1
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lu J, Huang Z, Hua H, Li Y, Xu J, Feng J. High-yield and cost-effective biosynthesis process for producing antimicrobial peptide AA139. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 219:106475. [PMID: 38552891 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
AA139, a variant of natural antimicrobial peptide (AMP) arenicin-3, displayed potent activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria. Nevertheless, there were currently few reports on the bioprocess of AA139, and the yields were less than 5 mg/L. Additionally, it was difficult and expensive to prepare AA139 through chemical synthesis due to its complex structure. These factors have impeded the further research and following clinical application of AA139. Here, we reported a bioprocess for the preparation of AA139, which was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 (DE3) intracellularly in a soluble form via SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) fusion technology. Then, recombinant AA139 (rAA139, refer to AA139 obtained by recombinant expression in this study) was obtained through the simplified downstream process, which was rationally designed in accordance with the physicochemical characteristics. Subsequently, the expression level of the interest protein was increased by 54% after optimization of high cell density fermentation (HCDF). Finally, we obtained a yield of 56 mg of rAA139 from 1 L culture with a purity of 98%, which represented the highest reported yield of AA139 to date. Furthermore, various characterizations were conducted to confirm the molecular mass, disulfide bonds, and antimicrobial activity of rAA139.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yapeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguang Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Duomirui Bio-Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongqing Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Duomirui Bio-Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoju Hua
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Duomirui Bio-Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Duomirui Bio-Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Duomirui Bio-Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Lander A, Kong Y, Jin Y, Wu C, Luk LYP. Deciphering the Synthetic and Refolding Strategy of a Cysteine-Rich Domain in the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNF-R) for Racemic Crystallography Analysis and d-Peptide Ligand Discovery. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2024; 4:68-76. [PMID: 38404743 PMCID: PMC10885103 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Many cell-surface receptors are promising targets for chemical synthesis because of their critical roles in disease development. This synthetic approach enables investigations by racemic protein crystallography and ligand discovery by mirror-image methodologies. However, due to their complex nature, the chemical synthesis of a receptor can be a significant challenge. Here, we describe the chemical synthesis and folding of a central, cysteine-rich domain of the cell-surface receptor tumor necrosis factor 1 which is integral to binding of the cytokine TNF-α, namely, TNFR-1 CRD2. Racemic protein crystallography at 1.4 Å confirmed that the native binding conformation was preserved, and TNFR-1 CRD2 maintained its capacity to bind to TNF-α (KD ≈ 7 nM). Encouraged by this discovery, we carried out mirror-image phage display using the enantiomeric receptor mimic and identified a d-peptide ligand for TNFR-1 CRD2 (KD = 1 μM). This work demonstrated that cysteine-rich domains, including the central domains, can be chemically synthesized and used as mimics for investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
J. Lander
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
| | - Yifu Kong
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Fujian Province 361005, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, University of
Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Fujian Province 361005, China
| | - Louis Y. P. Luk
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
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3
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Eteme ON, Zondegoumba EN, Tadayozzi YS, Serafim JA, Leite WQ, de Freitas Genari Severino M, Vicente EF. Methods for extraction, isolation and sequencing of cyclotides and others cyclic peptides with anti-helminthic activities: An overview. Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102808. [PMID: 37717651 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The mortality rate caused by parasitic worms on their hosts is of great concern and studies have been carried out to find molecules to reduce the prevalence, host-parasite interaction, and resistance of parasites to treatments. Existing drugs on the market are very often toxic and have many side effects, hence the need to find new, more active molecules. It has been demonstrated in several works that medicinal plants constitute a wide range of new molecules that can solve this problem. Several works have already been able to demonstrate that cyclic peptides of plant origin have shown good activity in the fight against different types of helminths. Therefore, this review aims to provide a general overview of the methods and techniques of extraction, isolation, activities and mechanisms of action of cyclotides and other cyclic peptides for application in the treatment of helminthic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ndogo Eteme
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil; University of Yaounde I, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, PO. BOX 812, Cameroon.
| | | | - Yasmin Saegusa Tadayozzi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil
| | - Jessica Aparecida Serafim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil
| | - Wendell Queiroz Leite
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil.
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4
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Fukumoto K, Yazaki M, Arisawa M. Synthesis of Unprotected Cyclic Peptide Methylene Dithioacetals by Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde. Org Lett 2024; 26:221-224. [PMID: 38134135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of a rhodium catalyst, unprotected peptide dithiols possessing two cysteine residues are efficiently converted to their corresponding cyclic methylene dithioacetals in a mixed solvent of methanol and water (4:1) under an oxygen atmosphere (1 atm). The slow formation of formaldehyde inhibits side reactions by maintaining its concentration at a low level, which is a key feature of this reaction. This method can be applied to peptide dithiols containing amino acids such as Gly, Ala, Ser, Lys, Met, Phe, Tyr, and His and provides cyclic methylene dithioacetals without being affected by other functional groups. Primary alcohols, such as ethanol and isopropanol, can also be employed. Oxytocin can be cyclized to provide a cyclic methylene dithioacetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Fukumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masana Yazaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mieko Arisawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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5
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He F, Chai Y, Zeng Z, Lu F, Chen H, Zhu J, Fang Y, Cheng K, Miclet E, Alezra V, Wan Y. Rapid Formation of Intramolecular Disulfide Bridges using Light: An Efficient Method to Control the Conformation and Function of Bioactive Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22639-22648. [PMID: 37788450 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are widely found in natural peptides and play a pivotal role in stabilizing their secondary structures, which are highly associated with their biological functions. Herein, we introduce a light-mediated strategy to effectively control the formation of disulfides. Our strategy is based on 2-nitroveratryl (oNv), a widely used photolabile motif, which serves both as a photocaging group and an oxidant (after photolysis). We demonstrated that irradiation of oNv-caged thiols with UV light could release free thiols that are rapidly oxidized by locally released byproduct nitrosoarene, leading to a "break-to-bond" fashion. This strategy is highlighted by the in situ restoration of the antimicrobial peptide tachyplesin I (TPI) from its external disulfide-caged analogue TPI-1. TPI-1 exhibits a distorted structure and a diminished function. However, upon irradiation, the β-hairpin structure and membrane activity of TPI were largely restored via rapid intramolecular disulfide formation. Our study proposes a powerful method to regulate the conformation and function of peptides in a spatiotemporal manner, which has significant potential for the design of disulfide-centered light-responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chai
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Zizhen Zeng
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Fangling Lu
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Zhu
- Institute of TCM, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, P. R. China
| | - Yuanying Fang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Keguang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Emeric Miclet
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Valérie Alezra
- Laboratoire de Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, ICMMO, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Yang Wan
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
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6
