
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jelizaveta Fadejeva
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Leo Scarpellino
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Witten/Herdecke University (UW/H), Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Cornille
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Stauffer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Witten/Herdecke University (UW/H), Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Shen W, Wang X, Xiang H, Shichi S, Nakamoto H, Kimura S, Sugiyama K, Taketomi A, Kitamura H. IFN-γ-STAT1-mediated NK2R expression is involved in the induction of antitumor effector CD8 + T cells in vivo. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:1816-1829. [PMID: 36715504 PMCID: PMC10154869 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of antitumor effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment is a crucial event for cancer immunotherapy. Neurokinin receptor 2 (NK2R), a G protein-coupled receptor for neurokinin A (NKA), regulates diverse physiological functions. However, the precise role of NKA-NK2R signaling in antitumor immunity is unclear. Here, we found that an IFN-γ-STAT1 cascade augmented NK2R expression in CD8+ T cells, and NK2R-mediated NKA signaling was involved in inducing antitumor effector T cells in vivo. The administration of a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), into a liver cancer mouse model induced type I and type II IFNs and significantly suppressed the tumorigenesis of Hepa1-6 liver cancer cells in a STAT1-dependent manner. The reduction in tumor growth was diminished by the depletion of CD8+ T cells. IFN-γ stimulation significantly induced NK2R and tachykinin precursor 1 (encodes NKA) gene expression in CD8+ T cells. NKA stimulation combined with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment significantly augmented IFN-γ and granzyme B production by CD8+ T cells compared with the anti-CD3 mAb alone in vitro. ERK1/2 phosphorylation and IκBα degradation in activated CD8+ T cells were suppressed under NK2R deficiency. Finally, we confirmed that tumor growth was significantly increased in NK2R-deficient mice compared with that in wild-type mice, and the antitumor effects of poly I:C were abolished by NK2R absence. These findings suggest that IFN-γ-STAT1-mediated NK2R expression is involved in the induction of antitumor effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment, which contributes to the suppression of cancer cell tumorigenesis in vivo. In this study, we revealed that IFN-γ-STAT1-mediated NK2R expression is involved in the induction of antitumor effector CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment, which contributes to suppressing the tumorigenesis of liver cancer cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Shen
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Huihui Xiang
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shichi
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakamoto
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Kimura
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ko Sugiyama
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Kitamura
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Oladipo OO, Adedeji BO, Adedokun SP, Gbadamosi JA, Salaudeen M. Regulation of effector and memory CD8 + T cell differentiation: a focus on orphan nuclear receptor NR4A family, transcription factor, and metabolism. Immunol Res 2022; 71:314-327. [PMID: 36571657 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CD8 + T cells undergo rapid expansion followed by contraction and the development of memory cells after their receptors are activated. The development of immunological memory following acute infection is a complex phenomenon that involves several molecular, transcriptional, and metabolic mechanisms. As memory cells confer long-term protection and respond to secondary stimulation with strong effector function, understanding the mechanisms that influence their development is of great importance. Orphan nuclear receptors, NR4As, are immediate early genes that function as transcription factors and bind with the NBRE region of chromatin. Interestingly, the NBRE region of activated CD8 + T cells is highly accessible at the same time the expression of NR4As is induced. This suggests a potential role of NR4As in the early events post T cell activation that determines cell fate decisions. In this review, we will discuss the influence of NR4As on the differentiation of CD8 + T cells during the immune response to acute infection and the development of immunological memory. We will also discuss the signals, transcription factors, and metabolic mechanisms that control cell fate decisions. HIGHLIGHTS: Memory CD8 + T cells are an essential subset that mediates long-term protection after pathogen encounters. Some specific environmental cues, transcriptional factors, and metabolic pathways regulate the differentiation of CD8 + T cells and the development of memory cells. Orphan nuclear receptor NR4As are early genes that act as transcription factors and are highly expressed post-T cell receptor activation. NR4As influence the effector function and differentiation of CD8 + T cells and also control the development of immunological memory following acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo O Oladipo
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Bernard O Adedeji
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Samson P Adedokun
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Jibriil A Gbadamosi
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Marzuq Salaudeen
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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8
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Alum-anchored intratumoral retention improves the tolerability and antitumor efficacy of type I interferon therapies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205983119. [PMID: 36037341 PMCID: PMC9457244 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205983119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective antitumor immunity in mice requires activation of the type I interferon (IFN) response pathway. IFNα and IFNβ therapies have proven promising in humans, but suffer from limited efficacy and high toxicity. Intratumoral IFN retention ameliorates systemic toxicity, but given the complexity of IFN signaling, it was unclear whether long-term intratumoral retention of type I IFNs would promote or inhibit antitumor responses. To this end, we compared the efficacy of IFNα and IFNβ that exhibit either brief or sustained retention after intratumoral injection in syngeneic mouse tumor models. Significant enhancement in tumor retention, mediated by anchoring these IFNs to coinjected aluminum-hydroxide (alum) particles, greatly improved both their tolerability and efficacy. The improved efficacy of alum-anchored IFNs could be attributed to sustained pleiotropic effects on tumor cells, immune cells, and nonhematopoietic cells. Alum-anchored IFNs achieved high cure rates of B16F10 tumors upon combination with either anti-PD-1 antibody or interleukin-2. Interestingly however, these alternative combination immunotherapies yielded disparate T cell phenotypes and differential resistance to tumor rechallenge, highlighting important distinctions in adaptive memory formation for combinations of type I IFNs with other immunotherapies.
