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Chand N, Kumar K, Suthar S. Enhanced wastewater nutrients removal in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland: Effect of biochar addition and tidal flow operation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131742. [PMID: 34352544 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon stock in substrate medium play a vital role in the nutrient removal mechanism in a constructed wetland (CW). This study compiles the results of dynamics of DO, ammonium N (NH4+-N), nitrate (NO3-N), sulfate (SO4-2), phosphate (PO4-3), chemical oxygen demand (COD), in three setups of vertical-flow constructed wetlands (TFCWs) (SB: substrate + biochar; SBP: substrate + biochar + Colocasia esculenta plantation; SP: substrate + Colocasia esculenta (SP), operated with tidal flow cycles. Experimental analyses illustrated the continuous high DO level (2.743-5.66 mg L-1) in SB and SBP after the I and II cycle of tidal flow (72 h flooding and 24 h dry phase). COD reduction efficiencies increased from 15.75 - 61.86% to 48.55-96.80% after tidal operation among operating TFCWs. N (NH4+-N) and N (NO3-N) removal were found to be 88.16%, and 76.02%; 49.32, and 57.85%; and 40.23%, and 48.94 % in SBP, SP and SB, respectively. The theory of improved nitrification and adsorption through biochar amended substratum was proposed for TFCW systems. PO4-3 and SO4-2 removal improved from 22.63 to 80.50%, and 19.69 to 75.20%, respectively after first tidal operation in all TFCWs. The microbial inhabitation on porous biochar could promote the transformation of available P into microbial biomass and also helped by the plant uptake process while SO4-2 reduction in TFCWs could be mainly due to sulfate-reducing bacterial activity and nitrate reduction process, mainly facilitated by high DO and biochar addition in such setups. The study suggests that effluent re-circulation through tidal operation and biochar supplementation in the substratum could be an effective mechanism for the improvement of the working efficiencies of CWs operated with low energy input systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Chand
- Environmental Engineering Research Group, National Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110040, India
| | - Kapil Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Research Group, National Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110040, India
| | - Surindra Suthar
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
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Nitrogen Removal Ability and Characteristics of the Laboratory-Scale Tidal Flow Constructed Wetlands for Treating Ammonium-Nitrogen Contaminated Groundwater. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12051326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are an effective technology to remove organic compounds and nitrogen (N) from wastewaters and contaminated environmental waters. However, the feasibility of CWs for ammonium-N (NH4+-N)-contaminated groundwater treatment is unclear. In this study, zeolite-based laboratory-scale CW was operated as a tidal flow CW with a cycle consisting of 21-h flooded and 3-h rest, and used to treat NH4+-N (30 mg L−1) contaminated groundwater. In addition to NH4+-N, nitrite (NO2−-N) and nitrate (NO3−-N) were also not detected in the effluents from the tidal flow CW. The N removal constant remained high for a longer period of time compared to the continuous flow CW. The higher and more sustainable N removal of the tidal flow CW was due to the in-situ biological regeneration of zeolite NH4+-N adsorption capacity. Vegetation of common reeds in tidal flow zeolite-based CW enhanced nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification activities, and increased the functional genes of nitrification (AOB-amoA and nxrA) and denitrification (narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ) by 2‒3 orders of magnitude, compared to CW without vegetation. The results suggest that the combination of zeolite substrate, tidal flow, and vegetation is key for the highly efficient and sustainable N removal from NH4+-N contaminated groundwater.
