1
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Fasoli F, Formanowicz M. Can agentic messages help? Linguistic strategies to counteract voice-based sexual orientation discrimination. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 63:1515-1534. [PMID: 38451067 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Gay men who believe to sound 'gay' expect to be discriminated against because of their voices and gay-sounding men are discriminated against in the hiring process. We examined whether uttering an agency-based message decreased discrimination expectancy and enactment. In Study 1a (N = 256; gay and bisexual men) and Study 1b (N = 216; gay men), speakers uttered agentic (vs. neutral) messages. We assessed their self-perception as gay sounding, agency self-attribution and discrimination expectancy. Uttering agentic (vs. neutral) messages made the speakers self-perceive as more agentic and this decreased discrimination expectancy. Additionally, self-perception as gay sounding predicted discrimination expectancy. In Study 2 (N = 466), heterosexual participants listened to gay- and straight-sounding speakers uttering either neutral or agentic messages and rated them in terms of agency and employability. Gay-sounding speakers uttering agentic messages were less likely to be discriminated against than when uttering neutral messages. Results show the positive impact of linguistic strategies involving agentic messages to reduce discrimination expectancy and hiring biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fasoli
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Luna Cortes G. A systematic literature review of the stereotype content model in the fields of psychology and marketing: main themes examined in the literature and an agenda for future research in marketing. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1392629. [PMID: 38831949 PMCID: PMC11144869 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The stereotypes content model indicates that two traits (i.e., warmth and competence) govern individuals' impression formation. The great variety of research that has used this theory since the early 2000s leads to a need for a structured overview of prior findings. The goal of this study is to provide a concise map of research streams and present a research agenda. We conducted a systematic literature review of 955 articles. A bibliographic coupling analysis showed four clusters, i.e., (1) the general theoretical foundations of the SCM, (2) the societal impact of key stereotypes (with emphasis on gender), (3) research in clinical psychology and child development, and (4) marketing. Taking a closer look at research in marketing (using co-occurrence analysis), six research streams were identified, including research on branding, country-of-origin, front-line service providers, prosocial consumer behavior, perception of endorsers, and, more recently, on artificial intelligence (AI). The review presents key findings and research gaps across these topics. Finally, we reviewed the few articles that, although not falling into these streams, opened important research veins. This process provided the essential information to present a promising and complete research agenda, to continue building knowledge with impactful implications in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Luna Cortes
- Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, Gjuterigatan, Jönköping, Sweden
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3
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Liang Y, Huang L, Liu L, Tan X, Ren D. Impacts of Unethical Behavior on Self-Esteem: A Contingent Dual-Process Model. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241236983. [PMID: 38506187 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241236983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported mixed findings on how and why unethical behavior affects self-esteem. To address this issue, a contingent dual-process model is proposed and tested. The model postulates a negative impact of unethical behavior on self-esteem through decreased morality, a positive effect through increased competence, and the relative strength of these two paths depending on system-justifying motives. Studies using unethical behavior for self-interest (Studies 1 and 2), involving ingroup interest (Study 3), and measuring (Studies 1 and 3) and manipulating general system justification (Study 2) provide support for the model. By identifying the effects of system-justifying motives and linking the two competing paths, the model reconciles inconsistencies in previous research regarding how self-esteem is influenced by unethical behavior and reveals the underlying mechanism of this association. Accordingly, the current research constructs a motivational and superordinate framework to clarify the dynamic consequences of unethical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- Army Engineering University of PLA, Xuzhou, China
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Li Liu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyun Tan
- Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deyun Ren
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Moreno-Bella E, Kulich C, Willis GB, Moya M. Wage (in)equality matters: the effect of organizational economic inequality on others' and self-ascriptions. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37094182 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2192398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Economic inequality has consequences at the social-psychological level, such as in the way people make inferences about their environment and other people. In the present two preregistered studies, we used a paradigm of an organizational setting to manipulate economic inequality and measured ascriptions of agentic versus communal traits to employees and the self. In Study 1 (N = 187), participants attributed more agency than communion to a middle-status employee, and more communion than agency when economic equality was salient. In Study 2 (N = 198) this finding was replicated. Further, this inequality-agency association was explained by perceptions of competitive employee relationships. Results, moreover, suggested that participants mainly attributed more communion than agency to themselves in the equality condition. We conclude that agency and communion ascriptions may be functional and thus inform about the expectations people have on the nature of social relationships in the face of economic inequality.