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9
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Jiao A, Liu H, Ding R, Zheng H, Zhang C, Feng Z, Lei L, Wang X, Su Y, Yang X, Sun C, Zhang L, Bai L, Sun L, Zhang B. Med1 Controls Effector CD8+ T Cell Differentiation and Survival through C/EBPβ-Mediated Transcriptional Control of T-bet. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:855-863. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Effector CD8+ T cells are crucial players in adaptive immunity for effective protection against invading pathogens. The regulatory mechanisms underlying CD8+ T cell effector differentiation are incompletely understood. In this study, we defined a critical role of mediator complex subunit 1 (Med1) in controlling effector CD8+ T cell differentiation and survival during acute bacterial infection. Mice with Med1-deficient CD8+ T cells exhibited significantly impaired expansion with evidently reduced killer cell lectin-like receptor G1+ terminally differentiated and Ly6c+ effector cell populations. Moreover, Med1 deficiency led to enhanced cell apoptosis and expression of multiple inhibitory receptors (programmed cell death 1, T cell Ig and mucin domain–containing-3, and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains). RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that T-bet– and Zeb2-mediated transcriptional programs were impaired in Med1-deficient CD8+ T cells. Overexpression of T-bet could rescue the differentiation and survival of Med1-deficient CD8+ effector T cells. Mechanistically, the transcription factor C/EBPβ promoted T-bet expression through interacting with Med1 in effector T cells. Collectively, our findings revealed a novel role of Med1 in regulating effector CD8+ T cell differentiation and survival in response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Jiao
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renyi Ding
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Zheng
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Lei
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- ¶Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- ‖Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; and
| | - Liang Bai
- #Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lina Sun
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Diethelm P, Schmitz I, Iten I, Kisielow J, Matsushita M, Kopf M. LCMV induced down-regulation of HVEM on anti-viral T cells is critical for an efficient effector response. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:924-935. [PMID: 35344223 PMCID: PMC9321772 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
T‐cell responses against tumors and pathogens are critically shaped by cosignaling molecules providing a second signal. Interaction of herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM, CD270, TNFRSF14) with multiple ligands has been proposed to promote or inhibit T‐cell responses and inflammation, dependent on the context. In this study, we show that absence of HVEM did neither affect generation of effector nor maintenance of memory antiviral T cells and accordingly viral clearance upon acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, due to potent HVEM downregulation during infection. Notably, overexpression of HVEM on virus‐specific CD8+ T cells resulted in a reduction of effector cells, whereas numbers of memory cells were increased. Overall, this study indicates that downregulation of HVEM driven by LCMV infection ensures an efficient acute response at the price of impaired formation of T‐cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Diethelm
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Iwana Schmitz
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Irina Iten
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Mai Matsushita
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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11
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Audsley KM, Wagner T, Ta C, Newnes HV, Buzzai AC, Barnes SA, Wylie B, Armitage J, Kaisho T, Bosco A, McDonnell A, Cruickshank M, Fear VS, Foley B, Waithman J. IFNβ Is a Potent Adjuvant for Cancer Vaccination Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735133. [PMID: 34552594 PMCID: PMC8450325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccination drives the generation of anti-tumor T cell immunity and can be enhanced by the inclusion of effective immune adjuvants such as type I interferons (IFNs). Whilst type I IFNs have been shown to promote cross-priming of T cells, the role of individual subtypes remains unclear. Here we systematically compared the capacity of distinct type I IFN subtypes to enhance T cell responses to a whole-cell vaccination strategy in a pre-clinical murine model. We show that vaccination in combination with IFNβ induces significantly greater expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells than the other type I IFN subtypes tested. Optimal expansion was dependent on the presence of XCR1+ dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD40/CD40L signaling. Therapeutically, vaccination with IFNβ delayed tumor progression when compared to vaccination without IFN. When vaccinated in combination with anti-PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy (CPB), the inclusion of IFNβ associated with more mice experiencing complete regression and a trend in increased overall survival. This work demonstrates the potent adjuvant activity of IFNβ, highlighting its potential to enhance cancer vaccination strategies alone and in combination with CPB.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Female
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Interferon-beta/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- Vaccination
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Audsley
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Teagan Wagner
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clara Ta
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Hannah V. Newnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Buzzai
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Experimental Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Samantha A. Barnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ben Wylie
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jesse Armitage
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Alison McDonnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mark Cruickshank
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Vanessa S. Fear
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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12
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The Potential of T Cell Factor 1 in Sustaining CD8 + T Lymphocyte-Directed Anti-Tumor Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030515. [PMID: 33572793 PMCID: PMC7866257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The transcription factor T cell factor 1 (TCF1), encoded by the TCF7 gene, is a key regulator of T-cell fate, which is known to promote T cell proliferation and establish T cell stemness. Importantly, increasing evidence has demonstrated that TCF1 is a critical determinant of the success of anti-tumor immunotherapy, implicating that TCF1 is a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer. In recent years, new findings have emerged to provide a clearer view of TCF1 and its role in T cell biology. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive outline of the most recent literature on the role of TCF1 in T cell development and to discuss the potential of TCF1 in sustaining CD8+ T lymphocyte-directed anti-tumor immunity. Abstract T cell factor 1 (TCF1) is a transcription factor that has been highlighted to play a critical role in the promotion of T cell proliferation and maintenance of cell stemness in the embryonic and CD8+ T cell populations. The regulatory nature of TCF1 in CD8+ T cells is of great significance, especially within the context of T cell exhaustion, which is linked to the tumor and viral escape in pathological contexts. Indeed, inhibitory signals, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), expressed on exhausted T lymphocytes (TEX), have become major therapeutic targets in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. The significance of TCF1 in the sustenance of CTL-mediated immunity against pathogens and tumors, as well as its recently observed necessity for an effective anti-tumor immune response in ICB therapy, presents TCF1 as a potentially significant biomarker and/or therapeutic target for overcoming CD8+ T cell exhaustion and resistance to ICB therapy. In this review, we aim to outline the recent findings on the role of TCF1 in T cell development and discuss its implications in anti-tumor immunity.
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13
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Armitage JD, Newnes HV, McDonnell A, Bosco A, Waithman J. Fine-Tuning the Tumour Microenvironment: Current Perspectives on the Mechanisms of Tumour Immunosuppression. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010056. [PMID: 33401460 PMCID: PMC7823446 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of cancers by harnessing the power of the immune system to eradicate malignant tissue. However, it is well recognised that some cancers are highly resistant to these therapies, which is in part attributed to the immunosuppressive landscape of the tumour microenvironment (TME). The contexture of the TME is highly heterogeneous and contains a complex architecture of immune, stromal, vascular and tumour cells in addition to acellular components such as the extracellular matrix. While understanding the dynamics of the TME has been instrumental in predicting durable responses to immunotherapy and developing new treatment strategies, recent evidence challenges the fundamental paradigms of how tumours can effectively subvert immunosurveillance. Here, we discuss the various immunosuppressive features of the TME and how fine-tuning these mechanisms, rather than ablating them completely, may result in a more comprehensive and balanced anti-tumour response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Armitage
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Hannah V. Newnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Alison McDonnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (J.W.)
