1
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Zingora T. On the spurious effect of intergroup friendship on outgroup attitudes in schools: The role of social influence and the positive impact of exposure to outgroup peers. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39291422 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Promoting intergroup friendships in schools is regarded as a powerful strategy for improving outgroup attitudes. However, stochastic actor-oriented modelling (SAOM) studies have often revealed no association between intergroup friendship and outgroup attitudes. I investigated whether SAOM studies reported no effect of intergroup friendship on outgroup attitudes, what was responsible for this surprising finding and whether exposure to outgroup peers was positively related to outgroup attitudes. The meta-analysis of SAOM studies confirms no association between intergroup friendship and outgroup attitudes. Examining longitudinal social network data of 2700 German students, I found that a positive link between intergroup friendship and outgroup attitudes appeared only when I did not control for social influence. This indicates that intergroup friendship did not automatically improve outgroup attitudes. Instead, the development of outgroup attitudes among students depended on social influence and, thus, the quality of outgroup attitudes among their outgroup friends. Exposure to outgroup peers was, however, positively associated with outgroup attitudes. These findings reframe intergroup contact theory by suggesting that intergroup friendship is not essential for improving outgroup attitudes. Rather, social influence and exposure to outgroup peers could be key factors shaping outgroup attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Zingora
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Cocco VM, Vezzali L, Stathi S, Di Bernardo GA, Dovidio JF. Mobilizing or Sedative Effects? A Narrative Review of the Association Between Intergroup Contact and Collective Action Among Advantaged and Disadvantaged Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:119-180. [PMID: 37864514 PMCID: PMC11010580 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231203141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT In this narrative review, we examined 134 studies of the relationship between intergroup contact and collective action benefiting disadvantaged groups. We aimed to identify whether, when, and why contact has mobilizing effects (promoting collective action) or sedative effects (inhibiting collective action). For both moderators and mediators, factors associated with the intergroup situation (compared with those associated with the out-group or the in-group) emerged as the most important. Group status had important effects. For members of socially advantaged groups (examined in 98 studies, 100 samples), contact had a general mobilizing effect, which was stronger when contact increased awareness of experiences of injustice among members of disadvantaged groups. For members of disadvantaged groups (examined in 49 studies, 58 samples), contact had mixed effects. Contact that increased awareness of injustice mobilized collection action; contact that made the legitimacy of group hierarchy or threat of retaliation more salient produced sedative effects. PUBLIC ABSTRACT We present a review of existing studies that have investigated the relationship between intergroup contact and collective action aimed at promoting equity for disadvantaged groups. We further consider the influence of contact that is positive or negative and face-to-face or indirect (e.g., through mass or social media), and we distinguish between collective action that involves socially acceptable behaviors or is destructive and violent. We identified 134 studies, considering both advantaged (100 samples) and disadvantaged groups (58 samples). We found that intergroup contact impacts collective action differently depending on group status. Contact generally leads advantaged groups to mobilize in favor of disadvantaged groups. However, contact has variable effects on members of disadvantaged groups: It sometimes promotes their collective action in support of their own group; in other cases, it leads them to be less likely to engage in such action. We examine when and why contact can have these different effects.
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3
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Sahab S, Haqbeen J, Hadfi R, Ito T, Imade RE, Ohnuma S, Hasegawa T. E-contact facilitated by conversational agents reduces interethnic prejudice and anxiety in Afghanistan. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 2:22. [PMID: 39242893 PMCID: PMC11332027 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Intergroup contact occurring through indirect means such as the internet has the potential to improve intergroup relationships and may be especially beneficial in high conflict situations. Here we conducted a three-timepoint online experiment to ascertain whether the use of a conversational agent in E-contact platforms could mitigate interethnic prejudices and hostility among Afghanistan's historically segregated and persistently conflictual ethnic groups. 128 Afghans of Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara backgrounds were assigned to one of four E-contact conditions (control with no conversational agent and three experimental groups that varied in the conversational agent settings). Participants in the experimental conditions contributed more ideas and longer opinions and showed a greater reduction in outgroup prejudice and anxiety than those in the control group. These findings demonstrate that E-contact facilitated by a conversational agent can improve intergroup attitudes even in contexts characterized by a long history of intergroup segregation and conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sahab
- Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Jawad Haqbeen
- Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rafik Hadfi
- Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ito
- Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Richard Eke Imade
- Department of International Cooperation Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohnuma
- Department of Behavioral Science / Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Hasegawa
- Department of Computer Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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4
