1
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Fiala GJ, Lücke J, Huber S. Pro- and antitumorigenic functions of γδ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451070. [PMID: 38803018 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of T cells that are characterized by the expression of a TCR-γδ instead of a TCR-αβ. Despite being outnumbered by their αβ T cell counterpart in many tissues, studies from the last 20 years underline their important and non-redundant roles in tumor and metastasis development. However, whether a γδ T cell exerts pro- or antitumorigenic effects seems to depend on a variety of factors, many of them still incompletely understood today. In this review, we summarize mechanisms by which γδ T cells exert these seemingly contradictory effector functions in mice and humans. Furthermore, we discuss the current view on inducing and inhibiting factors of γδ T cells during cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina J Fiala
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jöran Lücke
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Yan W, Dunmall LSC, Lemoine NR, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang P. The capability of heterogeneous γδ T cells in cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285801. [PMID: 38077392 PMCID: PMC10704246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells, a specialized subset of T lymphocytes, have garnered significant attention within the realm of cancer immunotherapy. Operating at the nexus between adaptive and innate immunological paradigms, these cells showcase a profound tumor discernment repertoire, hinting at novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Significantly, these cells possess the capability to directly identify and eliminate tumor cells without reliance on HLA-antigen presentation. Furthermore, γδ T cells have the faculty to present tumor antigens to αβ T cells, amplifying their anti-tumoral efficacy.Within the diverse and heterogeneous subpopulations of γδ T cells, distinct immune functionalities emerge, manifesting either anti-tumor or pro-tumor roles within the tumor microenvironment. Grasping and strategically harnessing these heterogeneous γδ T cell cohorts is pivotal to their integration in tumor-specific immunotherapeutic modalities. The aim of this review is to describe the heterogeneity of the γδ T cell lineage and the functional plasticity it generates in the treatment of malignant tumors. This review endeavors to elucidate the intricate heterogeneity inherent to the γδ T cell lineage, the consequential functional dynamics in combating malignancies, the latest advancements from clinical trials, and the evolving landscape of γδ T cell-based oncological interventions, while addressing the challenges impeding the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Yan
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Louisa S. Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Lemoine
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yafeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengju Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Valvano L, Nozza F, D'Arena G, D'Auria F, De Luca L, Pietrantuono G, Mansueto G, Villani O, D'Agostino S, Lamorte D, Calice G, Statuto T. Preliminary analysis of double-negative T, double-positive T, and natural killer T-like cells in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37140360 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is characterized by the expansion of CD5+ malignant B lymphocytes. Recent discoveries have shown that double-negative T (DNT) cells, double-positive T (DPT) cells, and natural killer T (NKT)-cells may be involved in tumor surveillance. METHODS A detailed immunophenotypic analysis of the peripheral blood T-cell compartment of 50 patients with B-CLL (classified in three prognostic groups) and 38 healthy donors (as controls) matched for age was performed. The samples were analyzed by flow cytometry using a stain-lyse-no wash technique and a comprehensive six-color antibody panels. RESULTS Our data confirmed a reduction in percentage values and an increase in absolute values of T lymphocytes in patients with B-CLL, as already reported. In particular, DNT, DPT, and NKT-like percentages were significantly lower than in the controls, except for NKT-like in the low-risk prognostic group. Moreover, a significant rise in the absolute counts of DNT cells in each prognostic group and in the low-risk prognostic group of NKT-like cells was found. A significant correlation of the absolute values of NKT-like cells in the intermediate-risk prognostic group versus B cells was observed. Furthermore, we analyzed whether the increase in T cells was related to the subpopulations of interest. Only DNT cells were positively correlated with the increase in CD3+ T lymphocytes, regardless of the stage of the disease, supporting the hypothesis that this T-cell subset plays a key role in the immune T response in B-CLL. CONCLUSION These early results supported that DNT, DPT, and NKT-like subsets may be related to disease progression and should encourage further studies aimed at identifying the potential immune surveillance role of these minority T subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Valvano
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Filomena Nozza
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Arena
- Immunohematology and transfusional medicine, "S. Luca" Hospital, ASL Salerno, Vallo della Lucania, Italy
| | - Fiorella D'Auria
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Luciana De Luca
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pietrantuono
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mansueto
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Oreste Villani
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Simona D'Agostino
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Daniela Lamorte
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giovanni Calice
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Teodora Statuto
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
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4
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Ruf B, Greten TF, Korangy F. Innate lymphoid cells and innate-like T cells in cancer - at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:351-371. [PMID: 37081117 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00562-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting conventional T cells have revolutionized systemic treatment for many cancers, yet only a subset of patients benefit from these approaches. A better understanding of the complex immune microenvironment of tumours is needed to design the next generation of immunotherapeutics. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and innate-like T cells (ILTCs) are abundant, tissue-resident lymphocytes that have recently been shown to have critical roles in many types of cancers. ILCs and ILTCs rapidly respond to changes in their surrounding environment and act as the first responders to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. This places ILCs and ILTCs as pivotal orchestrators of the final antitumour immune response. In this Review, we outline hallmarks of ILCs and ILTCs and discuss their emerging role in antitumour immunity, as well as the pathophysiological adaptations leading to their pro-tumorigenic function. We explore the pleiotropic, in parts redundant and sometimes opposing, mechanisms that underlie the delicate interplay between the different subsets of ILCs and ILTCs. Finally, we highlight their role in amplifying and complementing conventional T cell functions and summarize immunotherapeutic strategies for targeting ILCs and ILTCs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ruf
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NCI CCR Liver Cancer Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Firouzeh Korangy
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Current cancer immunotherapies are primarily predicated on αβ T cells, with a stringent dependence on MHC-mediated presentation of tumour-enriched peptides or unique neoantigens that can limit their efficacy and applicability in various contexts. After two decades of preclinical research and preliminary clinical studies involving very small numbers of patients, γδ T cells are now being explored as a viable and promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. The unique features of γδ T cells, including their tissue tropisms, antitumour activity that is independent of neoantigen burden and conventional MHC-dependent antigen presentation, and combination of typical properties of T cells and natural killer cells, make them very appealing effectors in multiple cancer settings. Herein, we review the main functions of γδ T cells in antitumour immunity, focusing on human γδ T cell subsets, with a particular emphasis on the differences between Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ γδ T cells, to discuss their prognostic value in patients with cancer and the key therapeutic strategies that are being developed in an attempt to improve the outcomes of these patients.