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5
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Jingjing S, Yanfen L, Junnan L. What Ratio of Warmth to Competence Is Ideal for Likable Friends? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:1141-1152. [PMID: 36536159 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to test the perceivers' ratings of likability and their willingness to become friends with targets who have different ratios of warmth to competence. In Study 1, we recruited 106 females and 61 males. The results of Study 1 showed that perceivers were reluctant to become friends with targets that had extreme ratios of warmth to competence (0:5 or 5:0). In Study 2, we recruited 137 males and 164 females. The results of Study 2 showed that male perceivers were willing to become friends with a female target whose ratio of warmth to competence was 5:0 and unwilling to become friends with a male target whose ratio was 0:5. Female perceivers were unwilling to become friends with a female target whose ratio was 0:5. Moreover, participants were unwilling to choose targets with a ratio of 5:0 as partners in a competition context. These results could help researchers understand how the process of impression formation works when considering different ratios of warmth to competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Jingjing
- Department of Psychology, China University of Geosciences, Lumo Road 388, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Yanfen
- Department of Psychology, China University of Geosciences, Lumo Road 388, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Junnan
- College Student Mental Health Centre, Jianghan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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6
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Reitz AK. Self‐esteem development and life events: A review and integrative process framework. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Reitz
- Department of Developmental Psychology Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands
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7
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Evaluation of the Self on the Big Two and their Facets: Exploring the Model and its Nomological Network. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5334/irsp.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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8
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How Do People Evaluate Themselves in Terms of Assertiveness and Ability After Having Failed or Succeeded: The (Economic) Consequences Matter! INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5334/irsp.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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9
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Fousiani K, Van Prooijen JW, Armenta B. Appearing competent or moral? The role of organizational goals in the evaluation of candidates. Front Psychol 2022; 13:923329. [PMID: 36176794 PMCID: PMC9513611 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Big Two theoretical framework suggests that two traits, namely morality and competence, govern social judgments of individuals and that morality shows a primacy effect over competence because it has more diagnostic value. In this study we tested the primacy effect of morality in the workplace by examining how instrumental or relational goals of organizations might influence the importance of morality or competence of candidates during the hiring process. We hypothesized that the primacy effect of morality might hold when organizational goals are relational, but it might get reversed when organizational goals are instrumental. Supporting our hypothesis, in a field study and two experiments (both preregistered) we found that people perceive moral candidates as more appropriate for recruitment when an organization prioritizes relational goals (Studies 1, 2, and 3). In contrast, people perceive competent candidates as more appropriate for recruitment when an organization prioritizes instrumental goals (Studies 1 and 2). Perceived appropriateness of a candidate, in turn, predicts a stronger intention to recruit a candidate (Studies 2 and 3). These results provide evidence for a reversal of the primacy effect of morality in a work setting, and illuminate the important role of organizational goals in social judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Fousiani
- Department of Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Bibiana Armenta
- Department of Social Psychology, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Agency and communion as fundamental dimensions of social judgment – and Bogdan Wojciszke’s brilliant idea on perspective. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.8157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental dimensions of social judgment and social evaluation, called agency and communion, are overarching constructs in many fields of psychology. Agency is related to goal-striving and “getting ahead”, communion is related to forming bonds and “getting along”. These dimensions are used both to interpret behaviors, and to evaluate targets. Bogdan Wojciszke was the first to relate these dimensions to perspective, and to show that the perspective of an actor is more closely related to agency, whereas the perspective of an observer is more closely related to communion. The “Dual Perspective Model” combines the fundamental dimensions of social judgment and evaluation with perspective and leads to a number of far-reaching hypotheses on social interactions. The model has inspired research in diverse areas of psychology, such as evaluation of brands, stereotypes of groups, evaluation of political leaders, gender research, social desirability research, self-evaluation, bodily posture in social interaction, to name just a few. It has been further developed to a broad-ranging theory applicable to many phenomena in (social) psychology. Bogdan Wojciszke lives his ideals and it is a pleasure and an honor to cooperate with him.
