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Yoon DS, Byeon E, Kim DH, Lee MC, Shin KH, Hagiwara A, Park HG, Lee JS. Effects of temperature and combinational exposures on lipid metabolism in aquatic invertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 262:109449. [PMID: 36055628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of changes in fatty acids in response to environmental temperature changes have been conducted in many species, particularly mammals. However, few studies have considered aquatic invertebrates, even though they are particularly vulnerable to changes in environmental temperature. In this review, we summarize the process by which animals synthesize common fatty acids and point out differences between the fatty acid profiles of vertebrates and those of aquatic invertebrates. Unlike vertebrates, some aquatic invertebrates can directly synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which can be used to respond to temperature changes. Various studies have shown that aquatic invertebrates increase the degree of saturation in their fatty acids through an increase in saturated fatty acid production or a decrease in PUFAs as the temperature increases. In addition, we summarize recent studies that have examined the complex effects of temperature and combinational stressors to determine whether the degree of saturation in aquatic invertebrates is influenced by other factors. The combined effects of carbon dioxide partial pressure, food quality, starvation, salinity, and chemical exposures have been confirmed, and fatty acid profile changes in response to high temperature were greater than those from combinational stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Seo Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Ecology and Environment, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Pianezze S, Corazzin M, Bontempo L, Sepulcri A, Saccà E, Perini M, Piasentier E. Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry to Detect Differences in Four Compartments of Simmental Cows Fed on C3 and C4 Diets. Molecules 2022; 27:2310. [PMID: 35408709 PMCID: PMC9000290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) metabolism in animals represents an important field of study since they influence the quality and the properties of the meat. The aim of this study is to assess the possibility to discriminate the diets of cows in different animal compartments and to study the fate of dietary FAs in the bovine organism, using carbon isotopic ratios. Five FAs, both essential (linoleic and linolenic) and non-essential (palmitic, stearic, and oleic) in four compartments (feed, rumen, liver, meat) of animals fed two different diets (based on either C3 or C4 plants) were considered. For all compartments, the carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C) of all FAs (with few exceptions) resulted significantly lower in cows fed on C3 than C4 plants, figuring as a powerful tool to discriminate between different diets. Moreover, chemical reactions taking place in each animal compartment result in fraction processes affecting the δ13C values. The δ13CFAs tendentially increase from feed to meat in group C3. On the other hand, the δ13CFAs generally increase from rumen to liver in group C4, while δ13CFAs of rumen and meat are mostly not statistically different. Different trends in the δ13CFAs of the two groups suggested different FAs fates depending on the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pianezze
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Mirco Corazzin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Angela Sepulcri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Saccà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Matteo Perini
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
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Almeida L, Everts B. Fa(c)t checking: How fatty acids shape metabolism and function of macrophages and dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1628-1640. [PMID: 33788250 PMCID: PMC8359938 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there have been major advances in our understanding of the role of free fatty acids (FAs) and their metabolism in shaping the functional properties of macrophages and DCs. This review presents the most recent insights into how cell intrinsic FA metabolism controls DC and macrophage function, as well as the current evidence of the importance of various exogenous FAs (such as polyunsaturated FAs and their oxidation products—prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and proresolving lipid mediators) in affecting DC and macrophage biology, by modulating their metabolic properties. Finally, we explore whether targeted modulation of FA metabolism of myeloid cells to steer their function could hold promise in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Pianezze S, Corazzin M, Perini M, Camin F, Paolini M, Sepulcri A, Saccà E, Fabro C, Piasentier E. Fatty acids stable carbon isotope fractionation in the bovine organism. A compound-specific isotope analysis through gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461966. [PMID: 33618180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of dietary fatty acids to the quality of the meat and their path through the bovine organism is currently the subject of a lot of research. Stable isotope ratio analysis represents a powerful tool for this aim, one that has not been studied in depth yet. In this work, for the first time, the carbon isotopic ratios of six fatty acids (myristic 14:0, palmitic 16:0, stearic 18:0, oleic 18:1n-9, linoleic 18:2n-6 and linolenic 18:3n-3 acids) in different matrixes (diet, rumen, duodenal content, liver and loin) were analysed through gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Moreover, the quantification of the single fatty acids was carried out, providing important information supporting the carbon isotopic ratio results. The variation in the concentration of the fatty acids in the different matrices depends on the chemical modifications they undergo in the sequential steps of the metabolic path. GC-C-IRMS turned out to be a powerful tool to investigate the fate of dietary fatty acids, providing information about the processes they undergo inside the bovine organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pianezze
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, San Michele All'Adige, Trento, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
| | - Mirco Corazzin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
| | - Matteo Perini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, San Michele All'Adige, Trento, Italy.