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14
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Cai Z, Ishibashi T, Kozai M, Mita H, Wang S, Takada K, Inaba M. ROR agonist hampers the proliferation and survival of postactivated CD8 + T cells through the downregulation of cholesterol synthesis-related genes. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:288-298. [PMID: 32940916 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major component of the lipid bilayers of cellular membranes. The synthesis of cholesterol is acutely elevated during T-cell activation to support T-cell growth and proliferation. There is a limited understanding of cholesterol metabolism reprogramming during T-cell activation. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors that regulate the transcription of target genes. In this study, we demonstrated that the activation of RORs by a synthetic agonist (SR1078) impairs the proliferation and survival of postactivated CD8+ T cells. The inhibitory effects of SR1078 on CD8+ T-cell proliferation and survival were attributed to cholesterol depletion and downregulated expression of cholesterol metabolism-related genes. The overexpression of RORα or RORγt promoted apoptosis in the postactivated CD8+ T cells in vitro. The expression of RORα (but not that of RORγt) was markedly upregulated in the CD8+ T cells upon stimulation with an antigen in vivo. The functional deficiency of RORα enhanced CD8+ T-cell expansion during the response to bacterial infection. These results suggest that RORs are involved in the regulation of CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune response through the regulation of cholesterol metabolism, which can be modulated by a synthetic ROR agonist. The findings of this study can aid in the development of immunotherapeutic methods that target nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taishin Ishibashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mina Kozai
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Mita
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shangyi Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Takada
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Inaba
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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15
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Van Hoecke L, Roose K, Ballegeer M, Zhong Z, Sanders NN, De Koker S, Saelens X, Van Lint S. The Opposing Effect of Type I IFN on the T Cell Response by Non-modified mRNA-Lipoplex Vaccines Is Determined by the Route of Administration. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:373-381. [PMID: 33230442 PMCID: PMC7533292 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
mRNA-lipoplex vaccines are currently being explored in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors. Mechanistically, these mRNA-lipoplex vaccines are characterized by the induction of type I interferon (IFN) centered innate responses. Earlier studies have identified type I IFNs as major regulators of the T cell response instigated by mRNA-lipoplex vaccines. However, stimulatory or, in contrast, profound inhibitory effects of type I IFNs were described depending on the study. In this mouse study, we demonstrated that the opposing roles of type I IFN signaling on the magnitude of the vaccine-evoked T cell responses is dependent on the route of mRNA-lipoplex administration and is regulated at the level of the T cells rather than indirectly through modulation of dendritic cell function. This study helps to understand the double-edged sword character of type I IFN induction upon mRNA-based vaccine treatment and may contribute to a more rational design of mRNA vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Van Hoecke
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenny Roose
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zifu Zhong
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Lint
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Solouki S, Huang W, Elmore J, Limper C, Huang F, August A. TCR Signal Strength and Antigen Affinity Regulate CD8 + Memory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1217-1227. [PMID: 32759295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a critical role in adaptive immunity, differentiating into CD8+ memory T cells that form the basis of protective cellular immunity. Vaccine efficacy is attributed to long-term protective immunity, and understanding the parameters that regulate development of CD8+ T cells is critical to the design of T cell-mediated vaccines. We show in this study using mouse models that two distinct parameters, TCR signal strength (regulated by the tyrosine kinase ITK) and Ag affinity, play important but separate roles in modulating the development of memory CD8+ T cells. Unexpectedly, our data reveal that reducing TCR signal strength along with reducing Ag affinity for the TCR leads to enhanced and accelerated development of CD8+ memory T cells. Additionally, TCR signal strength is able to regulate CD8+ T cell effector cytokine R production independent of TCR Ag affinity. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data reveals that genes for inflammatory cytokines/cytokine receptors are significantly altered upon changes in Ag affinity and TCR signal strength. Furthermore, our findings show that the inflammatory milieu is critical in regulating this TCR signal strength-mediated increase in memory development, as both CpG oligonucleotide treatment or cotransfer of wild-type and Itk-/- T cells eliminates the observed increase in memory cell formation. These findings suggest that TCR signal strength and Ag affinity independently contribute to CD8+ memory T cell development, which is modulated by inflammation, and suggest that manipulating TCR signal strength along with Ag affinity, may be used to tune the development of CD8+ memory T cells during vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Jessica Elmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Candice Limper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
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17
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Tcf1 + cells are required to maintain the inflationary T cell pool upon MCMV infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2295. [PMID: 32385253 PMCID: PMC7211020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus-based vaccine vectors offer interesting opportunities for T cell-based vaccination purposes as CMV infection induces large numbers of functional effector-like cells that accumulate in peripheral tissues, a process termed memory inflation. Maintenance of high numbers of peripheral CD8 T cells requires continuous replenishment of the inflationary T cell pool. Here, we show that the inflationary T cell population contains a small subset of cells expressing the transcription factor Tcf1. These Tcf1+ cells resemble central memory T cells and are proliferation competent. Upon sensing viral reactivation events, Tcf1+ cells feed into the pool of peripheral Tcf1− cells and depletion of Tcf1+ cells hampers memory inflation. TCR repertoires of Tcf1+ and Tcf1− populations largely overlap, with the Tcf1+ population showing higher clonal diversity. These data show that Tcf1+ cells are necessary for sustaining the inflationary T cell response, and upholding this subset is likely critical for the success of CMV-based vaccination approaches. Upon infection with cytomegalovirus, CD8+ T cells undergo prolific expansion in a process known as memory inflation. Here the authors define a population of Tcf1 expressing cells within the inflationary pool that is critical in fuelling this process.
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18
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Elsaesser HJ, Mohtashami M, Osokine I, Snell LM, Cunningham CR, Boukhaled GM, McGavern DB, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Brooks DG. Chronic virus infection drives CD8 T cell-mediated thymic destruction and impaired negative selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5420-5429. [PMID: 32094187 PMCID: PMC7071912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913776117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection provokes alterations in inflammatory and suppressive pathways that potentially affect the function and integrity of multiple tissues, impacting both ongoing immune control and restorative immune therapies. Here we demonstrate that chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection rapidly triggers severe thymic depletion, mediated by CD8 T cell-intrinsic type I interferon (IFN) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (Stat2) signaling. Occurring temporal to T cell exhaustion, thymic cellularity reconstituted despite ongoing viral replication, with a rapid secondary thymic depletion following immune restoration by anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) blockade. Therapeutic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) during chronic infection generated new antiviral CD8 T cells, despite sustained virus replication in the thymus, indicating an impairment in negative selection. Consequently, low amounts of high-affinity self-reactive T cells also escaped the thymus following HSCT during chronic infection. Thus, by altering the stringency and partially impairing negative selection, the host generates new virus-specific T cells to replenish the fight against the chronic infection, but also has the potentially dangerous effect of enabling the escape of self-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mahmood Mohtashami
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Ivan Osokine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Cameron R Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Giselle M Boukhaled
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20824
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada;
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
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19
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Pritchard GH, Kedl RM, Hunter CA. The evolving role of T-bet in resistance to infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 19:398-410. [PMID: 30846856 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of T-bet as a key transcription factor associated with the development of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells predicted a crucial role for T-bet in cell-mediated immunity and in resistance to many intracellular infections. This idea was reinforced by initial reports showing that T-bet-deficient mice were more susceptible to pathogens that survived within the lysosomal system of macrophages. However, subsequent studies revealed IFNγ-dependent, T-bet-independent pathways of resistance to diverse classes of microorganisms that occupy other intracellular niches. Consequently, a more complex picture has emerged of how T-bet and the related transcription factor eomesodermin (EOMES) coordinate many facets of the immune response to bona fide pathogens as well as commensals. This article provides an overview of the discovery and evolutionary relationship between T-bet and EOMES and highlights the studies that have uncovered broader functions of T-bet in innate and adaptive immunity and in the development of the effector and memory T cell populations that mediate long-term resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Harms Pritchard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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20
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Groom JR. Regulators of T-cell fate: Integration of cell migration, differentiation and function. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:101-114. [PMID: 30977199 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in immunology is how cells decide between distinct T helper, effector or memory differentiation fates. These decisions are paramount to overcome infection and establish long-lasting protection. The impact of cell location for the determination of T-cell fate decisions is an emerging field. This review will discuss our current understanding of the migration path that T cells follow, within draining lymph nodes, to steer differentiation down distinct paths of either effector or memory fates. In particular, the regulation of migration and cellular encounters mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands will be discussed. The combination of increased antigen density and unique cellular partners play a central role in facilitating the site-specific differentiation of effector T cells, within the interfollicular regions of draining lymph nodes. Recent advances have applied this knowledge to optimize vaccine design to target antigen to lymph nodes. Increased understanding of the regulation of CXCR3 ligands and how T cells integrate multiple chemokine cues will help further progress in this field and allow additional applications to direct cell differentiation outside the lymph node, to enhance memory residency in peripheral tissues and effector anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Versteeg L, Almutairi MM, Hotez PJ, Pollet J. Enlisting the mRNA Vaccine Platform to Combat Parasitic Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E122. [PMID: 31547081 PMCID: PMC6963228 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite medical progress, more than a billion people still suffer daily from parasitic infections. Vaccination is recognized as one of the most sustainable options to control parasitic diseases. However, the development of protective and therapeutic vaccines against tropical parasites has proven to be exceptionally challenging for both scientific and economic reasons. For certain parasitic diseases, traditional vaccine platforms are not well-suited, due to the complexity of the parasite life cycles and the parasite's ability to evade the human immune system. An effective anti-parasite vaccine platform needs to have the ability to develop and test novel candidate antigens fast and at high-throughput; it further needs to allow for multivalent combinations and must evoke a strong and well-defined immune response. Anti-parasitic vaccines need to be safe and economically attractive, especially in the world's low- and middle-income countries. This review evaluates the potential of in vitro transcribed mRNA vaccines as a new class of preventive and therapeutic vaccine technologies for parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy Versteeg
- Departments of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM113, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mashal M Almutairi
- Prince Naif Health Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Vaccines and Biologics Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM113, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Departments of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM113, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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The long noncoding RNA Morrbid regulates CD8 T cells in response to viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11916-11925. [PMID: 31138702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819457116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional programs that regulate CD8 T-cell differentiation and function in the context of viral infections or tumor immune surveillance have been extensively studied; yet how long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the loci that transcribe them contribute to the regulation of CD8 T cells during viral infections remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that transcription of the lncRNA Morrbid is specifically induced by T-cell receptor (TCR) and type I IFN stimulation during the early stages of acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. In response to type I IFN, the Morrbid RNA and its locus control CD8 T cell expansion, survival, and effector function by regulating the expression of the proapoptotic factor, Bcl2l11, and by modulating the strength of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Thus, our results demonstrate that inflammatory cue-responsive lncRNA loci represent fundamental mechanisms by which CD8 T cells are regulated in response to pathogens and potentially cancer.