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Wan Z, Zhang Y, Lu S, Zhang X, Liu X, Yang Y. Effect of packing substrates on the purification of municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:15259-15266. [PMID: 32072417 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) contain excessive nitrogen and phosphorus compared with the concentration in rivers or lakes. To reduce the pollutant load placed on aqueous environments, constructed wetland (CW) technology has been widely applied to advanced wastewater treatment. Packing substrates in CW could remove various pollutants. Steel slag, yellow earth, kaolin, volcanic rock, anthracite, and ceramsite could effectively remove phosphorus (P); volcanic rock, ceramsite, zeolite, yellow earth, manganese sand, and activated carbon have an affinity for ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N). After 24 h reactions with the WWTP standard 1B synthetic wastewater, four packing substrates, i.e., volcanic rock and anthracite (1:1), volcanic rock and yellow earth (2:1), zeolite and yellow earth (2:1), and manganese sand and activated carbon (1:3), could remove over 56% and 30% of NH4+-N and phosphorus respectively. In addition, anthracite and volcanic rock (1:3), anthracite and activated carbon (1:40), anthracite and manganese sand (1:5), and anthracite and zeolite (1:4) effectively purified NH4+-N and phosphorus in secondary WWTP effluent, with removal efficiency exceeding 39% and 27%, respectively. A sequential experiment was performed to optimize packing substrates ratios in CW with volcanic rock and anthracite, ceramsite and yellow earth, and manganese sand and activated carbon. When the quantity of the substrate was doubled, most packing substrates adsorb more than 50% phosphorus and NH4+-N of the standard 1B WWTP synthetic wastewater. Considering the removal efficiency of packing substrates on phosphorus and NH4+-N, it is suggested that manganese sand and activated carbon (1:3), volcanic rock and anthracite (2:1), and yellow earth are appropriate substrates for CW in WWTP effluent advanced treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfen Wan
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- School of Environment and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science&Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 226100, China
| | - Xianjing Liu
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Yong Yang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
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Sun H, Wang T, Yang Z, Yu C, Wu W. Simultaneous removal of nitrogen and pharmaceutical and personal care products from the effluent of waste water treatment plants using aerated solid-phase denitrification system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 287:121389. [PMID: 31100567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) are regarded as the pollution sources of nitrogen and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). In the present study, the simultaneous removal of nitrogen and typical PPCPs, ibuprofen and triclosan, was evaluated in a poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) based solid-phase denitrification (SPD) system. Results after 602 days showed that simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process occurred with average 83.85 ± 13.09% NH4+-N and 93.88 ± 10.19% NO3--N removals in the SPD system. Interestingly, the system achieved average 79.69 ± 6.35% and 65.96 ± 7.62% removals of ibuprofen and triclosan, respectively, under stable influent conditions of 50 μg L-1. Cometabolic activities of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) probably played a role in the biodegradation of the two PPCPs. Illumina MiSeq sequencing results revealed that microbial composition enhanced the simultaneous removal of nitrogen and PPCPs in the SPD system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimeng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Zhongchen Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Cecilia Yu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Weizhong Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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Chang J, Mei J, Jia W, Chen J, Li X, Ji B, Wu H. Treatment of heavily polluted river water by tidal-operated biofilters with organic/inorganic media: Evaluation of performance and bacterial community. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:34-42. [PMID: 30710818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, biofilters (BFs) packed with inorganic (ceramsite and lava rock) and organic (fibrous carrier and biological ball) materials were applied in a tide-flow mode at three flooded/drained (F/D) time ratios (16/8 h, 12/12 h and 8/16 h) to treat heavily polluted river water. The results showed that higher ammonium and phosphorus removals were achieved with BFs filled with ceramsite (95-97% and 76-77%) and lava rock (87-92% and 84-94%), while fibrous carrier-packed BFs obtained better total nitrogen removal (37-44%). Moreover, the F/D time ratio of 16/8 h was slightly preferable for pollutant removal. High-throughput sequencing analysis illustrated that the relative abundance of potential denitrifiers that developed on organic media was much higher than those on inorganic substrates. The results indicated that the combination of inorganic materials and fibrous carriers as substrates could be an effective strategy for enhancing overall pollutant removal in BFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Chang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jian Mei
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; School of Architecture and Planning, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, PR China
| | - Bohua Ji
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, PR China