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11
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Fernández S, Gaviria E, Halperin E, Agudo R, González-Puerto JA, Chas-Villar A, Saguy T. The protective effect of agency on victims of humiliation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Korlat S, Reiter J, Kollmayer M, Holzer J, Pelikan E, Schober B, Spiel C, Lüftenegger M. Basic Psychological Needs and Agency and Communion During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Despite the conceptual proximity between the basic needs and agency and communion and their similar function for psychological functioning, studies investigating their interplay are scarce. This study aims to investigate their joint role in hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Self-reports were collected from 13,313 adolescents (Sample 1) and 1,707 young adults (Sample 2) from Austria. The results show the importance of both agency and communion for the fulfillment of different basic needs and their role in well-being, with a universal interaction effect between communion and perceived competence on intrinsic motivation (eudaimonic aspect) in both gender groups in adolescence, as well as on positive emotions (hedonic aspect) among young women. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Korlat
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Reiter
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Kollmayer
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Holzer
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pelikan
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Schober
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Spiel
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko Lüftenegger
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
- Department for Teacher Education, Centre for Teacher Education, University of Vienna, Austria
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13
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Bettinsoli ML, Formanowicz M. A Cross-Cultural Replication on Humanness Attribution. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Previous research showed that targets achieving (vs. not) a goal were ascribed more humanness. We conceptually replicate previous studies by involving a population of English and Arabic speakers to test cross-cultural replicability of the effect and the contribution of sensorimotor systems in agency representation. Participants ( Ntot = 637) saw animations, where goal achievement and trajectory were manipulated. They evaluated agency, communion, humanness, and attitudes (respect and liking) toward presented targets. Goal achievement versus failure but not movement trajectory increased agency and communion ratings, which in turn affected humanness, respect, and liking (Study 1 and Study 2). Goal manipulation also directly affected humanness ratings (Study 2). Altogether, our findings suggest a superior role of success over trajectory manipulation in perceiving inanimate objects as having humanness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Bettinsoli
- Department of Psychology, Center for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw, Poland
- New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Magdalena Formanowicz
- Department of Psychology, Center for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Subramanian Ł, Sękowski M, Żemojtel-Piotrowska M. Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), Behavioral Activation System (BAS), and grandiose facets of narcissism. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe current study examines the temperamental basis of three forms of grandiose narcissism (i.e., agentic, communal, and antagonistic), employing the Behavioral Inhibition System model and three aspects of Behavioral Activation System (i.e., drive, pleasure-seeking, and sensitivity to reward). Using a self-report study conducted on a general Polish sample (N = 657), we found that all forms of narcissism were positively associated with all three aspects of BAS, while BIS was negatively associated with agentic and antagonistic forms. Communal and antagonistic narcissism did not differ in comparison of their correlations with drive and sensitivity to reward, while agentic narcissism indicated the strongest relations to temperament. A multiple regression indicated that each of the three forms of narcissism has its own specific relationship with BIS and of the aspects of BAS. We discuss our findings as useful in explaining how the three forms of narcissism are related to BIS and BAS with the distinction of the latter into its three aspects, indicating substantial differences between agentic and communal narcissism, and specificity of antagonistic narcissism.
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15
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The verb-self link: An implicit association test study. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:1946-1959. [PMID: 35501546 PMCID: PMC9568455 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Agency is defined as the ability to assign and pursue goals. Given people’s focus on achieving their own goals, agency has been found to be strongly linked to the self. In two studies (N = 168), we examined whether this self–agency link is visible from a linguistic perspective. As the preferred grammatical category to convey agency is verbs, we hypothesize that, in the Implicit Association Test (IAT), verbs (vs. nouns) would be associated more strongly with the self (vs. others). Our results confirmed this hypothesis. Participants exhibited particularly fast responses when reading self-related stimuli (e.g., “me” or “my”) and verb stimuli (e.g., “deflect” or “contemplate”) both necessitated pressing an identical rather than different response keys in the IAT (d = .25). The finding connects two streams of literature—on the link between agency and verbs and on the link between self and agency—suggesting a triad between self, agency, and verbs. We argue that this verb–self link (1) opens up new perspectives for understanding linguistic expressions of agency and (2) expands our understanding of how word choice impacts socio-cognitive processing.
