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Rinschen MM, Benzing T, Limbutara K, Pisitkun T. Proteomic analysis of the kidney filtration barrier--Problems and perspectives. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:1053-68. [PMID: 25907645 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of the glomerular filter of the kidney are a leading cause of end-stage renal failure. The kidney filter is localized within the renal glomeruli, small microvascular units that are responsible for ultrafiltration of about 180 liters of primary urine every day. The renal filter consists of three layers, fenestrated endothelial cells, glomerular basement membrane, and the podocytes, terminally differentiated, arborized epithelial cells. This review demonstrates the use of proteomics to generate insights into the regulation of the renal filtration barrier at a molecular level. The advantages and disadvantages of different glomerular purification methods are examined, and the technical limitations that have been significantly improved by in silico or biochemical approaches are presented. We also comment on phosphoproteomic studies that have generated considerable molecular-level understanding of the physiological regulation of the kidney filter. Lastly, we conclude with an analysis of urinary exosomes as a potential filter-derived resource for the noninvasive discovery of glomerular disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Rinschen
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kavee Limbutara
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Suzuki Y, Takagi N, Sano T, Chimuro T. Design and synthesis of a novel fluorescent protein probe for easy and rapid electrophoretic gel staining by using a commonly available UV-based fluorescent imaging system. Electrophoresis 2014; 34:2464-72. [PMID: 23801451 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new fluorescent molecular probe, methyl 3-(3,5-bis((bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)-methyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido) propanoate, dizinc(II) chloride salt (Dansyl-1-Zn(II)), which possesses Zn(II) complexes and a dansyl group, was designed and synthesized to enable the detection of proteins in solution and in high-throughput electrophoresis by using a UV-based detection system. Dansyl-1-Zn(II) exhibited weak fluorescence in the absence of proteins and strong green fluorescence at approximately 510 nm in the presence of BSA upon irradiation with light at a wavelength of 345 nm. Compared with conventional protocols for in-gel SDS-PAGE protein staining (e.g. silver staining, SYPRO Ruby, and Oriole), the operating times of which range from 90 min to overnight, Dansyl-1-Zn(II) allowed 1-step protein staining (SDS-PAGE →Staining →Detection) and shortened the operating time (35 min) with high sensitivity (LOD: 1 ng or less) under 312-nm or 365-nm light excitation with orange or red emission filters, respectively. Moreover, Dansyl-1-Zn(II) was successfully applied to protein identification by MS via in-gel tryptic digestion, Western blotting, and Native-PAGE. Accordingly, Dansyl-1-Zn(II) may facilitate highly sensitive and high-throughput protein detection, and it may be widely applicable as a convenient tool in various scientific and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Suzuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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3
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Wang J, Zhang X, Ma D, Lee WNP, Xiao J, Zhao Y, Go VL, Wang Q, Yen Y, Recker R, Xiao GG. Inhibition of transketolase by oxythiamine altered dynamics of protein signals in pancreatic cancer cells. Exp Hematol Oncol 2013; 2:18. [PMID: 23890079 PMCID: PMC3733980 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-2-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxythiamine (OT), an analogue of anti-metabolite, can suppress the nonoxidative synthesis of ribose and induce cell apoptosis by causing a G1 phase arrest in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear yet. In the present study, a quantitative proteomic analysis using the modified SILAC method (mSILAC) was performed to determine the effect of metabolic inhibition on dynamic changes of protein expression in MIA PaCa-2 cancer cells treated with OT at various doses (0 μM, 5 μM, 50 μM and 500 μM) and time points (0 h, 12 h and 48 h). A total of 52 differential proteins in MIA PaCa-2 cells treated with OT were identified, including 14 phosphorylated proteins. Based on the dynamic expression pattern, these proteins were categorized in three clusters, straight down-regulation (cluster 1, 37% of total proteins), upright "V" shape expression pattern (cluster 2, 47.8% total), and downright "V" shape pattern (cluster 3, 15.2% total). Among them, Annexin A1 expression was significantly down-regulated by OT treatment in time-dependent manner, while no change of this protein was observed in OT dose-dependent fashion. Pathway analysis suggested that inhibition of transketolase resulted in changes of multiple cellular signaling pathways associated with cell apoptosis. The temporal expression patterns of proteins revealed that OT altered dynamics of protein expression in time-dependent fashion by suppressing phosphor kinase expression, resulting in cancer cell apoptosis. Results from this study suggest that interference of single metabolic enzyme activity altered multiple cellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Wang
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Hospital of Dalian, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- The Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian Economic & Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Danjun Ma