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Bond J, Dixon J, Tredoux C, Andreouli E. The contact hypothesis and the virtual revolution: Does face-to-face interaction remain central to improving intergroup relations? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292831. [PMID: 38064455 PMCID: PMC10707701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the contact hypothesis has traditionally prioritized the role of positive, direct, face-to-face interactions in shaping intergroup prejudices, but it has recently expanded to study indirect vicarious, negative, and online contact experiences. In the majority of studies though, there has been little direct comparison of the relationship between these different forms of contact and prejudice. The present research set out to compare the amount and effects of negative, online, and vicarious contact in the context of positive, face-to-face and direct contact in two studies. Study 1 comprised a national cross-sectional survey of relations between White and Black UK residents (n = 1014), and Study 2 comprised a national longitudinal survey of relations between Catholic and Protestant residents of Northern Ireland (n = 1030). The results of both studies indicated that positive face-to-face contact occurred more frequently and had a comparatively stronger relationship with prejudice than other forms of contact. However, they also indicated the effects of online, negative and vicarious forms of contact existed independently of those of direct, positive face-to-face contact. Moreover, online negative contact generally had a stronger relationship to prejudice than negative contact experienced face-to-face. Exploratory mediation analyses suggested the affective pathways from contact to prejudice may vary for different forms of contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Bond
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - John Dixon
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Tredoux
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eleni Andreouli
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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Bagci SC, Yalcin FT, Turnuklu A, Vezzali L, Tercan M, Yilmaz AD. Looking for your cross-group friends after the breakout? Children's intergroup contact behaviours before and after the onset of COVID-19. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:1036-1055. [PMID: 36515077 PMCID: PMC9877674 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While COVID-19 implications for prejudice have been investigated among adults in previous research, children's intergroup reactions to the pandemic and specifically how native children's contact behaviours with refugees might have changed after the pandemic has not been examined yet. Drawing on a unique longitudinal school dataset (N = 861, 5th graders, Mage reported at T1 = 10.38, SD = 0.68) collected before the onset of the pandemic (T1, pre-lockdown), after the onset of the pandemic (T2, post-lockdown), and 6 months after the post-lockdown (T3, follow-up) in Turkey, we examined how children's contact behaviour (positive and negative contact), contact motivation (self-efficacy and volition), as well as behavioural tendencies (approach and avoidance) have shifted during this period (2.5 years). We observed a consistent pattern of improvement in contact behaviours demonstrated by increases in positive contact variables and decreases in negative contact variables particularly from T1 to T2. The change in some positive contact variables was stable for 6 months, while negative contact and avoidance rapidly regressed to the baseline during the normalization period (T3). The boosting effect of the pandemic was particularly pronounced among children who displayed greater prejudice towards refugees before the pandemic. Findings contribute to the growing research literature delineating the potential benefits of COVID-19 at the collective level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Loris Vezzali
- Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
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Valsecchi G, Berent J, Borinca I, Green EGT, Falomir-Pichastor JM. Inclusive social norms and nationals’ positive intergroup orientations toward refugees: The moderating role of initial prejudice and intergroup contact. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302231156399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on the interplay between inclusive norms and intergroup contact on improving intergroup orientations has yielded conflicting results, suggesting either that an experience of personal contact is necessary to have a positive effect of inclusive norms or that such personal experience is not always necessary. To clarify this issue, across four studies ( N = 835), we investigated the influence of inclusive norms on positive intergroup orientations as a function of personal experiences of intergroup contact. Study 1 demonstrated that inclusive norms are more strongly correlated with experiences of personal contact with outgroups with whom opportunities of contact are more (i.e., immigrants) than less (i.e., refugees) frequent. Study 2 provided experimental evidence for this finding showing that inclusive norms increase prejudiced nationals’ willingness to engage in future contact with immigrants but not with refugees, suggesting that conformity to inclusive norms depends on varying contact opportunities with the outgroups. Studies 3 and 4 confirmed that prejudiced nationals conformed to inclusive norms specifically when experienced positive contact with a refugee (experimentally induced with the imagined contact paradigm), compared with no contact (Study 3) or negative contact (Study 4). We discuss the implications of these findings for research on intergroup contact, social influence, and intergroup relations.
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Husnu S, Paolini S, Berrigan A. Freely-chosen positive intergroup imagery causes improved outgroup emotions and encourages increased contact seeking immediately and at follow-up. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221147000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
In two ethnic contexts, we focus on volitional imagined contact as a potential method to increase individuals’ readiness to voluntarily initiate intergroup contact and engage in responses with implications for reconciliation. In Study 1, we used a quasi-experimental design to determine the causal role of volitional (vs. non-volitional) valenced imagined contact with a refugee on downstream processes. Irrespective of volition, positive visualizations led to more positive outgroup emotions, action tendencies, and contact seeking; however, manipulated volition amplified the differential impact of valenced contact on outgroup emotions: negative contact was more detrimental when freely chosen, than forced, whereas positive contact was equally beneficial irrespective of volition. Study 2 investigated factors driving individuals’ choices for positive (vs. negative) imagined contact in conflict-laden Cyprus and assessed immediate and longer-term consequences of such choices for interethnic contact seeking. In both studies, participants chose to engage in imagined contact of a valence that aligned with their prior contact histories consistent with an evaluative fit mechanism. Volitional valenced imagery predicted participants’ active and self-initiated contact seeking immediately and after a 2-week period. Hence, volitional intergroup imagery as a “mental contact script” prepares individuals for actual intergroup contact and behaviors with implications for intergroup reconciliation and cohesion.
