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Nasir Ahamed NN, Mendiola-Escobedo CA, Perez-Gonzalez VH, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Development of a DC-Biased AC-Stimulated Microfluidic Device for the Electrokinetic Separation of Bacterial and Yeast Cells. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:237. [PMID: 38785711 PMCID: PMC11117482 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrokinetic (EK) microsystems, which are capable of performing separations without the need for labeling analytes, are a rapidly growing area in microfluidics. The present work demonstrated three distinct binary microbial separations, computationally modeled and experimentally performed, in an insulator-based EK (iEK) system stimulated by DC-biased AC potentials. The separations had an increasing order of difficulty. First, a separation between cells of two distinct domains (Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was demonstrated. The second separation was for cells from the same domain but different species (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus). The last separation included cells from two closely related microbial strains of the same domain and the same species (two distinct S. cerevisiae strains). For each separation, a novel computational model, employing a continuous spatial and temporal function for predicting the particle velocity, was used to predict the retention time (tR,p) of each cell type, which aided the experimentation. All three cases resulted in separation resolution values Rs>1.5, indicating complete separation between the two cell species, with good reproducibility between the experimental repetitions (deviations < 6%) and good agreement (deviations < 18%) between the predicted tR,p and experimental (tR,e) retention time values. This study demonstrated the potential of DC-biased AC iEK systems for performing challenging microbial separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhet Nihaar Nasir Ahamed
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (N.N.N.A.); (C.A.M.-E.)
| | - Carlos A. Mendiola-Escobedo
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (N.N.N.A.); (C.A.M.-E.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Victor H. Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (N.N.N.A.); (C.A.M.-E.)
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Choi MH, Hong L, Chamorro LP, Edwards B, Timperman AT. Measuring the electrophoretic mobility and size of single particles using microfluidic transverse AC electrophoresis (TrACE). LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 24:20-33. [PMID: 37937351 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to measure the charge and size of single particles is essential to understanding particle adhesion and interaction with their environment. Characterizing the physical properties of biological particles, like cells, can be a powerful tool in studying the association between the changes in physical properties and disease development. Currently, measuring charge via the electrophoretic mobility (μep) of individual particles remains challenging, and there is only one prior report of simultaneously measuring μep and size. We introduce microfluidic transverse AC electrophoresis (TrACE), a novel technique that combines particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and AC electrophoresis. In TrACE, electric waves with 0.75 to 1.5 V amplitude are applied transversely to the bulk flow and cause the particles to oscillate. PTV records the particles' oscillating trajectories as pressure drives bulk flow through the microchannel. A simple quasi-equilibrium model agrees well with experimental measurements of frequency, amplitude, and phase, indicating that particle motion is largely described by DC electrophoresis. The measured μep of polystyrene particles (0.53, 0.84, 1, and 2 μm diameter) are consistent with ELS measurements, and precision is enhanced by averaging ∼100 measurements per particle. Particle size is simultaneously measured from Brownian motion quantified from the trajectory for particles <2 μm or image analysis for particles ≥2 μm. Lastly, the ability to analyze intact mammalian cells is demonstrated with B cells. TrACE systems are expected to be highly suitable as fieldable tools to measure the μep and size of a broad range of individual particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hannah Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Liu Hong
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Leonardo P Chamorro
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Boyd Edwards
- Department of Physics, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Aaron T Timperman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Diagnostic Techniques for COVID-19: A Mini-review of Early Diagnostic Methods. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2021; 5:314-326. [PMID: 34631199 PMCID: PMC8488931 DOI: 10.1007/s41664-021-00198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of severe pneumonia at the end of 2019 was proved to be caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreading out the world. And COVID-19 spread rapidly through a terrible transmission way by human-to-human, which led to many suspected cases waiting to be diagnosed and huge daily samples needed to be tested by an effective and rapid detection method. With an increasing number of COVID-19 infections, medical pressure is severe. Therefore, more efficient and accurate diagnosis methods were keen urgently established. In this review, we summarized several methods that can rapidly and sensitively identify COVID-19; some of them are widely used as the diagnostic techniques for SARS-CoV-2 in various countries, some diagnostic technologies refer to SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) or/and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) detection, which may provide potential diagnosis ideas.