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6
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Zhang T, Wang J, Zhao A, Xia L, Jin H, Xia S, Shi T. The way of interaction between Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and tumor cells. Cytokine 2023; 162:156108. [PMID: 36527892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been a promising, emerging treatment for various cancers. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells own a T cell receptor composed of γ- and δ- chain and act as crucial players in the anti-tumor immune effect. Currently, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, the predominate γδ T cell subset in human peripheral blood, has been shown to exert multiple biological functions. In addition, a growing body of evidence notes that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells interact with tumor cells in many ways, such as TCR-mediated nonpeptidic-phosphorylated phosphoantigens (pAgs) recognization, NKG2D/NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) pathway, Fas-FasL axis and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as well as exosome. More importantly, clinical studies with Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in cancers have propelled several clinical applications to investigate their safety and efficacy. Herein, this review summarized the underlying ways and mechanisms of interplay cancer cells and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, which may help us to generate new strategies for tumor immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Anjing Zhao
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Jin
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Suhua Xia
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tongguo Shi
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China.
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7
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Bernicke B, Engelbogen N, Klein K, Franzenburg J, Borzikowsky C, Peters C, Janssen O, Junker R, Serrano R, Kabelitz D. Analysis of the Seasonal Fluctuation of γδ T Cells and Its Potential Relation with Vitamin D3. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091460. [PMID: 35563767 PMCID: PMC9099506 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its role in bone metabolism, vitamin D3 exerts immunomodulatory effects and has been proposed to contribute to seasonal variation of immune cells. This might be linked to higher vitamin D3 levels in summer than in winter due to differential sun exposure. γδ T cells comprise a numerically small subset of T cells in the blood, which contribute to anti-infective and antitumor immunity. We studied the seasonal fluctuation of γδ T cells, the possible influence of vitamin D3, and the effect of the active metabolite 1α,25(OH)2D3 on the in vitro activation of human γδ T cells. In a retrospective analysis with 2625 samples of random blood donors, we observed higher proportions of γδ T cells in winter when compared with summer. In a prospective study over one year with a small cohort of healthy adults who did or did not take oral vitamin D3 supplementation, higher proportions of γδ T cells were present in donors without oral vitamin D3 uptake, particularly in spring. However, γδ T cell frequency in blood did not directly correlate with serum levels of 25(OH)D3. The active metabolite 1α,25(OH)2D3 inhibited the in vitro activation of γδ T cells at the level of proliferation, cytotoxicity, and interferon-γ production. Our study reveals novel insights into the seasonal fluctuation of γδ T cells and the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Bernicke
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
| | - Nils Engelbogen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (J.F.); (R.J.)
| | - Katharina Klein
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
| | - Jeanette Franzenburg
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (J.F.); (R.J.)
| | - Christoph Borzikowsky
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Statistics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
| | - Ralf Junker
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (J.F.); (R.J.)
| | - Ruben Serrano
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (D.K.)
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8
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Maiorino L, Daßler-Plenker J, Sun L, Egeblad M. Innate Immunity and Cancer Pathophysiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 17:425-457. [PMID: 34788549 PMCID: PMC9012188 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-032221-115501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation increases the risk of several cancers, including gastric, colon, and hepatic cancers. Conversely, tumors, similar to tissue injury, trigger an inflammatory response coordinated by the innate immune system. Cellular and molecular mediators of inflammation modulate tumor growth directly and by influencing the adaptive immune response. Depending on the balance of immune cell types and signals within the tumor microenvironment, inflammation can support or restrain the tumor. Adding to the complexity, research from the past two decades has revealed that innate immune cells are highly heterogeneous and plastic, with variable phenotypes depending on tumor type, stage, and treatment. The field is now on the cusp of being able to harness this wealth of data to (a) classify tumors on the basis of their immune makeup, with implications for prognosis, treatment choice, and clinical outcome, and (b) design therapeutic strategies that activate antitumor immune responses by targeting innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maiorino
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Lijuan Sun
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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9
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Regulation and Functions of Protumoral Unconventional T Cells in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143578. [PMID: 34298791 PMCID: PMC8304984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies on T cell biology in tumor immunity have focused on peptide-reactive conventional T cells that are restricted to polymorphic major histocompatibility complex molecules. However, emerging evidence indicated that unconventional T cells, including γδ T cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are also involved in tumor immunity. Unconventional T cells span the innate-adaptive continuum and possess the unique ability to rapidly react to nonpeptide antigens via their conserved T cell receptors (TCRs) and/or to activating cytokines to orchestrate many aspects of the immune response. Since unconventional T cell lineages comprise discrete functional subsets, they can mediate both anti- and protumoral activities. Here, we review the current understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of protumoral unconventional T cell subsets in the tumor environment. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of these deleterious subsets in solid cancers and why further feasibility studies are warranted.