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23
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Apostólico JDS, Lunardelli VAS, Yamamoto MM, Cunha-Neto E, Boscardin SB, Rosa DS. Poly(I:C) Potentiates T Cell Immunity to a Dendritic Cell Targeted HIV-Multiepitope Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:843. [PMID: 31105693 PMCID: PMC6492566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses are implicated in resistance to HIV and have been considered for the development of an effective vaccine. Despite their safety profile, subunit vaccines need to be delivered combined with an adjuvant. In the last years, in vivo antigen targeting to dendritic cells (DCs) using chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the DC endocytic receptor DEC205/CD205 was shown to support long-term T cell immunity. Here, we evaluated the ability of different adjuvants to modulate specific cellular immune response when eight CD4+ HIV-derived epitopes (HIVBr8) were targeted to DEC205+ DCs in vivo. Immunization with two doses of αDECHIVBr8 mAb along with poly(I:C) induced Th1 cytokine production and higher frequency of HIV-specific polyfunctional and long-lived T cells than MPL or CpG ODN-assisted immunization. Although each adjuvant elicited responses against the 8 epitopes present in the vaccine, the magnitude of the T cell response was higher in the presence of poly(I:C). Moreover, poly(I:C) up regulated the expression of costimulatory molecules in both cDC1 and cDC2 DCs subsets. In summary, the use of poly(I:C) in a vaccine formulation that targets multiple epitopes to the DEC205 receptor improved the potency and the quality of HIV-specific responses when compared to other vaccine-adjuvant formulations. This study highlights the importance of the rational selection of antigen/adjuvant combination to potentiate the desired immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Souza Apostólico
- Laboratory of Experimental Vaccines, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victória Alves Santos Lunardelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Vaccines, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Massao Yamamoto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (LIM60), School of Medicine-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Vaccines, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Kuse N, Sun X, Akahoshi T, Lissina A, Yamamoto T, Appay V, Takiguchi M. Priming of HIV-1-specific CD8 + T cells with strong functional properties from naïve T cells. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:109-119. [PMID: 30956171 PMCID: PMC6491959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells are required for immune suppression of HIV-1 replication and elimination of the associated viral reservoirs. However, effective induction of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from naïve cells remains problematic in the setting of human vaccine trials. In this study, we investigated priming of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from naïve cells. Methods HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells were primed from naïve T cells of HIV-1-seronegative individuals using TLR4 ligand LPS or STING ligand 3′3′-cGAMP in vitro. We established HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell lines from primed T cells and then investigated functional properties of these cells. Findings HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells primed with LPS failed to suppress HIV-1. In contrast, 3′3′-cGAMP effectively primed HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells with strong ability to suppress HIV-1. 3′3′-cGAMP-primed T cells had higher expression levels of perforin and granzyme B than LPS-primed ones. The expression levels of granzyme B and perforin and viral suppression ability of 3′3′-cGAMP-primed T cells were positively correlated with the production level of type I IFN from PBMCs stimulated with 3′3′-cGAMP. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the potential of 3′3′-cGAMP to induce HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells with strong effector function from naïve cells via a strong type I IFN production and suggests that this STING ligand may be useful for AIDS vaccine and cure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Kuse
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Akahoshi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Anna Lissina
- Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Victor Appay
- Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), F-75013 Paris, France; International Research Center of Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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25
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Welten SPM, Baumann NS, Oxenius A. Fuel and brake of memory T cell inflation. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:329-338. [PMID: 30852648 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cell inflation is a process in which a large number of effector memory T cells accumulates in peripheral tissues. This phenomenon is observed upon certain low level persistent virus infections, but it is most commonly described upon infection with the β-herpesvirus Cytomegalovirus. Due to the induction of this large pool of functional effector CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, the interest in using CMV-based vaccine vectors for vaccination purposes is rising. However, the exact mechanisms of memory T cell inflation are not yet fully understood. It is clear that repetitive exposure to antigen is a key determinant for memory inflation, and therefore the viral inoculum dose and the subsequent number of viral reactivation events strongly impact on the magnitude of the inflationary T cell pool. In addition, the number of CMV-specific CD8 T cells that is able to sense these reactivation events affects the size of the inflationary T cell pool. In the following, we will discuss factors that either promote or limit T cell inflation from both the virus and host perspective. These factors mostly operate by influencing the amount of available antigen or by affecting the T cell pool that is able to respond to the antigen. Furthermore, we will discuss the recent use of CMV-based vaccines in pre-clinical experimental settings, where these vectors have shown promising results by inducing prolonged effector memory T cell responses to foreign-introduced epitopes and thereby provided protection from subsequent virus or tumour challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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26
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Reuter S, Lemmermann NAW, Maxeiner J, Podlech J, Beckert H, Freitag K, Teschner D, Ries F, Taube C, Buhl R, Reddehase MJ, Holtappels R. Coincident airway exposure to low-potency allergen and cytomegalovirus sensitizes for allergic airway disease by viral activation of migratory dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007595. [PMID: 30845208 PMCID: PMC6405056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a broad cell-type tropism, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an evidentially pulmonary pathogen. Predilection for the lungs is of medical relevance in immunocompromised recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation, in whom interstitial CMV pneumonia is a frequent and, if left untreated, fatal clinical manifestation of human CMV infection. A conceivable contribution of CMV to airway diseases of other etiology is an issue that so far attracted little medical attention. As the route of primary CMV infection upon host-to-host transmission in early childhood involves airway mucosa, coincidence of CMV airway infection and exposure to airborne environmental antigens is almost unavoidable. For investigating possible consequences of such a coincidence, we established a mouse model of airway co-exposure to CMV and ovalbumin (OVA) representing a protein antigen of an inherently low allergenic potential. Accordingly, intratracheal OVA exposure alone failed to sensitize for allergic airway disease (AAD) upon OVA aerosol challenge. In contrast, airway infection at the time of OVA sensitization predisposed for AAD that was characterized by airway inflammation, IgE secretion, thickening of airway epithelia, and goblet cell hyperplasia. This AAD histopathology was associated with a T helper type 2 (Th2) transcription profile in the lungs, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-25, known inducers of Th2-driven AAD. These symptoms were all prevented by a pre-challenge depletion of CD4+ T cells, but not of CD8+ T cells. As to the underlying mechanism, murine CMV activated migratory CD11b+ as well as CD103+ conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), which have been associated with Th2 cytokine-driven AAD and with antigen cross-presentation, respectively. This resulted in an enhanced OVA uptake and recruitment of the OVA-laden cDCs selectively to the draining tracheal lymph nodes for antigen presentation. We thus propose that CMV, through activation of migratory cDCs in the airway mucosa, can enhance the allergenic potential of otherwise poorly allergenic environmental protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reuter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Maxeiner