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Victorio CG, Sawyer N. Folding-Assisted Peptide Disulfide Formation and Dimerization. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1480-1486. [PMID: 37390465 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds form covalent bonds between distal regions of peptides and proteins to dramatically impact their folding, stability, and oligomerization. Given the prevalence of disulfide bonds in many natural products, considerable effort has been invested in site-selective disulfide bond formation approaches to control the folding of chemically synthesized peptides and proteins. Here, we show that the careful choice of thiol oxidation conditions can lead to monomeric or dimeric species from fully deprotected linear bisthiol peptides. Starting from a p53-derived peptide, we found that oxidation under aqueous (nondenaturing) conditions produces antiparallel dimers with enhanced α-helical character, while oxidation under denaturing conditions promotes formation of a nonhelical intramolecular disulfide species. Examination across peptide variants suggests that intramolecular disulfide formation is robust across diverse peptide sequences, while dimerization is sensitive to both the α-helical folding of the linear peptide and aromatic residues at the dimerization interface. All disulfide species are more resistant to protease degradation than the linear peptide but are easily reduced to restore the initial bisthiol peptide. Both disulfide formation approaches are compatible with α-helix-stabilizing cross-linkers. These results provide an approach for using disulfide bonds to control peptide folding and oligomerization to better understand how folding influences interactions with diverse molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara G Victorio
- Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, 441 E. Fordham Rd., Bronx, New York 10458, United States
| | - Nicholas Sawyer
- Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, 441 E. Fordham Rd., Bronx, New York 10458, United States
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7
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Souf YM, Lokaj G, Kuruva V, Saed Y, Raviglione D, Brik A, Nicke A, Inguimbert N, Dutertre S. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel α-Conotoxins Derived from Endemic Polynesian Cone Snails. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:356. [PMID: 37367681 DOI: 10.3390/md21060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Conotoxins are well-known probes for the characterization of the various subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Identifying new α-conotoxins with different pharmacological profiles can provide further insights into the physiological or pathological roles of the numerous nAChR isoforms found at the neuromuscular junction, the central and peripheral nervous systems, and other cells such as immune cells. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of two novel α-conotoxins obtained from two species endemic to the Marquesas Islands, namely Conus gauguini and Conus adamsonii. Both species prey on fish, and their venom is considered a rich source of bioactive peptides that can target a wide range of pharmacological receptors in vertebrates. Here, we demonstrate the versatile use of a one-pot disulfide bond synthesis to achieve the α-conotoxin fold [Cys 1-3; 2-4] for GaIA and AdIA, using the 2-nitrobenzyl (NBzl) protecting group of cysteines for effective regioselective oxidation. The potency and selectivity of GaIA and AdIA against rat nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were investigated electrophysiologically and revealed potent inhibitory activities. GaIA was most active at the muscle nAChR (IC50 = 38 nM), whereas AdIA was most potent at the neuronal α6/3 β2β3 subtype (IC50 = 177 nM). Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the structure-activity relationships of α-conotoxins, which may help in the design of more selective tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazid Mohamed Souf
- CRIOBE, UAR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Gonxhe Lokaj
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Nußbaumstraße 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Veeresh Kuruva
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Yakop Saed
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Delphine Raviglione
- CRIOBE, UAR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Annette Nicke
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Nußbaumstraße 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- CRIOBE, UAR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
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8
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Váradi G, Batta G, Galgóczy L, Hajdu D, Fizil Á, Czajlik A, Virágh M, Kele Z, Meyer V, Jung S, Marx F, Tóth GK. Confirmation of the Disulfide Connectivity and Strategies for Chemical Synthesis of the Four-Disulfide-Bond-Stabilized Aspergillus giganteus Antifungal Protein, AFP. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:782-790. [PMID: 36847642 PMCID: PMC10152477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Emerging fungal infections require new, more efficient antifungal agents and therapies. AFP, a protein from Aspergillus giganteus with four disulfide bonds, is a promising candidate because it selectively inhibits the growth of filamentous fungi. In this work, the reduced form of AFP was prepared using native chemical ligation. The native protein was synthesized via oxidative folding with uniform protection for cysteine thiols. AFP's biological activity depends heavily on the pattern of natural disulfide bonds. Enzymatic digestion and MS analysis provide proof for interlocking disulfide topology (abcdabcd) that was previously assumed. With this knowledge, a semi-orthogonal thiol protection method was designed. By following this strategy, out of a possible 105, only 6 disulfide isomers formed and 1 of them proved to be identical with the native protein. This approach allows the synthesis of analogs for examining structure-activity relationships and, thus, preparing AFP variants with higher antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Váradi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Hajdu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fizil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - András Czajlik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Máté Virágh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kele
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Vera Meyer
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin 13355, Germany
| | - Sascha Jung
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin 13355, Germany
| | - Florentine Marx
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Gábor K Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
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9
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Chowdhury A, Gour V, Das BK, Chatterjee S, Bandyopadhyay A. Rapid and Highly Productive Assembly of a Disulfide Bond in Solid-Phase Peptide Macrocyclization. Org Lett 2023; 25:1280-1284. [PMID: 36800531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a highly efficient disulfide-driven peptide macrocyclization in 15 min on a solid support using persulfate as a crucial additive in iodine-mediated oxidative cyclization. The method eliminates the side products of classical iodine-mediated peptide cyclization. It is operationally simple and convenient for cyclizing small to lengthier peptides embodying popular cysteine building blocks in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chowdhury
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Baraphool, Rupnagar, Punjab, India 140001
| | - Vinod Gour
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Baraphool, Rupnagar, Punjab, India 140001
| | - Basab Kanti Das
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Baraphool, Rupnagar, Punjab, India 140001
| | - Saurav Chatterjee
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Baraphool, Rupnagar, Punjab, India 140001
| | - Anupam Bandyopadhyay
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Baraphool, Rupnagar, Punjab, India 140001
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10
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Flow-Based Fmoc-SPPS Preparation and SAR Study of Cathelicidin-PY Reveals Selective Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041993. [PMID: 36838983 PMCID: PMC9959817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as novel therapeutics in the fight against multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Cathelicidin-PY (NH2-RKCNFLCKLKEKLRTVITSHIDKVLRPQG-COOH) is a 29-residue disulfide-cyclised antimicrobial peptide secreted as an innate host defence mechanism by the frog Paa yunnanensis (PY) and reported to possess broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties, exhibiting low cytotoxic and low hemolytic activity. Herein, we detail the total synthesis of cathelicidin-PY using an entirely on-resin synthesis, including assembly of the linear sequence by rapid flow Fmoc-SPPS and iodine-mediated disulfide bridge formation. By optimising a synthetic strategy to prepare cathelicidin-PY, this strategy was subsequently adapted to prepare a bicyclic head-to-tail cyclised derivative of cathelicidin-PY. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of cathelicidin-PY with respect to the N-terminally positioned disulfide was further probed by preparing an alanine-substituted linear analogue and a series of lactam-bridged peptidomimetics implementing side chain to side chain cyclisation. The analogues were investigated for antimicrobial activity, secondary structure by circular dichroism (CD), and stability in human serum. Surprisingly, the disulfide bridge emerged as non-essential to antimicrobial activity and secondary structure but was amenable to synthetic modification. Furthermore, the synthetic AMP and multiple analogues demonstrated selective activity towards Gram-negative pathogen E. coli in physiologically relevant concentrations of divalent cations.