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10
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Weng RR, Lu HH, Lin CT, Fan CC, Lin RS, Huang TC, Lin SY, Huang YJ, Juan YH, Wu YC, Hung ZC, Liu C, Lin XH, Hsieh WC, Chiu TY, Liao JC, Chiu YL, Chen SY, Yu CJ, Tsai HC. Epigenetic modulation of immune synaptic-cytoskeletal networks potentiates γδ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in lung cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2163. [PMID: 33846331 PMCID: PMC8042060 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are a distinct subgroup of T cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune system and can attack cancer cells in an MHC-unrestricted manner. Trials of adoptive γδ T cell transfer in solid tumors have had limited success. Here, we show that DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) upregulate surface molecules on cancer cells related to γδ T cell activation using quantitative surface proteomics. DNMTi treatment of human lung cancer potentiates tumor lysis by ex vivo-expanded Vδ1-enriched γδ T cells. Mechanistically, DNMTi enhances immune synapse formation and mediates cytoskeletal reorganization via coordinated alterations of DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility. Genetic depletion of adhesion molecules or pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization abolishes the potentiating effect of DNMTi. Clinically, the DNMTi-associated cytoskeleton signature stratifies lung cancer patients prognostically. These results support a combinatorial strategy of DNMTis and γδ T cell-based immunotherapy in lung cancer management.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/drug effects
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytoskeleton/drug effects
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/metabolism
- Decitabine/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunological Synapses/drug effects
- Immunological Synapses/genetics
- Isotope Labeling
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Phosphotyrosine/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Rueyhung R Weng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Hsuan Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ting Lin
- Tai Cheng Stem Cell Therapy Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pell Biomedical Technology Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Fan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Shan Lin
- Tai Cheng Stem Cell Therapy Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pell Biomedical Technology Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chung Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Juan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Ci Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xuan-Hui Lin
- Tai Cheng Stem Cell Therapy Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pell Biomedical Technology Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yuan Chiu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chi Liao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chiu
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Informatics, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chen Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Li Y, Li G, Zhang J, Wu X, Chen X. The Dual Roles of Human γδ T Cells: Anti-Tumor or Tumor-Promoting. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619954. [PMID: 33664732 PMCID: PMC7921733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are the unique T cell subgroup with their T cell receptors composed of γ chain and δ chain. Unlike αβ T cells, γδ T cells are non-MHC-restricted in recognizing tumor antigens, and therefore defined as innate immune cells. Activated γδ T cells can promote the anti-tumor function of adaptive immune cells. They are considered as a bridge between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. However, several other studies have shown that γδ T cells can also promote tumor progression by inhibiting anti-tumor response. Therefore, γδ T cells may have both anti-tumor and tumor-promoting effects. In order to clarify this contradiction, in this review, we summarized the functions of the main subsets of human γδ T cells in how they exhibit their respective anti-tumor or pro-tumor effects in cancer. Then, we reviewed recent γδ T cell-based anti-tumor immunotherapy. Finally, we summarized the existing problems and prospect of this immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tian Jin University, Tian Jin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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12
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Tieppo P, Papadopoulou M, Gatti D, McGovern N, Chan JKY, Gosselin F, Goetgeluk G, Weening K, Ma L, Dauby N, Cogan A, Donner C, Ginhoux F, Vandekerckhove B, Vermijlen D. The human fetal thymus generates invariant effector γδ T cells. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132616. [PMID: 31816633 PMCID: PMC7062527 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tieppo et al. show that the human fetal thymus generates invariant γδ T cells with programmed effector functions. This is due to an intrinsic property of fetal HSPCs caused by high expression of the RNA-binding protein Lin28b. In the mouse thymus, invariant γδ T cells are generated at well-defined times during development and acquire effector functions before exiting the thymus. However, whether such thymic programming and age-dependent generation of invariant γδ T cells occur in humans is not known. Here we found that, unlike postnatal γδ thymocytes, human fetal γδ thymocytes were functionally programmed (e.g., IFNγ, granzymes) and expressed low levels of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). This low level of TdT resulted in a low number of N nucleotide insertions in the complementarity-determining region-3 (CDR3) of their TCR repertoire, allowing the usage of short homology repeats within the germline-encoded VDJ segments to generate invariant/public cytomegalovirus-reactive CDR3 sequences (TRGV8-TRJP1-CATWDTTGWFKIF, TRDV2-TRDD3-CACDTGGY, and TRDV1-TRDD3-CALGELGD). Furthermore, both the generation of invariant TCRs and the intrathymic acquisition of effector functions were due to an intrinsic property of fetal hematopoietic stem and precursor cells (HSPCs) caused by high expression of the RNA-binding protein Lin28b. In conclusion, our data indicate that the human fetal thymus generates, in an HSPC/Lin28b-dependent manner, invariant γδ T cells with programmed effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tieppo
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Deborah Gatti
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Françoise Gosselin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Weening
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Cogan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Catherine Donner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
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13
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Wesch D, Kabelitz D, Oberg HH. Tumor resistance mechanisms and their consequences on γδ T cell activation. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:84-98. [PMID: 33048357 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human γδ T lymphocytes are predominated by two major subsets, defined by the variable domain of the δ chain. Both, Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells infiltrate in tumors and have been implicated in cancer immunosurveillance. Since the localization and distribution of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cell subsets and their impact on survival of cancer patients are not completely defined, this review summarizes the current knowledge about this issue. Different intrinsic tumor resistance mechanisms and immunosuppressive molecules of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment have been reported to negatively influence functional properties of γδ T cell subsets. Here, we focus on selected tumor resistance mechanisms including overexpression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-1/2, regulation by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL-R4 pathway and the release of galectins. These inhibitory mechanisms play important roles in the cross-talk of γδ T cell subsets and tumor cells, thereby influencing cytotoxicity or proliferation of γδ T cells and limiting a successful γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. Possible future directions of a combined therapy of adoptively transferred γδ T cells together with γδ-targeting bispecific T cell engagers and COX-2 or IDO-1/2 inhibitors or targeting sialoglycan-Siglec pathways will be discussed and considered as attractive therapeutic options to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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14