| | - Haiming Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Ilyas H, Masih I. The effects of different aeration strategies on the performance of constructed wetlands for phosphorus removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5318-5335. [PMID: 29302907 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different aeration methods such as tidal flow (TF), effluent recirculation (ER), and artificial aeration (AA) on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW), horizontal-flow constructed wetland (HFCW), and hybrid constructed wetland (HCW) are extensively and critically evaluated in this review paper. Aerated constructed wetlands (CWs) demonstrate superior performance compared with non-aerated systems. The removal of total phosphorus (TP) showed substantial variation among different types of CWs and aeration strategies, with mean and standard deviation of 68 ± 20% estimated from all reviewed studies on aerated systems. The TF-VFCW designated the highest removal efficiency and removal rate of 88 ± 6% and 2.6 ± 2.5 g m-2 day-1, respectively, followed by the ER-HCW with values of 79 ± 18% and 1.3 ± 0.7 g m-2 day-1, respectively. The superior performance of TF-VFCW could be attributed to a positive effect of TF in rejuvenating the wetland with fresh air, thus enhancing dissolved oxygen (DO) in the system, and augmenting phosphorus precipitation and adsorption to the substrate. A positive correlation of TP and orthophosphate (PO43--P) with DO indicates that the improvement in DO levels due to redox manipulation with aeration strategies facilitates the phosphorous removal processes (e.g., through precipitation and adsorption to the substrate). The conflicting results on the impact of AA and ER reported by many studies need the cautious interpretation of their impact and require further studies. Only few studies have examined the impact of oxidation-reduction potential on phosphorous removal, which requires more attention in future research, as it appears as an important factor in enhancing the phosphorus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilyas Masih
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands
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Ilyas H, Masih I. The performance of the intensified constructed wetlands for organic matter and nitrogen removal: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 198:372-383. [PMID: 28494426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different aeration strategies including tidal flow (TF), effluent recirculation (ER) and artificial aeration (AA) on performance of vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW), horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW) and hybrid constructed wetland (HCW) are comprehensively and critically reviewed in this paper. The removal efficiencies of nine types of intensified constructed wetlands (CWs) were examined in detail and their mean and standard deviation were estimated at 89 ± 11%, 84 ± 12%, 81 ± 17% and 63 ± 20% for total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+N) and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. From the studied CWs, ER-HCW, TF-HCW, AA-VFCW and ER-VFCW emerged as the four best performing systems. The overall removal efficiency of TSS, COD, NH4+N and TN by ER-HCW was 98 ± 2%, 85 ± 11%, 83 ± 15% and 73 ± 11%, respectively. Specifically, the ER enhances the interactions between pollutants and micro-organisms, consequently, the efficient removal of NH4+N and TN has been achieved in ER-HCW. The TF has a positive effect in refreshing the wetland with fresh air to enhance the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the system. In case of AA, intermittent aeration is more effective than continuous aeration, as it facilitates the establishment of aerobic and anaerobic conditions suitable for nitrification and denitrification. Statistical analysis shows that DO, organic loading rate and specific surface area requirement are the most significant factors that influence the performance of intensified CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Ilyas
- Independent Researcher, Kievitlaan 9, 2289ED, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Ilyas Masih
- IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, The Netherlands
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Ilyas H, Masih I. Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12081-12091. [PMID: 28283984 PMCID: PMC5410209 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The large land area requirement of constructed wetlands (CWs) is a major limitation of its application especially in densely populated and mountainous areas. This review paper provides insights on different strategies applied for the reduction of land area including stack design and intensification of CWs with different aeration methods. The impacts of different aeration methods on the performance and land area reduction were extensively and critically evaluated for nine wetland systems under three aeration strategies such as tidal flow (TF), effluent recirculation (ER), and artificial aeration (AA) applied on three types of CWs including vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW), horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW), and hybrid constructed wetland (HCW). The area reduction and pollutant removal efficiency showed substantial variation among different types of CWs and aeration strategies. The ER-VFCW designated the smallest footprint of 1.1 ± 0.5 m2 PE-1 (population equivalent) followed by TF-VFCW with the footprint of 2.1 ± 1.8 m2 PE-1, and the large footprint was of AA-HFCW (7.8 ± 4.7 m2 PE-1). When footprint and removal efficiency both are the major indicators for the selection of wetland type, the best options for practical application could be TF-VFCW, ER-HCW, and AA-HCW. The data and results outlined in this review could be instructive for futures studies and practical applications of CWs for wastewater treatment, especially in land-limited regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Ilyas
- , Kievitlaan 9, 2289ED, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Ilyas Masih
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, The Netherlands
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Chen Z, Vymazal J, Kuschk P. Effects of tidal operation on pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treating sulfate rich wastewater contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1042-1050. [PMID: 27770325 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three different flow regimes were carried out in a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland-treating sulfate rich wastewater contaminated with monochlorobenzene (MCB) and perchloroethene (PCE). The three regimes were continuous flow, 7-day cycle discontinuous flow, and 2.5-day cycle discontinuous flow. The results show that intensifying the tidal regime (2.5-day cycle) significantly enhanced MCB removal before 2 m from the inlet and increasing PCE removal efficiency at 0.5 m. The PCE dechlorination process was promoted with tidal operation, especially under the 2.5-day cycle regime, with significant increases of cis-1,2- dichloroethenes (DCEs), vinyl chloride (VC), and ethene, but trans-1,2-DCE was significantly decreased after tidal operation. Due to the high sulfate concentration in the influent, sulfide was observed in pore water up to 20 and 23 mg L-1 under continuous flow and 7-day cycle regime, respectively. However, sulfide concentrations decreased to less than 4 mg L-1 under intensified tidal operation (2.5-day cycle). The increase of oxygen concentration in pore water through intensified tidal operation resulted in better MCB removal performance and the successful inhibition of sulfate reduction. In conclusion, intensifying tidal operation is an effective approach for the treatment of chlorinated hydrocarbons and inhibiting sulfide accumulation in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbing Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan 1, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Vymazal
