1
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Douglas-Green SA, Aleman JA, Hammond PT. Electrophoresis-Based Approach for Characterizing Dendrimer-Protein Interactions: A Proof-of-Concept Study. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3747-3758. [PMID: 38753577 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Improving the clinical translation of nanomedicine requires better knowledge about how nanoparticles interact with biological environments. As researchers are recognizing the importance of understanding the protein corona and characterizing how nanocarriers respond in biological systems, new tools and techniques are needed to analyze nanocarrier-protein interactions, especially for smaller size (<10 nm) nanoparticles like polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. Here, we developed a streamlined, semiquantitative approach to assess dendrimer-protein interactions using a nondenaturing electrophoresis technique combined with mass spectrometry. With this protocol, we detect fluorescently tagged dendrimers and proteins simultaneously, enabling us to analyze when dendrimers migrate with proteins. We found that PAMAM dendrimers mostly interact with complement proteins, particularly C3 and C4a, which aligns with previously published data, verifying that our approach can be used to isolate and identify dendrimer-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Douglas-Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Juan A Aleman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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2
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Çalbaş B, Keobounnam AN, Korban C, Doratan AJ, Jean T, Sharma AY, Wright TA. Protein-polymer bioconjugation, immobilization, and encapsulation: a comparative review towards applicability, functionality, activity, and stability. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2841-2864. [PMID: 38683585 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01861j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Polymer-based biomaterials have received a lot of attention due to their biomedical, agricultural, and industrial potential. Soluble protein-polymer bioconjugates, immobilized proteins, and encapsulated proteins have been shown to tune enzymatic activity, improved pharmacokinetic ability, increased chemical and thermal stability, stimuli responsiveness, and introduced protein recovery. Controlled polymerization techniques, increased protein-polymer attachment techniques, improved polymer surface grafting techniques, controlled polymersome self-assembly, and sophisticated characterization methods have been utilized for the development of well-defined polymer-based biomaterials. In this review we aim to provide a brief account of the field, compare these methods for engineering biomaterials, provide future directions for the field, and highlight impacts of these forms of bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berke Çalbaş
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ashley N Keobounnam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher Korban
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ainsley Jade Doratan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tiffany Jean
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Aryan Yashvardhan Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Bowers EC, Cavalcante AM, Nguyen K, Li C, Wang Y, El-Zein R, Chen SH, Kim MP, McKay BS, Ramos KS. Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 Analytes in Extracellular Vesicles as Tools for Molecular Diagnostics of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1169. [PMID: 38256242 PMCID: PMC10816871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the oncogenic retrotransposon LINE-1 is a hallmark of various cancer types, including non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Here, we present proof-of-principle evidence that LINE-1 analytes in extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as tools for molecular diagnostics of NSCLC, with LINE-1 status in tumor cells and tissues mirroring the LINE-1 mRNA and ORF1p cargos of EVs from lung cancer cell culture conditioned media or human plasma. The levels of LINE-1 analytes in plasma EVs from ostensibly healthy individuals were higher in females than males. While the profiles of LINE-1 mRNA and ORF1p in African Americans compared to Hispanics were not significantly different, African Americans showed slightly higher ORF1p content, and 2-3 times greater ranges of LINE-1 values compared to Hispanics. Whole plasma ORF1p levels correlated with EV ORF1p levels, indicating that most of the circulating LINE-1 protein is contained within EVs. EV LINE-1 mRNA levels were elevated in patients with advanced cancer stages and in select patients with squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic tumors compared to adenocarcinomas. The observed EV LINE-1 mRNA profiles paralleled the patterns of ORF1p expression in NSCLC tissue sections suggesting that LINE-1 analytes in plasma EVs may serve to monitor the activity of LINE-1 retroelements in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Bowers
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Alexandre M. Cavalcante
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Kimberly Nguyen
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Can Li
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yingshan Wang
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Randa El-Zein
- Houston Methodist Hospital Cancer Center and the Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.E.-Z.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Shu-Hsia Chen
- Houston Methodist Hospital Cancer Center and the Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.E.-Z.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Min P. Kim
- Houston Methodist Hospital Cancer Center and the Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.E.-Z.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Brian S. McKay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Kenneth S. Ramos
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
- Houston Methodist Hospital Cancer Center and the Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.E.-Z.); (S.-H.C.)
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4
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Hernández M, Sieger M, Barreto A, Guerrero CA, Ulloa J. Postbiotic Activities of Bifidobacterium adolescentis: Impacts on Viability, Structural Integrity, and Cell Death Markers in Human Intestinal C2BBe1 Cells. Pathogens 2023; 13:17. [PMID: 38251325 PMCID: PMC10818886 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrheal disease (ADD) caused by rotavirus (RV) contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. Currently, there are no specific drugs for the treatment of RV infections. Previously, we reported the anti-rotaviral activity of the protein metabolites derived from Bifidobacterium adolescentis. In this study, our aim was to assess the impact of B. adolescentis-secreted proteins (BaSP), with anti-rotaviral activity on the human intestinal C2BBe1 cell line. We initiated the production of BaSP and subsequently confirmed its anti-rotaviral activity by counting the infectious foci using immunocytochemistry. We then exposed the C2BBe1 cells to various concentrations of BaSP (≤250 µg/mL) for 72 h. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, cell monolayer integrity was monitored through transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and cytoskeleton architecture and tight junctions (TJs) were examined using confocal microscopy with F-actin and occludin staining. Finally, we utilized a commercial kit to detect markers of apoptosis and necrosis after 24 h of treatment. The results demonstrated that BaSP does not have adverse effects on C2BBe1 cells. These findings confirm that BaSP inhibits rotavirus infectivity and has the potential to strengthen intestinal defense against viral and bacterial infections via the paracellular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Hernández
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Martin Sieger
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Alfonso Barreto
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Carlos A. Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Virus, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111311, Colombia
| | - Juan Ulloa
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (M.H.); (M.S.)