| | - Federica Camin
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, San Michele All'Adige, Trento, Italy; Centre Agriculture Food Environment C3A, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Mauro Paolini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, San Michele All'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Angela Sepulcri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
| | - Elena Saccà
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
| | - Carla Fabro
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
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Liu ME, Chou CH, Li L, Wu YHS, Lin YL, Tu DG, Chen YC. Modulation effects of black-vinegar-based supplement against a high-fat dietary habit: antiobesity/hypolipidemic, antioxidative, and energy-metabolism effects. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2380-2388. [PMID: 31901136 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An imbalanced fat or excess energy intake always results in obesity and increased serum/liver lipids, thus leading to metabolic syndromes. Given the bioactive components in black vinegar (BV), such as branched amino acids, phenolic profile, and mineral contents, we investigated the antiobesity effects of BV-based supplements in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). RESULTS HFD (30% fat, w/w) feeding increased (P < 0.05) body weight, weight gains, weights of livers and mesenteric, epididymal, and perirenal adipose tissues, and serum/liver triglyceride levels relative to those of rats fed a normal diet (4% fat, w/w; CON). These increased values were ameliorated (P < 0.05) by supplementing with BV-based supplements but were still higher (P < 0.05) than those of CON rats. The increased areas of perirenal adipocytes in rats fed with an HFD were also decreased (P < 0.05) by supplementing with BV-based supplements, which might result from an upregulation (P < 0.05) of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1), and uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) in the perirenal adipose tissues. A similar effect was observed for AMPK, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, retinoid X receptor alpha, CPT1, and UCP2 gene and protein levels in livers (P < 0.05). Generally, BV-based supplements increased the fecal triglyceride, cholesterol, and bile acid levels of rats fed with an HFD, which partially contribute to the lipid-lowering effects. Furthermore, BV-based supplements increased (P < 0.05) hepatic Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and lowered (P < 0.05) serum/liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values in HFD-fed rats. CONCLUSION In a chronic high-fat dietary habit, the food-grade BV-based supplement is a good daily choice to ameliorate obesity and its associated comorbidities. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-En Liu
- Department of Community Health, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsieng Samuel Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dom-Gene Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong Township, Chia-Yi County, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kaushik L, Srivastava S, Panjeta A, Chaudhari D, Ghadi R, Kuche K, Malik R, Preet S, Jain S, Raza K. Exploration of docetaxel palmitate and its solid lipid nanoparticles as a novel option for alleviating the rising concern of multi-drug resistance. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119088. [PMID: 32001291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Docetaxel (DTX), a widely prescribed anticancer agent, is now associated with increased instances of multidrug resistance. Also, being a problematic BCS class IV drug, it poses challenges for the formulators. Henceforth, it was envisioned to synthesize an analogue of DTX with a biocompatible lipid, i.e., palmitic acid. The in-silico studies (molecular docking and simulation) inferred lesser binding of docetaxel palmitate (DTX-PL) with P-gp vis-à-vis DTX and paclitaxel, indicating it to be a poor substrate for P-gp efflux. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of the conjugate were prepared using various lipids, viz. palmitic acid, stearic acid, cetyl palmitate and glyceryl monostearate. The characterization studies for the nanocarrier were performed for the surface charge, drug payload, micromeritics, release pattern of drug and surface morphology. From the cytotoxicity assays on resistant MCF-7 cells, it was established that the new analogue offered substantially decreased IC50 to that of DTX. Further, apoptosis assay also corroborated the results obtained in IC50 determination wherein, SA-SLNs showed the highest apoptotic index than free DTX. The conjugate not only enhanced the solubility but also offered lower plasma protein binding and improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effect for DTX loaded SA-SLNs in apt animal models, and lower affinity to P-gp efflux. The studies provide preliminary evidence and a ray of hope for a better candidate in its nano version for safer and effective cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Shubham Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Anshul Panjeta
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Dasharath Chaudhari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Rohan Ghadi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ruchi Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Simran Preet
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India.