- Asthma Core Facility and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Beckert
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederic Ries
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Roland Buhl
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Chen Y, Zander R, Khatun A, Schauder DM, Cui W. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Effector and Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2826. [PMID: 30581433 PMCID: PMC6292868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune protection and lasting memory are accomplished through the generation of phenotypically and functionally distinct CD8 T cell subsets. Understanding how these effector and memory T cells are formed is the first step in eventually manipulating the immune system for therapeutic benefit. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of CD8 T cell differentiation upon acute infection, with a focus on the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of cell fate decision and memory formation. Moreover, we will highlight the importance of high throughput sequencing approaches and single cell technologies in providing insight into genome-wide investigations and the heterogeneity of individual CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - David M Schauder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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28
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The PDL1-inducible GTPase Arl4d controls T effector function by limiting IL-2 production. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16123. [PMID: 30382149 PMCID: PMC6208435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a key regulator of adaptive immune responses but its regulation is incompletely understood. We previously found that PDL1-dependent signals were pivotal for liver sinusoidal endothelial cell-mediated priming of CD8 T cells, which have a strongly reduced capacity to produce IL-2. Here, we show that the expression of the ARF-like GTPase Arl4d is PD-L1-dependently induced in such LSEC-primed T cells, and is associated with reduced IL-2 secretion and Akt phosphorylation. Conversely, Arl4d-deficient T cells overproduced IL-2 upon stimulation. Arl4d-deficiency in CD8 T cells also enhanced their expansion and effector function during viral infection in vivo. Consistent with their increased IL-2 production, Arl4d-deficient T cells showed enhanced development into KLRG1+CD127− short-lived effector cells (SLEC), which is dependent on IL-2 availability. Thus, our data reveal a PD-L1-dependent regulatory circuitry that involves the induction of Arl4d for limiting IL-2 production in T cells.
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29
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Enamorado M, Khouili SC, Iborra S, Sancho D. Genealogy, Dendritic Cell Priming, and Differentiation of Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1751. [PMID: 30108585 PMCID: PMC6079237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (Trm) cells define a distinct non-recirculating subset. Trm cells constitute a first line of defense against local infections in barrier tissues, but they are also found in non-barrier tissues and play a role in antitumor immunity. Their differentiation in tissues and their phenotypical, transcriptional, and functional characteristics are the object of active research. Herein, we will discuss the potential existence of committed CD8+ Trm precursors and the genealogy of memory CD8+ T cell subsets. In addition to the priming of naive T cells, there is some plasticity of antigen-experienced effector and memory T cell subsets to generate Trm precursors. Local inflammation, antigen presentation, and cytokines drive Trm differentiation. It is of prime interest how specific dendritic cell subsets modulate priming and differentiation of Trm cells, as well as their reactivation within tissues. Research on how we can manipulate generation of memory T cells subsets is key for improved vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Enamorado
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía C Khouili
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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30
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Jandus C, Usatorre AM, Viganò S, Zhang L, Romero P. The Vast Universe of T Cell Diversity: Subsets of Memory Cells and Their Differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1514:1-17. [PMID: 27787788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6548-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor confers specificity for antigen recognition to T cells. By the first encounter with the cognate antigen, reactive T cells initiate a program of expansion and differentiation that will define not only the ultimate quantity of specific cells that will be generated, but more importantly their quality and functional heterogeneity. Recent achievements using mouse model infection systems have helped to shed light into the complex network of factors that dictate and sustain memory T cell differentiation, ranging from antigen load, TCR signal strength, metabolic fitness, transcriptional programs, and proliferative potential. The different models of memory T cell differentiation are discussed in this chapter, and key phenotypic and functional attributes of memory T cell subsets are presented, both for mouse and human cells. Therapeutic manipulation of memory T cell generation is expected to provide novel unique ways to optimize current immunotherapies, both in infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Jandus
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Biopole III, CB02, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Amaia Martínez Usatorre
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Biopole III, CB02, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Selena Viganò
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Biopole III, CB02, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Biopole III, CB02, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Biopole III, CB02, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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31
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IRF9 Prevents CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion in an Extrinsic Manner during Acute Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01219-17. [PMID: 28878077 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01219-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective CD8+ T cell responses play an important role in determining the course of a viral infection. Overwhelming antigen exposure can result in suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses, leading to chronic infection. This altered CD8+ T cell differentiation state, termed exhaustion, is characterized by reduced effector function, upregulation of inhibitory receptors, and altered expression of transcription factors. Prevention of overwhelming antigen exposure to limit CD8+ T cell exhaustion is of significant interest for the control of chronic infection. The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) is a component of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling downstream of the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR). Using acute infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strain Armstrong, we show here that IRF9 limited early LCMV replication by regulating expression of interferon-stimulated genes and IFN-I and by controlling levels of IRF7, a transcription factor essential for IFN-I production. Infection of IRF9- or IFNAR-deficient mice led to a loss of early restriction of viral replication and impaired antiviral responses in dendritic cells, resulting in CD8+ T cell exhaustion and chronic infection. Differences in the antiviral activities of IRF9- and IFNAR-deficient mice and dendritic cells provided further evidence of IRF9-independent IFN-I signaling. Thus, our findings illustrate a CD8+ T cell-extrinsic function for IRF9, as a signaling factor downstream of IFNAR, in preventing overwhelming antigen exposure resulting in CD8+ T cell exhaustion and, ultimately, chronic infection.IMPORTANCE During early viral infection, overwhelming antigen exposure can cause functional exhaustion of CD8+ T cells and lead to chronic infection. Here we show that the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) plays a decisive role in preventing CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Using acute infection of mice with LCMV strain Armstrong, we found that IRF9 limited early LCMV replication by regulating expression of interferon-stimulated genes and Irf7, encoding a transcription factor crucial for type I interferon (IFN-I) production, as well as by controlling the levels of IFN-I. Infection of IRF9-deficient mice led to a chronic infection that was accompanied by CD8+ T cell exhaustion due to defects extrinsic to T cells. Our findings illustrate an essential role for IRF9, as a mediator downstream of IFNAR, in preventing overwhelming antigen exposure causing CD8+ T cell exhaustion and leading to chronic viral infection.