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Amer Cid Í, Ussembayev YY, Neyts K, Strubbe F. Measurement of the amplitude and phase of the electrophoretic and electroosmotic mobility based on fast single-particle tracking. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1623-1635. [PMID: 34028056 PMCID: PMC8454018 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The electrophoretic mobility of micron-scale particles is of crucial importance in applications related to pharmacy, electronic ink displays, printing, and food technology as well as in fundamental studies in these fields. Particle mobility measurements are often limited in accuracy because they are based on ensemble averages and because a correction for electroosmosis needs to be made based on a model. Single-particle approaches are better suited for examining polydisperse samples, but existing implementations either require multiple measurements to take the effect of electroosmosis into account or are limited in accuracy by short measurement times. In this work, accurate characterization of monodisperse and polydisperse samples is achieved by measuring the electrophoretic mobility on a particle-to-particle basis while suppressing electroosmosis. Electroosmosis can be suppressed by measuring in the middle of a microchannel while applying an AC voltage with a sufficiently high frequency. An accurate measurement of the electrophoretic mobility is obtained by analyzing the oscillating particle motion for 1.5 s per particle with a high-speed camera measuring at 850 Hz , synchronized to the applied electric field. Attention is paid to take into account the effect of the rolling shutter and the non-uniform sampling in order to obtain the accurate amplitude and phase of the electrophoretic mobility. The accuracy of method is experimentally verified and compared with a commercial apparatus for polystyrene microspheres in water. The method is further demonstrated on a range of particle materials and particle sizes and for a mixture of positively and negatively charged particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íngrid Amer Cid
- Electronics and Information Systems Department and Center for Nano and BiophotonicsGhent UniversityZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Yera Ye Ussembayev
- Electronics and Information Systems Department and Center for Nano and BiophotonicsGhent UniversityZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Kristiaan Neyts
- Electronics and Information Systems Department and Center for Nano and BiophotonicsGhent UniversityZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Filip Strubbe
- Electronics and Information Systems Department and Center for Nano and BiophotonicsGhent UniversityZwijnaardeBelgium
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Scheller C, Krebs F, Minkner R, Astner I, Gil‐Moles M, Wätzig H. Physicochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 for drug targeting, virus inactivation and attenuation, vaccine formulation and quality control. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1137-1151. [PMID: 32469436 PMCID: PMC7283733 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The material properties of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its proteins are discussed. We review the viral structure, size, rigidity, lipophilicity, isoelectric point, buoyant density and centrifugation conditions, stability against pH, temperature, UV light, gamma radiation, and susceptibility to various chemical agents including solvents and detergents. Possible inactivation, downstream, and formulation conditions are given including suitable buffers and some first ideas for quality-control methods. This information supports vaccine development and discussion with competent authorities during vaccine approval and is certainly related to drug-targeting strategies and hygienics. Several instructive tables are given, including the pI and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) of SARS-CoV-1 and -2 proteins in comparison. SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 are similar in many regards, so information can often be derived. Both are unusually stable, but sensitive at their lipophilic membranes. However, since seemingly small differences can have strong effects, for example, on immunologically relevant epitope settings, unevaluated knowledge transfer from SARS-CoV-1 to SARS-CoV-2 cannot be advised. Published knowledge regarding downstream processes, formulations and quality assuring methods is, as yet, limited. However, standard approaches employed for other viruses and vaccines seem to be feasible including virus inactivation, centrifugation conditions, and the use of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Scheller
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Finja Krebs
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Isabel Astner
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Maria Gil‐Moles
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
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Chylewska A, Ogryzek M, Makowski M. Modern Approach to Medical Diagnostics - the Use of Separation Techniques in Microorganisms Detection. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:121-165. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171023164813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Analytical chemistry and biotechnology as an interdisciplinary fields of science have been developed during many years and are experiencing significant growth, to cover a wide range of microorganisms separation techniques and methods, utilized for medical therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Currently scientific reports contribute by introducing electrophoretical and immunological methods and formation of devices applied in food protection (avoiding epidemiological diseases) and healthcare (safety ensuring in hospitals).Methods:Electrophoretic as well as nucleic-acid-based or specific immunological methods have contributed tremendously to the advance of analyses in recent three decades, particularly in relation to bacteria, viruses and fungi identifications, especially in medical in vitro diagnostics, as well as in environmental or food protection.Results:The paper presents the pathogen detection competitiveness of these methods against conventional ones, which are still too time consuming and also labor intensive. The review is presented in several parts following the current trends in improved pathogens separation and detection methods and their subsequent use in medical diagnosis.Discussion:Part one, consists of elemental knowledge about microorganisms as an introduction to their characterization: descriptions of divisions, sizes, membranes (cells) components. Second section includes the development, new technological and practical solution descriptions used in electrophoretical procedures during microbes analyses, with special attention paid to bio-samples analyses like blood, urine, lymph or wastewater. Third part covers biomolecular areas that have created a basis needed to identify the progress, limitations and challenges of nucleic-acid-based and immunological techniques discussed to emphasize the advantages of new separative techniques in selective fractionating of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chylewska