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8
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Karataş S, Rubini M, Prati F, Schwartz SJ, Crocetti E. Intergroup contact in multiple adolescents' contexts: The Intergroup Contact Interactions Scale (ICIS). Front Psychol 2023; 13:1066146. [PMID: 36710806 PMCID: PMC9875736 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1066146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present contribution, we aimed to test the psychometric properties of the Intergroup Contact Interactions Scale (ICIS). The ICIS is a tool that can easily be administered to assess ethnic minority and majority adolescents' positive and negative intergroup contact in both school and out-of-school contexts. Study I included 169 adolescents in Italy (40.2% ethnic minority adolescents; 51.5% female; M age = 14.41) and provided initial support for the two-factor structure (i.e., positive and negative contact) of the ICIS in both school and out-of-school contexts. Study II, conducted with a sample of 1,037 adolescents in Italy (26.5% ethnic minority adolescents; 59.7% female; M age = 14.58), indicated that the fit of the two-factor ICIS structure was excellent for both school and out-of-school contexts. Measurement invariance across ethnic minority and majority adolescents was also established. Convergent validity was also ascertained by highlighting meaningful associations of adolescents' positive and negative contact with the quantity of contact as well as with their perceptions regarding parents' positive and negative contact with outgroup members. Study III, involving a sample of 641 adolescents in Turkey (32.9% ethnic minority adolescents; 69.6% female; M age = 15.51), supported the two-factor structure, as well as convergent validity, of the ICIS in both contexts. Measurement invariance across ethnic groups was also established. Overall, these studies suggest that the ICIS is a reliable measure for studying positive and negative intergroup contact among ethnic minority and majority adolescents across school and out-of-school contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savaş Karataş
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,*Correspondence: Savaş Karataş, ✉
| | - Monica Rubini
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Prati
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Seth J. Schwartz
- Departments of Kinesiology, Health Education, and Educational Psychology, College of Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Elisabetta Crocetti
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Stanojevic A, Akkerman A, Manevska K. Be Careful How You Treat Your Coworkers: The Reciprocal Relationship between Ethnic Outgroup Coworkers’ Reactions to Voice and Ethnic Majority Employees’ Attitudes regarding Immigrant Entitlements. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2022.2147433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Zingora T, Birtel MD, Graf S, Hrebickova M, Lacko D, Rupar M, Tocik J, Voca S. Change in anti‐COVID‐19 behaviour and anti‐immigrant prejudice during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Longitudinal evidence from five European countries. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Zingora
- Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia Brno Czech Republic
| | - Michèle D. Birtel
- Institute for Lifecourse Development University of Greenwich London UK
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Psychology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Martina Hrebickova
- Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia Brno Czech Republic
| | - David Lacko
- Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia Brno Czech Republic
| | - Mirjana Rupar
- Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Jaroslav Tocik
- Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia Brno Czech Republic
| | - Shpend Voca
- Faculty of Psychology AAB College Prishtina Kosovo
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11
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O'Donnell AW, Paolini S, Stuart J. Distinct trajectories of psychological distress among resettled refugees: Community acceptance predicts resilience while low ingroup social support predicts clinical distress. Transcult Psychiatry 2022; 60:26-38. [PMID: 35671154 DOI: 10.1177/13634615221098309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Refugees can experience elevated levels of psychological distress upon resettlement, although disparate outcomes over time are expected. The current study modeled trajectories of changes in distress over a 5-year period among resettled refugees and sought to explicate post-settlement factors that influence distress over time. A large-scale sample of refugees resettled in Australia (2,399) was tracked over a 5-year period, completing measures of psychological distress at each wave and initial risk and protective factors immediately after resettlement. A latent class growth analysis conducted on distress found four unique classes characterized by (1) resilient levels of distress, (2) consistent clinical distress, (3) recovering levels of distress, and (4) deteriorating distress. Lower perceived discrimination and greater positive context of reception predicted membership to the resilient group and differentiated the recovering and deteriorating groups. Further, lower ingroup social support predicted membership to the clinically distressed group relative to all others. We conclude by echoing calls to strengthen community support for refugees and promote ingroup ties, particularly among those who are the most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Paolini
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jaimee Stuart
- School of Applied Psychology, 5723Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Australia
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12
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Tropp LR, White F, Rucinski CL, Tredoux C. Intergroup Contact and Prejudice Reduction: Prospects and Challenges in Changing Youth Attitudes. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10892680211046517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intergroup contact has long been lauded as a key intervention to reduce prejudice and improve intergroup attitudes among youth. In this review, we summarize classic perspectives and new developments in the intergroup contact literature, highlighting both prospects and challenges associated with achieving desired youth outcomes through contact. First, we review literature showing how positive intergroup outcomes can be facilitated through cultivating optimal conditions for contact, as well as by attending to youth’s emotional responses to contact. We then discuss how desired contact outcomes may be inhibited by limited understanding of ways in which contact strategies may affect youth across developmental stages, as well as by limited focus on societal inequalities and intergroup conflict, which require examination of outcomes beyond prejudice reduction. We also review growing bodies of research on indirect contact strategies—such as extended contact, vicarious contact, and online contact—showing many options that can be used to promote positive relations among youth from diverse backgrounds, beyond the contact literature’s traditional focus on face-to-face interaction. We conclude this review by acknowledging how understanding both prospects and challenges associated with implementing contact strategies can enhance our capacity to prepare youth to embrace group differences and build more inclusive societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R. Tropp