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16
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Abele AE. Agency, Social Assistance (Communion), And Goal Pursuit. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2037992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Abele
- Department of Psychology, University of Erlangen, Nürnberg, Germany
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17
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Milyavsky M, Chernikova M. Agency and Assistance Are Compensatory When They Are Perceived as Substitutable Means: A Response to Commentaries. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2038009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Milyavsky
- Faculty of Business Administration, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
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Abstract
AbstractPrevious studies have shown that money priming changes adults’ behavior and self-esteem, making them become more congruent with market mode. Money priming has also been seen to change behavior in children who have yet develop a complete understanding of its instrumental functions. Since money’s association with markets changes people’s behavior even in childhood, it is possible that its links and ties to self-esteem are forged at an early stage in life. The studies presented in this article aimed to verify how money priming affects various types of self-evaluations made by children. Two experimental studies were conducted. A total of 83 children aged 8–10 years took part in the first study, while 103 children aged 4–6 years took part in the second study. The results demonstrate that priming with money may change some, but not all, of children’s self-evaluations. Subsequent to money priming, children’s self-evaluations became more congruent with market mode: under the influence of money priming, children’s self-evaluations increased in domains involving perceived competences (associated with feelings of agency), but did not increase in domains related to social relationships.
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19
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Streck H, Nishen AK, Kessels U. Instrumentality Gives Girls the Edge: Gender-Differential Relations Between Instrumentality, Achievement Motivation, and Self-Esteem. SEX ROLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-021-01270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGender differences in school are often discussed in reference to a particular type of masculinity, negative masculinity, which is often conceptualized as detrimental to success. Another type of masculinity, instrumentality, has rarely been studied in schools even though instrumental characteristics are often exalted outside the academic context. The current study focuses on potential benefits that students may reap from instrumentality. The extent to which an instrumental self-concept is directly and indirectly associated with achievement motivation and self-esteem was examined for adolescent boys and girls in a structural equation model (SEM). A sample of German ninth graders (N = 355) completed self-report measures pertaining to their gender role self-concept, hope for success, fear of failure, and global and academic contingent self-esteem. The SEM revealed that instrumentality was associated with lower fear of failure and higher hope for success for both male and female adolescents. High scores in instrumentality were associated with greater self-esteem and lower academic contingent self-esteem. The association between instrumentality and global self-esteem was stronger for adolescent girls, and the indirect association between instrumentality and fear of failure through global self-esteem was significant only for girls. Results indicate that instrumentality can be an asset for students and that female students especially reap the benefits of an instrumental self-concept. The results are discussed in reference to the dangers of emphasizing solely the association between negative masculinity and academic failure, and the importance of studying relations with gender role self-concept separately for male and female adolescents.
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20
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Goranson A, O’Fallon C, Gray K. The moral identity picture scale (MIPS): Measuring the full scope of moral identity. SELF AND IDENTITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2021.1990118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Goranson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Connor O’Fallon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kurt Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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21
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Does competence or morality mainly drive self-esteem? It depends on general system justification. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Pieniak M, Lachowicz-Tabaczek K, Karwowski M, Oleszkiewicz A. Sensory compensation beliefs among blind and sighted individuals. Scand J Psychol 2021; 63:72-82. [PMID: 34708412 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The process of neural and behavioral reorganization following sensory loss is known as sensory compensation. Typically, it is believed that sensory loss is followed by increased acuity of the intact modalities. Indeed, many studies compared blind and sighted individuals' sensitivity of the intact sensory modalities. Yet, it remains poorly understood whether sensory compensation is reflected in the lay beliefs of those, whom it concerns. We examined whether blind and sighted individuals believe that their lack of vision is compensated by increased sensitivity of the intact senses. Study 1 (n = 63) aimed to compare the ratings of sensory sensitivity made by blind and sighted people. Participants rated the sensory sensitivity of a blind population in four modalities (i.e., olfaction, audition, gustation, touch) and compared it to the sensory sensitivity of a sighted population. In Study 2 (n = 191) participants rated their own sensory sensitivity in four modalities. Each participant referred to (1) people of the same sensory status and (2) people of the opposite sensory status. The level of global self-esteem was controlled to verify self-enhancing nature of these beliefs. The results of both studies showed that the beliefs about sensory compensation are shared by blind and sighted participants on group and on individual levels. The self-enhancement underpinning of these beliefs was most pronounced in gustatory sensitivity assessment. Psychological and medical consequences of sensory compensation beliefs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pieniak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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23
