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Yu X, Qian J, Ding L, Yin S, Zhou L, Zheng S. Galectin-1: A Traditionally Immunosuppressive Protein Displays Context-Dependent Capacities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076501. [PMID: 37047471 PMCID: PMC10095249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin–Carbohydrate interactions are indispensable to pathogen recognition and immune response. Galectin-1, a ubiquitously expressed 14-kDa protein with an evolutionarily conserved β-galactoside binding site, translates glycoconjugate recognition into function. That galectin-1 is demonstrated to induce T cell apoptosis has led to substantial attention to the immunosuppressive properties of this protein, such as inducing naive immune cells to suppressive phenotypes, promoting recruitment of immunosuppressing cells as well as impairing functions of cytotoxic leukocytes. However, only in recent years have studies shown that galectin-1 appears to perform a pro-inflammatory role in certain diseases. In this review, we describe the anti-inflammatory function of galectin-1 and its possible mechanisms and summarize the existing therapies and preclinical efficacy relating to these agents. In the meantime, we also discuss the potential causal factors by which galectin-1 promotes the progression of inflammation.
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Li R, Li H, Yang X, Hu H, Liu P, Liu H. Crosstalk between dendritic cells and regulatory T cells: Protective effect and therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:970508. [PMID: 36177043 PMCID: PMC9513370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.970508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system related to autoimmunity and is characterized by demyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Cell therapies mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) have gradually become accumulating focusing in MS, and the protective crosstalk mechanisms between DCs and Tregs provide the basis for the efficacy of treatment regimens. In MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, DCs communicate with Tregs to form immune synapses and complete a variety of complex interactions to counteract the unbalanced immune tolerance. Through different co-stimulatory/inhibitory molecules, cytokines, and metabolic enzymes, DCs regulate the proliferation, differentiation and function of Tregs. On the other hand, Tregs inhibit the mature state and antigen presentation ability of DCs, ultimately improving immune tolerance. In this review, we summarized the pivotal immune targets in the interaction between DCs and Tregs, and elucidated the protective mechanisms of DC-Treg cell crosstalk in MS, finally interpreted the complex cell interplay in the manner of inhibitory feedback loops to explore novel therapeutic directions for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiru Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peidong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongbo Liu,
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3
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Cutine AM, Bach CA, Veigas F, Merlo JP, Laporte L, Manselle Cocco MN, Massaro M, Sarbia N, Perrotta RM, Mahmoud YD, Rabinovich GA. Tissue-specific control of galectin-1-driven circuits during inflammatory responses. Glycobiology 2021; 31:891-907. [PMID: 33498084 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of glycan-binding protein in immune tolerance and inflammation has been well established, mainly by studies of C-type lectins, siglecs and galectins both in experimental models and patient samples. Galectins, a family of evolutionarily conserved lectins, are characterized by sequence homology in the carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD), atypical secretion via an ER-Golgi-independent pathway and the ability to recognize β-galactoside-containing saccharides. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a prototype member of this family displays mainly anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, although, similar to many cytokines and growth factors, it may also trigger paradoxical pro-inflammatory effects under certain circumstances. These dual effects could be associated to tissue-, time- or context-dependent regulation of galectin expression and function, including particular pathophysiologic settings and/or environmental conditions influencing the structure of this lectin, as well as the availability of glycosylated ligands in immune cells during the course of inflammatory responses. Here, we discuss the tissue-specific role of Gal-1 as a master regulator of inflammatory responses across different pathophysiologic settings, highlighting its potential role as a therapeutic target. Further studies designed at analyzing the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that control Gal-1 expression and function in different tissue microenvironments may contribute to design tailored therapeutic strategies aimed at positively or negatively modulate this glycan-binding protein in pathologic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela M Cutine
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila A Bach
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Veigas
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joaquín P Merlo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Laporte
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Montana N Manselle Cocco
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mora Massaro
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Sarbia
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro M Perrotta
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yamil D Mahmoud