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Wai-Nang Paul Lee
- Metabolomics Core, UCLA Center of Excellence in Pancreatic Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Jing Xiao
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Vay Liang Go
- Metabolomics Core, UCLA Center of Excellence in Pancreatic Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Yun Yen
- Molecular Clinical Pharmacology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 90101, USA
| | - Robert Recker
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
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Quantitative proteomic analysis of Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 cerebellum identifies protein biomarkers and provides pathological insight. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47845. [PMID: 23144710 PMCID: PMC3483225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a fatal, neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no definitive therapy. In NPC1, a pathological cascade including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis likely contribute to the clinical phenotype. While the genetic cause of NPC1 is known, we sought to gain a further understanding into the pathophysiology by identifying differentially expressed proteins in Npc1 mutant mouse cerebella. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, 77 differentially expressed proteins were identified in Npc1 mutant mice cerebella compared to controls. These include proteins involved in glucose metabolism, detoxification/oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease-related proteins. Furthermore, members of the fatty acid binding protein family, including FABP3, FABP5 and FABP7, were found to have altered expression in the Npc1 mutant cerebellum relative to control. Translating our findings from the murine model to patients, we confirm altered expression of glutathione s-transferase α, superoxide dismutase, and FABP3 in cerebrospinal fluid of NPC1 patients relative to pediatric controls. A subset of NPC1 patients on miglustat, a glycosphingolipid synthesis inhibitor, showed significantly decreased levels of FABP3 compared to patients not on miglustat therapy. This study provides an initial report of dysregulated proteins in NPC1 which will assist with further investigation of NPC1 pathology and facilitate implementation of therapeutic trials.
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Fliedner SMJ, Kaludercic N, Jiang XS, Hansikova H, Hajkova Z, Sladkova J, Limpuangthip A, Backlund PS, Wesley R, Martiniova L, Jochmanova I, Lendvai NK, Breza J, Yergey AL, Paolocci N, Tischler AS, Zeman J, Porter FD, Lehnert H, Pacak K. Warburg effect's manifestation in aggressive pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: insights from a mouse cell model applied to human tumor tissue. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40949. [PMID: 22859959 PMCID: PMC3409208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A glycolytic profile unifies a group of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PHEOs/PGLs) with distinct underlying gene defects, including von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) mutations. Nevertheless, their tumor aggressiveness is distinct: PHEOs/PGLs metastasize rarely in VHL-, but frequently in SDHB-patients. To date, the molecular mechanisms causing the more aggressive phenotype in SDHB-PHEOs/PGLs remain largely unknown. Recently, however, an excellent model to study aggressive PHEOs (mouse tumor tissue (MTT) cells) has been developed from mouse PHEO cells (MPC). We employed this model for a proteomics based approach to identify changes characteristic for tumor aggressiveness, which we then explored in a homogeneous set of human SDHB- and VHL-PHEOs/PGLs. The increase of glucose transporter 1 in VHL, and of hexokinase 2 in VHL and SDHB, confirmed their glycolytic profile. In agreement with the cell model and in support of decoupling of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), SDHB tumors showed increased lactate dehydrogenase levels. In SDHB-PGLs OXPHOS complex activity was increased at complex III and, as expected, decreased at complex II. Moreover, protein and mRNA expression of all tested OXPHOS-related genes were higher in SDHB- than in VHL-derived tumors. Although there was no direct evidence for increased reactive oxygen species production, elevated superoxide dismutase 2 expression may reflect elevated oxidative stress in SDHB-derived PHEOs/PGLs. For the first time, we show that despite dysfunction in complex II and evidence for a glycolytic phenotype, the Warburg effect does not seem to fully apply to SDHB-PHEOs/PGLs with respect to decreased OXPHOS. In addition, we present evidence for increased LDHA and SOD2 expression in SDHB-PHEOs/PGLs, proteins that have been proposed as promising therapeutic targets in other cancers. This study provides new insight into pathogenic mechanisms in aggressive human PHEOs/PGLs, which may lead to identifying new diagnostic and prognostic markers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. J. Fliedner
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- 1 Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nina Kaludercic
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Sheng Jiang
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hajkova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sladkova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Limpuangthip
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Backlund
- Section on Mass Spectrometry and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Wesley
- Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lucia Martiniova
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ivana Jochmanova
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine Medical Faculty, P.J.Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Nikoletta K. Lendvai
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan Breza
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alfred L. Yergey
- Section on Mass Spectrometry and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arthur S. Tischler
- Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiri Zeman
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Forbes D. Porter
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- 1 Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karel Pacak
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang F, Huang L, Na N, He D, Sun D, Ouyang J. The development of simple and sensitive small-molecule fluorescent probes for the detection of serum proteins after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analyst 2012; 137:2367-73. [PMID: 22475746 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple and sensitive small-molecule fluorescent probe, 2,5-dihydroxy-4'-dimethylaminochalcone (DHDMAC), was designed and synthesized for the detection of human serum proteins via hydrophobic interactions after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). This probe produced lower fluorescence emission in the absence of proteins, and the emission intensity was significantly increased after the interaction with serum proteins. To demonstrate the imaging performance of this probe as a fluorescent dye, a series of experiments was conducted that included sensitivity comparison and 2D-PAGE. The results indicated that the sensitivity of DHDMAC staining is comparable to that of the most widely used fluorescent dye, SYPRO Ruby, and more protein spots (including thyroxine-binding globulin, angiotensinogen, afamin, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein and α-1-antichymotrypsin) were detected after 2D-PAGE. Therefore, DHDMAC is a good protein reporter due to its fast staining procedure, low detection limits and high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Inhibition of glycogen phosphorylation induces changes in cellular proteome and signaling pathways in MIA pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreas 2012; 41:397-408. [PMID: 22158071 PMCID: PMC3306546 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318236f022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Novel quantitative proteomic approaches were used to study the effects of inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase on proteome and signaling pathways in MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS We performed quantitative proteomic analysis in MIA PaCa-2 cancer cells treated with a stratified dose of CP-320626 (5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(4-fuorobenzyl)-2-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-2 oxoethyl] amide) (25, 50, and 100 μM). The effect of metabolic inhibition on cellular protein turnover dynamics was also studied using the modified SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture) method. RESULTS A total of 22 protein spots and 4 phosphoprotein spots were quantitatively analyzed. We found that dynamic expression of total proteins and phosphoproteins was significantly changed in MIA PaCa-2 cells treated with an incremental dose of CP-320626. Functional analyses suggested that most of the proteins differentially expressed were in the pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and tumor necrosis factor α/nuclear factor κB. CONCLUSIONS Signaling pathways and metabolic pathways share many common cofactors and substrates forming an extended metabolic network. The restriction of substrate through 1 pathway such as inhibition of glycogen phosphorylation induces pervasive metabolomic and proteomic changes manifested in protein synthesis, breakdown, and posttranslational modification of signaling molecules. Our results suggest that quantitative proteomic is an important approach to understand the interaction between metabolism and signaling pathways.
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Characterization of dihydroartemisinin-resistant colon carcinoma HCT116/R cell line. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 360:329-37. [PMID: 21959972 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is an important artemisinin derivative and presents profound anti-tumor potential. A DHA-resistant cell line named HCT116/R derived from colon carcinoma cell line HCT116 was established in our previous study. Herein, we found that HCT116/R cells were much more resistant to DHA- or artesunate-induced proliferation inhibition and more tolerant to DHA-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis compared with those of the parent HCT116 cells. The protein levels of P-glycoprotein and MDR-associated protein 1 and the accumulation of doxorubicin in cells were similar in both cell lines. Moreover, HCT116/R cells were still sensitive to camptothecin- and doxorubicin-induced cell growth inhibition. To further explore the characterization of HCT116/R cell line, a proteomic study employing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was performed. Eight different expressed proteins between the two cell lines were identified including some heat shock proteins, annexins, etc. This study not only indicates that exposure to DHA may not induce a tumor multi-drug-resistant phenotype but also affords new clues for the further investigation of the anti-cancer mechanisms of DHA and other artemisinin derivatives.