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11
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Rayala R, Tiller A, Majumder SA, Stacy HM, Eans SO, Nedovic A, McLaughlin JP, Cudic P. Solid-Phase Synthesis of the Bicyclic Peptide OL-CTOP Containing Two Disulfide Bridges, and an Assessment of Its In Vivo μ-Opioid Receptor Antagonism after Nasal Administration. Molecules 2023; 28:1822. [PMID: 36838810 PMCID: PMC9963138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
New strategies facilitate the design of cyclic peptides which can penetrate the brain. We have designed a bicyclic peptide, OL-CTOP, composed of the sequences of a selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist, CTOP (f-cyclo(CYwOTX)T) (X = penicillamine, Pen; O = ornithine) and odorranalectin, OL (YASPK-cyclo(CFRYPNGVLAC)T), optimized its solid-phase synthesis and demonstrated its ability for nose-to-brain delivery and in vivo activity. The differences in reactivity of Cys and Pen thiol groups protected with trityl and/or acetamidomethyl protecting groups toward I2 in different solvents were exploited for selective disulfide bond formation on the solid phase. Both the single step and the sequential strategy applied to macrocyclization reactions generated the desired OL-CTOP, with the sequential strategy yielding a large quantity and better purity of crude OL-CTOP. Importantly, intranasally (i.n.s.) administered OL-CTOP dose-dependently antagonized the analgesic effect of morphine administered to mice through the intracerebroventricular route and prevented morphine-induced respiratory depression. In summary, the results demonstrate the feasibility of our solid-phase synthetic strategy for the preparation of the OL-CTOP bicyclic peptide containing two disulfide bonds and reveal the potential of odorranalectin for further modifications and the targeted delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanjaneyulu Rayala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Annika Tiller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Shahayra A. Majumder
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Heather M. Stacy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Aleksandra Nedovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Jay P. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Predrag Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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12
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Borges A, Nguyen C, Letendre M, Onasenko I, Kandler R, Nguyen NK, Chen J, Allakhverdova T, Atkinson E, DiChiara B, Wang C, Petler N, Patel H, Nanavati D, Das S, Nag A. Facile de Novo Sequencing of Tetrazine-Cyclized Peptides through UV-Induced Ring-Opening and Cleavage from the Solid Phase. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200590. [PMID: 36471561 PMCID: PMC10099459 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While most FDA-approved peptide drugs are cyclic, the robust cyclization chemistry of peptides and the deconvolution of cyclic peptide sequences by using tandem mass spectrometry render cyclic peptide drug discovery difficult. Here we present the successful design of cyclic peptides on solid phase that addresses both of these problems. We demonstrate that this peptide cyclization method using dichloro-s-tetrazine on solid phase allows successful cyclization of a panel of random peptide sequences with various charges and hydrophobicities. The cyclic peptides can be linearized and cleaved from the solid phase by simple UV light irradiation, and we demonstrate that accurate sequence information can be obtained for the UV-cleaved linearized peptides by using tandem mass spectrometry. The tetrazine linker used in the cyclic peptides can further be explored for inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reactions for screening or bioconjugation applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Borges
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Chi Nguyen
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Madison Letendre
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Iryna Onasenko
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rene Kandler
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ngoc K Nguyen
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jue Chen
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Tamara Allakhverdova
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Emily Atkinson
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bella DiChiara
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Wang
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Noa Petler
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Henna Patel
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dhaval Nanavati
- Global Protein Sciences, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Dr, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Samir Das
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Arundhati Nag
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
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13
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Liu C, Yan Q, Yi K, Hu T, Wang J, Zhang Z, Li H, Luo Y, Zhang D, Meng E. A secretory system for extracellular production of spider neurotoxin huwentoxin-I in Escherichia coli. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:914-922. [PMID: 36573266 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2158473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to their advantages in structural stability and versatility, cysteine-rich peptides, which are secreted from the venom glands of venomous animals, constitute a naturally occurring pharmaceutical arsenal. However, the correct folding of disulfide bonds is a challenging task in the prokaryotic expression system like Escherichia coli due to the reducing environment. Here, a secretory expression plasmid pSE-G1M5-SUMO-HWTX-I for the spider neurotoxin huwentoxin-I (HWTX-I) with three disulfides as a model of cysteine-rich peptides was constructed. By utilizing the signal peptide G1M5, the fusion protein 6 × His-SUMO-HWTX-I was successfully secreted into extracellular medium of BL21(DE3). After enrichment using cation-exchange chromatography and purification utilizing the Ni-NTA column, 6 × His-SUMO-HWTX-I was digested via Ulp1 kinase to release recombinant HWTX-I (rHWTX-I), which was further purified utilizing RP-HPLC. Finally, both impurities with low and high molecular weights were completely removed. The molecular mass of rHWTX-I was identified as being 3750.8 Da, which was identical to natural HWTX-I with three disulfide bridges. Furthermore, by utilizing whole-cell patch clamp, the sodium currents of hNav1.7 could be inhibited by rHWTX-I and the IC50 value was 419 nmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Multiple Utilization of Economic Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Safe Utilization of Heavy Metal-polluted Soils, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qing Yan
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ke Yi
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Tianhao Hu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jianjie Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zheyang Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yutao Luo
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Dongyi Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Er Meng
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Multiple Utilization of Economic Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Safe Utilization of Heavy Metal-polluted Soils, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
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14
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Mthembu SN, Chakraborty A, Schönleber R, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. Solid-Phase Synthesis of C-Terminus Cysteine Peptide Acids. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinenhlanhla N. Mthembu
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Amit Chakraborty
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | | | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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15
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Wang Y, Xing Y, Sun J, Song C, Shen S, Huo S. Polymer Supported Methionine Selenoxide as an Excellent Immobilized Oxidant for the Formation of Disulfide Bonds in Peptides. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Hebei University, Baoding Hebei Province P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Xing