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kuschk
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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Li H, Chi Z, Yan B, Cheng L, Li J. An innovative wood-chip-framework substrate used as slow-release carbon source to treat high-strength nitrogen wastewater. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 51:275-283. [PMID: 28115139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Removal of nitrogen in wastewater before discharge into receiving water courses is an important consideration in treatment systems. However, nitrogen removal efficiency is usually limited due to the low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. A common solution is to add external carbon sources, but amount of liquid is difficult to determine. Therefore, a combined wood-chip-framework substrate (with wood, slag and gravel) as a slow-release carbon source was constructed in baffled subsurface-flow constructed wetlands to overcome the problem. Results show that the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) could reach 37.5%-85%, 57.4%-86%, 32.4%-78%, respectively, indicating the combined substrate could diffuse sufficient oxygen for the nitrification process (slag and gravel zone) and provide carbon source for denitrification process (wood-chip zone). The nitrification and denitrification were determined according to the location of slag/gravel and wood-chip, respectively. Nitrogen removal was efficient at the steady phase before a shock loading using slag-wood-gravel combined substrate because of nitrification-denitrification process, while nitrogen removal was efficient under a shock loading with wood-slag-gravel combined substrate because of ANAMMOX process. This study provides a new idea for wetland treatment of high-strength nitrogen wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Li
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Zifang Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Baixing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jianzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Fan J, Zhang J, Guo W, Liang S, Wu H. Enhanced long-term organics and nitrogen removal and associated microbial community in intermittently aerated subsurface flow constructed wetlands. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 214:871-875. [PMID: 27246456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The long-term enhanced removal efficiency of organics and nitrogen in subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF CWs) with and without intermittent aeration for decentralized domestic wastewater was evaluated, and the function of intermittent aeration on microbial community was also investigated in this study. The high and long-term 95.6% COD, 96.1% NH4(+)-N and 85.8% TN removal efficiencies were achieved in experimental intermittently aerated SSF CW compared with non-aerated SSF CW. Aerated SSF CWs also exhibited the excellent removal performance when comparatively comparing with other strategies and techniques applied in CWs. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed that associated microbial abundance significantly increased owing to intermittent aeration. These results indicated intermittent aeration CWs might be an effective and sustainable strategy for wastewater treatment in rural areas, but require further full-scale investigation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Coal-Fired Pollutants Emission Reduction, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Wenshan Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Shuang Liang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Haiming Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Bosak VK, VanderZaag AC, Crolla A, Kinsley C, Chabot D, Miller SS, Gordon RJ. Treatment of potato farm wastewater with sand filtration. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:1597-1604. [PMID: 26806787 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1122095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined sand filtration as a component of a potato farm wastewater treatment system. Two different sand filter designs, saturated flow and unsaturated flow, were evaluated at three different loading rates: 34, 68, and 136 L m(-2) d(-1). Filter design had a significant effect, with unsaturated flow sand filters having significantly (p < .05) better total suspended solids (TSS) removal (89%) than saturated flow sand filters did (79%). Loading rate also had a significant (p < .05) effect, given that the lowest loading rate had higher mass removal for TSS than the higher loading rates did. Overall, all sand filters removed TSS, 5-d biochemical oxygen demand, and total phosphorus well (62-99%). Total nitrogen removal was twice as high in unsaturated flow filters (53%) than in saturated flow filters (27%), because of the recurring cycle of aerobic and anaerobic conditions during sand saturation and drying in unsaturated flow sand filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Bosak
- a Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
- b School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - A C VanderZaag
- a Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - A Crolla
- c Ontario Rural Wastewater Centre , University of Guelph , Alfred , ON , Canada
| | - C Kinsley
- c Ontario Rural Wastewater Centre , University of Guelph , Alfred , ON , Canada
| | - D Chabot
- a Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - S S Miller
- a Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - R J Gordon
- b School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , N1G 2W1 , Canada