- Laboratory of Intermolecular Interactions, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80- 308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ogryzek
- Laboratory of Intermolecular Interactions, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80- 308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Makowski
- Laboratory of Intermolecular Interactions, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80- 308 Gdansk, Poland
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Horká M, Šlais K, Šalplachta J, Růžička F. Preparative isoelectric focusing of microorganisms in cellulose-based separation medium and subsequent analysis by CIEF and MALDI-TOF MS. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 990:185-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Determination of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in blood by capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 868:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Horká M, Karásek P, Růžička F, Dvořáčková M, Sittová M, Roth M. Separation of methicillin-resistant from methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus by electrophoretic methods in fused silica capillaries etched with supercritical water. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9701-8. [PMID: 25207657 DOI: 10.1021/ac502254f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Identification and prevention of Staphylococcus aureus-caused infections may benefit from a fast and dependable method to distinguish between the methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) S. aureus strains. The current methods involving polymerase chain reaction and/or other molecular tests are usually laborious and time-consuming. We describe here a fast and low-cost method employing capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) to distinguish between MRSA and MSSA. The method makes use of a supercritical water-treated fused silica capillary, the inner surface of which has subsequently been modified with (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane. With optimized proportions of suitable additives to the background electrolyte, a CZE separation of MRSA from MSSA may be completed within 12 min. The cells were baseline-resolved, and resolution was determined to be 3.61. The isoelectric points of MSSA and MRSA were found to be the same for both groups of these strains, pI = 3.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Horká
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR , v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Zhu X, Mason TG. Passivated gel electrophoresis of charged nanospheres by light-scattering video tracking. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 428:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Tseng S, Yeh PH, Hsu JP. Simulation of polyelectrolyte electrophoresis: effects of the aspect ratio, double-layer polarization, effective charge, and electroosmotic flow. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8177-8185. [PMID: 24963950 DOI: 10.1021/la501535b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrophoresis of a deformable polyelectrolyte (PE) is studied theoretically by considering a Poisson-Nernst-Planck model coupled with modified Navier-Stokes equations, taking account of the effects of double-layer polarization, counterion condensation, and electroosmotic flow. The influences of the local electric field and the effective PE charge on the PE mobility are discussed, thereby providing a complete picture for the phenomenon under consideration. Our model explains successfully the presence of a local minimum in the mobility of a highly charged PE as the bulk salt concentration varies, as observed experimentally. Numerical simulation also reveals several interesting and important results. For example, the more a PE is stretched in the direction of electrophoresis, the larger is its mobility. As the double layer becomes thin, the local electric field becomes independent of the PE shape, and its behavior mainly depends upon its effective charge. We show that the force that stretches a PE is maximal when it is spherical and decreases with an increasing aspect ratio, which has not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiojenn Tseng
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University , Tamsui, Taipei 25137, Taiwan
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12
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Zand K, Pham T, Davila A, Wallace DC, Burke PJ. Nanofluidic platform for single mitochondria analysis using fluorescence microscopy. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6018-25. [PMID: 23678849 DOI: 10.1021/ac4010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using nanofluidic channels in PDMS of cross section 500 nm × 2 μm, we demonstrate the trapping and interrogation of individual, isolated mitochondria. Fluorescence labeling demonstrates the immobilization of mitochondria at discrete locations along the channel. Interrogation of mitochondrial membrane potential with different potential sensitive dyes (JC-1 and TMRM) indicates the trapped mitochondria are vital in the respiration buffer. Fluctuations of the membrane potential can be observed at the single mitochondrial level. A variety of chemical challenges can be delivered to each individual mitochondrion in the nanofluidic system. As sample demonstrations, increases in the membrane potential are seen upon introduction of OXPHOS substrates into the nanofluidic channel. Introduction of Ca(2+) into the nanochannels induces mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP), leading to depolarization, observed at the single mitochondrial level. A variety of applications in cancer biology, stem cell biology, apoptosis studies, and high throughput functional metabolomics studies can be envisioned using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Zand
- Integrated Nanosystem Research Facility, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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13