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Chen Z, Zheng Z, Feng L, Huo Z, Huang L, Fu M, Chen Q, Ke Y, Yang J, Hou B. Overexpression of miR-382 Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to γδ T Cells by Inhibiting the Expression of c-FLIP. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 18:467-475. [PMID: 32953981 PMCID: PMC7479278 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human γδ T lymphocytes were reported to display anti-tumor effects against multiple cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) leads to a low response to immunotherapy. Thirty-five HCC tumor tissues and their adjacent healthy tissues were collected from patients with primary HCC who underwent tumor resection in the Third People’s Hospital of Hainan Province, China. The purity of the resulting γδ T cells was identified by anti-γδ-T cell receptor-phycoerythrin (anti-γδ-TCR-PE) and anti-CD3-fluorescein isothiocyanate (anti-CD3-FITC) antibodies on flow cytometry. Human HCC cell lines HepG2 and PLC were cultured. We observed that ex vivo, expanded human γδ T cells were able to induce cell lysis of HCC. Furthermore, as miR-382 was observed to be downregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines, we found that overexpression of miR-382 increased the sensitivity of HCC cells to γδ T cells. We proved that mRNA of cellular FADD-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) was the target of miR-382. Inhibition of c-FLIP by miR-382 significantly promotes the cell lysis of HCC through strengthening the activation caspase 8 induced by γδ T cell treatment. In conclusion, overexpression of miR-382 promotes HCC cell lysis induced by γδ T cells through inhibiting the expression of c-FLIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya City, 572000 Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhiang Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya City, 572000 Hainan Province, China
| | - Lan Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya City, 572000 Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhenqing Huo
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya City, 572000 Hainan Province, China
| | - Liju Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya City, 572000 Hainan Province, China
| | - Mingchang Fu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya City, 572000 Hainan Province, China
| | - Qiuzan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya City, 572000 Hainan Province, China
| | - YanZhuang Ke
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya City, 572000 Hainan Province, China
| | - Jinjun Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya City, 572000 Hainan Province, China
| | - Benxin Hou
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya City, 572000 Hainan Province, China
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15
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Li Y, Dong K, Fan X, Xie J, Wang M, Fu S, Li Q. DNT Cell-based Immunotherapy: Progress and Applications. J Cancer 2020; 11:3717-3724. [PMID: 32328176 PMCID: PMC7171494 DOI: 10.7150/jca.39717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has firmly established a dominant status in recent years. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI) is the main branch of immunotherapy. Recently, the immune effector cells of ACI, such as T cells, NK cells, and genetically engineered cells, have been used to achieve significant clinical benefits in the treatment of malignant tumors. However, the clinical applications have limitations, including toxicity, unexpectedly low efficiency, high costs and strict technical requirements. More exploration is needed to optimize ACI for cancer patients. CD3+CD4-CD8- double negative T cells (DNTs) have emerged as functional antitumor effector cells, according to the definition of adoptive immunotherapy. They constitute a kind of T cell subset that mediates nontumor antigen-restricted immunity and has important immune regulatory functions. Preclinical experiments showed that DNTs had a dual effect by killing tumor cells and inhibiting graft-versus-host disease. Notably, DNTs can be acquired from healthy donors and expanded in vitro; thus, allogeneic DNTs may be provided as “off-the-shelf” cellular products that can be readily available for direct clinical application. We review the progress and application of DNTs in immunotherapy. DNTs may provide some novel perspectives on cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.,Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kang Dong
- Shanxi Pharmaceutical Group Gene Biotech co. LTD, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Xueke Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jincheng People's Hospital, Jincheng, 048000, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Songtao Fu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
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16
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Baker FL, Bigley AB, Agha NH, Pedlar CR, O'Connor DP, Bond RA, Bollard CM, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Systemic β-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Augments the ex vivo Expansion and Anti-Tumor Activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3082. [PMID: 32038628 PMCID: PMC6993603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TCR-gamma delta (γδ) T-cells are considered important players in the graft-vs.-tumor effect following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) and have emerged as candidates for adoptive transfer immunotherapy in the treatment of both solid and hematological tumors. Systemic β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) activation has been shown to mobilize TCR-γδ T-cells to the blood, potentially serving as an adjuvant for alloHCT and TCR-γδ T-cell therapy. We investigated if systemic β-AR activation, using acute dynamic exercise as an experimental model, can increase the mobilization, ex vivo expansion, and anti-tumor activity of TCR-γδ T-cells isolated from the blood of healthy humans. We also sought to investigate the β-AR subtypes involved, by administering a preferential β1-AR antagonist (bisoprolol) and a non-preferential β1 + β2-AR antagonist (nadolol) prior to exercise as part of a randomized placebo controlled cross-over experiment. We found that exercise mobilized TCR-γδ cells to blood and augmented their ex vivo expansion by ~182% compared to resting blood when stimulated with IL-2 and ZOL for 14-days. Exercise also increased the proportion of CD56+, NKG2D+/CD62L-, CD158a/b/e+ and NKG2A- cells among the expanded TCR-γδ cells, and increased their cytotoxic activity against several tumor target cells (K562, U266, 221.AEH) in vitro by 40-60%. Blocking NKG2D on TCR-γδ cells in vitro eliminated the augmented cytotoxic effects of exercise against U266 target cells. Furthermore, administering a β1 + β2-AR (nadolol), but not a β1-AR (bisoprolol) antagonist prior to exercise abrogated the exercise-induced enhancement in TCR-γδ T-cell mobilization and ex vivo expansion. Furthermore, nadolol completely abrogated while bisoprolol partially inhibited the exercise-induced increase in the cytotoxic activity of the expanded TCR-γδ T-cells. We conclude that acute systemic β-AR activation in healthy donors markedly augments the mobilization, ex vivo expansion, and anti-tumor activity of TCR-γδ T-cells and that some of these effects are due to β2-AR signaling and phenotypic shifts that promote a dominant activating signal via NKG2D. These findings highlight β-ARs as potential targets to favorably alter the composition of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell grafts and improve the potency of TCR-γδ T-cell immune cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest L. Baker