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Primaquine elicits Foxp3+ regulatory T cells with a superior ability to limit CNS autoimmune inflammation. J Autoimmun 2020; 114:102505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Casella G, Rasouli J, Thome R, Descamps HC, Vattikonda A, Ishikawa L, Boehm A, Hwang D, Zhang W, Xiao D, Park J, Zhang GX, Alvarez JI, Rostami A, Ciric B. Interferon-γ/Interleukin-27 Axis Induces Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells and Restores Immune Tolerance in Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576752. [PMID: 33193372 PMCID: PMC7649367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance induction by intravenous (i. v.) injection of high-dose auto-Ags has been explored for therapy of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). It is thought that the advantage of such Ag-specific therapy over non-specific immunomodulatory treatments would be selective suppression of a pathogenic immune response without impairing systemic immunity, thus avoiding adverse effects of immunosuppression. Auto-Ag i.v. tolerance induction has been extensively studied in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, and limited clinical trials demonstrated that it is safe and beneficial to a subset of MS patients. Nonetheless, the mechanisms of i.v. tolerance induction are incompletely understood, hampering the development of better approaches and their clinical application. Here, we describe a pathway whereby auto-Ag i.v. injected into mice with ongoing clinical EAE induces interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion by auto-Ag-specific CD4+ T cells, triggering interleukin (IL)-27 production by conventional dendritic cells type 1 (cDC1). IL-27 then, via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation, induces programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) in the central nervous system of mice with EAE. PD-L1 interaction with programmed cell death protein 1 on pathogenic CD4+ T cells leads to their apoptosis/anergy, resulting in disease amelioration. These findings identify a key role of the IFN-γ/IL-27/PD-L1 axis, involving T cells/cDC1/moDCs in the induction of i.v. tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Casella
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Javad Rasouli
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rodolfo Thome
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hélène C Descamps
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Asrita Vattikonda
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Larissa Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexandra Boehm
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jeongho Park
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jorge I Alvarez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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6
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de Jong CGHM, Gabius HJ, Baron W. The emerging role of galectins in (re)myelination and its potential for developing new approaches to treat multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1289-1317. [PMID: 31628495 PMCID: PMC7113233 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. Currently approved disease-modifying treatment modalities are immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive. While the applied drugs reduce the frequency and severity of the attacks, their efficacy to regenerate myelin membranes and to halt disease progression is limited. To achieve such therapeutic aims, understanding biological mechanisms of remyelination and identifying factors that interfere with remyelination in MS can give respective directions. Such a perspective is given by the emerging functional profile of galectins. They form a family of tissue lectins, which are potent effectors in processes as diverse as adhesion, apoptosis, immune mediator release or migration. This review focuses on endogenous and exogenous roles of galectins in glial cells such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia in the context of de- and (re)myelination and its dysregulation in MS. Evidence is arising for a cooperation among family members so that timed expression and/or secretion of galectins-1, -3 and -4 result in modifying developmental myelination, (neuro)inflammatory processes, de- and remyelination. Dissecting the mechanisms that underlie the distinct activities of galectins and identifying galectins as target or tool to modulate remyelination have the potential to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G H M de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Li Y, Chen N, Wu C, Lu Y, Gao G, Duan C, Yang H, Lu L. Galectin-1 attenuates neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease model by modulating microglial MAPK/IκB/NFκB axis through its carbohydrate-recognition domain. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:214-225. [PMID: 31669519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vicious cycle between the chronicactivationofmicroglia and dopamine neurons degeneration is linked with the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Targeting microglialactivationhas proven to be a viable option to develop a disease-modified therapy for PD. Galectin-1, which has been reported to have an anti-neuroinflammation effect was used in the present study to evaluate its therapeutic effects on microglia activation and neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease model. It was found that galectin-1 attenuated the inflammatory insult and the apoptosis of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells from conditioned medium of activated microglia induced by Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Nonetheless, galectin-1 administration (0.5 mg/kg) inhibited the microglia activation, improved the motor deficits in PD mice model induced by MPTP (25 mg/kg weight of mouse, i.p.) and prevented the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Administration of galectin-1 resulted in p38 and ERK1/2 dephosphorylation followed by IκB/NFκB signaling pathway inhibition. Galectin-1 significantly decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The protective effects and modulation of the MAPK/IκB/NFκB signaling pathway were abolished with β-D-galactose which blocked the carbohydrate-recognition domain of galectin-1. The present study demonstrated that galectin-1 inhibited microglia activation and ameliorated neurodegenerative process in PD model by modulating MAPK/IκB/NFκB axis through its carbohydrate-recognition domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nansihuanxilu 119, Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yongquan Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chunli Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lingling Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China.