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5
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Meiners K, Hamm P, Gutmann M, Niedens J, Nowak-Król A, Pané S, Lühmann T. Site-specific PEGylation of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 192:79-87. [PMID: 37783360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the gold standard for emergency treatment of ischemic stroke, which is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Major challenges of tPA therapy are its rapid elimination by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and hepatic clearance, leading to the use of high doses and consequent serious side effects, including internal bleeding, swelling and low blood pressure. In this regard, we developed three polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated tPA bioconjugates based on the recombinant human tPA drug Alteplase using site-specific conjugation strategies. The first bioconjugate with PEGylation at the N-terminus of tPA performed by reductive alkylation showed a reduced proteolytic activity of 68 % compared to wild type tPA. PEGylation at the single-free cysteine of tPA with linear and branched PEG revealed similar proteolytic activities as the wild-type protein. Moreover, both bioconjugates with PEG-cysteine-modification showed 2-fold slower inhibition kinetics by PAI-1. All bioconjugates increased in hydrodynamic size as a critical requirement for half-life extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Meiners
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Prisca Hamm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Gutmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Niedens
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Nowak-Król
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics & Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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6
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Powers N, Massena C, Crouse B, Smith M, Hicks L, Evans JT, Miller S, Pravetoni M, Burkhart D. Self-Adjuvanting TLR7/8 Agonist and Fentanyl Hapten Co-Conjugate Achieves Enhanced Protection against Fentanyl Challenge. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1811-1821. [PMID: 37758302 PMCID: PMC10587865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently approved pharmacotherapies for opioid use disorders (OUDs) and overdose reversal agents are insufficient to slow the spread of OUDs due to the proliferation of fentanyl. This is evident in the 31% rise in drug overdose deaths from 2019 to 2022, with rates increasing from 21.6 to 28.3 overdoses per 100,000 deaths. Vaccines are a potential alternative or adjunct therapy for the treatment of several substance use disorders (nicotine, cocaine) but have shown limited clinical success due to suboptimal antibody titers. In this study, we demonstrate that coconjugation of a Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist (UM-3006) alongside a fentanyl-based hapten (F1) on the surface of the carrier protein cross-reactive material 197 (CRM) significantly increased generation of high-affinity fentanyl-specific antibodies. This demonstrated enhanced protection against fentanyl challenges relative to an unconjugated (admix) adjuvant control in mice. Inclusion of aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant further increased titers and enhanced protection, as determined by analysis of fentanyl concentration in serum and brain tissue. Collectively, our findings present a promising approach to enhance the efficacy of antiopioid vaccines, underscoring the need for extensive exploration of TLR7/8 agonist conjugates as a compelling strategy to combat opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Powers
- Center
for Translational Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building, Missoula, Montana 59801, United States
| | - Casey Massena
- Center
for Translational Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building, Missoula, Montana 59801, United States
| | - Bethany Crouse
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mira Smith
- Center
for Translational Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building, Missoula, Montana 59801, United States
| | - Linda Hicks
- Center
for Translational Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building, Missoula, Montana 59801, United States
| | - Jay T. Evans
- Center
for Translational Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building, Missoula, Montana 59801, United States
| | - Shannon Miller
- Center
for Translational Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building, Missoula, Montana 59801, United States
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department
of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University
of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David Burkhart
- Center
for Translational Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building, Missoula, Montana 59801, United States
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7
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Wang X, Jiang Y, Liu H, Zhang X, Yuan H, Huang D, Wang T. In vitro assembly of the trehalose bi-enzyme complex with artificial scaffold protein. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1251298. [PMID: 37711449 PMCID: PMC10497880 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1251298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Trehalose is a significant rare sugar known for its stable properties and ability to protect biomolecules from environmental factors. Methods: In this study, we present a novel approach utilizing a scaffold protein-mediated assembly method for the formation of a trehalose bi-enzyme complex. This complex consists of maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (MTSase) and maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (MTHase), which work in tandem to catalyze the substrate and enhance the overall catalytic efficiency. Utilizing the specific interaction between cohesin and dockerin, this study presents the implementation of an assembly, an analysis of its efficiency, and an exploration of strategies to enhance enzyme utilization through the construction of a bi-enzyme complex under optimal conditions in vitro. Results and Discussion: The bi-enzyme complex demonstrated a trehalose production level 1.5 times higher than that of the free enzyme mixture at 40 h, with a sustained upward trend. Compared to free enzyme mixtures, the adoption of a scaffold protein-mediated bi-enzyme complex may improve cascade reactions and catalytic effects, thus presenting promising prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
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8
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Bohle F, Meyer AJ, Mueller-Schuessele SJ. Quantification of Redox-Sensitive GFP Cysteine Redox State via Gel-Based Read-Out. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2564:259-268. [PMID: 36107347 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2667-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To date, fluorescent protein biosensors are widely used in research. In vivo, they can be applied to dynamically monitor several physiological parameters in various subcellular compartments. Redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein 2 (roGFP2) senses the glutathione redox potential via a disulfide bridge formed between neighboring beta-strands of its beta-barrel structure. As changes in redox state affect both excitation maxima of roGFP2 oppositely, sensor responses are ratiometric. The reaction mechanism of roGFP2 is well characterized and involves an intermediate S-glutathionylation step. Thus, roGFP2 is also used in enzymatic in vitro assays, e.g., assessing glutaredoxin kinetics. In addition to the fluorescent read-out, the roGFP2 redox state can also be determined by differential migration on a non-reducing SDS-PAGE. This read-out mode may be beneficial in some applications, e.g., if mass-spectrometric analysis of posttranslational cysteine modifications is desired. Here, we describe a protocol for gel-based fluorescent read-out of the roGFP2 redox state, as well as modification of free cysteines by maleimide-based reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Bohle
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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9
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Moncalvo F, Lacroce E, Franzoni G, Altomare A, Fasoli E, Aldini G, Sacchetti A, Cellesi F. Selective Protein Conjugation of Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) and Poly(polyethylene glycol methacrylate) with Tunable Topology via Reductive Amination with Multifunctional ATRP Initiators for Activity Preservation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Moncalvo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Elisa Lacroce
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Altomare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Fasoli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Francesco Cellesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
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10
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Hayun H, Arkadash V, Sananes A, Arbely E, Stepensky D, Papo N. Bioorthogonal PEGylation Prolongs the Elimination Half-Life of N-TIMP2 While Retaining MMP Inhibition. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:795-806. [PMID: 35446024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are natural inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of proteins, whose members are key regulators of the proteolysis of extracellular matrix components and hence of multiple biological processes. In particular, imbalanced activity of matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) may lead to the development of cancer and cardiovascular and other diseases. This study aimed to engineer TIMP2, one of the four homologous TIMPs, as a potential therapeutic by virtue of its ability to bind to the active-site Zn2+ of MMP-14. However, the susceptibility to degradation of TIMP2 and its small size, which results in a short circulation half-life, limit its use as a therapeutic. PEGylation was thus used to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of TIMP2. PEGylation of the MMP-targeting N-terminal domain of TIMP2 (N-TIMP2), via either cysteine or lysine residues, resulted in a significant decrease in N-TIMP2 affinity toward MMP-14 or multisite conjugation and conjugate heterogeneity, respectively. Our strategy designed to address this problem was based on incorporating a noncanonical amino acid (NCAA) into N-TIMP2 to enable site-specific mono-PEGylation. The first step was to incorporate the NCAA propargyl lysine (PrK) at position S31 in N-TIMP2, which does not interfere with the N-TIMP2-MMP-14 binding interface. Thereafter, site-specific PEGylation was achieved via a click chemistry reaction between N-TIMP2-S31PrK and PEG-azide-20K. Inhibition studies showed that PEGylated N-TIMP2-S31PrK did indeed retain its inhibitory activity toward MMP-14. The modified protein also showed improved serum stability vs non-PEGylated N-TIMP2. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in mice revealed a significant 8-fold increase in the elimination half-life of PEGylated N-TIMP2 vs the non-PEGylated protein. This study shows that site-specific bioorthogonal mono-PEGylation extends the half-life of N-TIMP2 without impairing its biological activity, thereby highlighting the advantage of this strategy for generating potent PEGylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezi Hayun
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Valeria Arkadash
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Amiram Sananes
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eyal Arbely
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - David Stepensky
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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11