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Suzuki Y, Takagi N, Chimuro T, Shinohara A, Sakaguchi N, Hiratsuka A, Yokoyama K. Design and synthesis of new fluorescent probe for rapid and highly sensitive detection of proteins via electrophoretic gel stain. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1403-13. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Mao S, Luo Y, Bao G, Zhang Y, Li Y, Ma Y. Comparative analysis on the membrane proteome of Clostridium acetobutylicum wild type strain and its butanol-tolerant mutant. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1660-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00330a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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The anti-cancer activity of dihydroartemisinin is associated with induction of iron-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress in colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:1276-83. [PMID: 20607588 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), the main active metabolite of artemisinin derivatives, is among the artemisinin derivatives possessing potent anti-malarial and anti-cancer activities. In the present study, we found that DHA displayed significant anti-proliferative activity in human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells, which may be attributed to its induction of G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. To further elucidate the mechanism of action of DHA, a proteomic study employed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was performed. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), which is related with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), was identified to be significantly up-regulated after DHA treatment. Further study demonstrated that DHA enhanced expression of GRP78 as well as growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153, another ER stress-associated molecule) at both mRNA and protein levels. DHA treatment also led to accumulation of GADD153 in cell nucleus. Moreover, pretreatment of HCT116 cells with the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate salt (DFO) abrogated induction of GRP78 and GADD153 upon DHA treatment, indicating iron is required for DHA-induced ER stress. This result is consistent with the fact that the anti-proliferative activity of DHA is also mediated by iron. We thus suggest the unbalance of redox may result in DHA-induced ER stress, which may contribute, at least in part, to its anti-cancer activity.
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Jiang XS, Backlund PS, Wassif CA, Yergey AL, Porter FD. Quantitative proteomics analysis of inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis: identification of altered metabolic pathways in DHCR7 and SC5D deficiency. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1461-75. [PMID: 20305089 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900548-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) and lathosterolosis are malformation syndromes with cognitive deficits caused by mutations of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) and lathosterol 5-desaturase (SC5D), respectively. DHCR7 encodes the last enzyme in the Kandutsch-Russel cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, and impaired DHCR7 activity leads to a deficiency of cholesterol and an accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. SC5D catalyzes the synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol from lathosterol. Impaired SC5D activity leads to a similar deficiency of cholesterol but an accumulation of lathosterol. Although the genetic and biochemical causes underlying both syndromes are known, the pathophysiological processes leading to the developmental defects remain unclear. To study the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying SLOS and lathosterolosis neurological symptoms, we performed quantitative proteomics analysis of SLOS and lathosterolosis mouse brain tissue and identified multiple biological pathways affected in Dhcr7(Delta3-5/Delta3-5) and Sc5d(-/-) E18.5 embryos. These include alterations in mevalonate metabolism, apoptosis, glycolysis, oxidative stress, protein biosynthesis, intracellular trafficking, and cytoskeleton. Comparison of proteome alterations in both Dhcr7(Delta3-5/Delta3-5) and Sc5d(-/-) brain tissues helps elucidate whether perturbed protein expression was due to decreased cholesterol or a toxic effect of sterol precursors. Validation of the proteomics results confirmed increased expression of isoprenoid and cholesterol synthetic enzymes. This alteration of isoprenoid synthesis may underlie the altered posttranslational modification of Rab7, a small GTPase that is functionally dependent on prenylation with geranylgeranyl, that we identified and validated in this study. These data suggested that although cholesterol synthesis is impaired in both Dhcr7(Delta3-5/Delta3-5) and Sc5d(-/-) embryonic brain tissues the synthesis of nonsterol isoprenoids may be increased and thus contribute to SLOS and lathosterolosis pathology. This proteomics study has provided insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of SLOS and lathosterolosis, and understanding these pathophysiological changes will help guide clinical therapy for SLOS and lathosterolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Sheng Jiang