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Yoshimura S, Thome R, Konno S, Mari ER, Rasouli J, Hwang D, Boehm A, Li Y, Zhang GX, Ciric B, Rostami A. IL-9 Controls Central Nervous System Autoimmunity by Suppressing GM-CSF Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:531-539. [PMID: 31852750 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are inflammatory diseases of the CNS in which Th17 cells play a major role in the disease pathogenesis. Th17 cells that secrete GM-CSF are pathogenic and drive inflammation of the CNS. IL-9 is a cytokine with pleiotropic functions, and it has been suggested that it controls the pathogenic inflammation mediated by Th17 cells, and IL-9R-/- mice develop more severe EAE compared with wild-type counterparts. However, the underlying mechanism by which IL-9 suppresses EAE has not been clearly defined. In this study, we investigated how IL-9 modulates EAE development. By using mice knockout for IL-9R, we show that more severe EAE in IL-9R-/- mice correlates with increased numbers of GM-CSF+ CD4+ T cells and inflammatory dendritic cells (DCs) in the CNS. Furthermore, DCs from IL-9R-/- mice induced more GM-CSF production by T cells and exacerbated EAE upon adoptive transfer than did wild-type DCs. Our results suggest that IL-9 reduces autoimmune neuroinflammation by suppressing GM-CSF production by CD4+ T cells through the modulation of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Rodolfo Thome
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Shingo Konno
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Elisabeth R Mari
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Javad Rasouli
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Daniel Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Alexandra Boehm
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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9
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Han JJ, Li X, Ye ZQ, Lu XY, Yang T, Tian J, Wang YQ, Zhu L, Wang ZZ, Zhang Y. Treatment with 6-Gingerol Regulates Dendritic Cell Activity and Ameliorates the Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801356. [PMID: 31313461 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disorder, with increasing incidence worldwide but unknown etiology. 6-Gingerol (6-GIN), a major dietary compound found in ginger rhizome, has immunomodulatory activity. However, its role in autoimmune diseases, as well as the underlying mechanisms, are unclear. In this study, it is evaluated if 6-GIN can effectively ameliorate the clinical disease severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. METHODS AND RESULTS Clinical scores of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice are recorded daily. Inflammation of periphery and neuroinflammation of EAE mice are determined by flow cytometry analysis, ELISA, and histopathological analysis, and results show that 6-GIN significantly inhibits inflammatory cell infiltration from the periphery into the central nervous system and reduces neuroinflammation and demyelination. Flow cytometry analysis, ELISA, and quantitative PCR show that 6-GIN could suppress lipolysaccharide-induced dendritic cell (DC) activation and induce the tolerogenic DCs. Immunoblot analysis reveals that the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase, two critical regulators of inflammatory signaling, are significantly inhibited in 6-GIN-treated DCs. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that 6-GIN has significant potential as a novel anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as MS via direct modulatory effects on DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Qing Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Ting Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qian Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zhe-Zhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China
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10
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Wei X, Zhang J, Gu Q, Huang M, Zhang W, Guo J, Zhou X. Reciprocal Expression of IL-35 and IL-10 Defines Two Distinct Effector Treg Subsets that Are Required for Maintenance of Immune Tolerance. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1853-1869. [PMID: 29141218 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can exert their functions through multiple suppressive mechanisms; however, it is unclear how Tregs exactly employ these mechanisms. In this study, we found that interleukin-35 (IL-35)-producing Tregs were a distinct effector population from the IL-10-producing subset. We also revealed that these two subsets of effector Tregs have different transcription factor dependency. Terminal differentiation regulator Blimp1 was only critical for IL-10 production, but not for IL-35; Foxp3 was essential for IL-35 but dispensable for IL-10 production. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IL-35-producing and IL-10-producing Tregs have a different activation status, do not share the same geographic locations in secondary lymphoid organs, and work in a complementary way to prevent autoimmunity. Thus, our study highlights the importance of effector Treg generation. We also provide evidence of Treg activation status tuning the generation of distinct effector Treg subsets, which work cooperatively to maintain immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xundong Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qianchong Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Man Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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Toscano MA, Martínez Allo VC, Cutine AM, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. Untangling Galectin-Driven Regulatory Circuits in Autoimmune Inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:348-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Sundblad V, Quintar AA, Morosi LG, Niveloni