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Bowers EC, Motta A, Knox K, McKay BS, Ramos KS. LINE-1 Cargo and Reverse Transcriptase Activity Profiles in Extracellular Vesicles from Lung Cancer Cells and Human Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073461. [PMID: 35408821 PMCID: PMC8998977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long Interspersed Element-1 (LINE-1) is an oncogenic human retrotransposon that ‘copies and pastes’ DNA into new locations via reverse transcription. Given that enzymatically active LINE-1 can be exported in extracellular vesicles (EVs), and that LINE-1 mRNA and its two encoded proteins, ORF1p and ORF2p, are required for retrotransposition, the present study examined LINE-1 EV loading patterns relative to reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in vivo and in vitro. Density gradient ultracentrifugation identified conserved patterns of LINE-1 mRNA and protein distribution in EVs, with RT activity readily detected in EV fractions containing both LINE-1 mRNA and protein. Unlike whole cell and tissue lysates, the ORF1p in EVs was detected as a dimer. EVs from ostensibly healthy plasma donors showed variable but consistent ORF1p profiles, with residual levels of LINE-1 mRNA measured in some but not all samples. EVs from cancer cell lines had elevated mean LINE-1 levels and 5–85 times greater RT activity than EVs from normal cells or healthy plasma. EV RT activity was associated with EV LINE-1 mRNA content and was highest in cell lines that also expressed an elevated expression of ORF1p and ORF2p. Given that LINE-1 activation is a hallmark of many cancer types, our findings suggest that an EV LINE-1 ‘liquid biopsy’ may be developed to monitor LINE-1 activity during the course of malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Bowers
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Alexandre Motta
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Ken Knox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Brian S. McKay
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Kenneth S. Ramos
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-677-7760
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12
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Akbarzadehlaleh P, Mirzaei M, Mashahdi-Keshtiban M, Heidari HR. The Effect of Length and Structure of Attached Polyethylene Glycol Chain on Hydrodynamic Radius, and Separation of PEGylated Human Serum Albumin by Chromatography. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:728-738. [PMID: 34888220 PMCID: PMC8642789 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study focuses on the effect of length and structure of attached polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain on hydrodynamic radius (Rh ) and chromatographic retention of PEGylated protein. To this aim human serum albumin (HSA) as a standard protein was PEGylated site specifically with mPEG-maleimide. Methods: Separated PEG_HSA fractions were analyzed by size exclusion and anion exchange chromatography (AExC). The purity of fractions and the relative mobility of PEGylated and native proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Hydrodynamic radius was determined based on the retention time of fractions on size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and also according to the previously reported equations. Results: A linear relation was shown between the molecular weight of attached PEG and Rh of PEGylated HSA. No significant difference between Rh of proteins modified with linear and branched PEG was shown. In SDS-PAGE, the delaying effect of branched PEG on movement of PEGylated protein was higher than that of linear PEG. Conclusion: As PEGylated HSA and dimer HSA have almost the same size and in SEC they elute at very close retention times, so in this case ion exchange chromatography (IExC) is more effective than SEC in separation of PEGylated HSA. Branched PEG- HSA showed earlier elution on anion exchange chromatography compared to linear PEG-HSA, that this can explain the different shielding effect of various structures of attached PEGs. The smaller size of PEGylated HSA in compare to the sum of the hydrodynamic radiuses of native HSA and attached PEG could be as a result of shielded attachment of polymer around protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Akbarzadehlaleh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mona Mirzaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Mashahdi-Keshtiban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Heidari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Site-Specific Cross-Linking of Galectin-1 Homodimers via Poly(ethylene glycol) Bismaleimide. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:523-534. [PMID: 34777608 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The promise of the natural immunoregulator, Galectin-1 (Gal1), as an immunomodulatory therapeutic is challenged by its unstable homodimeric conformation. Previously, a Gal1 homodimer stabilized via covalent poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) cross-linking demonstrated higher activity relative to the non-covalent homodimer. Methods Here, we report Gal1 homodimers formed using an alternative thiol-Michael addition linker chemistry. Results Poly(ethylene glycol) bismaleimide (PEGbisMal) reacted with Gal1 at multiple sites with greater efficiency than PEGDA. However, multiple PEGbisMal molecules were conjugated to Gal1 C130, a Gal1 mutant with one surface cysteine (cys-130) and two cysteines thought to be buried in the solvent-inaccessible protein core (cys-42 and cys-60). Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that cys-60 was the site at which additional PEGbisMal molecules were conjugated onto Gal1 C130. Compared to WT-Gal1, Gal1 C130 had low activity for inducing Jurkat T cell death, characterized by phosphatidylserine exposure and membrane permeability. PEG cross-linking could restore the function of Gal1 C130, such that at high concentrations Gal1 C130 cross-linked by PEGbisMal had higher activity than both WT-Gal1 and Gal1 C130 cross-linked by PEGDA. Mutating cys-42 and cys-60 to serines in Gal1 C130 did not affect the cell death signaling activity of the Gal1 C130 homodimer cross-linked by PEGbisMal. PEGylated Gal1 C130 variants also eliminated the need for a reducing agent, such as dithiothreitol, which is required to maintain WT-Gal1 signaling activity. Conclusion Collectively, these data demonstrate that thiol-Michael addition bioconjugation leads to a PEG-cross-linked Gal1 homodimer with improved extracellular signaling activity that does not require a reducing environment to be functional.
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14
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Hauptstein N, Pouyan P, Kehrein J, Dirauf M, Driessen MD, Raschig M, Licha K, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US, Haag R, Meinel L, Sotriffer C, Lühmann T. Molecular Insights into Site-Specific Interferon-α2a Bioconjugates Originated from PEG, LPG, and PEtOx. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4521-4534. [PMID: 34643378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of biologics with polymers modulates their pharmacokinetics, with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the gold standard. We compared alternative polymers and two types of cyclooctyne linkers (BCN/DBCO) for bioconjugation of interferon-α2a (IFN-α2a) using 10 kDa polymers including linear mPEG, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx), and linear polyglycerol (LPG). IFN-α2a was azide functionalized via amber codon expansion and bioorthogonally conjugated to all cyclooctyne linked polymers. Polymer conjugation did not impact IFN-α2a's secondary structure and only marginally reduced IFN-α2a's bioactivity. In comparison to PEtOx, the LPG polymer attached via the less rigid cyclooctyne linker BCN was found to stabilize IFN-α2a against thermal stress. These findings were further detailed by molecular modeling studies which showed a modulation of protein flexibility upon PEtOx conjugation and a reduced amount of protein native contacts as compared to PEG and LPG originated bioconjugates. Polymer interactions with IFN-α2a were further assessed via a limited proteolysis (LIP) assay, which resulted in comparable proteolytic cleavage patterns suggesting weak interactions with the protein's surface. In conclusion, both PEtOx and LPG bioconjugates resulted in a similar biological outcome and may become promising PEG alternatives for bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paria Pouyan
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Kehrein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dirauf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc D Driessen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Raschig
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Tully M, Hauptstein N, Licha K, Meinel L, Lühmann T, Haag R. Linear Polyglycerol for N-terminal-selective Modification of Interleukin-4. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1642-1651. [PMID: 34728175 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymer conjugation to biologics is of key interest to the pharmaceutical industry for the development of potent and long acting biotherapeutics, with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) being the gold standard. Within the last years, unwanted PEG-related side effects (immunological reactions, antibody formation) arose, therefore creating several attempts to establish alternative polymers with similar potential to PEG. In this article, we synthesized N-terminal bioconjugates of the potential therapeutic human interleukin-4 (hIL-4 WT) with linear polyglycerol (LPG) of 10 and 40 kDa and compared it with its PEG analogs of same nominal weights. Polyglycerol is a highly hydrophilic polymer with good biocompatibility and therefore represents an alternative polymer to PEG. Both polymer types resulted in similar conjugation yields, comparable hydrodynamic sizes and an unaltered secondary structure of the protein after modification. LPG- and PEG-bioconjugates remained stable in human plasma, whereas binding to human serum albumin (HSA) decreased after polymer modification. Furthermore, only minor differences in bioactivity were observed between LPG- and PEG-bioconjugates of same nominal weights. The presented findings are promising for future pharmacokinetic evaluation of hIL-4-polymer bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tully
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin Germany.
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16
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H 2O 2-Mediated Oxidative Stress Enhances Cystathionine γ-Lyase-Derived H 2S Synthesis via a Sulfenic Acid Intermediate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091488. [PMID: 34573121 PMCID: PMC8466214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is generated mainly by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) in the cardiovascular system, plays a pivotal role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. However, the regulatory mechanism of the CSE/H2S system is poorly understood. Herein, we show that oxidation induces the disulfide bond formation between Cys252 and Cys255 in the CXXC motif, thus stimulating the H2S-producing activity of CSE. The activity of oxidized CSE is approximately 2.5 fold greater than that of the reduced enzyme. Molecular dynamics and molecular docking suggest that the disulfide bond formation induces the conformational change in the active site of CSE and consequently increases the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate L-cysteine. Mass spectrometry and mutagenesis studies further established that the residue Cys255 is crucial for oxidation sensing. Oxidative stress-mediated sulfenylation of Cys255 leads to a sulfenic acid intermediate that spontaneously forms an intramolecular disulfide bond with the vicinal thiol group of Cys252. Moreover, we demonstrate that exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and endogenous H2O2 triggered by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promote cellular H2S production through the enhancement of CSE activity under oxidative stress conditions. By contrast, incubation with H2O2 or VEGF did not significantly enhance cellular H2S production in the presence of PEG-catalase, an enzymatic cell-permeable H2O2 scavenger with high H2O2 specificity. Taken together, we report a new posttranslational modification of CSE that provides a molecular mechanism for H2O2/H2S crosstalk in cells under oxidative stress.