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Snell LM, McGaha TL, Brooks DG. Type I Interferon in Chronic Virus Infection and Cancer. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:542-557. [PMID: 28579323 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are emerging as key drivers of inflammation and immunosuppression in chronic infection. Control of these infections requires IFN-I signaling; however, prolonged IFN-I signaling can lead to immune dysfunction. IFN-Is are also emerging as double-edged swords in cancer, providing necessary inflammatory signals, while initiating feedback suppression in both immune and cancer cells. Here, we review the proinflammatory and suppressive mechanisms potentiated by IFN-Is during chronic virus infections and discuss the similar, newly emerging dichotomy in cancer. We then discuss how this understanding is leading to new therapeutic concepts and immunotherapy combinations. We propose that, by modulating the immune response at its foundation, it may be possible to widely reshape immunity to control these chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ONT, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ONT, M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ONT, M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Hanoteau A, Henin C, Svec D, Bisilliat Donnet C, Denanglaire S, Colau D, Romero P, Leo O, Van den Eynde B, Moser M. Cyclophosphamide treatment regulates the balance of functional/exhausted tumor-specific CD8 + T cells. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1318234. [PMID: 28919989 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1318234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An important question is how chemotherapy may (re-)activate tumor-specific immunity. In this study, we provide a phenotypic, functional and genomic analysis of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in tumor (P815)-bearing mice, treated or not with cyclophosphamide. Our data show that chemotherapy favors the development of effector-type lymphocytes in tumor bed, characterized by higher KLRG-1 expression, lower PD-1 expression and increased cytotoxicity. This suggests re-engagement of T lymphocytes into the effector program. IFN-I appears involved in this remodeling. Our findings provide some insight into how cyclophosphamide regulates the amplitude and quality of tumor-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Hanoteau
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Cancer Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Coralie Henin
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Cancer Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - David Svec
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Charlotte Bisilliat Donnet
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Cancer Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Denanglaire
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Cancer Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Didier Colau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research of the Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro Romero
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Oberdan Leo
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Cancer Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Benoit Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research of the Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muriel Moser
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Cancer Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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Kallies A, Good-Jacobson KL. Transcription Factor T-bet Orchestrates Lineage Development and Function in the Immune System. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:287-297. [PMID: 28279590 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-bet was originally described as the key transcription factor defining type 1 T helper (Th) cells. However, it is now clear that it drives the orchestrated generation of effector and memory cells in multiple different lymphocyte lineages. In addition to Th1 cells, CD8 T cells, B cells and some innate lymphocyte populations require T-bet for their development or differentiation in response to antigen. Furthermore, other Th cell populations, including T follicular helper and Th17, as well as regulatory T cells can co-opt T-bet expression to promote functional diversification and colocalization. Thus, T-bet broadly regulates transcriptional programs in response to type 1 inflammatory signals and mediates the coordinated differentiation, function, migration and survival of effector and memory lymphocyte subsets in the affected tissue. Therefore, T-bet expression is essential for effective clearance of pathogens and maintenance of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kallies
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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De Beuckelaer A, Grooten J, De Koker S. Type I Interferons Modulate CD8 + T Cell Immunity to mRNA Vaccines. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:216-226. [PMID: 28185789 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have emerged as potent tools to elicit antitumor T cell immunity. They are characterized by a strong induction of type I interferons (IFNs), potent inflammatory cytokines affecting T cell differentiation and survival. Recent reports have attributed opposing roles for type I IFNs in modulating CD8+ T cell immunity to mRNA vaccines, from profoundly stimulatory to strongly inhibitory. The mechanisms behind this duality are unclear. Disentangling the factors governing the beneficial or detrimental impact of type I IFNs on CD8+ T cell responses is vital to the design of mRNA vaccines of increased potency. In light of recent advancements regarding the complex role of type I IFNs in regulating CD8+ T cell immunity to infectious diseases, we posit that the dual outcome of type I IFNs on CD8+ T cell responses to mRNA vaccination is determined by the timing and intensity of type I IFN induction relative to T cell receptor (TCR) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans De Beuckelaer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Grooten
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan De Koker
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Hosking MP, Flynn CT, Whitton JL. Type I IFN Signaling Is Dispensable during Secondary Viral Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005861. [PMID: 27580079 PMCID: PMC5006979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses in general, and type I interferons (T1IFNs) in particular, play an important and often essential role during primary viral infections, by directly combatting the virus and by maximizing the primary adaptive immune response. Several studies have suggested that T1IFNs also contribute very substantially to the secondary (recall) response; they are thought (i) to be required to drive the early attrition of memory T cells, (ii) to support the subsequent expansion of surviving virus-specific memory cells, and (iii) to assist in the suppression and clearance of the infectious agent. However, many of these observations were predicated upon models in which T1IFN signaling was interrupted prior to a primary immune response, raising the possibility that the resulting memory cells might be intrinsically abnormal. We have directly addressed this by using an inducible-Cre model system in which the host remains genetically-intact during the primary response to infection, and in which T1IFN signaling can be effectively ablated prior to secondary viral challenge. We report that, in stark contrast to primary infection, T1IFN signaling is not required during the recall response. IFNαβR-deficient memory CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells undergo attrition and expansion with kinetics that are indistinguishable from those of receptor-sufficient cells. Moreover, even in the absence of functional T1IFN signaling, the host's immune capacity to rapidly suppress, and then to eradicate, a secondary infection remains intact. Thus, this study shows that T1IFN signaling is dispensable during the recall response to a virus infection. Moreover, two broader implications may be drawn. First, a T cell's requirement for a cytokine is highly dependent on the cell's maturation / differentiation status. Consequently, second, these data underscore the importance of evaluating a gene's impact by modulating its expression or function in a temporally-controllable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Hosking
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Claudia T. Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - J. Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Flint SM, Jovanovic V, Teo BW, Mak A, Thumboo J, McKinney EF, Lee JC, MacAry P, Kemeny DM, Jayne DR, Fong KY, Lyons PA, Smith KG. Leucocyte subset-specific type 1 interferon signatures in SLE and other immune-mediated diseases. RMD Open 2016; 2:e000183. [PMID: 27252891 PMCID: PMC4879345 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2015-000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Type 1 interferons (IFN-1) are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but most studies have only reported the effect of IFN-1 on mixed cell populations. We aimed to define modules of IFN-1-associated genes in purified leucocyte populations and use these as a basis for a detailed comparative analysis. Methods CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, monocytes and neutrophils were purified from patients with SLE, other immune-mediated diseases and healthy volunteers and gene expression then determined by microarray. Modules of IFN-1-associated genes were defined using weighted gene coexpression network analysis. The composition and expression of these modules was analysed. Results 1150 of 1288 IFN-1-associated genes were specific to myeloid subsets, compared with 11 genes unique to T cells. IFN-1 genes were more highly expressed in myeloid subsets compared with T cells. A subset of neutrophil samples from healthy volunteers (HV) and conditions not classically associated with IFN-1 signatures displayed increased IFN-1 gene expression, whereas upregulation of IFN-1-associated genes in T cells was restricted to SLE. Conclusions Given the broad upregulation of IFN-1 genes in neutrophils including in some HV, investigators reporting IFN-1 signatures on the basis of whole blood samples should be cautious about interpreting this as evidence of bona fide IFN-1-mediated pathology. Instead, specific upregulation of IFN-1-associated genes in T cells may be a useful biomarker and a further mechanism by which elevated IFN-1 contributes to autoimmunity in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Flint
- Department of Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vojislav Jovanovic
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology Centre for Life Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Boon Wee Teo
- Department of Medicine , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Anselm Mak
- Department of Medicine , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Julian Thumboo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Eoin F McKinney
- Department of Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul MacAry
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology Centre for Life Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - David M Kemeny