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Austin B. Bigley
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nadia H. Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles R. Pedlar
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. O'Connor
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard A. Bond
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Catherine M. Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System and the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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17
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Sag D, Ayyildiz ZO, Gunalp S, Wingender G. The Role of TRAIL/DRs in the Modulation of Immune Cells and Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101469. [PMID: 31574961 PMCID: PMC6826877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis–inducing ligand) by immune cells can lead to the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. However, it becomes increasingly clear that the interaction of TRAIL and its death receptors (DRs) can also directly impact immune cells and influence immune responses. Here, we review what is known about the role of TRAIL/DRs in immune cells and immune responses in general and in the tumor microenvironment in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Ozge Ayyildiz
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sinem Gunalp
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gerhard Wingender
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Technologies, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
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18
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Tawfik D, Groth C, Gundlach JP, Peipp M, Kabelitz D, Becker T, Oberg HH, Trauzold A, Wesch D. TRAIL-Receptor 4 Modulates γδ T Cell-Cytotoxicity Toward Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2044. [PMID: 31555275 PMCID: PMC6722211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immune evasion is one of the mechanisms that contributes to the dismal prognosis of cancer. Recently, we observed that different γδ T cell subsets as well as CD8+ αβ T cells infiltrate the pancreatic tissue. Interestingly, the abundance of γδ T cells was reported to have a positive prognostic impact on survival of cancer patients. Since γδ T cells utilize TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) for killing of tumor cells in addition to granzyme B and perforin, we investigated the role of the TRAIL-/TRAIL-R system in γδ T cell-cytotoxicity toward pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and other cancer cells. Coculture of the different cancer cells with γδ T cells resulted in a moderate lysis of tumor cells. The lysis of PDAC Colo357 cells was independent of TRAIL as it was not inhibited by the addition of neutralizing anti-TRAIL antibodies or TRAIL-R2-Fc fusion protein. In accordance, knockdown (KD) of death receptors TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2 in Colo357 cells had no effect on γδ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. However, KD of decoy receptor TRAIL-R4, which robustly enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis, interestingly, almost completely abolished the γδ T cell-mediated lysis of these tumor cells. This effect was associated with a reduced secretion of granzyme B by γδ T cells and enhanced PGE2 production as a result of increased expression level of synthetase cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 by TRAIL-R4-KD cells. In contrast, knockin of TRAIL-R4 decreased COX-2 expression. Importantly, reduced release of granzyme B by γδ T cells cocultured with TRAIL-R4-KD cells was partially reverted by bispecific antibody [HER2xCD3] and led in consequence to enhanced lysis of tumor cells. Likewise, inhibition of COX-1 and/or COX-2 partially enhanced γδ T cell-mediated lysis of TRAIL-R4-KD cells. The combination of bispecific antibody and COX-inhibitor completely restored the lysis of TRAIL-R4-KD cells by γδ T cells. In conclusion, we uncovered an unexpected novel role of TRAIL-R4 in tumor cells. In contrast to its known pro-tumoral, anti-apoptotic function, TRAIL-R4 augments the anti-tumoral cytotoxic activity of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Tawfik
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christopher Groth
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Paul Gundlach
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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19
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Makowska A, Braunschweig T, Denecke B, Shen L, Baloche V, Busson P, Kontny U. Interferon β and Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Blockade Cooperate in NK Cell-Mediated Killing of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1237-1256. [PMID: 31295651 PMCID: PMC6617170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly malignant epithelial cancer linked to EBV infection. Addition of interferon-β (IFNβ) to chemo- and radiochemotherapy has led to survival rates >90% in children and adolescents. As NPC cells are sensitive to apoptosis via tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), we explored the role of TRAIL and IFNβ in the killing of NPC cells by natural killer (NK) cells. NPC cells, including cells of a patient-derived xenograft were exposed to NK cells in the presence or absence of IFNβ. NK cells killed NPC- but not nasoepithelial cells and killing was predominately mediated via TRAIL. Incubation of NK cells with IFNβ increased cytotoxicity against NPC cells. Concomitant incubation of NK- and NPC cells with IFNβ before coculture reduced cytotoxicity and could be overcome by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 axis leading to the release of intracellular TRAIL from NK cells. In conclusion, combination of IFNβ and anti-PD-1, augmenting cytotoxicity of NK cells against NPC cells, could be a strategy to improve NPC-directed therapy and warrants further evaluation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Till Braunschweig
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Denecke
- IZKF, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lian Shen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Valentin Baloche
- CNRS UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.
| | - Udo Kontny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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20
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Molecular Mode of Action of TRAIL Receptor Agonists-Common Principles and Their Translational Exploitation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070954. [PMID: 31284696 PMCID: PMC6678900 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its death receptors TRAILR1/death receptor 4 (DR4) and TRAILR2/DR5 trigger cell death in many cancer cells but rarely exert cytotoxic activity on non-transformed cells. Against this background, a variety of recombinant TRAIL variants and anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Despite promising results from mice tumor models, TRAIL death receptor targeting has failed so far in clinical studies to show satisfying anti-tumor efficacy. These disappointing results can largely be explained by two issues: First, tumor cells can acquire TRAIL resistance by several mechanisms defining a need for combination therapies with appropriate sensitizing drugs. Second, there is now growing preclinical evidence that soluble TRAIL variants but also bivalent anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies typically require oligomerization or plasma membrane anchoring to achieve maximum activity. This review discusses the need for oligomerization and plasma membrane attachment for the activity of TRAIL death receptor agonists in view of what is known about the molecular mechanisms of how TRAIL death receptors trigger intracellular cell death signaling. In particular, it will be highlighted which consequences this has for the development of next generation TRAIL death receptor agonists and their potential clinical application.