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17
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Chen G, Pagano J, Yu D, Ghose S, Li Z, Ghosh R. Fast and high-resolution purification of a PEGylated protein using a z 2 laterally-fed membrane chromatography device. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462375. [PMID: 34256267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PEGylated proteins comprise a class of value-added biopharmaceuticals. High-resolution separation techniques are required for the purification of these molecules. In this study, we discuss the application of a newly developed z2 laterally-fed membrane chromatography (or z2LFMC) device for carrying out high-resolution purification of a PEGylated protein drug. The device used in the current study contained a stack of anion exchange (Q) membranes. The membrane bed-height of this z2LFMC device being small, it could be operated at very high flow rates, at relatively low back pressures. The primary goal was to speedily and efficiently separate a mono-PEGylated protein from impurities present in the PEGylation reaction mixture. A resin-based anion exchange column having the same ligand and bed-volume was used as the control device. The purification performance of the z2LFMC device and the control column were compared terms of resolution, recovery and purity. The z2LFMC device outperformed the control column in terms of every metric compared in this study. Higher purity (85.4% as opposed to 77.9%) and higher recovery (28% greater) of the target mono-PEGylated protein were obtained using the z2LFMC device at 20-time higher speed. These results clearly demonstrate that the z2LFMC device could be a faster and more efficient alternative to resin-based columns for purification of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - John Pagano
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3510F-BDB231, 38 Jackson Road, Devens MA 01434, United States
| | - Deqiang Yu
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3510F-BDB231, 38 Jackson Road, Devens MA 01434, United States
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3510F-BDB231, 38 Jackson Road, Devens MA 01434, United States
| | - Zhengjian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3510F-BDB231, 38 Jackson Road, Devens MA 01434, United States
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
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18
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Flores-Santos JC, Moguel IS, Monteiro G, Pessoa A, Vitolo M. Improvement in extracellular secretion of recombinant L-asparaginase II by Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using glycine and n-dodecane. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1247-1255. [PMID: 34100260 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase II (ASNase) is the biopharmaceutical of choice for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In this study, E. coli BL21 (DE3) transformed with the pET15b + asnB vector which expresses recombinant ASNase was used as a source to obtain this enzyme. The ideal conditions to produce ASNase would be a high level of secretion into the extracellular medium, which depends not only on the application of molecular biology techniques but also on the development of a strategy to modify cell permeability such as the addition of substances to the culture medium that stimulate destabilisation of structural components of the cell. Thus, the growth of E. coli BL21 (DE3) in modified Luria-Bertani broth, supplemented with 0.8% (w/v) glycine and 6% (v/v) n-dodecane, increased the total yield of ASNase by about 50% (15,108 IU L-1) and resulted in a 16-fold increase in extracellular enzymatic productivity (484 IU L-1 h-1), compared to production using the same medium without addition of these substances. Most of the enzyme (89%) was secreted into the culture medium 24 h after the induction step. This proposed approach presents a simple strategy to increase extracellular production of ASNase in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Flores-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 580, Brazil
| | - Ignacio S Moguel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 580, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 580, Brazil.
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 580, Brazil
| | - Michele Vitolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 580, Brazil
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19
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Tully M, Wedepohl S, Kutifa D, Weise C, Licha K, Schirner M, Haag R. Prolonged activity of exenatide: Detailed comparison of Site-specific linear polyglycerol- and poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 164:105-113. [PMID: 33957224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exenatide is a small therapeutic peptide being currently used in clinic for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type II, however, displaying a short blood circulation time which makes two daily injections necessary. Covalent polymer modification of a protein is a well-known approach to overcome this limitation, resulting in steric shielding, an increased size and therefore a longer circulation half-life. In this study, we employed site-selective C-terminal polymer ligation of exenatide via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne-cycloaddition (CuAAC) to yield 1:1-conjugates of either poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or linear polyglycerol (LPG) of different molecular weights. Our goal was to compare the impact of the two polymers on size, structure and activity of exenatide on the in vitro and in vivo level. Both polymers did not alter the secondary structure of exenatide and expectedly increased its hydrodynamic size, where the LPG-versions of exenatide showed slightly smaller values than their PEG-analogs of same molecular weight. Upon conjugation, GLP-1 receptor activation was diminished, however, still enabled maximum receptor response at slightly higher concentrations. Exenatide modified with a 40 kDa LPG (Ex-40-LPG) showed significant reduction of the blood glucose level in diabetic mice for up to 72 h, which was comparable to its PEG-analog, but 9-fold longer than native exenatide (8 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tully
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wedepohl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Kutifa
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schirner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Majaliwa N, Kibazohi O, Alminger M. Proteomic potential of East African Highland Bananas (EAHBs) for banana juice extraction: comparison between juice-producing and cooking cultivars. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2021.1909145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Majaliwa
- Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oscar Kibazohi
- Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Marie Alminger
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Organophosphate detoxification by membrane-engineered red blood cells. Acta Biomater 2021; 124:270-281. [PMID: 33529769 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics have achieved global economic success due to their high specificity towards their drug targets, providing exceptional safety and efficiency. The ongoing shift away from small molecule drugs towards biotherapeutics heightens the need to further improve the pharmacokinetics of these biological drugs. Three pervasive obstacles that limit the therapeutic capacity of biotherapeutics are proteolytic degradation, circulating half-life, and the development of anti-drug antibodies. These challenges can culminate in limited efficiency and consequently warrant the need for higher drug doses and more frequent administration. We have explored the coupling of biotherapeutics to long-lived and biocompatible red blood cells (RBCs) to address limited pharmacokinetics. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), for example, provides prophylactic protection against organophosphate nerve agents (OPNAs), yet the short circulation life of the drug requires extraordinary doses. Herein, we report the rapid and tunable chemical engineering of BChE to RBC membranes to create a cell-based delivery system that retains the enzyme activity and enhances stability. In a three-step process that first pre-modifies BChE with a cell-reactive polymer chain, primes the cells for engineering, and then grafts the conjugates to the cells, we attached over 2 million BChE molecules to the surface of each RBC without diminishing the bioscavenging capacity of the enzyme. Critically, this membrane-engineering approach was cell-tolerated with minimal hemolysis observed. These results provide strong evidence for the ability of engineered RBCs to serve as an enhanced biotherapeutic delivery vehicle. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Organophosphate nerve agents (OPNAs) are one of the most lethal forms of chemical warfare. After exposure to OPNAs, a patient is given life-saving therapeutics, such as atropine and oxime. However, these drugs are limited, and the patient can still suffer from irreparable injuries. Given the toxicity of OPNAs, access to a prophylactic is vital. We have created an enhanced delivery system for prophylactic butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by engineering this biotherapeutic to the red blood cell (RBC) surface. In three simple steps that first pre-modifies BChE with a cell-reactive polymer, primes the cells for engineering, and then grafts the conjugates to the cells, we attached over 2 million BChE molecules to a single RBC while retaining the enzyme's activity and enhancing its stability.