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology Centre for Life Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - David Rw Jayne
- Department of Medicine , The University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Kok Yong Fong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Department of Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth Gc Smith
- Department of Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Type I Interferons Regulate the Magnitude and Functionality of Mouse Polyomavirus-Specific CD8 T Cells in a Virus Strain-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2016; 90:5187-99. [PMID: 26984726 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00199-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) is a ubiquitous persistent natural mouse pathogen. A glutamic acid (E)-to-glycine (G) difference at position 91 of the VP1 capsid protein shifts the profile of tumors induced by MPyV from an epithelial to a mesenchymal cell origin. Here we asked if this tropism difference affects the MPyV-specific CD8 T cell response, which controls MPyV infection and tumorigenesis. Infection by the laboratory MPyV strain RA (VP1-91G) or a strain A2 mutant with an E-to-G substitution at VP1 residue 91 [A2(91G)] generated a markedly smaller virus-specific CD8 T cell response than that induced by A2(VP1-91E) infection. Mutant A2(91G)-infected mice showed a higher frequency of memory precursor (CD127(hi) KLRG1(lo)) CD8 T cells and a higher recall response than those of A2-infected mice. Using T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic CD8 T cells and immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells, we found that early bystander inflammation associated with A2 infection contributed to recruitment of the larger MPyV-specific CD8 T cell response. Beta interferon (IFN-β) transcripts were induced early during A2 or A2(91G) infections. IFN-β inhibited replication of A2 and A2(91G) in vitro Using mice lacking IFN-αβ receptors (IFNAR(-/-)), we showed that type I IFNs played a role in controlling MPyV replication in vivo but differentially affected the magnitude and functionality of virus-specific CD8 T cells recruited by A2 and A2(91G) viral infections. These data indicate that type I IFNs are involved in protection against MPyV infection and that their effect on the antiviral CD8 T cell response depends on capsid-mediated tropism properties of the MPyV strain. IMPORTANCE Isolates of the human polyomavirus JC virus from patients with the frequently fatal demyelinating brain disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) carry single amino acid substitutions in the domain of the VP1 capsid protein that binds the sialic acid moiety of glycoprotein/glycolipid receptors on host cells. These VP1 mutations may alter neural cell tropism or enable escape from neutralizing antibodies. Changes in host cell tropism can affect recruitment of virus-specific CD8 T cells. Using mouse polyomavirus, we demonstrate that a single amino acid difference in VP1 known to shift viral tropism profoundly affects the quantity and quality of the anti-polyomavirus CD8 T cell response and its differentiation into memory cells. These findings raise the possibility that CD8 T cell responses to infections by human polyomaviruses may be influenced by VP1 mutations involving domains that engage host cell receptors.
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Abstract
Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability to survive long term and mature into memory T cells that can provide long-term immunity. Understanding the signals that regulate the development of memory T cells is crucial to efforts to design vaccines capable of eliciting T cell-based immunity. CD4(+) T cells are essential in the formation of protective memory CD8(+) T cells following infection or immunization. However, until recently, the mechanisms by which CD4(+) T cells act to support memory CD8(+) T cell development following infection were unclear. Here, we discuss recent studies that provide insight into the multifaceted role of CD4(+) T cells in the regulation of memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation.
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Dong H, Franklin NA, Ritchea SB, Yagita H, Glennie MJ, Bullock TNJ. CD70 and IFN-1 selectively induce eomesodermin or T-bet and synergize to promote CD8+ T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3289-301. [PMID: 26461455 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD70-mediated stimulation of CD27 is an important cofactor of CD4(+) T-cell licensed dendritic cells (DCs). However, it is unclear how CD70-mediated stimulation of T cells is integrated with signals that emanate from signal 3 pathways, such as type-1 interferon (IFN-1) and IL-12. We find that while stimulation of CD27 in isolation drives weak Eomesodermin(hi) T-bet(lo) CD8(+) T-cell responses to OVA immunization, profound synergistic expansion is achieved by cotargeting TLR. This cooperativity can substantially boost antiviral CD8(+) T-cell responses during acute infection. Concomitant stimulation of TLR significantly increases per cell IFN-γ production and the proportion of the population with characteristics of short-lived effector cells, yet also promotes the ability to form long-lived memory. Notably, while IFN-1 contributes to the expression of CD70 on DCs, the synergy between CD27 and TLR stimulation is dependent upon IFN-1's effect directly on CD8(+) T cells, and is associated with the increased expression of T-bet in T cells. Surprisingly, we find that IL-12 fails to synergize with CD27 stimulation to promote CD8(+) T-cell expansion, despite its capacity to drive effector CD8(+) T-cell differentiation. Together, these data identify complex interactions between signal 3 and costimulatory pathways, and identify opportunities to influence the differentiation of CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nathan A Franklin
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shane B Ritchea
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University School of Medicine, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Welten SPM, Redeker A, Franken KLMC, Oduro JD, Ossendorp F, Čičin-Šain L, Melief CJM, Aichele P, Arens R. The viral context instructs the redundancy of costimulatory pathways in driving CD8(+) T cell expansion. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26263500 PMCID: PMC4558566 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signals delivered by costimulatory molecules are implicated in driving T cell expansion. The requirements for these signals, however, vary from dispensable to essential in different infections. We examined the underlying mechanisms of this differential T cell costimulation dependence and found that the viral context determined the dependence on CD28/B7-mediated costimulation for expansion of naive and memory CD8+ T cells, indicating that the requirement for costimulatory signals is not imprinted. Notably, related to the high-level costimulatory molecule expression induced by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), CD28/B7-mediated costimulation was dispensable for accumulation of LCMV-specific CD8+ T cells because of redundancy with the costimulatory pathways induced by TNF receptor family members (i.e., CD27, OX40, and 4-1BB). Type I IFN signaling in viral-specific CD8+ T cells is slightly redundant with costimulatory signals. These results highlight that pathogen-specific conditions differentially and uniquely dictate the utilization of costimulatory pathways allowing shaping of effector and memory antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07486.001 When the immune system detects a virus in the body it mounts a response to eliminate it. Immune cells called CD8+ T cells detect fragments of virus proteins that are presented on the surface of other immune cells. The CD8+ T cells then rapidly divide to form populations that roam the body to kill cells that are infected with the virus. Afterwards, some of the CD8+ T cells become ‘memory T cells’, which allow the immune system to respond more rapidly if the virus returns. This means that a subsequent infection of the same virus is usually stopped before it can become severe enough for an individual to feel unwell. Vaccines take advantage of the activities of CD8+ T cells to enable a person to become ‘immune’ to a virus without having to experience the disease. Vaccines contain dead or weakened viruses that can't spread in the body, but are able to activate the CD8+ T cells. However, a vaccine may not be as effective in activating the T cells as the live virus, perhaps because it fails to trigger the production of other molecules in the host that promote T cell activation. There are many of these ‘co-stimulatory molecules’ in the body, but it is not clear exactly how they work. Now, Welten et al. show that the role of co-stimulatory molecules in the activation of CD8+ T cells depends on the type of virus and how it affects cells. Mice that were genetically engineered to lack two co-stimulatory molecules called CD80 and CD86 failed to accumulate active CD8+ T cells in response to infection with a herpes-like virus. However, if these mice were infected with a different virus called LCMV—which causes swelling of the brain and spinal cord—they produced many active CD8+ T cells to fight the infection. Welten et al. found that other co-stimulatory molecules are able to compensate for the loss of CD80 and CD86 to boost the activation of T cells in response to LCMV, but not the herpes-like virus. Further experiments showed that LCMV triggers a lot more inflammation in infected cells than the other virus. This leads to the production of many different types of co-stimulatory molecules, which ensures that if one fails to boost the activation of CD8+ T cells, another molecule can do so instead. Better understanding of how these co-stimulatory molecules work could help scientists to develop more effective vaccines in future. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07486.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer D Oduro
- Department for Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infection, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department for Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infection, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter Aichele
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Moving to the suburbs: T-cell positioning within lymph nodes during activation and memory. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:330-6. [PMID: 25753266 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes are highly organized secondary lymphoid structures crucial for the initiation of immune responses. Naive T cells are strategically located within lymph nodes to optimize their encounter with antigen-loaded dendritic cells. Recent advances in 3D lymph node imaging and tissue reconstruction along with methods for the detection of chemokine expression and gradients have highlighted how T cells position themselves during activation and memory responses. This article covers new insights into the guidance mechanisms that co-ordinate T-cell responses within draining lymph nodes. Furthering our understanding of how these pathways are regulated and promoted will lead to the exploitation of T-cell positioning to further strategize vaccine design.