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Fiona White
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina L. Rucinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Colin Tredoux
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
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Murray AJ, Durrheim K, Dixon J. Everyday dehumanization: Negative contact, humiliation, and the lived experience of being treated as ‘less than human’. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 61:1050-1066. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jo Murray
- University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Kevin Durrheim
- University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
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Uluboy Z, Husnu S. Turkish Speaking Young Adults Attitudes Toward Transgender Individuals: Transphobia, Homophobia and Gender Ideology. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2022; 69:101-119. [PMID: 32875957 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2020.1813510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is wide research investigating negative attitudes and behaviors toward gays and lesbians within Western societies. However, only a small amount of studies have addressed attitudes toward transgender individuals, particularly in non-Western societies with younger populations. This study, therefore, aimed to examine the predictors of transphobic attitudes in north Cyprus using young adults. Participants were 148 (96 women, 51 men) Turkish speaking young adults, aged between 18 and 25 years (M = 20.29, SD = 2.38). Participants completed a questionnaire package containing measures of intergroup contact, ambivalent sexism, social dominance orientation, homophobic feelings and attitudes, and transphobia. As expected, results showed that intergroup contact, hostile sexism, and homophobia predicted transphobic attitudes. Implications to ameliorate discriminatory attitudes toward transgender individuals in non-Western cultures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliha Uluboy
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Cyprus
| | - Shenel Husnu
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Cyprus
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Handley G, Kubota JT, Li T, Cloutier J. Impact of interracial contact on inferring mental states from facial expressions. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202137. [PMID: 34295514 PMCID: PMC8292755 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although decades of research have shown that intergroup contact critically impacts person perception and evaluation, little is known about how contact shapes the ability to infer others' mental states from facial cues (commonly referred to as mentalizing). In a pair of studies, we demonstrated that interracial contact and motivation to attend to faces jointly influence White perceivers' ability to infer mental states based on facial expressions displaying secondary emotions from both White targets alone (study 1) and White and Black targets (study 2; pre-registered). Consistent with previous work on the effect of motivation and interracial contact on other-race face memory, we found that motivation and interracial contact interacted to shape perceivers' accuracy at inferring mental states from secondary emotions. When motivated to attend to the task, high-contact White perceivers were more accurate at inferring both Black and White targets' mental states; unexpectedly, the opposite was true for low-contact perceivers. Importantly, the target race did not interact with interracial contact, suggesting that contact is associated with general changes in mentalizing irrespective of target race. These findings expand the theoretical understanding and implications of contact for fundamental social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Handley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, DE, USA
| | - Jennifer T. Kubota
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, DE, USA
- Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Delaware, DE, USA
| | - Tianyi Li
- College of Business Administration, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jasmin Cloutier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, DE, USA
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Santi Amantini L. Populist Anti-immigrant Sentiments Taken Seriously: A Realistic Approach. RES PUBLICA (LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND) 2021; 28:103-123. [PMID: 34075296 PMCID: PMC8152709 DOI: 10.1007/s11158-021-09516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This essay argues that the illiberal anti-immigrant sentiments which lie behind the success of populist right-wing parties deserve the attention of political theorists working on the ethics of migration, even though such sentiments exceed the boundaries of admissible disagreement on justice in migration. Firstly, populist anti-immigrant sentiments hinder the implementation of liberal democratic immigration policies and thus they represent a feasibility constraint for any liberal ethics of migration, not only the most cosmopolitan ones. Secondly, there are legitimacy reasons why such views should be neither merely dismissed nor simply contained, since they are voiced by populist political parties which are admitted in the electoral competition and even participate in governments. The main upshot of this discussion is a methodological one: the article argues that, since political theory should deal with the feasibility and legitimacy issues raised by populist anti-immigrant sentiments, a realistic approach is needed. The last section shows that such a methodological change offers the opportunity to extend the scope of normative theorising. In particular, it illustrates how a realistic approach encourages theorists to focus on local-level policies, as well as to devote attention to non-governmental actors and to their role in tackling citizens' hostility towards immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santi Amantini
- Department of Classics, Philosophy and History (DAFIST), University of Genoa (Università Degli Studi Di Genova), Via Balbi 30, 16126 Genoa, Italy
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Earle M, Hoffarth MR, Prusaczyk E, MacInnis C, Hodson G. A multilevel analysis of LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) rights support across 77 countries: The role of contact and country laws. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 60:851-869. [PMID: 33372304 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although intergroup contact reduces prejudice generally, there are growing calls to examine contextual factors in conjunction with contact. Such an approach benefits from more sophisticated analytic approaches, such as multilevel modelling, that take both the individual (Level-1) and their environment (Level-2) into account. Using this approach, we go beyond attitudes to assess both individual and contextual predictors of support for gay/lesbian and transgender rights. Using a sample of participants across 77 countries, results revealed that personal gay/lesbian contact (Level-1) and living in a country with more gay/lesbian rights (Level-2) predicted greater support for gay/lesbian rights (n = 71,991). Likewise, transgender contact and living in a country with more transgender rights predicted more support for transgender rights (n = 70,056). Cross-level interactions are also presented and discussed. Overall, findings highlight the importance of both individual and contextual factors in predicting support for LGBT communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Earle