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Satori CP, Henderson MM, Krautkramer EA, Kostal V, Distefano MM, Arriaga EA. Bioanalysis of eukaryotic organelles. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2733-811. [PMID: 23570618 PMCID: PMC3676536 DOI: 10.1021/cr300354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad P. Satori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Michelle M. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Elyse A. Krautkramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Vratislav Kostal
- Tescan, Libusina trida 21, Brno, 623 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry ASCR, Veveri 97, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Mark M. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
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Chu X, Korzekwa K, Elsby R, Fenner K, Galetin A, Lai Y, Matsson P, Moss A, Nagar S, Rosania GR, Bai JPF, Polli JW, Sugiyama Y, Brouwer KLR. Intracellular drug concentrations and transporters: measurement, modeling, and implications for the liver. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 94:126-41. [PMID: 23588320 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular concentrations of drugs and metabolites are often important determinants of efficacy, toxicity, and drug interactions. Hepatic drug distribution can be affected by many factors, including physicochemical properties, uptake/efflux transporters, protein binding, organelle sequestration, and metabolism. This white paper highlights determinants of hepatocyte drug/metabolite concentrations and provides an update on model systems, methods, and modeling/simulation approaches used to quantitatively assess hepatocellular concentrations of molecules. The critical scientific gaps and future research directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey, USA.
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15
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Kato K, Koido M, Kobayashi M, Akagi T, Ichiki T. Statistical fluctuation in zeta potential distribution of nanoliposomes measured by on-chip microcapillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1212-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kato
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo; Yayoi; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Masaru Koido
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo; Yayoi; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Masashi Kobayashi
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo; Yayoi; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Takanori Akagi
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo; Yayoi; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Takanori Ichiki
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo; Yayoi; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
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16
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Weiss VU, Subirats X, Pickl-Herk A, Bilek G, Winkler W, Kumar M, Allmaier G, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Characterization of rhinovirus subviral A particles via capillary electrophoresis, electron microscopy and gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis: Part I. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1833-41. [PMID: 22740471 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During infection, enteroviruses, such as human rhinoviruses (HRVs), convert from the native, infective form with a sedimentation coefficient of 150S to empty subviral particles sedimenting at 80S (B particles). B particles lack viral capsid protein 4 (VP4) and the single-stranded RNA genome. On the way to this end stage, a metastable intermediate particle is observed in the cell early after infection. This subviral A particle still contains the RNA but lacks VP4 and sediments at 135S. Native (150S) HRV serotype 2 (HRV2) as well as its empty (80S) capsid have been well characterized by capillary electrophoresis. In the present paper, we demonstrate separation of at least two forms of subviral A particles on the midway between native virions and empty 80S capsids by CE. For one of these intermediates, we established a reproducible way for its preparation and characterized this particle in terms of its electrophoretic mobility and its appearance in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the conversion of this intermediate to 80S particles was investigated. Gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA) yielded additional insights into sample composition. More data on particle characterization including its protein composition and RNA content (for unambiguous identification of the detected intermediate as subviral A particle) will be presented in the second part of the publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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17
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Šalplachta J, Kubesová A, Horká M. Latest improvements in CIEF: From proteins to microorganisms. Proteomics 2012; 12:2927-36. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Šalplachta
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kubesová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Marie Horká
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR; Brno; Czech Republic
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18
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Xu J, Liu Y, Yu Y, Ni Q, Chen Y. Subcellular Quantification of Doxorubicin and Its Metabolite in Cultured Human Leukemia Cells Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.680056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Horká M, Růžička F, Kubesová A, Šlais K. Dynamic labeling of diagnostically significant microbial cells in cerebrospinal fluid by red chromophoric non-ionogenic surfactant for capillary electrophoresis separations. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 728:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Horká M, Kubesová A, Šalplachta J, Zapletalová E, Horký J, Šlais K. Capillary and gel electromigration techniques and MALDI-TOF MS – Suitable tools for identification of filamentous fungi. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 716:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Huang CH, Hsu HP, Lee E. Electrophoretic motion of a charged porous sphere within micro- and nanochannels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:657-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21938c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Zheng N, Tsai HN, Zhang X, Rosania GR. The subcellular distribution of small molecules: from pharmacokinetics to synthetic biology. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1619-28. [PMID: 21805990 DOI: 10.1021/mp200092v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The systemic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of small molecules are determined by subcellular transport phenomena. Although approaches used to study the subcellular distribution of small molecules have gradually evolved over the past several decades, experimental analysis and prediction of cellular pharmacokinetics remains a challenge. In this review, we survey the progress of subcellular distribution research since the 1960s, with a focus on the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of the various experimental techniques. Critical review of the existing body of knowledge points to many opportunities to advance the rational design of organelle-targeted chemical agents. These opportunities include (1) development of quantitative, non-fluorescence-based, whole cell methods and techniques to measure the subcellular distribution of chemical agents in multiple compartments; (2) exploratory experimentation with nonspecific transport probes that have not been enriched with putative, organelle-targeting features; (3) elaboration of hypothesis-driven, mechanistic and modeling-based approaches to guide experiments aimed at elucidating subcellular distribution and transport; and (4) introduction of revolutionary conceptual approaches borrowed from the field of synthetic biology combined with cutting edge experimental strategies. In our laboratory, state-of-the-art subcellular transport studies are now being aimed at understanding the formation of new intracellular membrane structures in response to drug therapy, exploring the function of drug-membrane complexes as intracellular drug depots, and synthesizing new organelles with extraordinary physical and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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23
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Subirats X, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Recent developments in capillary and chip electrophoresis of bioparticles: Viruses, organelles, and cells. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1579-90. [PMID: 21647924 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In appropriate aqueous buffer solutions, biological particles usually exhibit a particular electric surface charge due to exposed charged or chargeable functional groups (amino acid residues, acidic carbohydrate moieties, etc.). Consequently, these bioparticles can migrate in solution under the influence of an electric field allowing separation according to their electrophoretic mobilities or their pI values. Based on these properties, electromigration methods are of eminent interest for the characterization, separation, and detection of such particles. The present review discusses the research papers published between 2008 and 2010 dealing with isoelectric focusing and zone electrophoresis of viruses, organelles and microorganisms (bacteria and yeast cells) in the capillary and the chip format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Subirats
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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Horká M, Růžička F, Kubesová A, Němcová E, Šlais K. Separation of phenotypically indistinguishable Candida species, C. orthopsilosis, C. metapsilosis and C. parapsilosis, by capillary electromigration techniques. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3900-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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The trace analysis of microorganisms in real samples by combination of a filtration microcartridge and capillary isoelectric focusing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:3133-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The intracellular levels and spatial localizations of metabolites and peptides reflect the state of a cell and its relationship to its surrounding environment. Moreover, the amounts and dynamics of metabolites and peptides are indicative of normal or pathological cellular conditions. Here we highlight established and evolving strategies for characterizing the metabolome and peptidome of single cells. Focused studies of the chemical composition of individual cells and functionally defined groups of cells promise to provide a greater understanding of cell fate, function and homeostatic balance. Single-cell bioanalytical microanalysis has also become increasingly valuable for examining cellular heterogeneity, particularly in the fields of neuroscience, stem cell biology and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Elena V. Romanova
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Peter Nemes
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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27
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Kostal V, Arriaga EA. Capillary electrophoretic analysis reveals subcellular binding between individual mitochondria and cytoskeleton. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1822-9. [PMID: 21309532 PMCID: PMC3106115 DOI: 10.1021/ac200068p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the cytoskeleton and mitochondria are essential for normal cellular function. An assessment of such interactions is commonly based on bulk analysis of mitochondrial and cytoskeletal markers present in a given sample, which assumes complete binding between these two organelle types. Such measurements are biased because they rarely account for nonbound "free" subcellular species. Here we report on the use of capillary electrophoresis with dual laser induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) to identify, classify, count, and quantify properties of individual binding events of the mitochondria and cytoskeleton. Mitochondria were fluorescently labeled with DsRed2 while F-actin, a major cytoskeletal component, was fluorescently labeled with Alexa488-phalloidin. In a typical subcellular fraction of L6 myoblasts, 79% of mitochondrial events did not have detectable levels of F-actin, while the rest had on average ~2 zmol of F-actin, which theoretically represents a ~2.5 μm long network of actin filaments per event. Trypsin treatment of L6 subcellular fractions prior to analysis decreased the fraction of mitochondrial events with detectable levels of F-actin, which is expected from digestion of cytoskeletal proteins on the surface of mitochondria. The electrophoretic mobility distributions of the individual events were also used to further distinguish between cytoskeleton-bound from cytoskeleton-free mitochondrial events. The CE-LIF approach described here could be further developed to explore cytoskeleton interactions with other subcellular structures, the effects of cytoskeleton destabilizing drugs, and the progression of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratislav Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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28