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Hebei University, Baoding Hebei Province P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Hebei University, Baoding Hebei Province P. R. China
| | - Changing Song
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Hebei University, Baoding Hebei Province P. R. China
| | - Shigang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Hebei University, Baoding Hebei Province P. R. China
| | - Shuying Huo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Hebei University, Baoding Hebei Province P. R. China
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16
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Zoukimian C, Béroud R, Boturyn D. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl as a Thiol-Protecting Group for Directed-Disulfide Bond Formation. Org Lett 2022; 24:3407-3410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Zoukimian
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Department of Molecular Chemistry, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, Grenoble 38000, France
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des platanes, Saint-Egrève 38120, France
| | - Rémy Béroud
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des platanes, Saint-Egrève 38120, France
| | - Didier Boturyn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Department of Molecular Chemistry, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, Grenoble 38000, France
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17
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Peptide-Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: Peptide Antigen Discovery and Screening of Adjuvant Systems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040856. [PMID: 35456690 PMCID: PMC9024957 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused a global crisis, resulting in 0.5 billion infections and over 6 million deaths as of March 2022. Fortunately, infection and hospitalization rates were curbed due to the rollout of DNA and mRNA vaccines. However, the efficacy of these vaccines significantly drops a few months post immunization, from 88% down to 47% in the case of the Pfizer BNT162 vaccine. The emergence of variant strains, especially delta and omicron, have also significantly reduced vaccine efficacy. We propose peptide vaccines as a potential solution to address the inadequacies of the current vaccines. Peptide vaccines can be easily modified to target emerging strains, have greater stability, and do not require cold-chain storage. We screened five peptide fragments (B1–B5) derived from the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to identify neutralizing B-cell peptide antigens. We then investigated adjuvant systems for efficient stimulation of immune responses against the most promising peptide antigens, including liposomal formulations of polyleucine (L10) and polymethylacrylate (PMA), as well as classical adjuvants (CFA and MF59). Immune efficacy of formulations was evaluated using competitive ELISA, pseudovirion neutralization, and live virus neutralization assays. Unfortunately, peptide conjugation to L10 and PMA dramatically altered the secondary structure, resulting in low antibody neutralization efficacy. Of the peptides tested, only B3 administered with CFA or MF59 was highly immunogenic. Thus, a peptide vaccine relying on B3 may provide an attractive alternative to currently marketed vaccines.
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18
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Ma D, Sun J, Shen S, Chen H, Xu W, Wang Y, Song C, Shi T, Huo S. Deprotection of S-Acetamidomethyl and 1,3-Thiazolidine-4-Carbonyl Protecting Groups from Cysteine Side Chains in Peptides by trans-[PtX 2(CN) 4] 2-: One-Pot Regioselective Synthesis of Disulfide Bonds. J Org Chem 2022; 87:1470-1476. [PMID: 34985274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed an efficient approach for disulfide bond formation in peptides utilizing the Pt(IV) complex trans-[PtBr2(CN)4]2- to mediate Acm and Thz deprotections. [PtBr2(CN)4]2- can oxidatively deprotect two Acm groups or deprotect one Thz group and one Acm group to directly form an intramolecular disulfide bond in peptides. Several disulfide-containing peptides with excellent yields were achieved via the deprotection method in an aqueous medium under aerobic conditions. Kinetic studies indicated that the dominant path of the reaction is of first-order in both [Pt(IV)] and [peptide]; moreover, the deprotection rate increased dramatically with the addition of NaBr. A mechanism including a bromide-bridge-mediated electron transfer process was proposed. Apamin, α-conotoxin SI, and the parallel homodimer of oxytocin, all containing two disulfide bonds, were synthesized regioselectively through a one-pot method by the combined use of the above deprotection approach with oxidants l-methionine selenoxide and [PtBr2(CN)4]2-. All of the reactions were completed within 30 min to afford good yields for these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Shigang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Hua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yafang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Changying Song
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Tiesheng Shi
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Huo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
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19
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Chakraborty A, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. Chemoselective Disulfide Formation by Thiol-Disulfide Interchange in SIT-Protected Cysteinyl Peptides. J Org Chem 2021; 87:708-712. [PMID: 34910477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective disulfide formation is accomplished through a thiol-disulfide interchange approach using sec-isoamyl mercaptan (SIT) as an alkyl sulfenyl-protecting group of one of the Cys residues involved in the pairing. SIT has a dual and unique characteristic, acting as a masking group during the synthesis and directing disulfide formation in the presence of a free thiol. This novel approach is illustrated by the synthesis of several peptides of biological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Chakraborty
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.,Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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20
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Borrego J, Feher A, Jost N, Panyi G, Varga Z, Papp F. Peptide Inhibitors of Kv1.5: An Option for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1303. [PMID: 34959701 PMCID: PMC8704205 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human voltage gated potassium channel Kv1.5 that conducts the IKur current is a key determinant of the atrial action potential. Its mutations have been linked to hereditary forms of atrial fibrillation (AF), and the channel is an attractive target for the management of AF. The development of IKur blockers to treat AF resulted in small molecule Kv1.5 inhibitors. The selectivity of the blocker for the target channel plays an important role in the potential therapeutic application of the drug candidate: the higher the selectivity, the lower the risk of side effects. In this respect, small molecule inhibitors of Kv1.5 are compromised due to their limited selectivity. A wide range of peptide toxins from venomous animals are targeting ion channels, including mammalian channels. These peptides usually have a much larger interacting surface with the ion channel compared to small molecule inhibitors and thus, generally confer higher selectivity to the peptide blockers. We found two peptides in the literature, which inhibited IKur: Ts6 and Osu1. Their affinity and selectivity for Kv1.5 can be improved by rational drug design in which their amino acid sequences could be modified in a targeted way guided by in silico docking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Borrego
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (J.B.); (A.F.); (G.P.); (Z.V.)
| | - Adam Feher
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (J.B.); (A.F.); (G.P.); (Z.V.)
| | - Norbert Jost
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (J.B.); (A.F.); (G.P.); (Z.V.)
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (J.B.); (A.F.); (G.P.); (Z.V.)
| | - Ferenc Papp
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (J.B.); (A.F.); (G.P.); (Z.V.)