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elvira Prusaczyk
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cara MacInnis
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gordon Hodson
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Prati F, Moscatelli S, Hewstone M, Rubini M. The effects of recalling positive and negative contacts on linguistic discrimination towards migrant people. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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The Intergenerational Reproduction of Multiethnic Residential Integration. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Turner RN, Hodson G, Dhont K. The role of individual differences in understanding and enhancing intergroup contact. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon Hodson
- Department of Psychology, Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Kristof Dhont
- School of Psychology, University of Kent Canterbury UK
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21
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Lissitsa S, Kushnirovich N. Is negative the new positive? Secondary transfer effect of exposure to LGBT portrayals in TV entertainment programs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nonna Kushnirovich
- Department of Economics and Management Ruppin Academic Center Emek Hefer Israel
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Stathi S, Guerra R, Di Bernardo GA, Vezzali L. Spontaneous imagined contact and intergroup relations: Quality matters. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Stathi
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling University of Greenwich London UK
| | - Rita Guerra
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE‐IUL) Lisboa Portugal
| | | | - Loris Vezzali
- Department of Education and Humanities University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
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Yucel D, Psaltis C. Intergroup contact and willingness for renewed cohabitation in Cyprus: Exploring the mediating and moderating mechanisms. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219845053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in divided societies is finding ways to overcome geographical partition by increasing readiness for cohabitation in mixed areas. Cyprus has faced a protracted situation of division (between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots) for the last 44 years. In this paper, we explore the role of intergroup contact (both quantity and quality of contact) in enhancing the willingness of members of these two communities to reestablish cohabitation, using representative survey samples from both communities. We hypothesize that such an effect is mediated by a decrease in the levels of prejudice between the two communities and an increase in the levels of trust. In addition, we hypothesize that the direct effect of intergroup contact and the indirect effect of intergroup contact through trust and prejudice are both moderated by age. To explore these hypotheses, we collected data from a representative sample of 502 Greek Cypriots and 504 Turkish Cypriots. The hypotheses are tested among the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot samples separately. In both samples, the results show that the positive effect of intergroup contact on willingness for renewed cohabitation is mediated by both trust and prejudice. There is also some support for the moderating effect of age for both the direct and indirect effects of intergroup contact.
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24
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Wang C, Huang F, Vezzali L. A test of positive and negative extended intergroup contact in a Chinese minority with perceived group norms and intergroup anxiety as mediators. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Psychology Central Normal University of China
| | - Loris Vezzali
- Department of Education and Human Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
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25
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Fuochi G, Voci A, Veneziani CA, Boin J, Fell B, Hewstone M. Is negative mass media news always associated with outgroup prejudice? The buffering role of direct contact. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219837347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association of the combination of direct intergroup contact and mass media news with attitudes toward immigrants and gay people in Italy, hypothesizing that direct intergroup contact would buffer the negative association between media news and attitudes, but only when contact was intimate or positive. Measuring contact variables and attitudes toward immigrants (Study 1, N = 428; Study 2, N = 426) and gay men and women (Study 3, N = 220), we found that intimate and positive direct intergroup contact was associated with more positive attitudes toward outgroup members, whereas exposure to negative news was related to more negative attitudes. Moreover, our results supported the buffering hypothesis, as the negative association between negative news and intergroup attitudes was significantly weaker amongst respondents with higher levels of intimate and positive intergroup contact.
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26
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Lagos R, Canessa E, Chaigneau SE. Modeling stereotypes and negative self‐stereotypes as a function of interactions among groups with power asymmetries. JOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jtsb.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Lagos
- Programa Magister en BioestadísticaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Enrique Canessa
- Center for Cognition Research (CINCO), School of PsychologyUniversidad Adolfo Ibáñez Las Condes, Santiago Chile
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversidad Adolfo Ibáñez Viña del Mar Chile
| | - Sergio E. Chaigneau
- Center for Cognition Research (CINCO), School of PsychologyUniversidad Adolfo Ibáñez Las Condes, Santiago Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of PsychologyUniversidad Adolfo Ibáñez Las Condes, Santiago Chile
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Abstract
Abstract. We investigated the role of positive and negative contact on outgroup attitudes, collective action tendencies, and psychological well-being among minority (Kurds) and majority (Turks) group members in a conflict area ( N = 527), testing ingroup identification, relative deprivation, and perceived discrimination as potential mediators in these associations. Contrary to recent research studies demonstrating the superiority of negative contact effects, positive contact was generally a stronger determinant of the dependent variables, directly and indirectly, in both groups, although negative contact also had some direct and indirect associations with the outcomes. Findings highlight the need to incorporate the role of positive and negative contact to provide a full understanding of the potential benefits/costs of the contact strategy in conflict settings.