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Wu H, Fan J, Zhang J, Ngo HH, Guo W, Liang S, Hu Z, Liu H. Strategies and techniques to enhance constructed wetland performance for sustainable wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14637-14650. [PMID: 26268626 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used as an alternative to conventional technologies for wastewater treatment for more than five decades. Recently, the use of various modified CWs to improve treatment performance has also been reported in the literature. However, the available knowledge on various CW technologies considering the intensified and reliable removal of pollutants is still limited. Hence, this paper aims to provide an overview of the current development of CW strategies and techniques for enhanced wastewater treatment. Basic information on configurations and characteristics of different innovations was summarized. Then, overall treatment performance of those systems and their shortcomings were further discussed. Lastly, future perspectives were also identified for specialists to design more effective and sustainable CWs. This information is used to inspire some novel intensifying methodologies, and benefit the successful applications of potential CW technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Coal-Fired Pollutants Emission Reduction, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Wenshan Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shuang Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Kumar JLG, Zhao YQ, Hu YS, Babatunde AO, Zhao XH. Nitrogen dynamics model for a pilot field-scale novel dewatered alum sludge cake-based constructed wetland system. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:732-741. [PMID: 25179044 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.960476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A model simulating the effluent nitrogen (N) concentration of treated animal farm wastewater in a pilot on-site constructed wetland (CW) system, using dewatered alum sludge cake (DASC) as wetland substrate, is presented. The N-model was developed based on the Structural Thinking Experiential Learning Laboratory with Animation software and is considering organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen (NH3) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) as the major forms of nitrogen involved in the transformation chains. Ammonification (AMM), ammonia volatilization, nitrification (NIT), denitrification, plant uptake, plant decaying and uptake of inorganic nitrogen by algae and bacteria were considered in this model. pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and nitrogen concentrations were considered as forcing functions in the model. The model was calibrated by observed data with a reasonable agreement prior to its applications. The simulated effluent detritus nitrogen, NH4-N, NO3-N and TN had a considerably good agreement with the observed results. The mass balance analysis shows that NIT accounts for 65.60%, adsorption (ad) (11.90%), AMM (8.90%) followed by NH4-N (Plants) (5.90%) and NO3-N (Plants) (4.40%). The TN removal was found 52% of the total influent TN in the CW. This study suggested an improved overall performance of a DASC-based CW and efficient N removal from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L G Kumar
- a UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering , University College Dublin , Newstead, Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
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Chen Z, Kuschk P, Paschke H, Kästner M, Müller JA, Köser H. Treatment of a sulfate-rich groundwater contaminated with perchloroethene in a hydroponic plant root mat filter and a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland at pilot-scale. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:178-184. [PMID: 25025478 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A hydroponic plant root mat filter (HPRMF) was compared over 7months with a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF CW) regarding the removal of perchloroethene (PCE) (about 2 mg L(-1)) from a sulfate- (850 mg L(-1)) and ammonia-rich (50 mg L(-1)) groundwater with a low TOC content. At a mean area specific inflow PCE load of 56 mg m(-2)d(-1), after 4m from inlet, the mean PCE removal during summer time reached 97% in the HPRMF and almost 100% in the HSSF CW. Within the first 2m in the HSSF CW metabolites like dichloroethenes, vinyl chloride and ethene accumulated, their concentrations decreased further along the flow path. Moreover, the tidal operation (a 7-d cycle) in the HSSFCW decreased the accumulation of PCE metabolites within the first 1m of the bed. The carcinogenic degradation metabolite vinyl chloride was not detected in the HPRMF. The smaller accumulation of the degradation metabolites in the HPRMF correlated with its higher redox potential. It can be concluded from this study that HPRMF appears an interesting alternative for special water treatment tasks and that tidal operation will show some positive effects on the removal of the accumulated PCE metabolites in HSSF CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbing Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishanjie 1, 430070 Wuhan, China.
| | - Peter Kuschk
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidrun Paschke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Kästner
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen A Müller
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz Köser
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute of Instrumental and Environmental Technology - IAUT, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Ju X, Wu S, Huang X, Zhang Y, Dong R. How the novel integration of electrolysis in tidal flow constructed wetlands intensifies nutrient removal and odor control. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 169:605-613. [PMID: 25103037 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Intensified nutrient removal and odor control in a novel electrolysis-integrated tidal flow constructed wetland were evaluated. The average removal efficiencies of COD and NH4(+)-N were above 85% and 80% in the two experimental wetlands at influent COD concentration of 300 mg/L and ammonium nitrogen concentration of 60 mg/L regardless of electrolysis integration. Effluent nitrate concentration decreased from 2.5mg/L to 0.5mg/L with the reduction in current intensity from 1.5 mA/cm(2) to 0.57 mA/cm(2). This result reveals the important role of current intensity in nitrogen transformation. Owing to the ferrous and ferric iron coagulant formed through the electro-dissolution of the iron anode, electrolysis integration not only exerted a positive effect on phosphorus removal but also effectively inhibited sulfide accumulation for odor control. Although electrolysis operation enhanced nutrient removal and promoted the emission of CH4, no significant difference was observed in the microbial communities and abundance of the two experimental wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ju
- College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Renjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