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22
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Pedersbæk D, Krogager L, Albertsen CH, Ringgaard L, Hansen AE, Jønsson K, Larsen JB, Kjær A, Andresen TL, Simonsen JB. Effect of apoA-I PEGylation on the Biological Fate of Biomimetic High-Density Lipoproteins. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:871-880. [PMID: 33458538 PMCID: PMC7808163 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic high-density lipoproteins (b-HDL) have in the past two decades been applied for various drug delivery applications. As b-HDL inherently have relatively long circulation half-life and high tumor accumulation, this has inspired researchers to use b-HDL to selectively deliver drugs to tumors. PEGylation of the b-HDL has been pursued to increase the circulation half-life and therapeutic efficacy even further. The b-HDL consist of lipids stabilized by a protein/peptide scaffold, and while PEGylation of the scaffold has been shown to greatly increase the circulation half-life of the scaffold, the effect of PEGylation of the lipids is much less significant. Still, it remains to be evaluated how the biological fate, including cellular uptake, biodistribution, and circulation half-life, of the b-HDL lipids is affected by PEGylation of the b-HDL scaffold. We studied this with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-based b-HDL and mono-PEGylated b-HDL (PEG b-HDL) both in vitro and in vivo. We found that PEGylation of the b-HDL scaffold only seemed to have minimal effect on the biological fate of the lipids. Both b-HDL and PEG b-HDL overall shared similar biological fates, which includes cellular uptake through the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI) and relatively high tumor accumulation. This highlights that b-HDL are dynamic particles, and the biological fates of the b-HDL components (lipids and scaffold) can differ. A phenomenon that may also apply for other multicomponent nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pedersbæk
- Department
of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Krogager
- Department
of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Camilla Hald Albertsen
- Department
of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Ringgaard
- Department
of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders E. Hansen
- Department
of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrine Jønsson
- Department
of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jannik B. Larsen
- Department
of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department
of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET and Cluster for Molecular
Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Department
of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens B. Simonsen
- Department
of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Li H, Huo J, Sun D, Guo Y, Jiang L, Zhang H, Shi X, Zhao Z, Zhou J, Hu C, Zhang C. Determination of PEGylation homogeneity of polyethylene glycol-modified canine uricase. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:693-699. [PMID: 33247595 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol-modified canine uricase (PEG-UHC) was prepared by modifying the ε-amino group of lysine residues on the canine uricase (UHC) protein to near-saturation with 5 kDa monomethoxyl-polyethylene glycol succinimide (mPEG-SPA-5k). In order to accurately determine the PEGylation uniformity of PEG-UHC, CZE, 3-8% gradient gel SDS-PAGE, and imaging CIEF (iCIEF) analyses were compared. CZE could not effectively separate PEG-UHC proteins with different degrees of modification, 3-8% gradient gel SDS-PAGE could separate PEG-UHC into seven gel bands; however, most of the gel bands were smeared or blurred, and the separation of PEG-UHC samples by iCIEF was significantly better than that by 3-8% gradient gel SDS-PAGE. Under denatured conditions, iCIEF separated 12 pI peaks, and could also accurately quantify the relative monomer PEG-UHC content. More than 85% of the total monomeric PEG-UHC was conjugated with 7-12 PEG molecules; of this 85%, approximately 40% was conjugated with 9-10 PEG molecules. These results demonstrated that iCIEF exhibits good potential for determining the PEGylation homogeneity of PEGylated protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - JingJing Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Dan Sun
- Rizhao Institute of Scientific and Technological Information, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Renrui Biotechnology Inc., Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Haijuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Zhilong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Jinchuan Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Hu
- Fagen Biomedical Inc., Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China.,Renrui Biotechnology Inc., Shandong, P.R. China
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25
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Kumari M, Sahni G, Datta S. Development of Site-Specific PEGylated Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor With Prolonged Biological Activity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:572077. [PMID: 33330413 PMCID: PMC7710547 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.572077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, amino-terminal PEGylated human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (huG-CSF) is used to prevent and treat neutropenia. Although huG-CSF has been used as a drug for more than 20 years, it has three significant drawbacks: (i) it relies on PEG aldehyde for PEGylation of the alpha-amino group of the first amino acid, and this leads to non-specific PEGylation of the epsilon amino group of lysine residues within the G-CSF; (ii) longer-acting G-CSF variants are desirable to reduce the risk of chemotherapy-associated neutropenia; and (iii) G-CSF cannot be administered on the day of chemotherapy. In an attempt to overcome the above drawbacks, we engineered cysteine variants of G-CSF to facilitate the maleimide PEG-based site-specific PEGylation that leads to a highly homogenous PEGylated product. Importantly, we have demonstrated that 20 kDa thiol-reactive PEG conjugated by maleimide chemistry to the Cys2 G-CSF variant exhibits leukocyte proliferative activity similar to that of the commercially available G-CSF conjugated with aldehyde PEG in a neutropenia mice model. Moreover, we have demonstrated that PEGylation of the cysteine variant of huG-CSF with higher molecular weight PEGs, such as 30 kDa PEG and 40 kDa PEG, leads to significantly prolonged leukocyte proliferation activity compared to the variant conjugated with 20 kDa PEG. Importantly, even a half-dose of the engineered variant conjugated with 40 kDa PEG exhibited significantly longer biological activity than the commercially available 20 kDa PEGylated huG-CSF. Finally, we have demonstrated that administration of the engineered variant conjugated with 40 kDa PEG on the day of administration of cyclophosphamide for inducing neutropenia in mice can alleviate neutropenia through leukocyte proliferation. In summary, this study provides the design of site-specific PEGylated huG-CSF variants with improved therapeutic potential. It opens the possibility of long-acting and same-day prophylactic administration of G-CSF after chemotherapy drug regimens. These results may pave the way for the development of potential G-CSF derivatives possessing longer half-lives and favorable clinical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kumari
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Girish Sahni
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonal Datta
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Chowhan RK, Rahaman H, Singh LR. Structural basis of peroxidase catalytic cycle of human Prdx6. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17416. [PMID: 33060708 PMCID: PMC7566464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a ubiquitously expressed antioxidant non-selenium glutathione peroxidase that is known to play a major role in various physiological and pathological processes. It belongs to the family of peroxidases (referred to as Peroxiredoxins, Prdx's) that work independently of any prosthetic groups or co-factors, and instead utilize a peroxidatic thiol residue for peroxide reduction. Mammalian Prdx's are classified according to the number of Cys implicated in their catalytic activity by the formation of either inter-molecular (typical 2-Cys, Prdx1-4) or intra-molecular (atypical 2-Cys, Prdx5) disulfide bond, or non-covalent interactions (1-Cys, Prdx6). The typical and atypical 2-Prdx's have been identified to show decamer/dimer and monomer/dimer transition, respectively, upon oxidation of their peroxidatic cysteine. However, the alterations in the oligomeric status of Prdx6 as a function of peroxidatic thiol's redox state are still ambiguous. While the crystal structure of recombinant human Prdx6 is resolved as a dimer, the solution structures are reported to have both monomers and dimers. In the present study, we have employed several spectroscopic and electrophoretic probes to discern the impact of change in the redox status of peroxidatic cysteine on conformation and oligomeric status of Prdx6. Our study indicates Prdx6's peroxidase activity to be a redox-based conformation driven process which essentially involves monomer-dimer transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimpy Kaur Chowhan
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Hamidur Rahaman
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Imphal, 795003, India
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27
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Cobley JN, Husi H. Immunological Techniques to Assess Protein Thiol Redox State: Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E315. [PMID: 32326525 PMCID: PMC7222201 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, and redox signaling in health and disease it is essential to assess protein thiol redox state. Protein thiol redox state is seldom assessed immunologically because of the inability to distinguish reduced and reversibly oxidized thiols by Western blotting. An underappreciated opportunity exists to use Click PEGylation to realize the transformative power of simple, time and cost-efficient immunological techniques. Click PEGylation harnesses selective, bio-orthogonal Click chemistry to separate reduced and reversibly oxidized thiols by selectively ligating a low molecular weight polyethylene glycol moiety to the redox state of interest. The resultant ability to disambiguate reduced and reversibly oxidized species by Western blotting enables Click PEGylation to assess protein thiol redox state. In the present review, to enable investigators to effectively harness immunological techniques to assess protein thiol redox state we critique the chemistry, promise and challenges of Click PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nathan Cobley
- Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK;
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28
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Hu H, Wang L, Xu B, Wang P, Yuan J, Yu Y, Wang Q. Construction of a composite hydrogel of silk sericin via horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed graft polymerization of poly-PEGDMA. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2643-2655. [PMID: 32144891 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Silk sericin (SS), which is one of the main components of Bombyx mori silk fibers, has attracted increasing attentions as functional biomaterials due to its diverse biological activities as well as excellent biocompatibility. However, the poor formability and weak mechanical properties of SS materials severely limit their practical applications in biomedical field. To address this issue, in this study poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) modified sericin were prepared by graft polymerization of poly-PEGDMA (pPEGDMA) onto sericin chains in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide under mild condition. The composite hydrogels obtained from the modified SS not only exhibit much improved formability and excellent mechanical properties, but also high possess porosity and swelling ratios up to 63 and 1,250%, respectively, at the optimized formulation. Moreover, the composite hydrogels also reveal sustained drug release behavior and acceptable cytotoxicity, which endow them with vast application as biomaterials. It is envisioned that the method presented in this study would expand the application of SS in biomedical filed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Hu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiugang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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29
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Steiert E, Ewald J, Wagner A, Hellmich UA, Frey H, Wich PR. pH-Responsive protein nanoparticlesviaconjugation of degradable PEG to the surface of cytochromec. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A protein nanoparticle system based on cytochromecwas modified with acid-degradable polyethylene glycol (PEGylation). Vinyl ether moieties distributed in the polyether backbone, enabled particle degradation at slightly acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Steiert
- Institute of Pharmacy und Biochemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Johannes Ewald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Annika Wagner
- Institute of Pharmacy und Biochemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Ute A. Hellmich
- Institute of Pharmacy und Biochemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Peter R. Wich
- Institute of Pharmacy und Biochemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
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30
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Comparative pharmacokinetic study of PEGylated gemcitabine and gemcitabine in rats by LC-MS/MS coupled with pre-column derivatization and MSALL technique. Talanta 2020; 206:120184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Alaneed R, Hauenschild T, Mäder K, Pietzsch M, Kressler J. Conjugation of Amine-Functionalized Polyesters With Dimethylcasein Using Microbial Transglutaminase. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:981-991. [PMID: 31682828 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates have been used as therapeutics because they exhibit frequently higher stability, prolonged in vivo half-life, and lower immunogenicity compared with native proteins. The first part of this report describes the enzymatic synthesis of poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA(M)) by transesterification between glycerol and dimethyl adipate using lipase B from Candida antarctica. PGA(M) is a hydrophilic, biodegradable but water insoluble polyester. By acylation, PGA(M) is modified with 6-(Fmoc-amino)hexanoic acid and with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) side chains (mPEG12) rendering the polymer highly water soluble. This is followed by the removal of protecting groups, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, to generate polyester with primary amine groups, namely PGA(M)-g-NH2-g-mPEG12. 1H NMR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography have been used to determine the chemical structure and polydispersity index of PGA(M) before and after modification. In the second part, we discuss the microbial transglutaminase-mediated conjugation of the model protein dimethylcasein with PGA(M)-g-NH2-g-mPEG12 under mild reaction conditions. SDS-PAGE proves the protein-polyester conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Alaneed
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle/Saale, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Till Hauenschild
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Markus Pietzsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Cobley JN, Noble A, Jimenez-Fernandez E, Valdivia Moya MT, Guille M, Husi H. Catalyst-free Click PEGylation reveals substantial mitochondrial ATP synthase sub-unit alpha oxidation before and after fertilisation. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101258. [PMID: 31234016 PMCID: PMC6597785 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using non-reducing Western blotting to assess protein thiol redox state is challenging because most reduced and oxidised forms migrate at the same molecular weight and are, therefore, indistinguishable. While copper catalysed Click chemistry can be used to ligate a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety termed Click PEGylation to mass shift the reduced or oxidised form as desired, the potential for copper catalysed auto-oxidation is problematic. Here we define a catalyst-free trans-cyclooctene-methyltetrazine (TCO-Tz) inverse electron demand Diels Alder chemistry approach that affords rapid (k ~2000 M-1 s-1), selective and bio-orthogonal Click PEGylation. We used TCO-Tz Click PEGylation to investigate how fertilisation impacts reversible mitochondrial ATP synthase F1-Fo sub-unit alpha (ATP-α-F1) oxidation-an established molecular correlate of impaired enzyme activity-in Xenopus laevis. TCO-Tz Click PEGylation studies reveal substantial (~65%) reversible ATP-α-F1 oxidation at evolutionary conserved cysteine residues (i.e., C244 and C294) before and after fertilisation. A single thiol is, however, preferentially oxidised likely due to greater solvent exposure during the catalytic cycle. Selective reduction experiments show that: S-glutathionylation accounts for ~50-60% of the reversible oxidation observed, making it the dominant oxidative modification type. Intermolecular disulphide bonds may also contribute due to their relative stability. Substantial reversible ATP-α-F1 oxidation before and after fertilisation is biologically meaningful because it implies low mitochondrial F1-Fo ATP synthase activity. Catalyst-free TCO-Tz Click PEGylation is a valuable new tool to interrogate protein thiol redox state in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Cobley
- Free Radical Research Group, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK.
| | - Anna Noble
- European Xenopus Resource Centre, University of Portsmouth, School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Eduardo Jimenez-Fernandez
- Free Radical Research Group, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Manuel-Thomas Valdivia Moya
- Free Radical Research Group, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Matthew Guille
- European Xenopus Resource Centre, University of Portsmouth, School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Holger Husi
- Free Radical Research Group, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
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Development of an UPLC-MS/MS method coupled with in-source CID for quantitative analysis of PEG-PLA copolymer and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1125:121716. [PMID: 31319286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) is a biocompatible and amphiphilic block copolymer composed of a hydrophilic PEG block and a hydrophobic PLA block, which can self-assemble into micelles in water. It is one of the most commonly used biodegradable polymers for drug encapsulation, drug solubilization and drug delivery. Due to the complexity and heterogeneity of PEG-PLA, the precise analysis of this polymer is a great challenge. This study reports an application of an UPLC tandem mass spectrometry coupled with in-source collision induced dissociation (CID) technique for the analysis of a model compound mPEG2000-PDLLA2500-COOH, which could be dissociated in source and generate a series of fragment ions corresponding to its subunits. These surrogate ions including PLA-specific and PEG-specific fragment ions could be further broken into specific product ions in collision cell. Finally, the ion transition at m/z 505.0 → 217.0 was selected for the quantitation of mPEG2000-PDLLA2500-COOH. This assay achieved a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 0.05 μg/mL with only 30 μL rat plasma. The linear range is 0.05 to 5 μg/mL. Intraday and interday accuracy and precision were within ±12.1%. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of mPEG2000-PDLLA2500-COOH in rats. The results revealed that LC-MS/MS coupled with in-source CID is a sensitive and specific strategy for analysis of PEG-PLA. This method can be potentially extended to the analysis of other pharmaceutical polymer excipients.
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Wright TA, Page RC, Konkolewicz D. Polymer conjugation of proteins as a synthetic post-translational modification to impact their stability and activity. Polym Chem 2019; 10:434-454. [PMID: 31249635 PMCID: PMC6596429 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For more than 40 years, protein-polymer conjugates have been widely used for many applications, industrially and biomedically. These bioconjugates have been shown to modulate the activity and stability of various proteins while introducing reusability and new activities that can be used for drug delivery, improve pharmacokinetic ability, and stimuli-responsiveness. Techniques such as RDRP, ROMP and "click" have routinely been utilized for development of well-defined bioconjugate and polymeric materials. Synthesis of bioconjugate materials often take advantage of natural amino acids present within protein and peptide structures for a host of coupling chemistries. Polymer modification may elicit increased or decreased activity, activity retention under harsh conditions, prolonged activity in vivo and in vitro, and introduce stimuli responsiveness. Bioconjugation has resulted to modulated thermal stability, chemical stability, storage stability, half-life and reusability. In this review we aim to provide a brief state of the field, highlight a wide range of behaviors caused by polymer conjugation, and provide areas of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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35