- NICHD, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Jiang XS, Wassif CA, Backlund PS, Song L, Holtzclaw LA, Li Z, Yergey AL, Porter FD. Activation of Rho GTPases in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: pathophysiological and clinical implications. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:1347-57. [PMID: 20067919 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a malformation syndrome with neurocognitive deficits due to mutations of DHCR7 that impair the reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. To investigate the pathological processes underlying the neurocognitive deficits, we compared protein expression in Dhcr7(+/+) and Dhcr7(Delta3-5/Delta3-5) brain tissue. One of the proteins identified was cofilin-1, an actin depolymerizing factor which regulates neuronal dendrite and axon formation. Differential expression of cofilin-1 was due to increased phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of cofilin-1 is regulated by Rho GTPases through Rho-Rock-Limk-Cofilin-1 and Rac/Cdc42-Pak-Limk-Cofilin-1 pathways. Pull-down assays were used to demonstrate increased activation of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 in Dhcr7(Delta3-5/Delta3-5) brains. Consistent with increased activation of these Rho GTPases, we observed increased phosphorylation of both Limk and Pak in mutant brain tissue. Altered Rho/Rac signaling impairs normal dendritic and axonal formation, and mutations in genes encoding regulators and effectors of the Rho GTPases underlie other human mental retardation syndromes. Thus, we hypothesized that aberrant activation of Rho/Rac could have functional consequences for dendrite and axonal growth. In vitro analysis of Dhcr7(Delta3-5/Delta3-5) hippocampal neurons demonstrated both axonal and dendritic abnormalities. Developmental abnormalities of neuronal process formation may contribute to the neurocognitive deficits found in SLOS and may represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Sheng Jiang
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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Cao XJ, Dai J, Xu H, Nie S, Chang X, Hu BY, Sheng QH, Wang LS, Ning ZB, Li YX, Guo XK, Zhao GP, Zeng R. High-coverage proteome analysis reveals the first insight of protein modification systems in the pathogenic spirochete Leptospira interrogans. Cell Res 2009; 20:197-210. [PMID: 19918266 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira that infects humans and a wide range of animals. By combining computational prediction and high-accuracy tandem mass spectra, we revised the genome annotation of Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai, a free-living pathogenic spirochete responsible for leptospirosis, providing substantial peptide evidence for novel genes and new gene boundaries. Subsequently, we presented a high-coverage proteome analysis of protein expression and multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Approximately 64.3% of the predicted L. interrogans proteins were cataloged by detecting 2 540 proteins. Meanwhile, a profile of multiple PTMs was concurrently established, containing in total 32 phosphorylated, 46 acetylated and 155 methylated proteins. The PTM systems in the serovar Lai show unique features. Unique eukaryotic-like features of L. interrogans protein modifications were demonstrated in both phosphorylation and arginine methylation. This systematic analysis provides not only comprehensive information of high-coverage protein expression and multiple modifications in prokaryotes but also a view suggesting that the evolutionarily primitive L. interrogans shares significant similarities in protein modification systems with eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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15
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Lee HJ, Na K, Kwon MS, Kim H, Kim KS, Paik YK. Quantitative analysis of phosphopeptides in search of the disease biomarker from the hepatocellular carcinoma specimen. Proteomics 2009; 9:3395-408. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Comprehensive analysis of the mouse renal cortex using two-dimensional HPLC - tandem mass spectrometry. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:15. [PMID: 18501002 PMCID: PMC2412861 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proteomic methodologies increasingly have been applied to the kidney to map the renal cortical proteome and to identify global changes in renal proteins induced by diseases such as diabetes. While progress has been made in establishing a renal cortical proteome using 1-D or 2-DE and mass spectrometry, the number of proteins definitively identified by mass spectrometry has remained surprisingly small. Low coverage of the renal cortical proteome as well as our interest in diabetes-induced changes in proteins found in the renal cortex prompted us to perform an in-depth proteomic analysis of mouse renal cortical tissue. Results We report a large scale analysis of mouse renal cortical proteome using SCX prefractionation strategy combined with HPLC – tandem mass spectrometry. High-confidence identification of ~2,000 proteins, including cytoplasmic, nuclear, plasma membrane, extracellular and unknown/unclassified proteins, was obtained by separating tryptic peptides of renal cortical proteins into 60 fractions by SCX prior to LC-MS/MS. The identified proteins represented the renal cortical proteome with no discernible bias due to protein physicochemical properties, subcellular distribution, biological processes, or molecular function. The highest ranked molecular functions were characteristic of tubular epithelium, and included binding, catalytic activity, transporter activity, structural molecule activity, and carrier activity. Comparison of this renal cortical proteome with published human urinary proteomes demonstrated enrichment of renal extracellular, plasma membrane, and lysosomal proteins in the urine, with a lack of intracellular proteins. Comparison of the most abundant proteins based on normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF) in this dataset versus a published glomerular proteome indicated enrichment of mitochondrial proteins in the former and cytoskeletal proteins in the latter. Conclusion A whole tissue extract of the mouse kidney cortex was analyzed by an unbiased proteomic approach, yielding a dataset of ~2,000 unique proteins identified with strict criteria to ensure a high level of confidence in protein identification. As a result of extracting all proteins from the renal cortex, we identified an exceptionally wide range of renal proteins in terms of pI, MW, hydrophobicity, abundance, and subcellular location. Many of these proteins, such as low-abundance proteins, membrane proteins and proteins with extreme values in pI or MW are traditionally under-represented in 2-DE-based proteomic analysis.