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Ju X, Wu S, Zhang Y, Dong R. Intensified nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a novel electrolysis-integrated tidal flow constructed wetland system. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 59:37-45. [PMID: 24784452 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrolysis-integrated tidal flow constructed wetland (CW) system was developed in this study. The dynamics of intensified nitrogen and phosphorus removal and that of hydrogen sulphide control were evaluated. Ammonium removal of up to 80% was achieved with an inflow concentration of 60 mg/L in wetland systems with and without electrolysis integration. Effluent nitrate concentration decreased from 2 mg/L to less than 0.5 mg/L with the decrease in current intensity from 1.5 mA/cm(2) to 0.57 mA/cm(2) in the electrolysis-integrated wetland system, thus indicating that the current intensity of electrolysis plays an important role in nitrogen transformations. Phosphorus removal was significantly enhanced, exceeding 95% in the electrolysis-integrated CW system because of the in-situ formation of a ferric iron coagulant through the electro-dissolution of a sacrificial iron anode. Moreover, the electrolyzed wetland system effectively inhibits sulphide accumulation as a result of a sulphide precipitation coupled with ferrous-iron electro-dissolution and/or an inhibition of bacterial sulphate reduction under increased aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ju
- College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Renjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Wu S, Kuschk P, Brix H, Vymazal J, Dong R. Development of constructed wetlands in performance intensifications for wastewater treatment: a nitrogen and organic matter targeted review. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 57:40-55. [PMID: 24704903 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge on the performance enhancement of nitrogen and organic matter in the expanded constructed wetlands (CWs) with various new designs, configurations, and technology combinations are still not sufficiently summarized. A comprehensive review is accordingly necessary for better understanding of this state-of-the-art-technology for optimum design and new ideas. Considering that the prevailing redox conditions in CWs have a strong effect on removal mechanisms and highly depend on wetland designs and operations, this paper reviews different operation strategies (recirculation, aeration, tidal operation, flow direction reciprocation, and earthworm integration), innovative designs, and configurations (circular-flow corridor wetlands, towery hybrid CWs, baffled subsurface CWs) for the intensifications of the performance. Some new combinations of CWs with technologies in other field for wastewater treatment, such as microbial fuel cell, are also discussed. To improve biofilm development, the selection and utilization of some specific substrates are summarized. Finally, we review the advances in electron donor supply to enhance low C/N wastewater treatment and in thermal insulation against low temperature to maintain CWs running in the cold areas. This paper aims to provide and inspire some new ideas in the development of intensified CWs mainly for the removal of nitrogen and organic matter. The stability and sustainability of these technologies should be further qualified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubiao Wu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Qinghua Donglu 17, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Peter Kuschk
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig D-04318, Germany
| | - Hans Brix
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Jan Vymazal
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kymýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Renjie Dong
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Qinghua Donglu 17, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, PR China
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Hu Y, Zhao Y, Rymszewicz A. Robust biological nitrogen removal by creating multiple tides in a single bed tidal flow constructed wetland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1197-204. [PMID: 24246943 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Achieving effective total nitrogen (TN) removal is one of the major challenges faced by constructed wetlands (CWs). To address this issue, multiple "tides" were proposed in a single stage tidal flow constructed wetland (TFCW). With this adoption, exceptional TN removal (85% on average) was achieved under a high nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of around 28 g Nm(-2)day(-1), which makes the proposed system an adequate option to provide advanced wastewater treatment for peri-urban communities and rural area. It was revealed that the multiple "tides" not only promoted TN removal performance, but also brought more flexibility to TFCWs. Adsorption of NH4(+)-N onto the wetland medium (during contact period) and regeneration of the adsorption capacity via nitrification (during bed resting) were validated as the key processes for NH4(+)-N conversion in TFCWs. Moreover, simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) was found to be significant during the bed resting period. These findings will provide a new foundation for the design and modeling of nitrogen conversion and oxygen transfer in TFCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Hu
- UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Newstead Building, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment/R&D Centre for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Newstead Building, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anna Rymszewicz
- UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Newstead Building, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Zeng M, Soric A, Ferrasse JH, Roche N. Interpreting hydrodynamic behaviour by the model of stirred tanks in series with exchanged zones: preliminary study in lab-scale trickling filters. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:2571-2578. [PMID: 24527618 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.781199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In trickling filters for wastewater treatment, hydrodynamic behaviour is affected by the growth of biofilm on the porous medium. Therefore, modelling hydrodynamic behaviour is necessary and efficient to predict the biodegradation of pollutants. In this study, laboratory-scale trickling filters were filled with two different porous media (glass beads and plastic rings) and were fed by a synthetic substrate in batch mode. Total organic carbon (TOC) of the effluent was measured and retention time distribution (RTD) was determined by injecting NaCl. Results showed that medium had no significant effect on TOC removal rate (around 80% and 60% respectively for batch time of seven and two days). However, regarding the hydrodynamic behaviour, the effective volume ratio and hydraulic efficiency in the glass beads bed increased remarkably from 28% and 18% to 80% and 70%, respectively, with the reduction of dispersion coefficient (from 4.55 to 1.53). Moreover, the short batch time accelerated this change. Conversely, no variation of hydrodynamic behaviour in plastic rings bed was evident. Along with the feeding of synthetic substrate, biofilm concentration ranged from 1.5 to 10.1 g/L in the glass beads reactor and it achieved around 2.8 g/L in the plastic rings reactor. Hydrodynamic modelling indicated that the model of stirred tanks in series with exchanged zones fitted the experimental results well. These gave values of mobile and immobile volumes of 51 mL and 17 mL, respectively, in the glass beads filter and 25 mL and 15 mL, respectively, in the plastic rings filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zeng