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Entringer TM, Gebauer JE, Paulhus DL. Extracting Agency and Communion From the Big Five: A Four-Way Competition. Assessment 2021; 29:1216-1235. [PMID: 33813905 PMCID: PMC9301169 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211003978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agency and communion are the two fundamental content dimensions in psychology. The two dimensions figure prominently in many psychological realms (personality, social, self, motivational, cross-cultural, etc.). In contemporary research, however, personality is most commonly measured within the Big Five framework. We developed novel agency and communion scales based on the items from the most popular nonpropriety measure of the Big Five-the Big Five Inventory. We compared four alternative scale-construction methods: expert rating, target scale, ant colony, and brute force. Across three samples (Ntotal = 942), all methods yielded reliable and valid agency and communion scales. Our research provides two main contributions. For psychometric theory, it extends knowledge on the four scale-construction methods and their relative convergence. For psychometric practice, it enables researchers to examine agency and communion hypotheses with extant Big Five Inventory data sets, including those collected in their own labs as well as openly accessible, large-scale data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Entringer
- German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany.,University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jochen E Gebauer
- University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Delroy L Paulhus
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
In responsible management, managerial efficiency and sustainable development meet and influence each other. In order to give meaning to their organisation, to respect and look after their collaborators, a manager must promote a set of values on a personal, organisational and societal level. The purpose of this paper is to study the social value attributed to responsible management by students of a technical university. We have therefore undertaken to study a set of seven values attributed to responsible management and, more precisely, their utility and social desirability on a personal, organisational and societal level. The values have been operationalized with personality descriptors. The 60 participants in this study are students from a Romanian technical university. They had to assess, on four scales of seven points each (two for desirability and two for social utility), the value of a person characterised by one of the seven values attributed to responsible management. The results show us that efficiency is the value perceived by the students as being the most desirable for responsible management, and that in terms of social utility, agility is the most appreciated value. We found that there is indeed an effect of the context in which these values are perceived. Efficiency, audacity, dedication and integrity are perceived as more useful at an organisational level, while solidarity was perceived as more useful on a societal level. At the organisational level we also found a gender effect, in the sense that women appreciate people who are efficient, have integrity or are humble more than men do.
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Nicolas G, Bai X, Fiske ST. Comprehensive stereotype content dictionaries using a semi‐automated method. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gandalf Nicolas
- Department of Psychology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | - Xuechunzi Bai
- Department of Psychology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | - Susan T. Fiske
- Department of Psychology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
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Korlat S, Foerst NM, Schultes MT, Schober B, Spiel C, Kollmayer M. Gender role identity and gender intensification: Agency and communion in adolescents’ spontaneous self-descriptions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2020.1865143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selma Korlat
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Maria Foerst
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Therese Schultes
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Schober
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Spiel
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Kollmayer
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Syncretic self-esteem relates to both agency and communion. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kałużna-Wielobób A, Strus W, Cieciuch J. Community Feeling and Narcissism as Two Opposite Phenomena. Front Psychol 2020; 11:515895. [PMID: 33192760 PMCID: PMC7656904 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.515895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to examine the relations between narcissism and Adler’s community feeling. Based on theoretical considerations, we claim that community feeling can be treated as an opposite pole of narcissism and we expected that: (1) both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism would be negatively related to community feeling and that (2) grandiose and vulnerable narcissism would be positively related to anti-community domination and isolation. A sample of 520 university students (Mage = 21.37, SDage = 4.31) completed the Community Feeling Questionnaire (CFQ), the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ) and the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). Structural equation modeling largely confirmed our expectations. These results suggest that narcissism can be understood in terms of a deficit in community feeling. It turned out that community feeling and narcissism are related constructs but they are not reducible to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kałużna-Wielobób
- Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Kraków, Kraków, Poland
- *Correspondence: Alina Kałużna-Wielobób,
| | - Włodzimierz Strus
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Cieciuch
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- URPP Social Networks University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Face threat sensitivity in distributive negotiations: Effects on negotiator self-esteem and demands. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020; 161:255-273. [PMID: 32958980 PMCID: PMC7495178 DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Face threat sensitivity (FTS) is reactive sensitivity to threats to self-image. Counterpart competitiveness reduces high FTS negotiators’ global self-esteem (GSE). Counterpart competitiveness reduces high FTS negotiators' performance self-esteem (PSE). High FTS negotiators’ reduced GSE and PSE lead them to make lower demands.