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21
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Laps S, Atamleh F, Kamnesky G, Uzi S, Meijler MM, Brik A. Insight on the Order of Regioselective Ultrafast Formation of Disulfide Bonds in (Antimicrobial) Peptides and Miniproteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24137-24143. [PMID: 34524726 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide-rich peptides and proteins are among the most fascinating bioactive molecules. The difficulties associated with the preparation of these targets have prompted the development of various chemical strategies. Nevertheless, the production of these targets remains very challenging or elusive. Recently, we introduced a strategy for one-pot disulfide bond formation, tackling most of the previous limitations. However, the effect of the order of oxidation remained an underexplored issue. Herein we report on the complete synthetic flexibility of the approach with respect to the order of oxidation of three disulfide bonds in targets that lack the knot motif. In contrast, our study reveals an essential order of disulfide bond formation in the EETI-II knotted miniprotein. This synthetic strategy was applied for the synthesis of novel analogues of the plectasin antimicrobial peptide with enhanced activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a notorious human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Laps
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Fatima Atamleh
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Guy Kamnesky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Shaked Uzi
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Michael M Meijler
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
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22
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Laps S, Atamleh F, Kamnesky G, Uzi S, Meijler MM, Brik A. Insight on the Order of Regioselective Ultrafast Formation of Disulfide Bonds in (Antimicrobial) Peptides and Miniproteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shay Laps
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Fatima Atamleh
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Guy Kamnesky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Shaked Uzi
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be'er Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Michael M. Meijler
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be'er Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
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23
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Spears RJ, McMahon C, Chudasama V. Cysteine protecting groups: applications in peptide and protein science. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11098-11155. [PMID: 34605832 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00271f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protecting group chemistry for the cysteine thiol group has enabled a vast array of peptide and protein chemistry over the last several decades. Increasingly sophisticated strategies for the protection, and subsequent deprotection, of cysteine have been developed, facilitating synthesis of complex disulfide-rich peptides, semisynthesis of proteins, and peptide/protein labelling in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we analyse and discuss the 60+ individual protecting groups reported for cysteine, highlighting their applications in peptide synthesis and protein science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clíona McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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24
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Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis of Oxytocin and Analogues. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2384:175-199. [PMID: 34550575 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1759-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Solid phase peptide synthesis is the most commonly used method for the production of peptides. In this chapter, we outline the standard operating procedures used in our laboratory to efficiently access oxytocin-like peptides. This includes detailed descriptions of equipment setup, reagent selection, peptide assembly on solid support, peptide side chain deprotection and cleavage from the solid support, oxidative folding, purification, and analysis.
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25
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Guiding the Immune Response to a Conserved Epitope in MSP2, an Intrinsically Disordered Malaria Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080855. [PMID: 34451980 PMCID: PMC8402609 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The malaria vaccine candidate merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2) has shown promise in clinical trials and is in part responsible for a reduction in parasite densities. However, strain-specific reductions in parasitaemia suggested that polymorphic regions of MSP2 are immuno-dominant. One strategy to bypass the hurdle of strain-specificity is to bias the immune response towards the conserved regions. Two mouse monoclonal antibodies, 4D11 and 9H4, recognise the conserved C-terminal region of MSP2. Although they bind overlapping epitopes, 4D11 reacts more strongly with native MSP2, suggesting that its epitope is more accessible on the parasite surface. In this study, a structure-based vaccine design approach was applied to the intrinsically disordered antigen, MSP2, using a crystal structure of 4D11 Fv in complex with its minimal binding epitope. Molecular dynamics simulations and surface plasmon resonance informed the design of a series of constrained peptides that mimicked the 4D11-bound epitope structure. These peptides were conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and used to immunise mice, with high to moderate antibody titres being generated in all groups. The specificities of antibody responses revealed that a single point mutation can focus the antibody response towards a more favourable epitope. This structure-based approach to peptide vaccine design may be useful not only for MSP2-based malaria vaccines, but also for other intrinsically disordered antigens.
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Abstract
A growing theme in chemistry is the joining of multiple organic molecular building blocks to create functional molecules. Diverse derivatizable structures—here termed “scaffolds” comprised of “hubs”—provide the foundation for systematic covalent organization of a rich variety of building blocks. This review encompasses 30 tri- or tetra-armed molecular hubs (e.g., triazine, lysine, arenes, dyes) that are used directly or in combination to give linear, cyclic, or branched scaffolds. Each scaffold is categorized by graph theory into one of 31 trees to express the molecular connectivity and overall architecture. Rational chemistry with exacting numbers of derivatizable sites is emphasized. The incorporation of water-solubilization motifs, robust or self-immolative linkers, enzymatically cleavable groups and functional appendages affords immense (and often late-stage) diversification of the scaffolds. Altogether, 107 target molecules are reviewed along with 19 syntheses to illustrate the distinctive chemistries for creating and derivatizing scaffolds. The review covers the history of the field up through 2020, briefly touching on statistically derivatized carriers employed in immunology as counterpoints to the rationally assembled and derivatized scaffolds here, although most citations are from the past two decades. The scaffolds are used widely in fields ranging from pure chemistry to artificial photosynthesis and biomedical sciences.