SI, Cabanne A, Smecuol E, Mauriño E, Mariño KV, Bai JC, Maldonado CA, Rabinovich GA. Galectins in Intestinal Inflammation: Galectin-1 Expression Delineates Response to Treatment in Celiac Disease Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:379. [PMID: 29545799 PMCID: PMC5837985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins, a family of animal lectins characterized by their affinity for N-acetyllactosamine-enriched glycoconjugates, modulate several immune cell processes shaping the course of innate and adaptive immune responses. Through interaction with a wide range of glycosylated receptors bearing complex branched N-glycans and core 2-O-glycans, these endogenous lectins trigger distinct signaling programs thereby controling immune cell activation, differentiation, recruitment and survival. Given the unique features of mucosal inflammation and the differential expression of galectins throughout the gastrointestinal tract, we discuss here key findings on the role of galectins in intestinal inflammation, particularly Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and celiac disease (CeD) patients, as well as in murine models resembling these inflammatory conditions. In addition, we present new data highlighting the regulated expression of galectin-1 (Gal-1), a proto-type member of the galectin family, during intestinal inflammation in untreated and treated CeD patients. Our results unveil a substantial upregulation of Gal-1 accompanying the anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic response associated with gluten-free diet in CeD patients, suggesting a major role of this lectin in favoring resolution of inflammation and restoration of mucosal homeostasis. Thus, a coordinated network of galectins and their glycosylated ligands, exerting either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory responses, may influence the interplay between intestinal epithelial cells and the highly specialized gut immune system in physiologic and pathologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sundblad
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luciano G Morosi
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia I Niveloni
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Cabanne
- Unidad de Patología, Hospital de Gastroenterología, Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Smecuol
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Mauriño
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio C Bai
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Lei T, Moos S, Klug J, Aslani F, Bhushan S, Wahle E, Fröhlich S, Meinhardt A, Fijak M. Galectin-1 enhances TNFα-induced inflammatory responses in Sertoli cells through activation of MAPK signalling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3741. [PMID: 29487346 PMCID: PMC5829165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a pleiotropic lectin involved in the modulation of immune responses. Using a model of rat experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO), we investigated the role of Gal-1 in testicular inflammation. EAO is characterized by leukocytic infiltrates in the interstitium, damage of spermatogenesis and production of inflammatory mediators like TNFα and MCP1 causing infertility. In normal rat testis Gal-1 was mainly expressed in Sertoli cells and germ cells. In the inflamed testis, Gal-1 expression was significantly downregulated most likely due to germ cell loss. Analyses of lectin binding and expression of glucosaminyl- and sialyltransferases indicated that the glycan composition on the cell surface of Sertoli and peritubular cells becomes less favourable for Gal-1 binding under inflammatory conditions. In primary Sertoli cells Gal-1 expression was found to be upregulated after TNFα challenge. Pretreatment with Gal-1 synergistically and specifically enhanced TNFα-induced expression of MCP1, IL-1α, IL-6 and TNFα in Sertoli cells. Combined stimulation of Sertoli cells with Gal-1 and TNFα enhanced the phosphorylation of MAP kinases as compared to TNFα or Gal-1 alone. Taken together, our data show that Gal-1 modulates inflammatory responses in Sertoli cells by enhancing the pro-inflammatory activity of TNFα via stimulation of MAPK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Moos
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Klug
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ferial Aslani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eva Wahle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Suada Fröhlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Fijak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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14
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Sundblad V, Morosi LG, Geffner JR, Rabinovich GA. Galectin-1: A Jack-of-All-Trades in the Resolution of Acute and Chronic Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3721-3730. [PMID: 29158348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory signals provide negative input to immunological networks promoting resolution of acute and chronic inflammation. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a member of a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins, displays broad anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities by targeting multiple immune cell types. Within the innate immune compartment, Gal-1 acts as a resolution-associated molecular pattern by counteracting the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, inhibiting neutrophil trafficking, targeting eosinophil migration and survival, and suppressing mast cell degranulation. Likewise, this lectin controls T cell and B cell compartments by modulating receptor clustering and signaling, thus serving as a negative-regulatory checkpoint that reprograms cellular activation, differentiation, and survival. In this review, we discuss the central role of Gal-1 in regulatory programs operating during acute inflammation, autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation, pregnancy, cancer, and infection. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting Gal-1-glycan interactions will contribute to overcome cancer immunosuppression and reinforce antimicrobial immunity, whereas stimulation of Gal-1-driven immunoregulatory circuits will help to mitigate exuberant inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sundblad