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17
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Liu J, Liu X, Baeyens WRG, Delanghe JR, Ouyang J. A Novel Probe Au(III) for Chemiluminescent Image Detection of Protein Blots on Nitrocellulose Membranes. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1884-90. [DOI: 10.1021/pr700616u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Willy R. G. Baeyens
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R. Delanghe
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jin Ouyang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Mirza SP, Olivier M. Methods and approaches for the comprehensive characterization and quantification of cellular proteomes using mass spectrometry. Physiol Genomics 2008; 33:3-11. [PMID: 18162499 PMCID: PMC2771641 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00292.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics has been proposed as one of the key technologies in the postgenomic era. So far, however, the comprehensive analysis of cellular proteomes has been a challenge because of the dynamic nature and complexity of the multitude of proteins in cells and tissues. Various approaches have been established for the analyses of proteins in a cell at a given state, and mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be an efficient and versatile tool. MS-based proteomics approaches have significantly improved beyond the initial identification of proteins to comprehensive characterization and quantification of proteomes and their posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Despite these advances, there is still ongoing development of new technologies to profile and analyze cellular proteomes more completely and efficiently. In this review, we focus on MS-based techniques, describe basic approaches for MS-based profiling of cellular proteomes and analysis methods to identify proteins in complex mixtures, and discuss the different approaches for quantitative proteome analysis. Finally, we briefly discuss novel developments for the analysis of PTMs. Altered levels of PTM, sometimes in the absence of protein expression changes, are often linked to cellular responses and disease states, and the comprehensive analysis of cellular proteome would not be complete without the identification and quantification of the extent of PTMs of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama P Mirza
- National Center for Proteomics Research, Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. e-mail:
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Liu J, Ouyang J, Baeyens WRG, Delanghe JR, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang H. A novel probe for chemiluminescent image detection of proteins in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:716-25. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Liu J, Cai Y, Wang J, Zhou Q, Yang B, Lu Z, Jiao L, Zhang D, Sui S, Jiang Y, Ying W, Qian X. Phosphoproteome profile of human liver Chang's cell based on 2-DE with fluorescence staining and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4348-58. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Tang LY, Deng N, Wang LS, Dai J, Wang ZL, Jiang XS, Li SJ, Li L, Sheng QH, Wu DQ, Li L, Zeng R. Quantitative phosphoproteome profiling of Wnt3a-mediated signaling network: indicating the involvement of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase M2 subunit phosphorylation at residue serine 20 in canonical Wnt signal transduction. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:1952-67. [PMID: 17693683 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700120-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of canonical Wnt signaling comes not only from the numerous components but also from multiple post-translational modifications. Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common modifications that propagates signals from extracellular stimuli to downstream effectors. To investigate the global phosphorylation regulation and uncover novel phosphoproteins at the early stages of canonical Wnt signaling, HEK293 cells were metabolically labeled with two stable isotopic forms of lysine and were stimulated for 0, 1, or 30 min with purified Wnt3a. After phosphoprotein enrichment and LC-MS/MS analysis, 1057 proteins were identified in all three time points. In total 287 proteins showed a 1.5-fold or greater change in at least one time point. In addition to many known Wnt signaling transducers, other phosphoproteins were identified and quantitated, implicating their involvement in canonical Wnt signaling. k-Means clustering analysis showed dynamic patterns for the differential phosphoproteins. Profile pattern and interaction network analysis of the differential phosphoproteins implicated the possible roles for those unreported components in Wnt signaling. Moreover 100 unique phosphorylation sites were identified, and 54 of them were quantitated in the three time points. Site-specific phosphopeptide quantitation revealed that Ser-20 phosphorylation on RRM2 increased upon 30-min Wnt3a stimulation. Further studies with mutagenesis, the Wnt reporter gene assay, and RNA interference indicated that RRM2 functioned downstream of beta-catenin as an inhibitor of Wnt signaling and that Ser-20 phosphorylation of RRM2 counteracted its inhibition effect. Our systematic profiling of dynamic phosphorylation changes responding to Wnt3a stimulation not only presented a comprehensive phosphorylation network regulated by canonical Wnt signaling but also found novel molecules and phosphorylation involved in Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Ya Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shangai 200031, China