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Fractionation and characterization of nano- and microparticles in liquid media. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1787-804. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Mitochondria are highly heterogeneous organelles that likely have unique isoelectric points (pI), which are related to their surface compositions and could be exploited in their purification and isolation. Previous methods to determine pI of mitochondria report an average pI. This article is the first report of the determination of the isoelectric points of individual mitochondria by capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). In this method, mitochondria labeled with the mitochondrial-specific probe 10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) are injected into a fused-silica capillary in a solution of carrier ampholytes at physiological pH and osmolarity, where they are focused then chemically mobilized and detected by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Fluorescein-derived pI markers are used as internal standards to assign a pI value to each individually detected mitochondrial event, and a mitochondrial pI distribution is determined. This method provides reproducible distributions of individual mitochondrial pI, accurate determination of the pI of individual mitochondria by the use of internal standards, and resolution of 0.03 pH units between individual mitochondria. This method could also be applied to investigate or design separations of organelle subtypes (e.g., subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar skeletal muscle mitochondria) and to determine the pIs of other biological or nonbiological particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Wolken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 55455
| | - Vratislav Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 55455
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30
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Horká M, Kubíček O, Kubesová A, Rosenbergová K, Kubíčková Z, Šlais K. Rapid separation and identification of the subtypes of swine and equine influenza A viruses by electromigration techniques with UV and fluorometric detection. Analyst 2011; 136:3010-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00896f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Ding J, Zhang L, Qu F, Ren X, Zhao X, Liu Q. Cell activity analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis combined with specific cell staining. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:455-63. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Palanisami A, Miller JH. Simultaneous sizing and electrophoretic mobility measurement of sub-micron particles using Brownian motion. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3613-8. [PMID: 20882556 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The size and surface chemistry of micron scale particles are of fundamental importance in studies of biology and air particulate pollution. However, typical electrophoretic measurements of these and other sub-micron scale particles (300 nm-1 μm) cannot resolve size information within heterogeneous mixtures unambiguously. Using optical microscopy, we monitor electrophoretic motion together with the Brownian velocity fluctuations - using the latter to measure size by either the Green-Kubo relation or by calibration from known size standards. Particle diameters are resolved to ±12% with 95% confidence. Strikingly, the size resolution improves as the particle size decreases due to the increased Brownian motion. The sizing ability of the Brownian assessed electrophoresis method described here complements the electrophoretic mobility resolution of the traditional CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilan Palanisami
- Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5002, USA.
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33
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Omiatek DM, Santillo MF, Heien ML, Ewing AG. Hybrid capillary-microfluidic device for the separation, lysis, and electrochemical detection of vesicles. Anal Chem 2010; 81:2294-302. [PMID: 19228035 DOI: 10.1021/ac802466g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary method for neuronal communication involves the extracellular release of small molecules that are packaged in secretory vesicles. We have developed a platform to separate, lyse, and electrochemically measure the contents of single vesicles using a hybrid capillary-microfluidic device. This device incorporates a sheath-flow design at the outlet of the capillary for chemical lysis of vesicles and subsequent electrochemical detection. The effect of sheath-flow on analyte dispersion was characterized using confocal fluorescence microscopy and electrochemical detection. At increased flow rates, dispersion was minimized, leading to higher separation efficiencies but lower detected amounts. Large unilamellar vesicles (diameter approximately 200 nm), a model for secretory vesicles, were prepared by extrusion and loaded with an electroactive molecule. They were then separated and detected using the hybrid capillary-microfluidic device. Determination of size from internalized analyte concentration provides a method to characterize the liposomal suspension. These results were compared to an orthogonal size measurement using dynamic light scattering to validate the detection platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Omiatek
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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34
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Felhofer JL, Blanes L, Garcia CD. Recent developments in instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis and microchip-capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2469-86. [PMID: 20665910 PMCID: PMC2928674 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, there has been an explosion in the number of developments and applications of CE and microchip-CE. In part, this growth has been the direct consequence of recent developments in instrumentation associated with CE. This review, which is focused on the contributions published in the last 5 years, is intended to complement the articles presented in this special issue dedicated to instrumentation and to provide an overview of the general trends and some of the most remarkable developments published in the areas of high-voltage power supplies, detectors, auxiliary components, and compact systems. It also includes a few examples of alternative uses of and modifications to traditional CE instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Felhofer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Carlos D. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