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28
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Rupar M, Graf S. Different forms of intergroup contact with former adversary are linked to distinct reconciliatory acts through symbolic and realistic threat. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Rupar
- Department of Psychology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Psychology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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29
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Paolini S, Harwood J, Hewstone M, Neumann DL. Seeking and avoiding intergroup contact: Future frontiers of research on building social integration. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Paolini
- School of Psychology The University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Jake Harwood
- Department of Communication University of Arizona Tucson Arizona
| | - Miles Hewstone
- School of Psychology The University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - David L. Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology Griffith University Southport Queensland Australia
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30
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Brenick A, Schachner MK, Jugert P. Help or hindrance? Minority versus majority cross-ethnic friendships altering discrimination experiences. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Andrews NP, Yogeeswaran K, Walker MJ, Hewstone M. Effect of valenced vicarious online contact on out-group prejudice and perceived out-group variability: A study of online poker. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miles Hewstone
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Oxford University
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32
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Graf S, Paolini S, Rubin M. Does intimacy counteract or amplify the detrimental effects of negative intergroup contact on attitudes? GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430218767026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Past research is limited by a focus on intimacy in positive intergroup contact. This study tested whether intergroup intimacy counteracts or amplifies the detrimental effects of negative intergroup contact on outgroup attitudes. Participants from five Central European countries ( N = 1,276) described their intergroup contact with, and attitudes towards, citizens from neighboring nations. We coded the contact descriptions for presence (vs. absence) of intimacy (intimate, casual, or formal relationships) and contact valence (negative, positive, or ambivalent). The results indicated that those who reported negative contact in the context of intimate relationships displayed more positive outgroup attitudes than those who reported negative contact in the context of nonintimate relationships. This protective function of intimacy extended to instances of ambivalent contact. Our findings speak of the additive value of intimacy and positivity for intergroup relations; they underscore the benefits of intimacy as part of not only positive but also negative intergroup contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Graf
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
- University of Bern, Switzerland
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33
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Hayward LE, Tropp LR, Hornsey MJ, Barlow FK. Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Intergroup Contact: Descriptions and Mediators of Positive and Negative Contact Among Majority and Minority Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 43:347-364. [PMID: 28903695 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216685291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Positive contact predicts reduced prejudice, but negative contact may increase prejudice at a stronger rate. The current project builds on this work in four ways: establishing an understanding of contact that is grounded in subjective experience, examining the affective mediators involved in the negative contact-prejudice relationship, extending research on the effects of positive and negative contact to minority groups, and examining the contact asymmetry experimentally. Study 1 introduced anger as a mediator of the relationships between positive and negative contact and prejudice among White Americans ( N = 371), using a contact measure that reflected the frequency and intensity of a wide range of experiences. Study 2 found a contact asymmetry among Black and Hispanic Americans ( N = 365). Study 3 found initial experimental evidence of a contact asymmetry ( N = 309). We conclude by calling for a more nuanced understanding of intergroup contact that recognizes its multifaceted and subjective nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E Hayward
- 1 University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,2 The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda R Tropp
- 3 University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States
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34
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MacInnis CC, Hodson G. Extending the benefits of intergroup contact beyond attitudes: When does intergroup contact predict greater collective action support? JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jts5.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Árnadóttir K, Lolliot S, Brown R, Hewstone M. Positive and negative intergroup contact: Interaction not asymmetry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Tropp LR, Okamoto DG, Marrow HB, Jones-Correa M. How Contact Experiences Shape Welcoming: Perspectives from U.S.-Born and Immigrant Groups. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0190272517747265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This research examines how intergroup contact experiences—including both their frequency and their qualities (friendly, discriminatory)—predict indicators of welcoming among U.S.-born and immigrant groups. Analyzing a new survey of U.S.-born groups (whites and blacks) and immigrant groups (Mexicans and Indians) from the Atlanta and Philadelphia metropolitan areas (total N = 2,006), we examine welcoming as a key dimension of social integration. Along with reporting their contact experiences, survey respondents indicated the extent to which they are inclined to welcome and feel welcomed by each of the other groups. Results consistently demonstrated that greater contact frequency predicted greater tendencies to welcome and feel welcomed by each of the other groups. These effects persisted even when demographic characteristics, perceived discrimination, and exposure are included as predictors in the models. Findings also suggested that racial and nativity hierarchies shape how perceived discrimination predicts welcoming others and feeling welcomed by others.
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37
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Paolini S, McIntyre K. Bad Is Stronger Than Good for Stigmatized, but Not Admired Outgroups: Meta-Analytical Tests of Intergroup Valence Asymmetry in Individual-to-Group Generalization Experiments. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2018; 23:3-47. [PMID: 29473444 DOI: 10.1177/1088868317753504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Theories of risk aversion, epistemic defense, and ingroup enhancement converge in predicting greater impact of negative (vs. positive) experiences with outgroup members on generalized evaluations of stigmatized outgroups. However, they diverge in predictions for admired outgroups. Past tests have focused on negative outgroups using correlational designs without a control group. Consequently, they have not distinguished between alternative explanations or ascertained the direction of causality/generalization, and they have suffered from self-selection biases. These limitations were redressed by a meta-analysis of experimental research on individual-to-group generalization with positive and negative outgroups (59 tests; 3,012 participants). Controlling for modest confounds, the meta-analysis found a generalization advantage of negative experiences for stigmatized outgroups and a generalization advantage of positive experiences for admired outgroups. These results highlight the centrality of valenced expectations about outgroups, consistent with epistemic defense and ingroup enhancement and inconsistent with risk aversion. Implications for positive changes in intergroup dynamics are discussed.
