1
|
Tang X, Li Y, Zhao W, Bo C. Zwitterionic polymers grafting of metal organic framework encapsulated boronic acid carbon dots as antibiofouling fluorescent probe for baicalin monitoring. Talanta 2024; 278:126521. [PMID: 38996559 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The sensitivity and accuracy of fluorescence probes for biological samples are affected by not only interfering molecule compounds but also the nonspecific adsorption of proteins and other macromolecules. Herein, fluorescence probe based on zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate polymer (PSBMA) as an antibiofouling layer and amino boric acid carbon dots encapsulated in the metal-organic framework UiO-66-NH2 (UiO-66-NH2/BN-CDs) as a target recognition site was designed for the detection of baicalin (BAI). Owing to the introduction of BN-CDs into UiO-66-NH2 with high specific surface area, the prepared UiO-66-NH2/BN-CDs@PSBMA probe exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 78.9 mg g-1, while presented fluorescence enhancing and superior fluorescence selectivity to BAI at excitation and emission wavelengths of 400 and 425 nm, respectively. Connecting PSBMA with good hydrophilicity to UiO-66-NH2, resulted in an anti-protein capacity of over 96.3 %, effectively inhibiting protein interference with the fluorescence signal. By virtue of its good antibiofouling and recognizing capacities, the fluorescence probe exhibited a satisfactory detection range of 10-80 nmol L-1, with a fairly low detection limit of 0.0064 μmol L-1. Using the method to detect BAI in Goji berry, Sophora and Yinhuang oral solution, demonstrating its potential for the accurate and quantitative detection of BAI in complex biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yinhai Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Weilong Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Chunmiao Bo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
López L, Martínez LM, Caicedo JR, Fernández-Vega L, Cunci L. Measurement of Neuropeptide Y in Aptamer-Modified Planar Electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2024; 488:144243. [PMID: 38654828 PMCID: PMC11034791 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for studying the interaction at electrode/solution interfaces. The adoption of EIS for obtaining analytical signals in biosensors based on aptamers is gaining popularity because of its advantageous characteristics for molecular recognition. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), the most abundant neuropeptide in the body, plays a crucial role with its stress-relieving properties. Quantitative measurement of NPY is imperative for understanding its role in these and other biological processes. Although aptamer-modified electrodes for NPY detection using EIS present a promising alternative, the correlation between the data obtained and the adsorption process on the electrodes is not fully understood. Various studies utilize the change in charge transfer resistance when employing an active redox label. In contrast, label-free measurement relies on changes in capacitance. To address these challenges, we focused on the interaction between aptamer-modified planar electrodes and their target, NPY. We proposed utilizing -ω*Zimag as the analytical signal, which facilitated the analysis of the adsorption process using an analogous Langmuir isotherm equation. This approach differs from implantable microelectrodes, which adhere to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Notably, our method obviates the need for a redox label and enables the detection of NPY at concentrations as low as 20 pg/mL. This methodology demonstrated exceptional selectivity, exhibiting a signal difference of over 20-to-1 against potential interfering molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras, 17 Ave Universidad Ste 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Lyza M. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez – Gurabo, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Jaileen R. Caicedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras, 17 Ave Universidad Ste 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Lauren Fernández-Vega
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez – Gurabo, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez – Cupey, 1399 Ave Ana G Mendez, Cupey, Puerto Rico 00925, United States
| | - Lisandro Cunci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras, 17 Ave Universidad Ste 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song Z, Han R, Yu K, Li R, Luo X. Antifouling strategies for electrochemical sensing in complex biological media. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:138. [PMID: 38361136 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Surface fouling poses a significant challenge that restricts the analytical performance of electrochemical sensors in both in vitro and in vivo applications. Biofouling resistance is paramount to guarantee the reliable operation of electrochemical sensors in complex biofluids (e.g., blood, serum, and urine). Seeking efficient strategies for surface fouling and establishing highly sensitive sensing platforms for applications in complex media have received increasing attention in the past. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent research efforts focused on antifouling electrochemical sensors. Initially, we present a detailed illustration of the concept about biofouling along with an exploration of four key antifouling mechanisms. Subsequently, we delve into the commonly employed antifouling strategies in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors. These encompass physical surface topography (micro/nanostructure coatings and filtration membranes) and chemical surface modifications (PEG and its derivatives, zwitterionic polymers, peptides, proteins, and various other antifouling materials). The progress in antifouling electrochemical sensors is proposed concerning the antifouling mechanisms as well as sensing capability assessments (e.g., sensitivity, stability, and practical application ability). Finally, we summarize the evolving trends in the field and highlight some key remaining limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Song