Face threat sensitivity (FTS) is defined as reactive sensitivity to threats to one’s social self-worth. In negotiations, such threats may come from a counterpart's competitive behavior. We developed and tested the argument that individuals high in face threat sensitivity, when negotiating with a competitive (vs. cooperative) counterpart, exhibit psychological responses that inhibit them from claiming value in distributive negotiations. Employing a face-to-face interaction paradigm, Study 1 revealed that higher counterpart competitiveness was negatively associated with high (but not low) FTS negotiators’ global self-esteem, which in turn led them to be less demanding and obtain worse negotiation outcomes. In Study 2, employing a simulated on-line interaction paradigm, we manipulated counterpart’s behavior (cooperative vs. competitive) to establish causality and examined specific aspects of negotiator global self-esteem that may account for the effect. We found that the effect of counterpart’s competitiveness on high FTS negotiators’ demand levels was mediated by their performance self-esteem, but not by their social self-esteem. In Study 3, we manipulated performance self-esteem to establish it as a causal underlying psychological mechanism. For high FTS negotiators, when performance self-esteem was low, demand levels were significantly lower with a competitive (vs. cooperative) counterpart. However, when performance self-esteem was high, there was no significant difference in demand levels depending on counterpart’s behavior. This finding suggests that negotiating with a competitive (vs. cooperative) counterpart reduces high FTS negotiators’ performance self-esteem, which in turn leads them to make lower demands. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Niemyjska A, Bazińska R, Drat-Ruszczak K. Hunting lovers: Narcissists keep trophies from their past relationships. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Selimbegović L, Dupuy O, Terache J, Blandin Y, Bosquet L, Chatard A. Evaluative Threat Increases Effort Expenditure in a Cycling Exercise: An Exploratory Study. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 42:336-343. [PMID: 32570213 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that negative or threatening emotional stimuli can foster movement velocity and force. However, less is known about how evaluative threat may influence movement parameters in endurance exercise. Based on social self-preservation theory, the authors predicted that evaluative threat would facilitate effort expenditure in physical exercise. In an exploratory study, 27 young men completed a bogus intelligence test and received either low-intelligence-quotient feedback (evaluative threat) or no feedback (control). Next, they were asked to pedal on a stationary bicycle for 30 min at a constant cadence. After 10 min (calibration period), the cadence display was hidden. Findings show that participants under evaluative threat increased cadence more than control participants during the subsequent 20-min critical period. These findings underline the potential importance of unrelated evaluative threat on physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Selimbegović
- Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
| | | | | | - Yannick Blandin
- Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
| | | | - Armand Chatard
- Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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Communion and self-esteem: No relationship? A closer look at the association of agency and communion with different components of self-esteem. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zajenkowski M, Dufner M. Why Do Narcissists Care So Much About Intelligence? CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721420917152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grandiose narcissists typically pursue agentic goals, such as social status, competence, and autonomy. We argue that because high intelligence is a key asset for the attainment of such agentic goals, the concept of intelligence should play a prominent role in grandiose narcissists’ self-regulation and social behavior. We review the relevant literature and report evidence in support of this claim. Grandiose narcissists consider intelligence to be an important resource that leads to benefits across life domains, they tend to maintain and defend illusory positive intellectual self-views, and they are extremely motivated to appear intelligent to other people. Thus, even though grandiose narcissism is essentially unrelated to objectively assessed intelligence, intelligence nevertheless plays an important role in the way grandiose narcissists think, feel, and behave. We discuss potential implications for social relationships and point toward avenues for future research.
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Soral W, Kofta M. Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Soral
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Poland
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SimanTov-Nachlieli I, Har-Vardi L, Moran S. When negotiators with honest reputations are less (and more) likely to be deceived. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Warmth and Competence in Interpersonal Comparisons: The Quiz Master Paradigm through the Lens of Compensation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5334/irsp.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hauke N, Abele AE. The Impact of Negative Gossip on Target and Receiver. A “Big Two” Analysis. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1702881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abele AE, Hauke N. Comparing the facets of the big two in global evaluation of self versus other people. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Contingencies of Self-Worth and Global Self-Esteem Among College Women: The Role of Masculine and Feminine Traits Endorsement. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.v14i1.33507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined the relative importance of seven contingencies of self-worth of Polish college women's (appearance, others' approval, competition, academic competencies, family support, virtue, God's love), as well as the associations between preference for particular contingencies and global self-esteem. Additionally, the predictive role of the self-assignment of masculine and feminine traits for both contingencies of self-worth and global self-esteem was investigated. The participants were one hundred and ninety-four Polish women in emerging adulthood (aged from 19 to 26; M = 21.36; SD = 1.67). Participants provided self-reports of self-ascription of masculine and feminine traits, the contingencies of self-worth, and self-esteem. Obtained results showed that the family support contingency of self-worth was the most preferred one, followed by virtue contingent self-worth, academic competencies, competition, and appearance contingencies of self-esteem, while the less preferred contingencies were: others' approval and God's love. Appearance and others’ approval contingencies of self-worth correlated negatively with self-esteem. Masculine traits were positively linked to competition contingency of self-worth, but negatively to physical appearance self-worth contingency and others’ approval self-worth contingency, whereas feminine traits were positively correlated with both physical appearance self-worth contingency and others’ approval self-worth contingency. The findings showed the positive associations between self-ascription of traits regarded to be masculine and self-esteem, and a lack of significant associations between self-description of feminine traits and self-esteem. Structural equation modeling demonstrated predictive role of masculine traits for self-esteem when feminine traits’ self-ascription and contingencies of self-worth were controlled.