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38
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Fowler C, Gasiorek J. Implications of metastereotypes for attitudes toward intergenerational contact. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430217744032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastereotypes, the stereotypes a person believes that those outside of their group hold of a social group to which (s)he belongs, have been implicated in problematic intergroup relationships and communication. Using an online survey administered to participants (aged 18–30, or 65 and older) recruited via Amazon’s MTurk (final N = 311), we tested the degree to which eliciting positive versus negative age-based metastereotypes affected perceptions of interage distance and the desire to avoid interage contact. The results of conditional process model analyses suggest that metastereotype valence has an indirect effect on these outcomes via intergroup anxiety, but that this is only the case when individuals believe that age-related stereotypes are applied to them personally by members of an age-based outgroup. These findings suggest that thinking of positive metastereotypes rather than negative ones could be a route to facilitating or improving interage contact, and that personalization could amplify these potential benefits.
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39
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Husnu S, Paolini S. Positive imagined contact is actively chosen: Exploring determinants and consequences of volitional intergroup imagery in a conflict-ridden setting. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430217747405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Past research has ascertained the benefits of involuntary, “forced” exposure to positive imagined contact. This research explored determinants and consequences of actively chosen imagined contact in a setting of entrenched intergroup conflict. In Study 1, when given an unvalenced visualisation scenario enabling participants to steer the visualisation in any direction they wanted, Turkish Cypriots visualised an intergroup interaction nondistinguishable in quality to that of those assigned to a positive scenario. In Study 2, when asked to actively choose between visualising a positive or a negative intergroup interaction, Turkish Cypriots disproportionally preferred positive over negative contact. The chosen visualisation reflected mood and valenced confirmation biases and resulted in virtuous (vs. vicious) effects on group-level outcomes. These findings shed a first light on the psychological underpinnings of volitional intergroup imagery and indicate that intergroup imagery is a safe way of engaging with the outgroup even in contexts of entrenched conflict.
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40
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Laurence J, Bentley L. Countervailing contact: Community ethnic diversity, anti-immigrant attitudes and mediating pathways of positive and negative inter-ethnic contact in European societies. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2018; 69:83-110. [PMID: 29169536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inter-ethnic contact has long been held as a key means of ameliorating possible inter-group tensions and facilitating the integration of increasing immigrant populations into society. However, our understanding of the role of contact in this relationship may be limited due to the omission of contact-valence; that is, whether contact is experienced positively or negatively. This paper integrates the concept of contact-valence into the question of how increasing community diversity affects attitudes towards immigrants via inter-group contact, across Europe. We posit the existence of dual, mediating pathways of both positive and negative inter-group contact. Applying generalized structural equation models to data from the 2014 European Social Survey, we find that living in more diverse communities increases the frequency of positive inter-group contact but also negative inter-group contact. While the former is positively associated with inter-group attitudes the latter is negatively associated. Testing demonstrates that diversity exerts countervailing positive and negative indirect-effects on attitudes towards immigrants via processes of inter-group contact. Furthermore, while the net-effect of diversity on attitudes via contact is positive, attitudes amongst those experiencing more frequent negative contact become progressively worse. Increasing diversity therefore leads to a polarisation in attitudes towards immigration as a result of, and not due to a lack of, inter-group contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Laurence
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, 2.11 Humanities Bridgeford Street, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Centre for Social Investigation, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, New Road, Oxford OX1 1NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Lee Bentley
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
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41
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Bagci SC, Piyale ZE, Ebcim E. Imagined contact in high conflict settings: The role of ethnic group identification and the perspective of minority group members. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Hayward LE, Hornsey MJ, Tropp LR, Barlow FK. Positive and negative intergroup contact predict Black and White Americans' judgments about police violence against Black Americans. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E. Hayward
- School of PsychologyUNSW Sydney
- School of PsychologyThe University of Queensland
| | | | - Linda R. Tropp
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst
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43
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Meleady R, Seger CR, Vermue M. Examining the role of positive and negative intergroup contact and anti-immigrant prejudice in Brexit. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28639419 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the interplay of anti-immigrant prejudice and intergroup contact experience on voting intentions within Britain's 2016 referendum on its membership in the European Union. In the days before the referendum, we asked more than 400 British people how they planned to vote. We measured a number of demographic factors expected to predict voting intentions as well as individuals' prejudice towards and intergroup contact experience (positive and negative) with EU immigrants. Anti-immigrant prejudice was a strong correlate of support for Brexit. Negative intergroup contact experience was associated with higher anti-immigrant prejudice and, in turn, increased support for 'Leave'. Positive intergroup contact, on the other hand, seemed to play a reparative role, predicting lower prejudice and increasing support for 'Remain'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Meleady
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Charles R Seger
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Marieke Vermue
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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44