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Rui Han
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Kunpeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu B, Li X, Zhu L, Qi M, Cao J, Zhou L, Su B. In Vivo Electrochemical Measurement of Glucose Variation in the Brain of Early Diabetic Mice. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4064-4070. [PMID: 37950693 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease caused by a decrease in insulin level or insulin resistance. Diabetes also has detrimental effects on the brain, which can lead to the injury of the blood-brain barrier and influence the glucose transport. In this study, we use in vivo electrochemical measurement to explore the glucose variation in the brain of early diabetic mice. The glucose level in mice brain is measured using a carbon fiber microelectrode modified with the osmium-derivatized polymer and glucose oxidase. The electrode shows an excellent electrochemical performance, antibiofouling ability, and high stability, which can work stably in the mice brain for 2 h. By monitoring the glucose level in the brain of normal and diabetic mice after injection of concentrated glucose solution into the abdominal cavity, it is found that the variation of cerebral glucose decreases by ∼2 fold for diabetic mice. It is proposed that diabetes can downregulate the activity of glucose transporter in the brain and finally inhibit the brain glucose uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lihang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Min Qi
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiayi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou L, Yang R, Li X, Dong N, Zhu B, Wang J, Lin X, Su B. COF-Coated Microelectrode for Space-Confined Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine in Parkinson's Disease Model Mouse Brain. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23727-23738. [PMID: 37859408 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the drastic depletion of dopamine (DA) in the striatum; thus, DA can act as a marker for PD diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation. However, detecting DA in the brain is not easy because of its low concentration and difficulty in sampling. In this work, we report the fabrication of a covalent organic framework (COF)-modified carbon fiber microelectrode (cCFE) that enables the real-time detection of DA in the mouse brain thanks to the outstanding antibiofouling and antichemical fouling ability, excellent analytical selectivity, and sensitivity offered by the COF modification. In particular, the COF can inhibit the polymerization of DA on the electrode (namely, chemical fouling) by spatially confining the molecular conformation and electrochemical oxidation of DA. The cCFE can stably and continuously work in the mouse brain to detect DA and monitor the variation of its concentration. Furthermore, it was combined with levodopa administration to devise a closed-loop feedback mode for PD diagnosis and therapy, in which the cCFE real-time monitors the concentration of DA in the PD model mouse brain to instruct the dose and injection time of levodopa, allowing a customized medication to improve therapeutic efficacy and meanwhile avoid adverse side effects. This work demonstrates the fascinating properties of a COF in fabricating electrochemical sensors for in vivo bioanalysis. We believe that the COF with structural tunability and diversity will offer enormous promise for selective detection of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nuo Dong
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Boyu Zhu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lokesh Kumar S, Kumar S, Tetala KKR. A manganese dioxide nanoparticle-bimetallic metal organic framework composite for selective and sensitive detection of vitamin D 3 in human plasma. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:345. [PMID: 37542579 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
For the first time a metal organic framework nanomaterial has been developed comprising manganese dioxide nanoparticle and iron and zinc metal ions interlinked with each other via terephthalic acid. The framework shape was identified as an elongated hexagonal nanorod (TEM) with varying functional groups (FT-IR) and diffraction patterns (XRD). The framework nanocomposite as such in aqueous acidic electrolyte solution has displayed an excellent conductivity (redox behavior) and surface excess (3.08 × 10-8 cm-2). Under the optimized conditions (0.1 M H2SO4 as electrolyte, 50 mV/s scan rate, +1.26 V (vs Ag/AgCl)), the metal organic framework coated electrode has selectively identified vitamin D3 (VD3) in the presence of various other interfering molecules and displayed excellent limit of detection (1.9 ng mL-1). The developed sensor has been applied to the determination of VD3 in extracted human plasma samples (RSD of 0.3-2.6 % and recovery of 96-102 %), and the obtained VD3 values are similar to HPLC-UV method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lokesh Kumar
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamilnadu, 632014, Vellore, India
| | - Sanjit Kumar
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamilnadu, 632014, Vellore, India
| | - Kishore K R Tetala
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamilnadu, 632014, Vellore, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karg A, Kuznetsov V, Helfricht N, Lippitz M, Papastavrou G. Electrochemical grippers based on the tuning of surface forces for applications in micro- and nanorobotics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7885. [PMID: 37193686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing approaches to robotic manipulation often rely on external mechanical devices, such as hydraulic and pneumatic devices or grippers. Both types of devices can be adapted to microrobots only with difficulties and for nanorobots not all. Here, we present a fundamentally different approach that is based on tuning the acting surface forces themselves rather than applying external forces by grippers. Tuning of forces is achieved by the electrochemical control of an electrode's diffuse layer. Such electrochemical grippers can be integrated directly into an atomic force microscope, allowing for 'pick and place' procedures typically used in macroscopic robotics. Due to the low potentials involved, small autonomous robots could as well be equipped with these electrochemical grippers that will be particularly useful in soft robotics as well as nanorobotics. Moreover, these grippers have no moving parts and can be incorporated in new concepts for actuators. The concept can easily be scaled down and applied to a wide range of objects, such as colloids, proteins, and macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Karg