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Self-Esteem Relates to Expecting Others to See Us How We See Ourselves. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.v14i3.36957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether self-esteem relates to coherence between self-evaluations and anticipated evaluations by others. In two studies (total N = 279), participants twice completed a measure of their personal attributes, once from their own standpoints and once from the perspective of someone they anticipated meeting, separated by a 25-minute distractor task. Supporting our preregistered predictions, the within-person association between self- and other-ratings was stronger as a function of between-person increases in self-esteem. These effects remained after statistically controlling for self-concept clarity and for fear of negative evaluation, both of which related meaningfully to self-esteem. Together, these findings indicate that persons high in self-esteem anticipate that others will evaluate them consistently with how they evaluate themselves.
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Reitz AK, Shrout PE, Denissen JJA, Dufner M, Bolger N. Self-esteem change during the transition from university to work. J Pers 2019; 88:689-702. [PMID: 31605634 PMCID: PMC7383858 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective The current study examined whether the transition from university to work, a major developmental milestone in young adulthood, was related to stability and change in self‐esteem. Method Self‐esteem was assessed in the last year of their master's program (T1) of 163 27‐year old students and 14 months later, when they had graduated and half of them had started a full‐time job (T2). Daily diaries were used to assess the occurrence of achievement‐ and affiliation‐related experiences on 14 consecutive days at T1 and T2. We compared the full‐time job beginners and a comparison group without a full‐time job with regard to their mean‐level change, rank‐order stability and correlated change of self‐esteem and daily experiences. Results First, job beginners increased in self‐esteem, but the difference to the mean‐level change of the comparison group was only small. Second, self‐esteem was less stable among job beginners than among the comparison group. Third, the changes in achievement‐related daily experiences and self‐esteem correlated positively in the job‐beginner group but not in the comparison group. Conclusions The findings underline the role of daily experiences during life transitions for individual differences in self‐esteem change. The discussion calls for accounting for unique transition experiences to advance theory and research on self‐esteem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Reitz
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Patrick E Shrout
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaap J A Denissen
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niall Bolger
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Alicke
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Yiyue Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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Baryla W, Bialobrzeska O, Bocian K, Parzuchowski M, Szymkow A, Wojciszke B. Perspectives Questionnaire: Measuring propensities to take viewpoints of agent or recipient. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Baryła W, Wojciszke B. Success Leads to Agentic Cognition: Two Field Studies. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618765065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Not much is known about the cognitive consequences of success and failure, and there is no comprehensive theory explaining their aftermath. Building on a dual-perspective model of social cognition, we offer such a preliminary theory that assumes that experiencing success induces an agentic perspective, whereas experiencing failure induces a recipient perspective. We present two field studies of persons failing or succeeding at their naturally occurring goals. The studies found that the experience of success was accompanied by heightened accessibility and use of agentic content. The experience of failure resulted in lowered mood and self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesław Baryła
- Faculty in Sopot, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, Poland
| | - Bogdan Wojciszke
- Faculty in Sopot, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, Poland
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Bialobrzeska O, Parzuchowski M, Wojciszke B. Manipulated taking the agent versus the recipient perspective seems not to affect the relationship between agency-communion and self-esteem: A small-scale meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213183. [PMID: 30818395 PMCID: PMC6394982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing debate about the relationship between self-perceived agency-communion and self-esteem. One viewpoint for this debate is offered by the Dual Perspective Model, a novel theoretical framework that introduces the agent and the recipient as two fundamental perspectives in social perception. Building on this model, we expected higher importance of self-ascribed agency for self-esteem in the agent perspective than in the recipient perspective and a higher importance of self-ascribed communion for self-esteem in the recipient than in the agent perspective. However, the meta-analysis of six experiments (N = 659, 68% females) showed no interaction of the perspectives and self-ascribed agency and communion in predicting self-esteem. These findings demonstrate that the relationship between agency-communion and self-esteem seems to be fairly independent of one's temporary mindset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bialobrzeska
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Center of Research on Cognition and Behavior, Faculty in Sopot, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michal Parzuchowski