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27
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Hayes HC, Luk LYP, Tsai YH. Approaches for peptide and protein cyclisation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3983-4001. [PMID: 33978044 PMCID: PMC8114279 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00411e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cyclisation of polypeptides can play a crucial role in exerting biological functions, maintaining stability under harsh conditions and conferring proteolytic resistance, as demonstrated both in nature and in the laboratory. To date, various approaches have been reported for polypeptide cyclisation. These approaches range from the direct linkage of N- and C- termini to the connection of amino acid side chains, which can be applied both in reaction vessels and in living systems. In this review, we categorise the cyclisation approaches into chemical methods (e.g. direct backbone cyclisation, native chemical ligation, aldehyde-based ligations, bioorthogonal reactions, disulphide formation), enzymatic methods (e.g. subtiligase variants, sortases, asparaginyl endopeptidases, transglutaminases, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases) and protein tags (e.g. inteins, engineered protein domains for isopeptide bond formation). The features of each approach and the considerations for selecting an appropriate method of cyclisation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Hayes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK and Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK and Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
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28
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Sun J, Song C, Ma D, Shen S, Huo S. Expanding the Toolbox for Peptide Disulfide Bond Formation via l-Methionine Selenoxide Oxidation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4035-4044. [PMID: 33620221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, l-methionine selenoxide (MetSeO) was used as an oxidant for the construction of peptide disulfide bonds. Excellent yields for various disulfide-containing peptides were achieved via the MetSeO oxidation method in different solvents and on a resin. Most importantly, the construction of disulfide bonds can be performed in the trifluoroacetic acid cocktail used for the cleavage of peptides from the resin, which obviates the steps of peptide purification and lyophilization. This facilitates and simplifies the synthesis of disulfide-containing peptides. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the reaction between MetSeO and dithiothreitol (DTT, a model compound of dicysteine-containing peptide) show that the reaction is first order in both [MetSeO] and [DTT], and a reaction mechanism is proposed that can help us gain insights into the reaction of the oxidative synthesis of disulfide bonds via MetSeO oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Changying Song
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Dongying Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Shigang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Huo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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Formation of peptide disulfide bonds through a trans-dibromido-Pt(IV) complex oxidation reaction: Kinetic and mechanistic analyses. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Kobayashi K, Taguchi A, Cui Y, Shida H, Muguruma K, Takayama K, Taniguchi A, Hayashi Y. “On‐Resin” Disulfide Peptide Synthesis with Methyl 3‐Nitro‐2‐pyridinesulfenate. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Hayate Shida
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Kyohei Muguruma
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Taniguchi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
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31
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Winkler DFH. Automated Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2103:59-94. [PMID: 31879919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0227-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of solid-phase peptide synthesis by Bruce Merrifield paved the way for a synthesis carried out by machines. Automated peptide synthesis is a fast and convenient way of synthesizing many peptides simultaneously. This chapter tries to give a general guidance for the development of synthesis protocols for the peptide synthesizer. It also provides some suggestions for the modification of the synthesized peptides. Additionally, many examples of possible challenges during and after the synthesis are given in order to support the reader in finding the best synthesis strategy. Numerous references are given to many of the described matters.
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Yang S, Wang T, Zhou Y, Shi L, Lu A, Wang Z. Discovery of Cysteine and Its Derivatives as Novel Antiviral and Antifungal Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:E383. [PMID: 33450940 PMCID: PMC7828423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the structure of the natural product cysteine, a series of thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids were designed and synthesized. All target compounds bearing thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS techniques. The antiviral and antifungal activities of cysteine and its derivatives were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results of anti-TMV activity revealed that all compounds exhibited moderate to excellent activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) at the concentration of 500 μg/mL. The compounds cysteine (1), 3-4, 7, 10, 13, 20, 23, and 24 displayed higher anti-TMV activities than the commercial plant virucide ribavirin (inhibitory rate: 40, 40, and 38% at 500 μg/mL for inactivation, curative, and protection activity in vivo, respectively), especially compound 3 (inhibitory rate: 51%, 47%, and 49% at 500 μg/mL for inactivation, curative, and protection activity in vivo, respectively) with excellent antiviral activity emerged as a new antiviral candidate. Antiviral mechanism research by TEM exhibited that compound 3 could inhibit virus assembly by aggregated the 20S protein disk. Molecular docking results revealed that compound 3 with higher antiviral activities than that of compound 24 did show stronger interaction with TMV CP. Further fungicidal activity tests against 14 kinds of phytopathogenic fungi revealed that these cysteine derivatives displayed broad-spectrum fungicidal activities. Compound 16 exhibited higher antifungal activities against Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Alternaria solani than commercial fungicides carbendazim and chlorothalonil, which emerged as a new candidate for fungicidal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (S.Y.); (T.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Tienan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (S.Y.); (T.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Yanan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (S.Y.); (T.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Li Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (S.Y.); (T.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Aidang Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (S.Y.); (T.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
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Chakraborty A, Sharma A, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. Disulfide-Based Protecting Groups for the Cysteine Side Chain. Org Lett 2020; 22:9644-9647. [PMID: 33232171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two new disulfide-based protecting groups (SIT and MOT) are proposed for Cys thiol in the substitution of StBu, which is often difficult to remove. Both groups are based on a secondary thiol with a branched point in the β-position for an efficient modulation of its lability and/or stability. This unique structure allows them to be fully compatible with Fmoc/tBu SPPS. At the end of the synthesis, these groups are removed in a straightforward manner with dithiothreitol with some H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Chakraborty
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Anamika Sharma
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.,KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.,Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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34
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Pineda-Castañeda HM, Insuasty-Cepeda DS, Niño-Ramírez VA, Curtidor H, Rivera-Monroy ZJ. Designing Short Peptides: A Sisyphean Task? CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200910094034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, short peptides have become a powerful tool in basic and
applied research, with different uses like diagnostic, antimicrobial peptides, human health
promoters or bioactive peptides, therapeutic treatments, templates for peptidomimetic design,
and peptide-based vaccines. In this endeavor, different approaches and technologies
have been explored, such as bioinformatics, large-scale peptide synthesis, omics sciences,
structure-activity relationship studies, and a biophysical approach, among others, seeking to
obtain the shortest sequence with the best activity. The advantage of short peptides lies in
their stability, ease of production, safety, and low cost. There are many strategies for designing
short peptides with biomedical and industrial applications (targeting the structure, length,
charge, or polarity) or as a starting point for improving their properties (sequence data base,
de novo sequences, templates, or organic scaffolds). In peptide design, it is necessary to keep in mind factors
such as the application (peptidomimetic, immunogen, antimicrobial, bioactive, or protein-protein interaction
inhibitor), the expected target (membrane cell, nucleus, receptor proteins, or immune system), and particular
characteristics (shorter, conformationally constrained, cycled, charged, flexible, polymerized, or pseudopeptides).
This review summarizes the different synthetic approaches and strategies used to design new peptide analogs,
highlighting the achievements, constraints, and advantages of each.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Víctor A. Niño-Ramírez
- Chemistry Department, Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Zuly J. Rivera-Monroy
- Chemistry Department, Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
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35
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Mendel HC, Kaas Q, Muttenthaler M. Neuropeptide signalling systems - An underexplored target for venom drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:114129. [PMID: 32619425 PMCID: PMC7116218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are signalling molecules mainly secreted from neurons that act as neurotransmitters or peptide hormones to affect physiological processes and modulate behaviours. In humans, neuropeptides are implicated in numerous diseases and understanding their role in physiological processes and pathologies is important for therapeutic development. Teasing apart the (patho)physiology of neuropeptides remains difficult due to ligand and receptor promiscuity and the complexity of the signalling pathways. The current approach relies on a pharmacological toolbox of agonists and antagonists displaying high selectivity for independent receptor subtypes, with the caveat that only few selective ligands have been discovered or developed. Animal venoms represent an underexplored source for novel receptor subtype-selective ligands that could aid in dissecting human neuropeptide signalling systems. Multiple endogenous-like neuropeptides as well as peptides acting on neuropeptide receptors are present in venoms. In this review, we summarise current knowledge on neuropeptides and discuss venoms as a source for ligands targeting neuropeptide signalling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Mendel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Quentin Kaas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Vienna, Austria.