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Vranković L, Delaš I, Reljić S, Huber Đ, Maltar-Strmečki N, Klobučar K, Krivić G, Stojević Z, Aladrović J. The Lipid Composition of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) in Croatia. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:399-406. [PMID: 28384418 DOI: 10.1086/690913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The composition of adipose tissue in brown bears (Ursus arctos) is highly variable and depends on an individual's feeding habits. Fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) may provide insight into brown bear feeding habits, for which data are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the lipid composition of SAT and variations in the composition of fatty substances with regard to gender and to assess SAT relative to season and body mass (BM) of brown bears in Croatia. Seventy-six tissue samples of brown bear SAT were analyzed in this study. We found that gender, season, and BM significantly affected the lipid composition of SAT. Both females and males had higher percentages of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in SAT in spring than in autumn, while the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was higher in autumn. The prevalence of MUFAs in SAT and the greater presence of PUFAs in autumn, together with the presence of odd-chain saturated fatty acids, indicate the importance of these fatty acids in brown bear physiology. We suggest that the lipid content of adipose tissue may provide valuable information on changes in brown bear condition in response to feeding habits and the effects of supplemental feeding.
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Ziegler AB, Ménagé C, Grégoire S, Garcia T, Ferveur JF, Bretillon L, Grosjean Y. Lack of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Causes Synapse Dysfunction in the Drosophila Visual System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135353. [PMID: 26308084 PMCID: PMC4550417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients for animals and necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system. A lack of PUFAs can result from the consumption of a deficient diet or genetic factors, which impact PUFA uptake and metabolism. Both can cause synaptic dysfunction, which is associated with numerous disorders. However, there is a knowledge gap linking these neuronal dysfunctions and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Because of its genetic manipulability and its easy, fast, and cheap breeding, Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an excellent model organism for genetic screens, helping to identify the genetic bases of such events. As a first step towards the understanding of PUFA implications in Drosophila synaptic physiology we designed a breeding medium containing only very low amounts of PUFAs. We then used the fly’s visual system, a well-established model for studying signal transmission and neurological disorders, to measure the effects of a PUFA deficiency on synaptic function. Using both visual performance and eye electrophysiology, we found that PUFA deficiency strongly affected synaptic transmission in the fly’s visual system. These defects were rescued by diets containing omega-3 or omega-6 PUFAs alone or in combination. In summary, manipulating PUFA contents in the fly’s diet was powerful to investigate the role of these nutrients on the fly´s visual synaptic function. This study aims at showing how the first visual synapse of Drosophila can serve as a simple model to study the effects of PUFAs on synapse function. A similar approach could be further used to screen for genetic factors underlying the molecular mechanisms of synaptic dysfunctions associated with altered PUFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Ziegler
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- * E-mail: (ABZ); (YG)
| | - Cindy Ménagé
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Grégoire
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Thibault Garcia
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Yael Grosjean
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- * E-mail: (ABZ); (YG)
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Stratford JM, Contreras RJ. Saliva and other taste stimuli are important for gustatory processing of linoleic acid. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R1162-70. [PMID: 19692663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00217.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, bilateral transection of the chorda tympani nerve (CTX) raises the taste discrimination threshold for the free fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA), yet the chorda tympani nerve (CT) is unresponsive to lingual application of LA alone. LA may require a background of saliva to activate taste cells, since CTX decreases saliva production through denervation of the submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands. To assess the role of saliva, we measured LA taste discrimination thresholds for animals whose submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands were removed and also recorded CT responses to LA mixed in artificial saliva. Partial desalivation shifted LA discrimination thresholds from between 5.5 and 11 microM to between 11 and 22 microM. However, this effect was not as pronounced as previously seen with CTX animals. Surprisingly, the CT was unresponsive to LA mixed with artificial saliva, suggesting that artificial saliva may lack components necessary for LA taste. Additionally, fats may primarily enhance other tastes. We previously reported that LA increases CT responses to monosodium glutamate (MSG). Thus we also recorded CT whole nerve responses to taste mixtures of LA and sodium chloride (NaCl), sucrose (SUC), citric acid (CA), or quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) in anesthetized rats. We found that LA increased CT responses to NaCl but did not alter CT responses to SUC, CA, and QHCl. Thus CT recordings either lack the sensitivity to detect small changes to SUC, CA, and QHCl or LA may affect CT responses to MSG and NaCl only, perhaps by specifically modulating gustatory processing of Na(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Stratford
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4301, USA
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Thiemann GW. Using fatty acid signatures to study bear foraging: Technical considerations and future applications. URSUS 2008. [DOI: 10.2192/08per001r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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