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano G Morosi
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge R Geffner
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; .,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Thomé R, Moore JN, Mari ER, Rasouli J, Hwang D, Yoshimura S, Ciric B, Zhang GX, Rostami AM. Induction of Peripheral Tolerance in Ongoing Autoimmune Inflammation Requires Interleukin 27 Signaling in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1392. [PMID: 29163476 PMCID: PMC5663690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance to autoantigens is induced via suppression of self-reactive lymphocytes, stimulation of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Interleukin (IL)-27 induces tolerogenic DCs and Treg cells; however, it is not known whether IL-27 is important for tolerance induction. We immunized wild-type (WT) and IL-27 receptor (WSX-1) knockout mice with MOG35–55 for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and intravenously (i.v.) injected them with MOG35–55 after onset of disease to induce i.v. tolerance. i.v. administration of MOG35–55 reduced disease severity in WT mice, but was ineffective in Wsx−/− mice. IL-27 signaling in DCs was important for tolerance induction, whereas its signaling in T cells was not. Further mechanistic studies showed that IL-27-dependent tolerance relied on cooperation of distinct subsets of spleen DCs with the ability to induce T cell-derived IL-10 and IFN-γ. Overall, our data show that IL-27 is a key cytokine in antigen-induced peripheral tolerance and may provide basis for improvement of antigen-specific tolerance approaches in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Thomé
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jason N Moore
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elisabeth R Mari
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Javad Rasouli
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Satoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Abdolmohamad M Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Galectin-1 inhibits oral-intestinal allergy syndrome. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13214-13222. [PMID: 28086216 PMCID: PMC5355090 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The pathogenesis of oral-intestinal allergy syndrome (OIAS) has not been well understood. Published data indicate that galectin (Gal) 1 has immune regulatory functions. This study tests a hypothesis that Gal1 inhibits oral-intestinal allergy syndrome. Methods Mice were sensitized to peanut extracts (PE) via the buccal mucosa with or without using Gal1 together. Results Upon re-exposure to specific antigen, the OIAS mice showed the systemic allergic response, the oral allergic reactions, and intestinal allergic inflammation, including increases in serum histamine, drop of the core temperature, higher levels of PE-specific IgE and interleukin (IL)-4. Increases in mast cell and eosinophil in the oral mucosa and intestinal mucosa were also observed. The OIAS was inhibited by co-administration with Gal1 via a mechanism of suppressing micro RNA (miR)-98 and reversing the expression of IL-10 in CD14+ cells in the intestine. Conclusions The OIAS can be induced by applying specific antigens to the oral mucosa, which can be inhibited by co-administration with Gal1.
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Danikowski KM, Jayaraman S, Prabhakar BS. Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:117. [PMID: 28599652 PMCID: PMC5466736 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease of the central nervous system primarily mediated by T lymphocytes with specificity to neuronal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. On the other hand, myasthenia gravis (MG) primarily involves destruction of the neuromuscular junction by antibodies specific to the acetylcholine receptor. Both autoimmune diseases are thought to result from loss of self-tolerance, which allows for the development and function of autoreactive lymphocytes. Although the mechanisms underlying compromised self-tolerance in these and other autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated, one possibility is numerical, functional, and/or migratory deficits in T regulatory cells (Tregs). Tregs are thought to play a critical role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. It is believed that Tregs function by suppressing the effector CD4+ T cell subsets that mediate autoimmune responses. Dysregulation of suppressive and migratory markers on Tregs have been linked to the pathogenesis of both MS and MG. For example, genetic abnormalities have been found in Treg suppressive markers CTLA-4 and CD25, while others have shown a decreased expression of FoxP3 and IL-10. Furthermore, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ secreted by T effectors have been noted in MS and MG patients. This review provides several strategies of treatment which have been shown to be effective or are proposed as potential therapies to restore the function of various Treg subsets including Tr1, iTr35, nTregs, and iTregs. Strategies focusing on enhancing the Treg function find importance in cytokines TGF-β, IDO, interleukins 10, 27, and 35, and ligands Jagged-1 and OX40L. Likewise, strategies which affect Treg migration involve chemokines CCL17 and CXCL11. In pre-clinical animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), several strategies have been shown to ameliorate the disease and thus appear promising for treating patients with MS or MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Danikowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - S Jayaraman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - B S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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18