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36
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Shinbara K, Liu W, van Neer RHP, Katoh T, Suga H. Methodologies for Backbone Macrocyclic Peptide Synthesis Compatible With Screening Technologies. Front Chem 2020; 8:447. [PMID: 32626683 PMCID: PMC7314982 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Backbone macrocyclic structures are often found in diverse bioactive peptides and contribute to greater conformational rigidity, peptidase resistance, and potential membrane permeability compared to their linear counterparts. Therefore, such peptide scaffolds are an attractive platform for drug-discovery endeavors. Recent advances in synthetic methods for backbone macrocyclic peptides have enabled the discovery of novel peptide drug candidates against diverse targets. Here, we overview recent technical advancements in the synthetic methods including 1) enzymatic synthesis, 2) chemical synthesis, 3) split-intein circular ligation of peptides and proteins (SICLOPPS), and 4) in vitro translation system combined with genetic code reprogramming. We also discuss screening methodologies compatible with those synthetic methodologies, such as one-beads one-compound (OBOC) screening compatible with the synthetic method 2, cell-based assay compatible with 3, limiting-dilution PCR and mRNA display compatible with 4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Yang Y, Hansen L, Badalassi F. Investigation of On-Resin Disulfide Formation for Large-Scale Manufacturing of Cyclic Peptides: A Case Study. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Chemical Development, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Kay Fiskers Plads 11, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Lena Hansen
- Chemical Development, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Kay Fiskers Plads 11, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Fabrizio Badalassi
- Chemical Development, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Kay Fiskers Plads 11, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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38
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Jannapu Reddy R, Waheed M, Rama Krishna G. Phenylboronic acid-catalyzed tandem construction of S-S and C-S bonds: a new method for the synthesis of benzyl disulfanylsulfone derivatives from S-benzyl thiosulfonates. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3243-3248. [PMID: 32285079 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00442a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A unique phenylboronic acid-catalyzed dimerization-sulfonylation of S-benzyl thiosulfonates has been disclosed. A metal-free tandem construction of S-S and C-S bonds is an operationally simple method to access a wide range of benzyl disulfanylsulfone derivatives in high to excellent yields. Moreover, the robustness of this tandem transformation has been demonstrated by gram-scale reactions, and a plausible mechanism is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Jannapu Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - Md Waheed
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - Gamidi Rama Krishna
- X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
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39
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He R, Pan J, Mayer JP, Liu F. Stepwise Construction of Disulfides in Peptides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1101-1111. [PMID: 31886929 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The disulfide bond plays an important role in biological systems. It defines global conformation, and ultimately the biological activity and stability of the peptide or protein. It is frequently present, singly or multiply, in biologically important peptide hormones and toxins. Numerous disulfide-containing peptides have been approved by the regulatory agencies as marketed drugs. Chemical synthesis is one of the prerequisite tools needed to gain deep insights into the structure-function relationships of these biomolecules. Along with the development of solid-phase peptide synthesis, a number of methods of disulfide construction have been established. This minireview will focus on the regiospecific, stepwise construction of multiple disulfides used in the chemical synthesis of peptides. We intend for this article to serve a reference for peptide chemists conducting complex peptide syntheses and also hope to stimulate the future development of disulfide methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA
| | - Jia Pan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, 20 Life Science Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Molecular, Developmental & Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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40
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Jin Z, He Q, Luo H, Pan Y, Sun C, Cai Z. The oxidation of cysteine-containing peptides caused by perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluorides. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121564. [PMID: 31757724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) is the precursor of many fluorochemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment. However, its distribution and toxicology are rarely studied. In this work, the oxidability of PFOSF was found. PFOSF can accelerate oxidation of glutathione (GSH) to its oxidized form GSSG, and itself is reduced to a sulfinic acid. The yielded sulfinic acid was prepared and identified with high resolution mass spectrometry and NMR. Similar redox reactions were observed for PFOSF's short chain alternatives. The reduction potentials of perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluorides (PFASFs) were determined to be -2.13 V vs. SCE with cyclic voltammetry, further demonstrating their oxidability. The peptide mixtures of GSH plus another cysteine-containing peptide were also oxidized by PFASFs to GSSG and an asymmetric disulfide GS-S-PEP. A single short-sequence PEP-SH could be oxidized to the symmetric disulfide PEP-S-S-PEP as the final product. In vitro experiments were carried out by adding PFASFs into rat liver S9 fractions. The turnover ratio of PFASFs were calculated to be about 4-10% by quantification of sulfinic acid with LC-MS/MS. Our work illustrates one of the potential metabolic pathways of PFASFs and demonstrates the oxidation of PEP-SHs by PFASFs, thus providing a preliminary exploration in the toxicology of these fluorochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Quan He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Haiwei Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Cuirong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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41
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Song C, Sun J, Zhao X, Huo S, Shen S. A study to develop platinum(iv) complex chemistry for peptide disulfide bond formation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1736-1741. [PMID: 31967147 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04738g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platinum(iv) complexes with a heterocyclic ligand and an ancillary ligand have been investigated and applied for treating various tumour cell lines. Another application of the Pt(iv) complexes in forming peptide disulfide bonds was investigated in this work. For development of Pt(iv) complex chemistry for disulfide bond formation in peptides, two Pt(iv) complexes, [PtCl2(phen)(en)]Cl2 and [PtCl2(bpy)(en)]Cl2, were synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, ESI-MS and NMR. Subsequently, they were investigated as oxidants for the formation of disulfide bonds in various peptides. Excellent purities and yields of disulfide-containing peptides were achieved when the reactions were carried out in aqueous solution. The reactions were completed rapidly in a wide range of pH values even in acidic medium at room temperature. An intramolecular disulfide bond was formed in each of the peptides in a solution containing two dithiol-containing peptides, making the Pt(iv) complexes useful for generating disulfide-containing peptide libraries. In addition, the two Pt(iv) complexes can be used as oxidants for the synthesis of disulfide bonds on a resin, which is a more convenient method to synthesize disulfide-containing peptides through automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Song
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, P. R. China.
| | - Jingjing Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, P. R. China.
| | - Shuying Huo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, P. R. China.
| | - Shigang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, and MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, P. R. China.