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - V Kuznetsov
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - N Helfricht
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - M Lippitz
- Experimental Physics III, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - G Papastavrou
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li G, Xu C, Xu H, Gan L, Sun K, Yuan B. Tunable graphene oxide for the low-fouling electrochemical sensing of uric acid in human serum. Analyst 2023; 148:2553-2563. [PMID: 37157878 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00291h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been reported to improve the selectivity of uric acid (UA) by eliminating the interference from other electroactive species that coexist in biological fluids. However, two main challenges associated with the nonenzymatic electrochemical detection of UA need to be overcome to achieve practical applications in biological samples. Those are the chemical fouling of electrodes caused by the oxidation product of UA and biofouling due to the non-specific absorption of biological macromolecules. It was found that the residual oxo-functional groups and defects on graphene played a crucial part in both electrocatalysis and anti-biofouling. Here, graphene oxide (GO) was tuned by electro-oxidation and electro-reduction and was investigated in antifouling and electrocatalytic performances for the electrochemical sensing of UA by using pristine GO, BSA bound GO, electro-reduction-treated GO and electro-oxidation-treated GO. The electro-oxidation-treated GO was explored in electrochemical sensing for the first time and exhibited the highest sensitivity and low fouling properties. Holey GO might be formed on the electrode surface by the electrochemical oxidation method in a mild and green solution without the use of an acid. The different electrode interfaces as well as the interaction with BSA were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemistry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Chunying Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials and Battery Cascade Utilization, School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Huzhou College, Huzhou, 313000, P.R. China
| | - Liju Gan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - Baiqing Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Imani SM, Osman E, Bakhshandeh F, Qian S, Sakib S, MacDonald M, Gaskin M, Zhitomirsky I, Yamamura D, Li Y, Didar TF, Soleymani L. Liquid NanoBiosensors Enable One-Pot Electrochemical Detection of Bacteria in Complex Matrices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2207223. [PMID: 37088731 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for point-of-care bacterial sensing and identification technologies that are rapid and simple to operate. Technologies that do not rely on growth cultures, nucleic acid amplification, step-wise reagent addition, and complex sample processing are the key for meeting this need. Herein, multiple materials technologies are integrated for overcoming the obstacles in creating rapid and one-pot bacterial sensing platforms. Liquid-infused nanoelectrodes are developed for reducing nonspecific binding on the transducer surface; bacterium-specific RNA-cleaving DNAzymes are used for bacterial identification; and redox DNA barcodes embedded into DNAzymes are used for binding-induced electrochemical signal transduction. The resultant single-step and one-pot assay demonstrates a limit-of-detection of 102 CFU mL-1 , with high specificity in identifying Escherichia coli amongst other Gram positive and negative bacteria including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. Additionally, this assay is evaluated for analyzing 31 clinically obtained urine samples, demonstrating a clinical sensitivity of 100% and specify of 100%. When challenging this assay with nine clinical blood cultures, E. coli-positive and E. coli-negative samples can be distinguished with a probability of p < 0.001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Imani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Enas Osman
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Bakhshandeh
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Shuwen Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sadman Sakib
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Michael MacDonald
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mark Gaskin
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton St. East, Hamilton, Ontario, L8L 2×2, Canada
| | - Igor Zhitomirsky
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Deborah Yamamura
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Yingfu Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Yu J, Yu Y, Luo Z, Li G, Lin X. Nanoporous electrode with stable polydimethylsiloxane coating for direct electrochemical analysis of bisphenol A in complex wine media. Food Chem 2023; 405:134806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
11
|
Rocha JF, Hasimoto LH, Santhiago M. Recent progress and future perspectives of polydopamine nanofilms toward functional electrochemical sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04522-z. [PMID: 36645457 PMCID: PMC9841946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2007, polydopamine nanofilms have been widely used in many areas for surface functionalization. The simple and low-cost preparation method of the nanofilms with tunable thickness can incorporate amine and oxygen-rich chemical groups in virtually any interface. The remarkable advantages of this route have been successfully used in the field of electrochemical sensors. The self-adhesive properties of polydopamine are used to attach nanomaterials onto the electrode's surface and add chemical groups that can be explored to immobilize recognizing species for the development of biosensors. Thus, the combination of 2D materials, nanoparticles, and other materials with polydopamine has been successfully demonstrated to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of electrochemical sensors. In this review, we highlight some interesting properties of polydopamine and some applications where polydopamine plays an important role in the field of electrochemical sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline F. Rocha