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Translating the ‘Sugar Code’ into Immune and Vascular Signaling Programs. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:255-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Tung KSK, Harakal J, Qiao H, Rival C, Li JCH, Paul AGA, Wheeler K, Pramoonjago P, Grafer CM, Sun W, Sampson RD, Wong EWP, Reddi PP, Deshmukh US, Hardy DM, Tang H, Cheng CY, Goldberg E. Egress of sperm autoantigen from seminiferous tubules maintains systemic tolerance. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1046-1060. [PMID: 28218625 DOI: 10.1172/jci89927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune responses to meiotic germ cell antigens (MGCA) that are expressed on sperm and testis occur in human infertility and after vasectomy. Many MGCA are also expressed as cancer/testis antigens (CTA) in human cancers, but the tolerance status of MGCA has not been investigated. MGCA are considered to be uniformly immunogenic and nontolerogenic, and the prevailing view posits that MGCA are sequestered behind the Sertoli cell barrier in seminiferous tubules. Here, we have shown that only some murine MGCA are sequestered. Nonsequestered MCGA (NS-MGCA) egressed from normal tubules, as evidenced by their ability to interact with systemically injected antibodies and form localized immune complexes outside the Sertoli cell barrier. NS-MGCA derived from cell fragments that were discarded by spermatids during spermiation. They egressed as cargo in residual bodies and maintained Treg-dependent physiological tolerance. In contrast, sequestered MGCA (S-MGCA) were undetectable in residual bodies and were nontolerogenic. Unlike postvasectomy autoantibodies, which have been shown to mainly target S-MGCA, autoantibodies produced by normal mice with transient Treg depletion that developed autoimmune orchitis exclusively targeted NS-MGCA. We conclude that spermiation, a physiological checkpoint in spermatogenesis, determines the egress and tolerogenicity of MGCA. Our findings will affect target antigen selection in testis and sperm autoimmunity and the immune responses to CTA in male cancer patients.
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Galectins: emerging regulatory checkpoints linking tumor immunity and angiogenesis. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 45:8-15. [PMID: 28088061 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints, a plethora of inhibitory pathways aimed at maintaining immune cell homeostasis, may be co-opted by cancer cells to evade immune destruction. Therapies targeting immune checkpoints have reached a momentum yielding significant clinical benefits in patients with various malignancies by unleashing anti-tumor immunity. Galectins, a family of glycan-binding proteins, have emerged as novel regulatory checkpoints that promote immune evasive programs by inducing T-cell exhaustion, limiting T-cell survival, favoring expansion of regulatory T cells, de-activating natural killer cells and polarizing myeloid cells toward an immunosuppressive phenotype. Concomitantly, galectins can trigger vascular signaling programs, serving as bifunctional messengers that couple tumor immunity and angiogenesis. Thus, targeting galectin-glycan interactions may halt tumor progression by simultaneously augmenting antitumor immunity and suppressing aberrant angiogenesis.
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Nio-Kobayashi J. Tissue- and cell-specific localization of galectins, β-galactose-binding animal lectins, and their potential functions in health and disease. Anat Sci Int 2016; 92:25-36. [PMID: 27590897 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen galectins, β-galactose-binding animal lectins, are known to be distributed throughout the body. We herein summarize current knowledge on the tissue- and cell-specific localization of galectins and their potential functions in health and disease. Galectin-3 is widely distributed in epithelia, including the simple columnar epithelium in the gut, stratified squamous epithelium in the gut and skin, and transitional epithelium and several regions in nephrons in the urinary tract. Galectin-2 and galectin-4/6 are gut-specific, while galectin-7 is found in the stratified squamous epithelium in the gut and skin. The reproductive tract mainly contains galectin-1 and galectin-3, and their expression markedly changes during the estrous/menstrual cycle. The galectin subtype expressed in the corpus luteum (CL) changes in association with luteal function. The CL of women and cows displays a "galectin switch" with coordinated changes in the major galectin subtype and its ligand glycoconjugate structure. Macrophages express galectin-3, which may be involved in phagocytotic activity. Lymphoid tissues contain galectin-3-positive macrophages, which are not always stained with the macrophage marker, F4/80. Subsets of neurons in the brain and dorsal root ganglion express galectin-1 and galectin-3, which may contribute to the regeneration of damaged axons, stem cell differentiation, and pain control. The subtype-specific contribution of galectins to implantation, fibrosis, and diabetes are also discussed. The function of galectins may differ depending on the tissues or cells in which they act. The ligand glycoconjugate structures mediated by glycosyltransferases including MGAT5, ST6GAL1, and C2GnT are important for revealing the functions of galectins in healthy and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15-Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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