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Silva-Santos B, Mensurado S, Coffelt SB. γδ T cells: pleiotropic immune effectors with therapeutic potential in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:392-404. [PMID: 31209264 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The potential of cancer immunotherapy relies on the mobilization of immune cells capable of producing antitumour cytokines and effectively killing tumour cells. These are major attributes of γδ T cells, a lymphoid lineage that is often underestimated despite its major role in tumour immune surveillance, which has been established in a variety of preclinical cancer models. This situation notwithstanding, in particular instances the tumour microenvironment seemingly mobilizes γδ T cells with immunosuppressive or tumour-promoting functions, thus emphasizing the importance of regulating γδ T cell responses in order to realize their translation into effective cancer immunotherapies. In this Review we outline both seminal work and recent advances in our understanding of how γδ T cells participate in tumour immunity and how their functions are regulated in experimental models of cancer. We also discuss the current strategies aimed at maximizing the therapeutic potential of human γδ T cells, on the eve of their exploration in cancer clinical trials that may position them as key players in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Mensurado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow and Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
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22
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Jiang H, Yang Z, Song Z, Green M, Song H, Shao Q. γδ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients present cytotoxic activity but are reduced in potency due to IL-2 and IL-21 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:167-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Milette S, Fiset PO, Walsh LA, Spicer JD, Quail DF. The innate immune architecture of lung tumors and its implication in disease progression. J Pathol 2019; 247:589-605. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Milette
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research CentreMcGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Pierre O Fiset
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Logan A Walsh
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research CentreMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Jonathan D Spicer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research CentreMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Department of SurgeryMcGill University Health Center Montreal Canada
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research CentreMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
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Sawaisorn P, Tangchaikeeree T, Chan-On W, Leepiyasakulchai C, Udomsangpetch R, Hongeng S, Jangpatarapongsa K. Antigen-Presenting Cell Characteristics of Human γδ T Lymphocytes in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Immunol Invest 2018; 48:11-26. [PMID: 30321079 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1529039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human γδ T lymphocytes play a role in the immune system defense against cancer. Their broad anti-cancer activity against different types of cancers makes them outstanding candidates for cancer immunotherapy. An issue of recent interest is whether their antigen presentation features are similar to mature dendritic cells. The antigen-presenting cell (APC)-like phenotype and function of γδ T lymphocytes have been confirmed in many clinical trials. In this study, to support the strong role played by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against cancer, we provide evidence that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells activated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lysate antigens can efficiently express an APC phenotype and function. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells derived from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells were activated with tumor cell lysate, and the tumor-activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells could recognize and kill CML through their cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, the Vγ9Vδ2 T cells activated by cancer cell lysate showed APC characteristics, and this may greatly increase interest in investigating their therapeutic potential in hematologic malignancies. Abbreviations: CML: chronic myeloid leukemia; APC: antigen-presenting cell; TCR: T cell receptor; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; N-BPs: nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates; IPP: isopentenyl pyrophosphate; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; NKG2D: natural killer receptor group 2, member D; TRAIL: tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piamsiri Sawaisorn
- a Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Tienrat Tangchaikeeree
- a Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Waraporn Chan-On
- a Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Chaniya Leepiyasakulchai
- b Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Rachanee Udomsangpetch
- a Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- c Department of Pediatrics , Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Kulachart Jangpatarapongsa
- a Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
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Zhao Y, Niu C, Cui J. Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells: friend or foe in cancer development? J Transl Med 2018; 16:3. [PMID: 29316940 PMCID: PMC5761189 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γδ T cells are a distinct subgroup of T cells containing T cell receptors (TCRs) γ and TCR δ chains with diverse structural and functional heterogeneity. As a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, γδ T cells participate in various immune responses during cancer progression. Because of their direct/indirect antitumor cytotoxicity and strong cytokine production ability, the use of γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy has received a lot of attention over the past decade. MAIN TEXT Despite the promising potential of γδ T cells, the efficacy of γδ T cell immunotherapy is limited, with an average response ratio of only 21%. In addition, research over the past 2 years has shown that γδ T cells could also promote cancer progression by inhibiting antitumor responses, and enhancing cancer angiogenesis. As a result, γδ T cells have a dual effect and can therefore be considered as being both "friends" and "foes" of cancer. In order to solve the sub-optimal efficiency problem of γδ T cell immunotherapy, we review recent observations regarding the antitumor and protumor activities of major structural and functional subsets of human γδ T cells, describing how these subsets are activated and polarized, and how these events relate to subsequent effects in cancer immunity. A mixture of both antitumor or protumor γδ T cells used in adoptive immunotherapy, coupled with the fact that γδ T cells can be polarized from antitumor cells to protumor cells appear to be the likely reasons for the mild efficacy seen with γδ T cells. CONCLUSION The future holds the promise of depleting the specific protumor γδ T cell subgroup before therapy, choosing multi-immunocyte adoptive therapy, modifying the cytokine balance in the cancer microenvironment, and using a combination of γδ T cells adoptive immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Zhao
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Niu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 People’s Republic of China
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26
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Xiang Z, Tu W. Dual Face of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in Tumor Immunology: Anti- versus Pro-Tumoral Activities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1041. [PMID: 28894450 PMCID: PMC5581348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2-T cells are considered as potent effector cells for tumor immunotherapy through directly killing tumor cells and indirectly regulating other innate and adaptive immune cells to establish antitumoral immunity. The antitumoral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells is governed by a complicated set of activating and inhibitory cell receptors. In addition, cytokine milieu in tumor microenvironment can also induce the pro-tumoral activities and functional plasticity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. Here, we review the anti- versus pro-tumoral activities of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells and discuss the mechanisms underlying the recognition, activation, differentiation and regulation of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunosurveillance. The comprehensive understanding of the dual face of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunology may improve the therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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27
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Cheng M, Hu S. Lung-resident γδ T cells and their roles in lung diseases. Immunology 2017; 151:375-384. [PMID: 28555812 PMCID: PMC5506441 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are greatly enriched in mucosal and epithelial sites, such as the skin, respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts, and they are defined as tissue-resident immune cells. In these tissues, the characteristics and biological roles of γδ T cells are distinguished from each other. The lungs represent the most challenging immunological dilemma for the host, and they have their own effective immune system. The abundance of γδ T cells, an estimated 8-20% of resident pulmonary lymphocytes in the lung, maintains lung tissue homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress regarding lung-resident γδ T cells, including their development, residency and immune characteristics, and discuss the involvement of γδ T cells in infectious diseases of the lung, including bacterial, viral and fungal infections; lung allergic disease; lung inflammation and fibrosis; and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheng
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui ProvinceAnhui Province HospitalAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunotherapy and Nutrition TherapyHefeiChina
| | - Shilian Hu
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui ProvinceAnhui Province HospitalAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunotherapy and Nutrition TherapyHefeiChina
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28