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Fousteri G, Jofra T, Debernardis I, Stanford SM, Laurenzi A, Bottini N, Battaglia M. The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 controls forkhead box protein 3 T regulatory cell induction but is dispensable for T helper type 1 cell polarization. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:178-89. [PMID: 24905474 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulate T cell receptor (TCR) signalling and thus have a role in T cell differentiation. Here we tested whether the autoimmune predisposing gene PTPN22 encoding for a PTP that inhibits TCR signalling affects the generation of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) T regulatory (Treg ) cells and T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. Murine CD4(+) T cells isolated from Ptpn22 knock-out (Ptpn22(KO) ) mice cultured in Treg cell polarizing conditions showed increased sensitivity to TCR activation compared to wild-type (WT) cells, and subsequently reduced FoxP3 expression at optimal-to-high levels of activation. However, at lower levels of TCR activation, Ptpn22(KO) CD4(+) T cells showed enhanced expression of FoxP3. Similar experiments in humans revealed that at optimal levels of TCR activation PTPN22 knock-down by specific oligonucleotides compromises the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into Treg cells. Notably, in vivo Treg cell conversion experiments in mice showed delayed kinetic but overall increased frequency and number of Treg cells in the absence of Ptpn22. In contrast, the in vitro and in vivo generation of Th1 cells was comparable between WT and Ptpn22(KO) mice, thus suggesting PTPN22 as a FoxP3-specific regulating factor. Together, these results propose PTPN22 as a key factor in setting the proper threshold for FoxP3(+) Treg cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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den Haan JM, Arens R, van Zelm MC. The activation of the adaptive immune system: Cross-talk between antigen-presenting cells, T cells and B cells. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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46
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Paolini R, Bernardini G, Molfetta R, Santoni A. NK cells and interferons. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:113-20. [PMID: 25443799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of Natural Killer cells in host defense against infections as well as in tumour surveillance has been widely appreciated for a number of years. Upon recognition of "altered" cells, NK cells release the content of cytolytic granules, leading to the death of target cells. Moreover, NK cells are powerful producers of chemokines and cytokines, particularly Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), of which they are the earliest source upon a variety of infections. Despite being armed to fight against pathogens, NK cells become fully functional upon an initial phase of activation that requires the action of several cytokines, including type I IFNs. Type I IFNs are now recognized as key players in antiviral defense and immune regulation, and evidences from both mouse models of disease and in vitro studies support the existence of an alliance between type I IFNs and NK cells to ensure effective protection against viral infections. This review will focus on the role of type I IFNs in regulating NK cell functions to elicit antiviral response and on NK cell-produced IFN-γ beneficial and pathological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Paolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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Backer RA, Helbig C, Gentek R, Kent A, Laidlaw BJ, Dominguez CX, de Souza YS, van Trierum SE, van Beek R, Rimmelzwaan GF, ten Brinke A, Willemsen AM, van Kampen AHC, Kaech SM, Blander JM, van Gisbergen K, Amsen D. A central role for Notch in effector CD8(+) T cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1143-51. [PMID: 25344724 PMCID: PMC4232996 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated CD8+ T cells choose between terminal effector cell (TEC) or memory precursor cell (MPC) fates. We show that Notch controls this choice. Notch promoted differentiation of immediately protective TECs and was correspondingly required for clearance of an acute influenza virus infection. Notch activated a major portion of the TEC-specific gene expression program and suppressed the MPC-specific program. Expression of Notch receptors was induced on naïve CD8+ T cells by inflammatory mediators and interleukin 2 (IL-2) via mTOR and T-bet dependent pathways. These pathways were subsequently amplified downstream of Notch, creating a positive feedback loop. Notch thus functions as a central hub where information from different sources converges to match effector T cell differentiation to the demands of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Backer
- 1] Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina Helbig
- 1] Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Kent
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Claudia X Dominguez
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yevan S de Souza
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stella E van Trierum
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Beek
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Marcel Willemsen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine H C van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Klaas van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Derk Amsen
- 1] Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ysebrant de Lendonck L, Martinet V, Goriely S. Interferon regulatory factor 3 in adaptive immune responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3873-83. [PMID: 24879293 PMCID: PMC11113752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 plays a key role in innate responses against viruses. Indeed, activation of this transcription factor triggers the expression of type I interferons and downstream interferon-stimulated genes in infected cells. Recent evidences indicate that this pathway also modulates adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on the different mechanisms that are implicated in this process. We discuss the role of IRF3 within antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes in the polarization of the cellular immune response and its implication in the pathogenesis of immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Ysebrant de Lendonck
- WELBIO and Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valerie Martinet
- WELBIO and Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- WELBIO and Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi-Gosselies, Belgium
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49
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Out-of-sequence signal 3 as a mechanism for virus-induced immune suppression of CD8 T cell responses. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004357. [PMID: 25255454 PMCID: PMC4177909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections are known to induce a transient state of immune suppression often associated with an inhibition of T cell proliferation in response to mitogen or cognate-antigen stimulation. Recently, virus-induced immune suppression has been linked to responses to type 1 interferon (IFN), a signal 3 cytokine that normally can augment the proliferation and differentiation of T cells exposed to antigen (signal 1) and co-stimulation (signal 2). However, pre-exposure of CD8 T cells to IFN-inducers such as viruses or poly(I∶C) prior to antigen signaling is inhibitory, indicating that the timing of IFN exposure is of essence. We show here that CD8 T cells pretreated with poly(I∶C) down-regulated the IFN receptor, up-regulated suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), and were refractory to IFNβ-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation. When exposed to a viral infection, these CD8 T cells behaved more like 2-signal than 3-signal T cells, showing defects in short lived effector cell differentiation, reduced effector function, delayed cell division, and reduced levels of survival proteins. This suggests that IFN-pretreated CD8 T cells are unable to receive the positive effects that type 1 IFN provides as a signal 3 cytokine when delivered later in the signaling process. This desensitization mechanism may partially explain why vaccines function poorly in virus-infected individuals.
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Spaapen RM, Leung MYK, Fuertes MB, Kline JP, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Fu YX, Luo X, Cohen KS, Gajewski TF. Therapeutic Activity of High-Dose Intratumoral IFN-β Requires Direct Effect on the Tumor Vasculature. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4254-60. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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