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42
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Hydrogen halide assisted formation of peptide disulfides by a platinum(IV) complex oxidation in aqueous medium, a mechanistic study. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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43
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Construction of disulfide bonds in peptides via immobilized platinum(IV) complex oxidation. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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He R, Pan J, Mayer JP, Liu F. The Chemical Methods of Disulfide Bond Formation and Their Applications to Drug Conjugates. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191202111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
The disulfide bond possesses unique chemical and biophysical properties which
distinguish it as one of the key structural elements of bioactive proteins and peptides, important
drugs and other materials. The chemo-selective synthesis of these structures and
the exploration of their function have been of longstanding interest to the chemistry community.
The past decades have witnessed significant progress in both areas. This review
will summarize the historically established and recently developed chemical methods in
disulfide bond formation. The discussion will also be extended to the use of the disulfide
linkers in small molecules, and peptide- and protein-drug conjugates. It is hoped that the
combined overview of the fundamental chemistries and applications to drug discovery
will inspire creative thinking and stimulate future novel uses of these versatile chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46241, United States
| | - Jia Pan
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, 20 Life Science Road, Beijing, China
| | - John P. Mayer
- Department of Molecular, Developmental & Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
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45
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Liu Y, Wang Q, Nie D, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y. Novel Modified GLP-1 Derivatives with Prolonged Glucose-Lowering Ability In Vivo. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Pham MV, Bergeron-Brlek M, Heinis C. Synthesis of DNA-Encoded Disulfide- and Thioether-Cyclized Peptides. Chembiochem 2019; 21:543-549. [PMID: 31381227 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded chemical library technologies enable the screening of large combinatorial libraries of chemically and structurally diverse molecules, including short cyclic peptides. A challenge in the combinatorial synthesis of cyclic peptides is the final step, the cyclization of linear peptides that typically suffers from incomplete reactions and large variability between substrates. Several efficient peptide cyclization strategies rely on the modification of thiol groups, such as the formation of disulfide or thioether bonds between cysteines. In this work, we established a strategy and reaction conditions for the efficient chemical synthesis of cyclic peptide-DNA conjugates based on linking the side chains of cysteines. We tested two different thiol-protecting groups and found that tert-butylthio (S-tBu) works best for incorporating a pair of cysteines, and we show that the DNA-linked peptides can be efficiently cyclized through disulfide and thioether bond formation. In combination with established procedures for DNA encoding, the strategy for incorporation of cysteines may be readily applied for the generation and screening of disulfide- and thioether-cyclized peptide libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh V Pham
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, CH A3 398, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Milan Bergeron-Brlek
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, CH A3 398, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, CH A3 398, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Lorenzon EN, Piccoli JP, Santos-Filho NA, Cilli EM. Dimerization of Antimicrobial Peptides: A Promising Strategy to Enhance Antimicrobial Peptide Activity. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:98-107. [PMID: 30605048 PMCID: PMC6416459 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190102125304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global health problem with strong social and economic impacts. The development of new antimicrobial agents is considered an urgent challenge. In this regard, Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) appear to be novel candidates to overcome this problem. The mechanism of action of AMPs involves intracellular targets and membrane disruption. Although the exact mechanism of action of AMPs remains controversial, most AMPs act through membrane disruption of the target cell. Several strategies have been used to improve AMP activity, such as peptide dimerization. In this review, we focus on AMP dimerization, showing many examples of dimerized peptides and their effects on biological activity. Although more studies are necessary to elucidate the relationship between peptide properties and the dimerization effect on antimicrobial activity, dimerization constitutes a promising strategy to improve the effectiveness of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban N Lorenzon
- Unidade Academica Especial da Saude, Universidade Federal de Jatai, Jatai-GO, Brazil
| | - Julia P Piccoli
- Instituto de Quimica, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Norival A Santos-Filho
- UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Registro, Registro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Cilli
- Instituto de Quimica, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
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48
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Kondasinghe TD, Saraha HY, Jackowski ST, Stockdill JL. Raising the Bar On-Bead: Efficient On-Resin Synthesis of α-Conotoxin LvIA. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 60:23-28. [PMID: 31564757 PMCID: PMC6764457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
α4/7-Conotoxin LvIA is an isoform-selective inhibitor of the α3β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. An efficient strategy for the synthesis of this toxin is critical to advancing its utility as a probe for receptor function and as a potential pharmaceutical lead target. On-resin methods for peptide synthesis offer potential synthetic advantages; however, strategies for on-resin formation of multiple disulfides have historically been low-yielding. Here, we harness the reactivity of the Allocam protecting group and employ 3-amino acid spacer strategy to synthesize α4/7-conotoxin LvIA via three different on-resin strategies, each of which results in an isolated yield higher than prior fully on-resin approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasina Y. Saraha
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
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49
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Solid-Phase Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of an Artificial Cyclic Peptide Containing Two Disulfide Bridges. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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50
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Schrimpf A, Brödje D, Pfefferle P, Geyer A. A set of conformationally well-defined L/D-peptide epitopes provides a serological bar code for autoantibody subtypes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201735. [PMID: 30075018 PMCID: PMC6075753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Which conformational parameters lead to an antibody-affine peptide antigen? And in how many different conformations can we actually present the respective conformational epitope? To provide answers from a chemical point of view, we direct the bending and tethering of peptide backbones by the utilisation of a hydrophobic cluster, disulfides, and d-amino acids. Each mutation is employed pairwise on directly opposite sides of a β-hairpin. In combination, these synthetic modules guide the formation of complementary β-sheet-like structures, whereby the oppositely configured (l/d-)bi-disulfide pairs form with high regioselectivity. The conformational properties of the peptides are assessed by NMR spectroscopy and correlated with their antibody affinity in ELISA. From a pool of thus designed peptide antigens with distinctive complementary affinities against known rheumatoid arthritis (RA) autoantibodies, we select a set of epitopes for an immunoassay with sera of RA patients. We want to put emphasis on the idea, that the different conformational properties of the chosen antigens, containing the same epitope sequence, are mirrored in the distribution of autoantibody subtypes (or of the antibody polyclonality, respectively). Such directly comparable information can only be delivered by a set of peptides, rather than a single one. The hairpin-restriction technology of l/d-configured bi-disulfide amino acid pairs is not limited to RA but applicable to other shape-persistent hairpin motifs which are supposed to identify subgroups of protein receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schrimpf
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dörte Brödje
- Department of Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Pfefferle
- Comprehensive Biomaterial Bank Marburg (CBBMR), Marburg, Germany
| | - Armin Geyer
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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