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Torres-Obreque K, Meneguetti GP, Custódio D, Monteiro G, Pessoa-Junior A, de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui C. Production of a novel N-terminal PEGylated crisantaspase. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:281-289. [PMID: 30597637 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Crisantaspase is an asparaginase enzyme produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi and used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in case of hypersensitivity to Escherichia coli l-asparaginase (ASNase). The main disadvantages of crisantaspase are the short half-life (10 H) and immunogenicity. In this sense, its PEGylated form (PEG-crisantaspase) could not only reduce immunogenicity but also improve plasma half-life. In this work, we developed a process to obtain a site-specific N-terminal PEGylated crisantaspase (PEG-crisantaspase). Crisantaspase was recombinantly expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) strain cultivated in a shaker and in a 2-L bioreactor. Volumetric productivity in bioreactor increased 37% compared to shaker conditions (460 and 335 U L-1 H-1 , respectively). Crisantaspase was extracted by osmotic shock and purified by cation exchange chromatography, presenting specific activity of 694 U mg-1 , 21.7 purification fold, and yield of 69%. Purified crisantaspase was PEGylated with 10 kDa methoxy polyethylene glycol-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (mPEG-NHS) at different pH values (6.5-9.0). The highest N-terminal pegylation yield (50%) was at pH 7.5 with the lowest poly-PEGylation ratio (7%). PEG-crisantaspase was purified by size exclusion chromatography and presented a KM value three times higher than crisantaspase (150 and 48.5 µM, respectively). Nonetheless, PEG-crisantaspase was found to be more stable at high temperatures and over longer periods of time. In 2 weeks, crisantaspase lost 93% of its specific activity, whereas PEG-crisantaspase was stable for 20 days. Therefore, the novel PEG-crisantaspase enzyme represents a promising biobetter alternative for the treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Torres-Obreque
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Débora Custódio
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Pessoa-Junior
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
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36
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Reichel C, Gmeiner G, Reihlen P, Thevis M, Schänzer W. SARCOSYL-PAGE: Optimized Protocols for the Separation and Immunological Detection of PEGylated Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1855:131-149. [PMID: 30426415 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8793-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation of recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides aims to generate biopharmaceuticals with altered physical properties. The modification may lead to a prolonged serum half-life caused by decreased receptor-mediated endocytosis and/or delay in renal clearance caused by the increased hydrodynamic volume of the pharmaceutical. MIRCERA, a PEGylated recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO) used in the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease, has also been abused by athletes as performance-enhancing drug. While it can be detected by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting, the sensitivity of the test is significantly lower compared to other epoetins. By replacing SDS with sarcosyl in the sample and running buffers, the interaction between SDS and the PEG group of the protein no longer reduces the affinity of the monoclonal anti-EPO antibody (clone AE7A5) to the protein chain. Contrary to SDS, sarcosyl only binds to the amino acid chain of the PEGylated protein and thus leads to a sharper electrophoretic band and enhanced antibody binding. While the method was originally developed for anti-doping purposes, it may also be useful for the electrophoretic separation and immunological detection of other PEGylated proteins. Protocols for urine and serum are presented. They are also applicable for the general detection of EPO-based erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) in these matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Philipp Reihlen
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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37
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Yin L, Su C, Ren T, Meng X, Shi M, Paul Fawcett J, Zhang M, Hu W, Gu J. MS All strategy for comprehensive quantitative analysis of PEGylated-doxorubicin, PEG and doxorubicin by LC-high resolution q-q-TOF mass spectrometry coupled with all window acquisition of all fragment ion spectra. Analyst 2018; 142:4279-4288. [PMID: 29022970 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00470b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to therapeutic compounds (known as PEGylation) is one of the most promising techniques to improve the biological efficacy of small molecular weight drugs. After administration, PEGylated prodrugs can be metabolized into pharmacologically active compounds so that PEGylated drug, free drug and released PEG are present simultaneously in the body. Understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior of these three compounds is needed to guide the development of pegylated theranostic agents. However, PEGs are polydisperse molecules with a wide range of molecular weights, so that the simultaneous quantitation of PEGs and PEGylated molecules in biological matrices is very challenging. This article reports the application of a data-independent acquisition method (MSAll) based on liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-q-q-TOF-MS) in the positive ion mode to the simultaneous determination of methoxyPEG2000-doxorubicin (mPEG2K-Dox) and its breakdown products in rat blood. Using the MSAll technique, precursor ions of all molecules are generated in q1, fragmented to product ions in q2 (collision cell), and subjected to TOF separation before precursor and product ions are recorded using low and high collision energies (CE) respectively in different experiments for a single sample injection. In this study, dissociation in q2 generated a series of high resolution PEG-related product ions at m/z 89.0611, 133.0869, 177.1102, 221.1366, 265.1622, 309.1878, and 353.2108 corresponding to fragments containing various numbers of ethylene oxide subunits, Dox-related product ions at m/z 321.0838 and 361.0785, and an mPEG2K-Dox specific product ion at m/z 365.0735. Detection of mPEGs and mPEG2K-Dox was based on high resolution extracted ions of mPEG and the specific compound. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of doxorubicin, mPEG2K (methylated polyethylene glycol 2K), and mPEG2K-doxorubicin in rats after a single intravenous injection of mPEG2K-doxorubicin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first assay that simultaneously determines mPEG, Dox, and mPEG2K-Dox in a biological matrix. We believe the MSAll technique as applied in this study can be potentially extended to the determination of other PEGylated small molecules or polymeric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Research Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Dongminzhu Street, Changchun 130061, PR China.
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38
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Liu W, Boldt F, Tokura Y, Wang T, Agrawalla BK, Wu Y, Weil T. Encoding function into polypeptide-oligonucleotide precision biopolymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11797-11800. [PMID: 30280162 PMCID: PMC6192144 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel synthesis strategy to prepare precision polymers providing exact chain lengths, molecular weights and monomer sequences that allow post modifications by convenient DNA hybridization. Two grafted single strand DNA (ssDNA) side chains serve as a versatile platform for sequence-specific attachment of chromophores, proteins, cell-targeting peptide, and a Y-shape DNA linker. This approach resembles a LEGO®-type incorporation of functionalities to create functional biopolymers of high structure definition under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Liu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research
,
Ackermannweg 10
, 55128 Mainz
, Germany
.
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I
, Ulm University
,
Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
, 89081 Ulm
, Germany
| | - Felix Boldt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research
,
Ackermannweg 10
, 55128 Mainz
, Germany
.
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I
, Ulm University
,
Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
, 89081 Ulm
, Germany
| | - Yu Tokura
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research
,
Ackermannweg 10
, 55128 Mainz
, Germany
.
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I
, Ulm University
,
Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
, 89081 Ulm
, Germany
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I
, Ulm University
,
Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
, 89081 Ulm
, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
, Southwest Jiaotong University
,
610031
, Chengdu
, China
| | - Bikram Keshari Agrawalla
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research
,
Ackermannweg 10
, 55128 Mainz
, Germany
.
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I
, Ulm University
,
Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
, 89081 Ulm
, Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research
,
Ackermannweg 10
, 55128 Mainz
, Germany
.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica
, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
,
Luoyu Road 1037
, 430074 Hongshan
, Wuhan
, P. R. China
.
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research
,
Ackermannweg 10
, 55128 Mainz
, Germany
.