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Ozcan S, Yildirim V, Kaya L, Albrecht D, Becher D, Hecker M, Ozcengiz G. Phanerochaete chrysosporium soluble proteome as a prelude for the analysis of heavy metal stress response. Proteomics 2007; 7:1249-60. [PMID: 17366474 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A 2-D reference map in pI range 3-10 was constructed for the soluble protein fraction of Phanerochaete chrysosporium growing vegetatively under standard conditions. Functional annotation could be made for 517 spots out of 720 that were subjected to MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, according to the specific accession numbers from the P. chrysosporium genomic database. Further analysis of the data revealed 314 distinct ORFs, 118 of which yielded multiple spots on the master gel. Functional classification of the proteins was made according to the eukaryote orthologous groups defined in the organism's genome website. The functional class of PTMs, protein turnover and chaperones was represented with the highest number (63) of the identified ORFs. Six proteins were assigned to the hypothetical proteins and 29 were predicted to have a signal peptide sequence. Subcellular localization predictions were also made for the identified proteins. Of the protein spots detected on the master gel, 380 were found to be probably phosphorylated and 96 of these matched to the identified proteins. The reference map was efficiently used in the identification of the proteins differentially expressed under cadmium and copper stress. Three new ribosomal proteins as well as zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, flavonol/cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, H+-transporting two-sector ATPase, ribosomal protein S7, ribosomal protein S21e, elongation factor EF-1 alpha subunit were demonstrated as the most strongly induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servet Ozcan
- Department of Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Suzuki Y, Yokoyama K, Namatame I. Rapid and easy protein staining for SDS-PAGE using an intramolecular charge transfer-based fluorescent reagent. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3332-7. [PMID: 16944465 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-performance staining for 1-D and 2-D SDS-PAGE was carried out using a novel protein-binding fluorophore (Dye 1), which noncovalently interacts with proteins and provides a fluorescence emission response to proteins by intramolecular charge transfer. In order to achieve the high-throughput analysis of proteins for SDS-PAGE, the general protocols for in-gel protein staining (SDS-PAGE, fixation, staining, washing, and detection) were simplified to produce an easy and rapid protocol (SDS-PAGE together with staining, washing, and detection). This method was performed by preparation of an electrophoresis buffer containing Dye 1 under optimum conditions, and by the binding of Dye 1 to proteins in the gel during the SDS-PAGE. As a result, this study required only 15 min for protein staining as a minimum time. On the other hand, it takes several hours for the general protein staining method, such as SYPRO Ruby staining (18 h) and CBB staining (105 min). Moreover, the protein-to-protein variation was low, and the detection limit was 7.0 ng/band of BSA (S/N = 3.0) in this method, which was as sensitive as the short-protocol silver staining methods. On the basis of these results, this rapid and easy protocol for SDS-PAGE using Dye 1 may be widely applicable and convenient for users in the various scientific and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Suzuki
- Research Center of Advanced Bionics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, c/o Katayanagi Advanced Research Laboratories, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Lee JW, Lee SY, Song H, Yoo JS. The proteome ofMannheimia succiniciproducens, a capnophilic rumen bacterium. Proteomics 2006; 6:3550-66. [PMID: 16758448 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mannheimia succiniciproducens MBEL55E isolated from bovine rumen is an industrially important bacterium as an efficient succinic acid producer. Recently, its full genome sequence was determined. In the present study, we analyzed the M. succiniciproducens proteome based on the genome information using 2-DE and MS. We established proteome reference map of M. succiniciproducens by analyzing whole cellular proteins, membrane proteins, and secreted proteins. More than 200 proteins were identified and characterized by MS/MS supported by various bioinformatic tools. The presence of proteins previously annotated as hypothetical proteins or proteins having putative functions were also confirmed. Based on the proteome reference map, cells in the different growth phases were analyzed at the proteome level. Comparative proteome profiling revealed valuable information to understand physiological changes during growth, and subsequently suggested target genes to be manipulated for the strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Wook Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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