- grid.452567.70000 0004 0445 0877Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970 Brazil ,grid.412368.a0000 0004 0643 8839Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580 Brazil
| | - Leonardo H. Hasimoto
- grid.452567.70000 0004 0445 0877Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970 Brazil ,grid.412368.a0000 0004 0643 8839Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580 Brazil
| | - Murilo Santhiago
- grid.452567.70000 0004 0445 0877Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970 Brazil ,grid.412368.a0000 0004 0643 8839Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou L, Li X, Su B. Spatial Regulation Control of Oxygen Metabolic Consumption in Mouse Brain. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204468. [PMID: 36257822 PMCID: PMC9731700 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain relies on significant oxygen metabolic consumption to fulfill energy supply, brain function, and neural activity. In this study, in vivo electrochemistry is combined with physiological and ethological analyses to explore oxygen metabolic consumption in an area of the mouse brain that includes parts of the primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. The oxygen levels at different locations of this boundary section are spatially resolved by measuring the electrical current in vivo using ingeniously designed anti-biofouling carbon fiber microelectrodes. The characteristics of the current signals are further interpreted by simultaneously recording the physiological responses of the mice. Additionally, ethological tests are performed to validate the correlation between oxygen levels and mouse behavior. It is found that high-dose caffeine injection can evoke spatial variability in oxygen metabolic consumption between the four neighboring brain regions. It is proposed that the oxygen metabolic consumption in different brain regions is not independent of each other but is subject to spatial regulation control following the rules of "rank of brain region" and "relative distance." Furthermore, as revealed by in vivo wireless electrochemistry and ethological analysis, mice are at risk of neuronal damage from long-term intake of high-dose caffeine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Xinru Li
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antifouling electrochemical sensor-based on mesoporous silica film for imidacloprid detection in Traditional Chinese medicine. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
14
|
Gul I, Zhai S, Zhong X, Chen Q, Yuan X, Du Z, Chen Z, Raheem MA, Deng L, Leeansyah E, Zhang C, Yu D, Qin P. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2-Based Biosensing Modalities and Devices for Coronavirus Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110984. [PMID: 36354493 PMCID: PMC9688389 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are a critical and valuable weapon for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response. SARS-CoV-2 invasion is primarily mediated by human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Recent developments in ACE2-based SARS-CoV-2 detection modalities accentuate the potential of this natural host-virus interaction for developing point-of-care (POC) COVID-19 diagnostic systems. Although research on harnessing ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 detection is in its infancy, some interesting biosensing devices have been developed, showing the commercial viability of this intriguing new approach. The exquisite performance of the reported ACE2-based COVID-19 biosensors provides opportunities for researchers to develop rapid detection tools suitable for virus detection at points of entry, workplaces, or congregate scenarios in order to effectively implement pandemic control and management plans. However, to be considered as an emerging approach, the rationale for ACE2-based biosensing needs to be critically and comprehensively surveyed and discussed. Herein, we review the recent status of ACE2-based detection methods, the signal transduction principles in ACE2 biosensors and the development trend in the future. We discuss the challenges to development of ACE2-biosensors and delineate prospects for their use, along with recommended solutions and suggestions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ijaz Gul
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shiyao Zhai
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhong
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhicheng Du
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenglin Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Akmal Raheem
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Canyang Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lu S, Fu B, Zhang Z. Zwitterionic Polymers Coating Antibiofouling Photoelectrochemical Aptasensor for In Vivo Antibiotic Metabolism Monitoring and Tracking. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14509-14516. [PMID: 36228172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Long-term in vivo monitoring and tracking of target molecules in living organism is essential to reveal vital physiological activity. However, undesirable contamination of protein and biological cells may bring serious biofouling issues. Herein, zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) polymers are grafted on the TiO2 nanotube (NT) surface with polydopamine (PDA) as linker to fabricate a TiO2 NTs/PDA/SBMA photoelectrode. The TiO2 NTs/PDA/SBMA/aptamer-based PEC aptasensor can be sensitive and have selective detection of target molecules with excellent antibiofouling activity. Beneficial from the above advantages, the implantable micro-PEC aptasensor has implemented in vivo tracking and monitoring of the metabolism of antibiotics in a living mouse. The robust antibiofouling property generates new inquiries and an approach for long-standing questions in a new way for reliable and long-term sensing of vital biomolecules in complex biological fluids and uncovers a promising advance of intrinsic physiological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Baihe Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhonghai Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, 20 Cuiniao Road, Chongming District, Shanghai 202162, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Point-of-care diagnostics for therapeutic monitoring of levofloxacin in human plasma utilizing electrochemical sensor mussel-inspired molecularly imprinted copolymer. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
17
|
Zou Y, Zhou X, Xie L, Tang H, Yan F. Vertically-Ordered Mesoporous Silica Films Grown on Boron Nitride-Graphene Composite Modified Electrodes for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Carbendazim in Real Samples. Front Chem 2022; 10:939510. [PMID: 35903187 PMCID: PMC9314778 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.939510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbendazim (CBZ), a kind of widely used pesticide, is harmful to human health and environmental ecology. Therefore, it is of great importance to detect CBZ in real samples. Herein we report the stable growth of vertically-ordered mesoporous silica films (VMSF) on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using boron nitride-reduced graphene oxide (BN-rGO) nanocomposite as an adhesive and electroactive layer. Oxygen-containing groups of rGO and 2D planar structure of BN-rGO hybrid favor the stable growth of VMSF via the electrochemically assisted self-assembly (EASA) method. Combining the good electrocatalytic activity of BN-rGO and the enrichment effect of VMSF, the proposed VMSF/BN-rGO/GCE can detect CBZ with high sensitivity (3.70 μA/μM), a wide linear range (5 nM–7 μM) and a low limit of detection (2 nM). Furthermore, due to the inherent anti-fouling and anti-interference capacity of VMSF, direct and rapid electrochemical analyses of CBZ in pond water and grape juice samples are also achieved without the use of complicated sample treatment processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Zou
- Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuhong Xie
- The First Clinical Faculty of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Hongliang Tang
- Affiliated Fangchenggang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Fangchenggang, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Tang, ; Fei Yan,
| | - Fei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Tang, ; Fei Yan,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Electrodeposition of Cobalt Oxides on Carbon Nanotubes for Sensitive Bromhexine Sensing. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134078. [PMID: 35807327 PMCID: PMC9268198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop an electrochemical sensor for the determination of bromhexine hydrochloride (BHC), a widely use mucolytic drug. The sensor is prepared by electrodeposition of cobalt oxides (CoOx) on a glassy carbon electrode modified with carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). A synergistic effect between CoOx and SWCNT is observed, leading to a significant improvement in the BHC electrooxidation current. Based on cyclic voltammetry studies at varying scan rates, we conclude that the electrochemical oxidation of BHC is under mixed diffusion–adsorption control. The proposed sensor allows the amperometric determination of BHC in a linear range of 10–500 µM with a low applied voltage of 0.75 V. The designed sensor provides reproducible measurements, is not affected by common interfering substances, and shows excellent performance for the analysis of BHC in pharmaceutical preparations.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao S, Qiao X, Chen M, Li Y, Wang X, Xu Z, Wu Y, Luo X. d-Amino Acid-Based Antifouling Peptides for the Construction of Electrochemical Biosensors Capable of Assaying Proteins in Serum with Enhanced Stability. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1740-1746. [PMID: 35616064 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of peptides to proteolytic degradation in human serum significantly hindered the potential application of peptide-based antifouling biosensors for long-term assaying of clinical samples. Herein, a robust antifouling biosensor with enhanced stability was constructed based on peptides composed of d-amino acids (d-peptide) with prominent proteolytic resistance. The electrode was electropolymerized with poly(3,4-ehtylenedioxythiophene) and electrodeposited with Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), and the d-peptide was then immobilized onto the AuNPs, and a typical antibody specific for immunoglobulin M (IgM) was immobilized. Because of the effect of d-amino acids, the d-peptide-modified electrode surface showed prominent antifouling capability and high tolerance to enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, the d-peptide-modified electrode exhibited much stronger long-term stability, as well as antifouling ability in human serum than the electrode modified with normal peptides. The electrochemical biosensor exhibited a sensitive response to IgM linearly within the range of 100 pg mL-1 to 1.0 μg mL-1 and a very low detection limit down to 37 pg mL-1, and it was able to detect IgM in human serum with good accuracy. This work provided a new strategy to develop robust peptide-based biosensors to resist the proteolytic degradation for practical application in complex clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuju Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiujuan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yanxin Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhenying Xu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yumin Wu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiliang Luo
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| |
Collapse
|