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I
, Ulm University
,
Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
, 89081 Ulm
, Germany
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Ciepluch K, Radulescu A, Hoffmann I, Raba A, Allgaier J, Richter D, Biehl R. Influence of PEGylation on Domain Dynamics of Phosphoglycerate Kinase: PEG Acts Like Entropic Spring for the Protein. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1950-1960. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Ciepluch
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science & Institute of Complex Systems (JCNS-1&ICS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ingo Hoffmann
- Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Andreas Raba
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science & Institute of Complex Systems (JCNS-1&ICS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Allgaier
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science & Institute of Complex Systems (JCNS-1&ICS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Richter
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science & Institute of Complex Systems (JCNS-1&ICS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ralf Biehl
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science & Institute of Complex Systems (JCNS-1&ICS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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40
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Pan H, Liu J, Deng W, Xing J, Li Q, Wang Z. Site-specific PEGylation of an anti-CEA/CD3 bispecific antibody improves its antitumor efficacy. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3189-3201. [PMID: 29881272 PMCID: PMC5985803 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s164542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bispecific antibodies that engage immune cells to kill cancer cells are actively pursued in cancer immunotherapy. Different types of bispecific antibodies, including single-chain fragments, Fab fragments, nanobodies, and immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), have been studied. However, the low molecular weight of bispecific antibodies with single-chain or Fab fragments generally leads to their rapid clearance in vivo, which limits the therapeutic potential of these bispecific antibodies. Materials and methods In this study, we used a site-specific PEGylation strategy to modify the bispecific single-domain antibody-linked Fab (S-Fab), which was designed by linking an anticarcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) nanobody with an anti-CD3 Fab. Results The half-life (t1/2) of PEGylated S-Fab (polyethylene glycol-S-Fab) was increased 12-fold in vivo with a slightly decreased tumor cell cytotoxicity in vitro as well as more potent tumor growth inhibition in vivo compared to S-Fab. Conclusion This study demonstrated that PEGylation is an effective approach to enhance the antitumor efficacy of bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentong Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyu Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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41
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Seifried BM, Cao J, Olsen BD. Multifunctional, High Molecular Weight, Post-Translationally Modified Proteins through Oxidative Cysteine Coupling and Tyrosine Modification. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1876-1884. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Seifried
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D. Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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42
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Tayeb HH, Piantavigna S, Howard CB, Nouwens A, Mahler SM, Middelberg APJ, He L, Holt SA, Sainsbury F. Insights into the interfacial structure-function of poly(ethylene glycol)-decorated peptide-stabilised nanoscale emulsions. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7953-7961. [PMID: 29038804 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01614j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial properties of nanoscale materials have profound influence on biodistribution and stability as well as the effectiveness of sophisticated surface-encoded properties such as active targeting to cell surface receptors. Tailorable nanocarrier emulsions (TNEs) are a novel class of oil-in-water emulsions stabilised by molecularly-engineered biosurfactants that permit single-pot stepwise surface modification with related polypeptides that may be chemically conjugated or genetically fused to biofunctional moieties. We have probed the structure and function of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) used to decorate TNEs in this way. The molecular weight of PEG decorating TNEs has considerable impact on the ζ-potential of the emulsion particles, related to differential interfacial thickness of the PEG layer as determined by X-ray reflectometry. By co-modifying TNEs with an antibody fragment, we show that the molecular weight and density of PEG governs the competing parameters of accessibility of the targeting moiety and of shielding the interface from non-specific interactions with the environment. The fundamental understanding of the molecular details of the PEG layer that we present provides valuable insights into the structure-function relationship for soft nanomaterial interfaces. This work therefore paves the way for further rational design of TNEs and other nanocarriers that must interact with their environment in controlled and predictable ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam H Tayeb
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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43
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Yuan D, Yi X, Zhao Y, Poon CD, Bullock KM, Hansen KM, Salameh TS, Farr SA, Banks WA, Kabanov AV. Intranasal delivery of N-terminal modified leptin-pluronic conjugate for treatment of obesity. J Control Release 2017; 263:172-184. [PMID: 28344017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone that is delivered via a specific transport system across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the brain where it acts on the hypothalamus receptors to control appetite and thermogenesis. Peripheral resistance to leptin due to its impaired brain delivery prevents therapeutic use of leptin in overweight and moderately obese patients. To address this problem, we modified the N-terminal amine of leptin with Pluronic P85 (LepNP85) and administered this conjugate intranasally using the nose-to-brain (INB) route to bypass the BBB. We compared this conjugate with the native leptin, the N-terminal leptin conjugate with poly(ethylene glycol) (LepNPEG5K), and two conjugates of leptin with Pluronic P85 attached randomly to the lysine amino groups of the hormone. Compared to the random conjugates of leptin with P85, LepNP85 has shown higher affinity upon binding with the leptin receptor, and similarly to native hormone activated hypothalamus receptors after direct injection into brain. After INB delivery, LepNP85 conjugate was transported to the brain and accumulated in the hypothalamus and hippocampus to a greater extent than the native leptin and LepNPEG5K and activated leptin receptors in hypothalamus at lower dose than native leptin. Our work suggests that LepNP85 can access the brain directly after INB delivery and confirms our hypothesis that the improvement in brain accumulation of this conjugate is due to its enhanced brain absorption. In conclusion, the LepNP85 with optimized conjugation chemistry is a promising candidate for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfen Yuan
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiang Yi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chi-Duen Poon
- Research Computer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim M Hansen
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Research and Development, VA Medical Center and Division of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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44
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Lühmann T, Schmidt M, Leiske MN, Spieler V, Majdanski TC, Grube M, Hartlieb M, Nischang I, Schubert S, Schubert US, Meinel L. Site-Specific POxylation of Interleukin-4. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:304-312. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Lühmann
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schmidt
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Meike N. Leiske
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry [IOMC], Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Valerie Spieler
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias C. Majdanski
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry [IOMC], Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mandy Grube
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry [IOMC], Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry [IOMC], Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry [IOMC], Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Otto-Schott-Strasse 41, DE-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry [IOMC], Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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45
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Akbarzadehlaleh P, Mirzaei M, Mashahdi-Keshtiban M, Shamsasenjan K, Heydari H. PEGylated Human Serum Albumin: Review of PEGylation, Purification and Characterization Methods. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:309-317. [PMID: 27766215 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is a non-glycosylated, negatively charged protein (Mw: about 65-kDa) that has one free cystein residue (Cys 34), and 17 disulfide bridges that these bridges have main role in its stability and longer biological life-time (15 to 19 days). As HSA is a multifunctional protein, it can also bind to other molecules and ions in addition to its role in maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure (COP) in various diseases. In critical illnesses changes in the level of albumin between the intravascular and extravascular compartments and the decrease in its serum concentration need to be compensated using exogenous albumin; but as the size of HSA is an important parameter in retention within the circulation, therefore increasing its molecular size and hydrodynamic radius of HSA by covalent attachment of poly ethylene glycol (PEG), that is known as PEGylation, provides HSA as a superior volume expander that not only can prevent the interstitial edema but also can reduce the infusion frequency. This review focuses on various PEGylation methods of HSA (solid phase and liquid phase), and compares various methods to purifiy and characterize the pegylated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Akbarzadehlaleh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Deapartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mona Mirzaei
- Deapartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Mashahdi-Keshtiban
- Deapartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Shamsasenjan
- Deapartment of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Heydari
- Deapartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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46
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Quantification of PEGylated proteases with varying degree of conjugation in mixtures: An analytical protocol combining protein precipitation and capillary gel electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1462:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Palesch D, Boldt F, Müller JA, Eisele K, Stürzel CM, Wu Y, Münch J, Weil T. PEGylated Cationic Serum Albumin for Boosting Retroviral Gene Transfer. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1504-8. [PMID: 27239020 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral vectors are common tools for introducing genes into the genome of a cell. However, low transduction rates are a major limitation in retroviral gene transfer, especially in clinical applications. We generated cationic human serum albumin (cHSA) protected by a shell of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG); this significantly enhanced retroviral gene transduction with potentially attractive pharmacokinetics and low immunogenicity. By screening a panel of chemically optimized HSA compounds, we identified a very potent enhancer that boosted the transduction rates of viral vectors. Confocal microscopy revealed a drastically increased number of viral particles attached to the surfaces of target cells. In accordance with the positive net charge of cationic and PEGylated HSA, this suggests a mechanism of action in which the repulsion of the negatively charged cellular and viral vector membranes is neutralized, thereby promoting attachment and ultimately transduction. Importantly, the transduction-enhancing PEGylated HSA derivative evaded recognition by HSA-specific antibodies and macrophage activation. Our findings hold great promise for facilitating improved retroviral gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Palesch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Felix Boldt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Eisele
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Jiang Y, Arounleut P, Rheiner S, Bae Y, Kabanov AV, Milligan C, Manickam DS. SOD1 nanozyme with reduced toxicity and MPS accumulation. J Control Release 2016; 231:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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49
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Pegylated Trastuzumab Fragments Acquire an Increased in Vivo Stability but Show a Largely Reduced Affinity for the Target Antigen. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:491. [PMID: 27043557 PMCID: PMC4848947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PEGylation of biomolecules is a major approach to increase blood stream half-life, stability and solubility of biotherapeutics and to reduce their immunogenicity, aggregation potential and unspecific interactions with other proteins and tissues. Antibodies have generally long half-lives due to high molecular mass and stability toward proteases, however their size lowers to some extent their potential because of a reduced ability to penetrate tissues, especially those of tumor origin. Fab or otherwise engineered smaller fragments are an alternative but are less stable and are much less well retained in circulation. We have here investigated the effects of various PEGylations on the binding properties and in vivo half-life of Fab fragments derived from the enzymatic splitting of Trastuzumab. We find that PEGylation increases the half-life of the molecules but also strongly affects the ability to recognize the target antigen in a way that is dependent on the extent and position of the chemical modification. Data thus support the concept that polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugation on Trastuzumab Fabs increases half-life but reduces their affinity and this is a fine balance, which must be carefully considered for the design of strategies based on the use of antibody fragments.
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50
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Dong YM, An Q, Lu NW, Li N. Development micellar HPLC method for simultaneous determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine in Ephedra Herb and traditional Chinese medicinal preparations. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.27.2015.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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