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Human γδ T cells: From a neglected lymphocyte population to cellular immunotherapy: A personal reflection of 30years of γδ T cell research. Clin Immunol 2016; 172:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Zhu W, Zhan D, Wang L, Ma D, Cheng M, Wang H, Zhao J, Cai Y, Cheng Z. Proteasome inhibitor MG132 potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis in gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells via DR5-dependent pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:845-52. [PMID: 27277541 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAIL is a tumor-selective apoptosis-inducing cytokine playing a vital role in the surveillance and elimination of some tumor cells. However, some tumors are resistant to TRAIL treatment. Proteasome inhibitor MG132 exhibits anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties in many tumors. In this study, we demonstrated that proteasome inhibitor MG132 in vitro and in vivo potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis in gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells. MG132 was able to inhibit the proliferation of GBC-SD cells and induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The induction of apoptosis by proteasome inhibitor MG132 was mainly through the extrinsic apoptotic pathways of caspase activation such as caspase-8, caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. In addition, this process was also dependent on the upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5), which promoted TRAIL-induced apoptosis in GBC-SD cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that MG132 possesses anti-gallbladder cancer potential that correlate with regulation of DR5-dependent pathway, and suggest that MG132 may be a promising agent for sensitizing GBC-SD cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Zhu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Dihua Zhan
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Dening Ma
- Department of Liver Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Mingrong Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong New Area District Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
| | - Huipeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yuankun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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Fay NS, Larson EC, Jameson JM. Chronic Inflammation and γδ T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:210. [PMID: 27303404 PMCID: PMC4882337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial tissues of the skin, lungs, reproductive tract, and intestines are the largest physical barriers the body has to protect against infection. Epithelial tissues are woven with a matrix of immune cells programed to mobilize the host innate and adaptive immune responses. Included among these immune cells are gamma delta T lymphocytes (γδ T cells) that are unique in their T cell receptor usage, location, and functions in the body. Stress reception by γδ T cells as a result of traumatic epithelial injury, malignancy, and/or infection induces γδ T cell activation. Once activated, γδ T cells function to repair tissue, induce inflammation, recruit leukocytes, and lyse cells. Many of these functions are mediated via the production of cytokines and growth factors upon γδ T cell activation. Pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory diseases involves γδ T cells; some of which are exacerbated by their presence, while others are improved. γδ T cells require a delicate balance between their need for acute inflammatory mediators to function normally and the detrimental impact imparted by chronic inflammation. This review will focus on the recent progress made in understanding how epithelial γδ T cells influence the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and how a balance between acute and chronic inflammation impacts γδ T cell function. Future studies will be important to understand how this balance is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Fay
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos , San Marcos, CA , USA
| | - Emily C Larson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos , San Marcos, CA , USA
| | - Julie M Jameson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos , San Marcos, CA , USA
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Xu H, Zhu XX, Chen J. DNT cell inhibits the growth of pancreatic carcinoma via abnormal expressions of NKG2D and MICA in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 469:145-50. [PMID: 26616050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the effects of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) and its ligands major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related molecules A(MICA) in DNT cell killing pancreatic carcinoma. Antibodies adsorption was used to separate DNT cell from human peripheral blood. Human pancreatic tumor models were established via implanting BXPC-3 cells into nude mice. Then randomly divided mice into blank group, gemcitabine group and DNT group. Mice weights and mice tumor volumes were measured every 5 days. 50 days later mice were euthanized at cervical dislocation method. Tumor weights were measured. Relative tumor volume and tumor inhibition rate were calculated. Western blot and qPCR were used to detect the expressions of NKG2D and MICA in the transplanted tumors of the three groups. DNT cell significantly increased over time. The blank group tumor volume and weight were significantly larger than the other groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), but there were no significantly difference between DNT group and gemcitabine group (p > 0.05). Gemcitabine and DNT cell tumor inhibition rate were 40.4% and 35.5%. Western blot and qPCR showed that MICA mRNA and protein levels in blank group were significantly higher than DNT group (p = 0.001, p = 0.003). NKG2D mRNA and protein levels in blank group were significantly lower than DNT cells group (p < 0.001, p = 0.001). In conclusion DNT cell can significantly inhibit the growth of pancreatic carcinoma in vivo, and the mechanism may be involved in abnormal expressions of MICA and NKG2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei 230001, PR China
| | - Xing-Xing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei 230001, PR China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei 230001, PR China.
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Chen J, Xu H, Zhu XX. Abnormal expression levels of sMICA and NKG2D are correlated with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 12:11-8. [PMID: 26730197 PMCID: PMC4694694 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s96869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A molecules (sMICA) and natural-killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) not only correlate with tumorigenesis and progression, but also with tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the correlation and prognostic significance of the differential expression of sMICA and NKG2D in pancreatic carcinoma and paracarcinoma tissues from 70 patients with pancreatic carcinomas. The results showed that sMICA expression was significantly (P<0.05) higher in tumor tissues (67.1%) than that in adjacent nontumor tissues (31.4%), whereas NKG2D expression was significantly (P<0.001) lower in tumor tissues (32.9%) than that in adjacent nontumor tissues (60.0%). Spearman’s rank correlation test showed a negative correlation between the expression of sMICA and that of NKG2D (r=−0.676, P<0.001). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that a high sMICA expression was significantly correlated with decreased disease-free survival (DFS) (P<0.001) and overall survival (OS) (P<0.001), while a high NKG2D expression was significantly associated with increased DFS (P=0.001) and OS (P=0.001) of the patients. Multivariate analysis showed that a high sMICA expression was an independent predictive factor for poor DFS (P<0.001) and OS (P=0.012); but low NKG2D expression was not an independent prognostic factor for poor DFS (P=0.238) and OS (P=0.574). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the expression levels of sMICA and NKG2D are abnormal and negatively correlated with one another in pancreatic carcinoma tissues; they may be considered as valuable biomarkers for the prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Xing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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Fowler DW, Bodman-Smith MD. Harnessing the power of Vδ2 cells in cancer immunotherapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:1-10. [PMID: 25469879 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in immunosurveillance against infections and tumours. In the peripheral blood of humans the γδ T cell pool is made up predominantly of Vδ2 cells, which can detect both foreign and self-metabolites of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. This unique axis of antigen recognition enables Vδ2 cells to respond to a range of pathogenic infections as well as perturbations in endogenous isoprenoid biosynthesis that can occur during cell stress and malignant transformation. There has been growing interest in Vδ2 cells as a potential avenue for cancer immunotherapy, and a number of strategies have been utilized in an attempt to boost the anti-tumour response of Vδ2 cells in patients. In this review we discuss critically the evidence that Vδ2 cells contribute to the cytotoxic response against tumours and evaluate current immunotherapeutic approaches that target these cells in cancer patients, with specific focus on their shortcomings and how they may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Fowler
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
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Oberg HH, Kellner C, Gonnermann D, Peipp M, Peters C, Sebens S, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. γδ T cell activation by bispecific antibodies. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:41-9. [PMID: 25979810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have been successfully introduced into clinical application. γδ T cells are of special interest for tumor immunotherapy, due to their recognition of pyrophosphates that are overproduced by many tumor cells resulting in HLA-nonrestricted tumor cell killing. Here we describe in detail a [(Her2)2 × Vγ9] tribody construct that targets human Vγ9 T cells to HER2-expressing tumor cells. The direct comparison with other selective Vγ9 T cell agonists including phosphoantigens and nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates revealed the superiority of the [(Her2)2 × Vγ9] tribody in triggering γδ T cell-mediated tumor cell killing with negligible induction of γδ T cell death. In contrast, phosphoantigens and bisphosphonates are potent inducers of γδ T cell proliferation but less efficient enhancers of γδ T cell-mediated tumor cell killing. Collectively, our data identify unique properties of a γδ T cell-targeting [(Her2)2 × Vγ9] tribody which make it an attractive candidate for clinical application in γδ T cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Daniel Gonnermann
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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35
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Lyday B, Chen T, Kesari S, Minev B. Overcoming tumor immune evasion with an unique arbovirus. J Transl Med 2015; 13:3. [PMID: 25592450 PMCID: PMC4307212 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining dendritic cell vaccination with the adjuvant effect of a strain of dengue virus may be a way to overcome known tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Dengue is unique among viruses as primary infections carry lower mortality than the common cold, but secondary infections carry significant risk of hypovolemic shock. While current immuno-therapies rely on a single axis of attack, this approach combines physiological (hyperthermic reduction of tumor perfusion), immunological (activation of effector cells of the adaptive and innate immune system), and apoptosis-inducing pathways (sTRAIL) to destroy tumor cells. The premise of using multiple mechanisms of action in synergy with a decline in the ability of the tumor cells to employ resistance methods suggests the potential of this combination approach in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Neurosciences, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Boris Minev
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Division of Neurosurgery, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.