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Greenland K, Xenias D, Maio GR. Effects of Promotion and Compunction Interventions on Real Intergroup Interactions: Promotion Helps but High Compunction Hurts. Front Psychol 2017; 8:528. [PMID: 28439248 PMCID: PMC5383699 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS We show the promotion intervention has positive effects during intergroup contact, but that high levels of compunction can have negative effects. Intergroup contact is probably the longest standing and most comprehensively researched intervention to reduce discrimination. It is also part of ordinary social experience, and a key context in which discrimination is played out. In this paper, we explore two additional interventions which are also designed to reduce discrimination, but which have not yet been applied to real intergroup interactions. The promotion intervention encourages participants to relax and enjoy an interaction, while the compunction intervention motivates participants to avoid discrimination. Across two studies, we tested the separate effects of promotion (Study 1) and then compunction (Study 2) on participants' interactions with a confederate whom they believed to have a history of schizophrenia. In Study 1, participants received either a promotion intervention to "relax and have an enjoyable dialogue" or no intervention (control; n = 67). In Study 2, participants completed a Single-Category Implicit Attitude Test before being told that they were high in prejudice (high compunction condition) or low in prejudice (low compunction condition; n = 62). Results indicated that promotion was associated with broadly positive effects: participants reported more positive experience of the interaction (enjoyment and interest in a future interaction), and more positive evaluations of their contact partner (increased friendliness and reduced stereotyping). There were no effects on participants' reported intergroup anxiety. In contrast, high compunction had broadly negative effects: participants reported more negative experiences of the interaction and more negative evaluations of their contact partner (using the same dependent measures outlined above). In addition, participants in the high compunction condition reported increased intergroup anxiety and increased self-anxiety (anxiety around thinking or doing something that is prejudiced). Participants in the high compunction condition also reported reduced expectancies of self-efficacy (i.e., they were less confident that they would be able to make a good impression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Greenland
- School of Social Sciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
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45
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Selvanathan HP, Techakesari P, Tropp LR, Barlow FK. Whites for racial justice: How contact with Black Americans predicts support for collective action among White Americans. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430217690908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advantaged group members have an important role to play in creating social change, and intergroup contact has tremendous implications in shaping intergroup relations. However, little research has examined how intergroup contact predicts advantaged group members’ inclinations toward collective action to support the interests of disadvantaged groups. The present research investigates how contact with Black Americans shapes White Americans’ willingness to engage in collective action for racial justice and support for the Black Lives Matter movement. Three studies of White Americans (total N = 821) consistently reveal that positive contact with Black Americans predicts greater support for collective action through a sequential process of fostering greater feelings of empathy for Black Americans and anger over injustice. These findings hold even when taking into account other relevant psychological factors (i.e., White guilt and identification, negative contact, group efficacy, and moral convictions). The present research contributes to our understanding of how advantaged group members come to engage in social change efforts.
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46
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Rousseau C, Oulhote Y, Ruiz-Casares M, Cleveland J, Greenaway C. Encouraging understanding or increasing prejudices: A cross-sectional survey of institutional influence on health personnel attitudes about refugee claimants' access to health care. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170910. [PMID: 28196129 PMCID: PMC5308802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This paper investigates the personal, professional and institutional predictors of health institution personnel's attitudes regarding access to healthcare for refugee claimants in Canada. Methods In Montreal, the staff of five hospitals and two primary care centres (n = 1772) completed an online questionnaire documenting demographics, occupation, exposure to refugee claimant patients, and attitudes regarding healthcare access for refugee claimants. We used structural equations modeling to investigate the associations between professional and institutional factors with latent functions of positive and negative attitudes toward refugee's access to healthcare. Results Younger participants, social workers, participants from primary care centres, and from 1st migrant generation had the lowest scores of negative attitudes. Respondents who experienced contact with refugees had lower scores of negative attitudes (B = -14% standard deviation [SD]; 95% CI: -24, -4%). However, direct contact with refugees increased scores of negative attitudes in the institution with the most negative attitudes by 36% SD (95% CI: 1, 71%). Interpretation Findings suggest that institutions influence individuals’ attitudes about refugee claimants’ access to health care and that, in an institutional context of negative attitudes, contact with refugees may further confirm negative perceptions about this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Rousseau
- Department of Social and Cultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Youssef Oulhote
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mónica Ruiz-Casares
- Department of Social and Cultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janet Cleveland
- Research Centre of the University Institute with Regard to Cultural Communities, CIUSSS Centre-Ouest de l’Ile de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christina Greenaway
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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McKeown S, Dixon J. The “contact hypothesis”: Critical reflections and future directions. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Visintin EP, Voci A, Pagotto L, Hewstone M. Direct, extended, and mass-mediated contact with immigrants in Italy: their associations with emotions, prejudice, and humanity perceptions. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Paolo Visintin
- Institute of Psychology; University of Lausanne, and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova
| | - Alberto Voci
- Department of Philosophy; Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova
| | - Lisa Pagotto
- Department of Philosophy; Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova
| | - Miles Hewstone
- Department of Experimental Psychology; University of Oxford
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Husnu S, Mertan B, Cicek O. Reducing Turkish Cypriot children’s prejudice toward Greek Cypriots: Vicarious and extended intergroup contact through storytelling. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430216656469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two studies investigated the effectiveness of intergroup contact in Turkish Cypriot children with the aim of improving attitudes, intentions, and trust toward Greek Cypriots. In the first study, we found that positive contact and positive family storytelling were associated with more positive outgroup attitudes and intended outgroup behavior in a group of 6- to 12-year-old Turkish Cypriots. We followed this up in Study 2 by using a vicarious intergroup contact intervention technique. Turkish Cypriot children aged 6–11 years took part in a 3-week intervention involving reading stories of solidarity between Turkish and Greek Cypriot children. Results showed that the intervention worked to improve outgroup attitudes, intended behavior, and outgroup trust. These findings suggest that indirect contact techniques such as extended contact and vicarious intergroup contact can be used as prejudice-reduction tools in intractable conflict zones, most in need of such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenel Husnu
- Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Biran Mertan
- Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Onay Cicek
- Near East University, North Cyprus, Turkey
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