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35
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Chen SB. Electrophoretic mobility of a spherical liposome. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 348:177-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Huang CH, Cheng WL, He YY, Lee E. Electrophoresis of a Soft Particle within a Cylindrical Pore: Polarization Effect with the Nonlinear Poisson−Boltzmann Equation. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:10114-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp100550p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Li Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ying He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Eric Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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37
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Bioanalytical tools for single-cell study of exocytosis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:3281-304. [PMID: 20521141 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulated exocytosis is a fundamental biological process used to deliver chemical messengers for cell-cell communication via membrane fusion and content secretion. A plethora of cell types employ this chemical-based communication to achieve crucial functions in many biological systems. Neurons in the brain and platelets in the circulatory system are representative examples utilizing exocytosis for neurotransmission and blood clotting. Single-cell studies of regulated exocytosis in the past several decades have greatly expanded our knowledge of this critical process, from vesicle/granule transport and docking at the early stages of exocytosis to membrane fusion and to eventual chemical messenger secretion. Herein, four main approaches that have been widely used to study single-cell exocytosis will be highlighted, including total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, capillary electrophoresis, single-cell mass spectrometry, and microelectrochemistry. These techniques are arranged in the order following the route of a vesicle/granule destined for secretion. Within each section, the basic principles and experimental strategies are reviewed and representative examples are given revealing critical spatial, temporal, and chemical information of a secretory vesicle/granule at different stages of its lifetime. Lastly, an analytical chemist's perspective on potential future developments in this exciting field is discussed.
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38
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Powe AM, Das S, Lowry M, El-Zahab B, Fakayode SO, Geng ML, Baker GA, Wang L, McCarroll ME, Patonay G, Li M, Aljarrah M, Neal S, Warner IM. Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4865-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101131p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleeta M. Powe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Susmita Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Mark Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Bilal El-Zahab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Sayo O. Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Maxwell L. Geng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Matthew E. McCarroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Gabor Patonay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Mohannad Aljarrah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Sharon Neal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
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Klepárník K, Boček P. Electrophoresis today and tomorrow: Helping biologists' dreams come true. Bioessays 2010; 32:218-226. [PMID: 20127703 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200900152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research and development of electrophoresis methodology and instrumentation during past decades has resulted in unique methods widely implemented in bioanalysis. While two-dimensional electrophoresis and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate are still the most frequently used electrophoretic methods applied to analyses of proteins, new miniaturized capillary and microfluidic versions of electromigrational methods have been developed. High-throughput electrophoretic instruments with hundreds of capillaries for parallel separations and laser-induced fluorescence detection of labeled DNA strands have been of key importance for the scientific and commercial success of the Human Genome Project. Another powerful method, capillary isoelectric focusing with pressurized and pH-driven mobilization, provides efficient separations and on-line sensitive detection of proteins, bacteria and viruses. Electrophoretic microfluidic devices can integrate single-cell injection, cell lysis, separation of its components and fluorescence or mass spectrometry detection. These miniaturized devices also proved the capability of single-molecule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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40
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Ruzicka F, Horka M, Hola V, Kubesova A, Pavlik T, Votava M. The differences in the isoelectric points of biofilm-positive and biofilm-negative Candida parapsilosis strains. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 80:299-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Kostal V, Fonslow BR, Arriaga EA, Bowser MT. Fast determination of mitochondria electrophoretic mobility using micro free-flow electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9267-73. [PMID: 19908903 DOI: 10.1021/ac901508x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fast, continuous separation of mitochondria from rat myoblasts using micro free-flow electrophoresis (muFFE) with online laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF) is reported. Mitochondrial electrophoretic profiles were acquired in less than 30 s. In comparison to macroscale FFE instruments, muFFE devices consumed approximately 100-fold less sample, used 10-fold less buffer, and required a 15-fold lower electric field. Mitochondrial electrophoretic mobility distributions measured using muFFE were compared to those measured with a capillary electrophoresis instrument with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). There was high similarity between the two distributions with CE-LIF distribution being offset by 1.8 x 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) with respect to the microFFE distribution. We hypothesize that this offset results from the differences in electric field strength used in the techniques. In comparison to CE-LIF, analysis of mitochondria using muFFE greatly decreased separation time and required less separation voltage, while maintaining low sample (125 nL) and buffer (250 microL) volumes. These features together with the potential for collecting separated organelle fractions for further characterization make microFFE a very attractive tool for the high-throughput analysis of organelle subpopulations as well as investigating the fundamentals of the electrophoretic mobility of biological particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratislav Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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42