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Abstract
γδ T cells represent a small population of overall T lymphocytes (0.5-5%) and have variable tissue distribution in the body. γδ T cells can perform complex functions, such as immune surveillance, immunoregulation, and effector function, without undergoing clonal expansion. Heterogeneous distribution and anatomic localization of γδ T cells in the normal and inflamed tissues play an important role in alloimmunity, autoimmunity, or immunity. The cross-talk between γδ T cells and other immune cells and phenotypic and functional plasticity of γδ T cells have been given recent attention in the field of immunology. In this review, we discussed the cellular and molecular interaction of γδ T cells with other immune cells and its mechanism in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Shilpi
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, India
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Sarhan D, D'Arcy P, Lundqvist A. Regulation of TRAIL-receptor expression by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18557-73. [PMID: 25318057 PMCID: PMC4227232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand- receptor (TRAIL-R) family has emerged as a key mediator of cell fate and survival. Ligation of TRAIL ligand to TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2 initiates the extrinsic apoptotic pathway characterized by the recruitment of death domains, assembly of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), caspase activation and ultimately apoptosis. Conversely the decoy receptors TRAIL-R3 and TRAIL-R4, which lack the pro-apoptotic death domain, function to dampen the apoptotic response by competing for TRAIL ligand. The tissue restricted expression of the decoy receptors on normal but not cancer cells provides a therapeutic rational for the development of selective TRAIL-mediated anti-tumor therapies. Recent clinical trials using agonistic antibodies against the apoptosis-inducing TRAIL receptors or recombinant TRAIL have been promising; however the number of patients in complete remission remains stubbornly low. The mechanisms of TRAIL resistance are relatively unexplored but may in part be due to TRAIL-R down-regulation or shedding of TRAIL-R by tumor cells. Therefore a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying TRAIL resistance is required. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been shown to regulate TRAIL-R members suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of the UPS may be a novel strategy to augment TRAIL-based therapies and increase efficacies. We recently identified b-AP15 as an inhibitor of proteasome deubiquitinase (DUB) activity. Interestingly, exposure of tumor cell lines to b-AP15 resulted in increased TRAIL-R2 expression and enhanced sensitivity to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and cell death in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, targeting the UPS may represent a novel strategy to increase the cell surface expression of pro-apoptotic TRAIL-R on cancer cells and should be considered in clinical trials targeting TRAIL-receptors in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhifaf Sarhan
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden.
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden.
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Farooqi AA, Yaylim I, Ozkan NE, Zaman F, Halim TA, Chang HW. Restoring TRAIL mediated signaling in ovarian cancer cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:459-74. [PMID: 25030086 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has emerged as a multifaceted and genomically complex disease. Genetic/epigenetic mutations, suppression of tumor suppressors, overexpression of oncogenes, rewiring of intracellular signaling cascades and loss of apoptosis are some of the deeply studied mechanisms. In vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted different molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer. In this review, we bring to limelight, expansion in understanding systematical characterization of ovarian cancer cells has led to the rapid development of new drugs and treatments to target negative regulators of TRAIL mediated signaling pathway. Wide ranging synthetic and natural agents have been shown to stimulate mRNA and protein expression of death receptors. This review is compartmentalized into programmed cell death protein 4, platelet-derived growth factor signaling and miRNA control of TRAIL mediated signaling to ovarian cancer. Mapatumumab and PRO95780 have been tested for efficacy against ovarian cancer. Use of high-throughput screening assays will aid in dissecting the heterogeneity of this disease and increasing a long-term survival which might be achieved by translating rapidly accumulating information obtained from molecular and cellular studies to clinic researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, RLMC, 35 km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan,
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Chen HC, Dieli F, Eberl M. An unconventional TRAIL to cancer therapy. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3159-62. [PMID: 24136367 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy offers novel, safe, and effective routes to treating cancer. However, approaches utilizing cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are hampered by the need to identify suitable target antigens that are expressed by tumor cells but not healthy tissues, and that are recognized with sufficient affinity. Most importantly, the applicability of CD8(+) T-cell-based therapies is governed by the MHC restriction of tumor-specific epitopes, thereby limiting the potential benefit to patients carrying the appropriate MHC haplotype. Alternative approaches to harness the immune system against tumors exploit non-MHC-restricted γδ T cells that recognize stress-induced changes in transformed cells. A new report in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43: 3175-3182] shows that human γδ T cells efficiently kill lung cancer cells through recognition of the NKG2D ligand ULBP2 and secretion of soluble TRAIL. This finding provides new evidence for a TCR-independent cytotoxicity of γδ T cells and supports their promising potential for non-MHC-restricted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chang Chen
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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