- Center of Research on Cognition and Behavior, Faculty in Sopot, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, Poland
| | - Bogdan Wojciszke
- Center of Research on Cognition and Behavior, Faculty in Sopot, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, Poland
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Hauke N, Abele AE. Two faces of the self: Actor-self perspective and observer-self perspective are differentially related to agency versus communion. SELF AND IDENTITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2019.1584582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hauke
- Department of psychology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea E. Abele
- Department of psychology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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On the willingness to admit wrongness: Validation of a new measure and an exploration of its correlates. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dricu M, Bührer S, Hesse F, Eder C, Posada A, Aue T. Warmth and competence predict overoptimistic beliefs for out-group but not in-group members. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207670. [PMID: 30475840 PMCID: PMC6261057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People can be overly optimistic not only about their own future but also for the people with whom they identify. Furthermore, interpersonal perception generally forms along two universal dimensions, i.e. warmth and competence. In this study, we created four fictional characters that would map onto each quadrant of the two-dimensional space of warmth and competence, i.e. one in-group member (high on both warmth and competence) and three out-group members (high warmth, low competence; high competence, low warmth; low on both warmth and competence). We then asked respondents to assess the likelihood of each character experiencing a series of identical desirable and undesirable events in order to uncover potential optimistic biases. Our study had two goals. First, we wanted to balance the target desirable and undesirable events on four key characteristics, i.e. event frequency, controllability, emotional intensity and personal experience with the event. Second, we wanted to investigate whether stereotypes of warmth and competence could influence the respondents' likelihood estimates for each character. We show that respondents manifested a strong desirability bias, expecting more desirable than undesirable events for the in-group member and the reverse pattern for the extreme out-group member. More important, we show that, within desirable and undesirable events, respondents anchored their judgments for the in-group member on their personal experience with the target events, further revealing an egocentric bias, but turned to stereotypical knowledge in the form of warmth and competence to judge out-group members. Implications for both social perception and optimism research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Dricu
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Bührer
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabienne Hesse
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cecily Eder
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andres Posada
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Aue
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Gasiorowska A, Zaleskiewicz T, Kesebir P. Money as an existential anxiety buffer: Exposure to money prevents mortality reminders from leading to increased death thoughts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Pavarini G, McKeown A, Singh I. Smarter Than Thou, Holier Than Thou: The Dynamic Interplay Between Cognitive and Moral Enhancement. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1189. [PMID: 30420803 PMCID: PMC6216403 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The debate about the desirability of using drugs to enhance human skills encompasses cognitive abilities such as memory and attention, and moral capacities such as emotional empathy and a sense of fairness. These two strands of literature in bioethics have grown relatively independent from each other, and an implicit framing assumption has emerged suggesting that apparently morally neutral cognitive capacities and paradigmatically moral capacities are distinct and vary independently of each other. Here, we identify key distinctions between competing accounts of cognitive enhancement and moral enhancement and argue that, despite the polarized nature of the bioethical debate, cognitive and moral capacities are intertwined. For example, moral behavior can be improved by enhancing "morally neutral" abilities such as attention span; and cognitive skills can be honed by means of socio-moral interaction. Further, cognitive skill is frequently assigned the abstract status of virtue and treated in the same way as more paradigmatically "moral" traits. We argue that the distinction between moral and cognitive enhancement is more apparent than real, since despite being nominally treated as distinct, cognitive and moral skills are frequently interdependent. As such we present evidence to support the claim that the enhancement of these two kinds of capacities cannot be clearly disaggregated from each other in the way that the theoretical poles of the debate in the literature suggest. We synthesize relevant scientific and bioethical literature and combine it with a line of analysis derived from Peter Hacker to show more clearly the terms of what can be said intelligibly about cognitive and moral skills and their enhancement. As a result of this analysis, we conclude that ethical questions in human bioenhancement are only fully intelligible at the level of persons imbued with feelings, thoughts, intentions, desires, values, and abilities, embedded within a particular social context, rather than at the level of pharmacological modulation of particular cognitive or affective capacities which, though conceptually distinguishable, in the embodied context of moral agency are profoundly intertwined.
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