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Horká M, Horký J, Kubesová A, Mazanec K, Matoušková H, Šlais K. Electromigration techniques – a fast and economical tool for differentiation of similar strains of microorganisms. Analyst 2010; 135:1636-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00083c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Brehm-Stecher B, Young C, Jaykus LA, Tortorello ML. Sample preparation: the forgotten beginning. J Food Prot 2009; 72:1774-89. [PMID: 19722419 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.8.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular technologies and automated instrumentation have provided many opportunities for improved detection and identification of microorganisms; however, the upstream sample preparation steps needed to apply these advances to foods have not been adequately researched or developed. Thus, the extent to which these advances have improved food microbiology has been limited. The purpose of this review is to present the current state of sample preparation, to identify knowledge gaps and opportunities for improvement, and to recognize the need to support greater research and development efforts on preparative methods in food microbiology. The discussion focuses on the need to push technological developments toward methods that do not rely on enrichment culture. Among the four functional components of microbiological analysis (i.e., sampling, separation, concentration, detection), the separation and concentration components need to be researched more extensively to achieve rapid, direct, and quantitative methods. The usefulness of borrowing concepts of separation and concentration from other disciplines and the need to regard the microorganism as a physicochemical analyte that may be directly extracted from the food matrix are discussed. The development of next-generation systems that holistically integrate sample preparation with rapid, automated detection will require interdisciplinary collaboration and substantially increased funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Brehm-Stecher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Li D, Wang Z, Wang L, Qu C, Zhang H. Separation and Determination of Amino Acids by CE Using 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid as Background Electrolyte. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Horká M, Růžička F, Holá V, Kahle V, Moravcová D, Šlais K. Capillary Electromigration Separation of Proteins and Microorganisms Dynamically Modified by Chromophoric Nonionogenic Surfactant. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6897-904. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900897c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Horká
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Růžička
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Holá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Kahle
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Moravcová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šlais
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
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Wu SF, Chiu TC, Ho WL, Chang HT. Combining capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection for the analysis ofEscherichia colilysates. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2397-402. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
By using methods that permit the generation and manipulation of ultrasmall-volume droplets, researchers are pushing the boundaries of ultrasensitive chemical analyses. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry Web site at pubs.acs.org/ancham.).
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Abstract
In the postgenomic era, proteomics has become a dominant field for identifying and quantifying the complex protein machinery of the cell. The expression levels, posttranslational modifications, and specific interactions of proteins control the biology of such processes as development, differentiation, and signal transduction. Studies of the proteins involved in these processes often lead to a better understanding of biology and of human disease. Powerful separation techniques and sensitive detection methods enable researchers to untangle these complicated networks of processes. CE coupled with either MS or LIF are two of the techniques that make this possible. This review will cover proven CE-based methods for proteomics on the cell and tissue level and their application in biological and clinical studies, relevant new developments in enabling technology such as microfluidic CE-MS demonstrated on model systems, and comment on the future of CE in proteomics.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteomics/methods
- Sequence Alignment
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Fonslow
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Micro free-flow electrophoresis: theory and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:187-98. [PMID: 19290514 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) is a technique that performs an electrophoretic separation on a continuous stream of analyte as it flows through a planar flow channel. The electric field is applied perpendicularly to the flow to deflect analytes laterally according to their mobility as they flow through the separation channel. Miniaturization of FFE (microFFE) over the past 15 years has allowed analytical and preparative separation of small volume samples. Advances in chip design have improved separations by reducing interference from bubbles generated by electrolysis. Mechanisms of band broadening have been examined theoretically and experimentally to improve resolution in microFFE. Separations using various modes such as zone electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, isotachophoresis, and field-step electrophoresis have been demonstrated.
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