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseilles, France
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Saeed T, Sun G. A review on nitrogen and organics removal mechanisms in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: dependency on environmental parameters, operating conditions and supporting media. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 112:429-448. [PMID: 23032989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the unique advantages of lower operational and maintenance cost, the applications of subsurface flow constructed wetlands for the treatment of wastewater have been increasing rapidly throughout the world. The removal of nitrogen and organics by such systems has gained substantial attention in recent years. In subsurface flow wetlands, the removal of pollutants often relies on a diverse range of co-existing physical, chemical and biological routes, which are vitally dependent on numerous environmental and operational parameters. This paper provides a comprehensive review of wetland structures, classic and novel nitrogen and organics removal mechanisms along with the key environmental parameters and operational conditions that enhance removal in subsurface flow wetland systems. The critical exploration identifies the major environmental parameters such as: pH, DO, and temperature, operational factors i.e. organic carbon availability, loading, feed mode, retention time, recirculation, harvesting, and the complex role (of both parameters) on classical nitrogen and organics removal pathways. Subsequently, the necessity of further extensive research on such factors, for promoting novel nitrogen removal routes in wetland systems has also been highlighted. The expansion of the review on the influence of the unconventional wetland matrix indicates that, the structural differences and inherent properties of these media can support substantial nitrogen and organics removal from wastewater, under optimal operating conditions. Overall, the critical review illustrates the necessity of a profound knowledge on the complicated inter-relationship between nitrogen and organics removal routes, governing environmental and operational parameters, and wetland matrix for improving the treatment performances of subsurface flow wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Saeed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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Zhang DQ, Gersberg RM, Zhu J, Hua T, Jinadasa KBSN, Tan SK. Batch versus continuous feeding strategies for pharmaceutical removal by subsurface flow constructed wetland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 167:124-31. [PMID: 22564400 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of continuous and batch feeding on the removal of 8 pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, caffeine, salicylic acid, ketoprofen and clofibric acid) from synthetic wastewater in mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs). Both loading modes were operated at hydraulic application rates of 5.6 cm day(-1) and 2.8 cm day(-1). Except for carbamazepine, clofibric acid and naproxen, removal in CWs was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced under the batch versus continuous mode. For all compounds tested except naproxen, values for first-order decay constants (k) for drain and fill operation were higher than that for the continuous mode of operation. Correlation between the distribution coefficient (log D(ow)) and removal efficiencies of pharmaceutical compounds in the CWs, showed that pharmaceutical removal efficiency was significantly (p < 0.1) and inversely correlated with log D(ow) value, but not with log K(ow) value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qing Zhang
- DHI-NTU Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, N1.2-B1-02, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Saeed T, Afrin R, Muyeed AA, Sun G. Treatment of tannery wastewater in a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland system in Bangladesh. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:1065-1073. [PMID: 22673399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the pollutant removal performances of a hybrid wetland system in Bangladesh for the treatment of a tannery wastewater. The system consisted of three treatment stages: a subsurface vertical flow (VF) wetland, followed by a horizontal flow (HF) and a VF wetland. The wetlands were planted with common reed (Phragmites australis), but employed different media, including organic coco-peat, cupola slag and pea gravel. In the first stage, experimental results demonstrated significant removal of ammonia (52%), nitrate (54%), BOD (78%), and COD (56%) under high organics loading rate (690 g COD m(-2)d(-1)); simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and organics degradation were attributed to the unique characteristics of the coco-peat media, which allowed greater atmospheric oxygen transfer for nitrification and organic degradation, and supply of organic carbon for denitrification. The second stage HF wetland produced an average PO(4) removal of 61%, primarily due to adsorption by the iron-rich cupola slag media. In the third treatment stage, which was filled with gravel media, further BOD removal (78%) from the tannery wastewater depleted organic carbon, causing the accumulation of NO(3) in the wastewater. Overall, the average percentage removals of NH(3)-N, NO(3)-N, BOD, COD, and PO(4) were 86%, 50%, 98%, 98% and 87%, respectively, across the whole hybrid system. The results provided a strong evidence to support widespread research and application of the constructed wetland as a low-cost, energy-efficient, wastewater treatment technology in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Saeed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Hu YS, Zhao YQ, Zhao XH, Kumar JLG. Comprehensive analysis of step-feeding strategy to enhance biological nitrogen removal in alum sludge-based tidal flow constructed wetlands. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 111:27-35. [PMID: 22357288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Step-feeding strategies have been extensively studied and comprehensively analyzed in this study for a four-stage alum sludge-based tidal flow constructed wetlands (AlS-TFCWs) system. Enhanced total nitrogen removal of 83% is achieved under high nitrogen loading rate of 19.1 g N/m(2)d. The key issues towards the success of a significant nitrogen removal in step-feeding TFCWs are the bed resting time (which provides better aeration for nitrification) and up flow stage/delayed input of side stream(s) (which ensure favorable environment for better denitrification). Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) was found effective in the 1st stage of the system and SND via nitrite is the main nitrogen conversion mechanism. The optimal influent distribution fraction for step-feeding purpose can be estimated from a theoretical basis, which is a function of the influent BCOD/TKN ratio. Therefore the influent distribution fraction should be adjusted according to the variety of influent characteristics, rather than a fixed value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Hu
- Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University College Dublin, Newstead Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Hu YS, Kumar JLG, Akintunde AO, Zhao XH, Zhao YQ. Effects of livestock wastewater variety and disinfectants on the performance of constructed wetlands in organic matters and nitrogen removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:1414-1421. [PMID: 21487645 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE Treatment performance of constructed wetlands (CWs) is largely dependent on the characteristics of the wastewater. Although livestock wastewater is readily biodegradable in general, its variety in biodegradability can still be significant in practice. In addition, it is a common practice to periodically use disinfectants in livestock activities for health concerns. Obviously, the residual of the disinfectants in livestock wastewater may have serious inhibitory effect on the microbial activities during wastewater treatment. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine the variety of livestock wastewater in biodegradability and its effect on the performance of a pilot scale tidal flow CWs (TFCWs) in organic matter and nitrogen removal. Furthermore, investigation of the potential inhibition of the chosen disinfectants on organic matter biodegradation and nitrification was another aim of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The TFCWs system consisted of four-stage downflow reed beds with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.29 m(3)/m(2)·per day. Long-term stored livestock wastewater and fresh livestock wastewater were used, respectively, as feed to the system in different periods. Meanwhile, batch aeration tests were carried out to investigate the difference in biodegradation of the two types of wastewaters. Inhibitions of two types of disinfectants, namely UNIPRED and HYPROCLOR ED, on microbial activities were investigated in laboratory batch tests, with dosage of from 0.05% to 0.5%. RESULTS With fresh livestock wastewater, removal efficiencies of up to 93% and 94% could be achieved with average of 73% and 64% for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and TN, respectively. The performance deteriorated when the system was fed with long-term stored wastewater. In the batch tests, the long-time stored wastewater was characterized as non-biodegradable or at least very slowly biodegradable, while the fresh wastewater was readily biodegradable. UNIPRED showed very strong inhibition on both heterotrophic organisms and nitrifiers. Tested inhibition started from content of 0.05%, which is 1/10 of the recommended usage rate. Inhibitory effect of HYPROCLOR ED on COD degradation started from 0.1% and complete inhibition occurred from content of 0.3%, while significant inhibition on nitrification started from 0.1%. CONCLUSIONS Livestock wastewater could vary significantly in biodegradability and it may turn to be non-biodegradable after a long-term storage. The variety of the livestock wastewater has a decisive influence on the performance of the CWs system, especially in TN elimination. In addition, the application of disinfectants UNIPRED and HYPROCLOR ED may cause serious inhibition on microbial activities and subsequent system failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Hu
- Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Architecture, Landscape and Civil Engineering, Newstead Building, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Zhao YQ, Zhao XH, Babatunde AO. Use of dewatered alum sludge as main substrate in treatment reed bed receiving agricultural wastewater: long-term trial. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:644-648. [PMID: 18762417 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore a novel application of dewatered alum sludge cakes (DASC) as the main medium in a single model reed bed to treat phosphorus-rich animal farm wastewater under "tidal flow" operation on a long-term basis. It is expected that the cakes act as the carrier for developing biofilm and also serve as adsorbent to enhance phosphorus (P) immobilization. Results have demonstrated that average removal efficiencies of 73.3+/-15.9% for COD, 82.9+/-12.3% for BOD(5), 86.4+/-6.0% for RP (reactive P), 88.6+/-7.2% for soluble reactive P (SRP) and 77.6+/-17.5% for SS can be achieved during the two year's operation. More significantly, the "P-adsorption proportion" by DASC in the reed bed is 42% of the overall P removal. The remaining removal of P may be contributed by the trapping and filtration process of DASC. Therefore, the lifetime of the DASC in reed bed is reasonably longer than that determined from the batch isotherm test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Zhao
- Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Architecture, Landscape and Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Newstead Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Kuschk P, Wiessner A, Kästner M, Müller R, Münch C, Paredes D. Pflanzenkläranlagen - Zukunftspotenzial und Forschungsbedarf. CHEM-ING-TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200800085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sun G, Cooper D. A statistical analysis on the removal of organic matter in subsurface flow constructed wetlands in the U.K. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2008; 29:1139-1144. [PMID: 18942581 DOI: 10.1080/09593330802217765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The performances of 98 subsurface flow constructed wetlands in the U.K. are analysed for the rates of organic matter removal from various wastewaters. The analyses of 78 subsurface horizontal flow wetlands are focused on deriving the value of rate constant K(BOD) in the Kickuth equation and evaluating the probability of meeting the target when the equation is used in design. The analyses of 20 vertical flow wetlands are focused on establishing the correlations between BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) removal rate and organic loading; an empirical relation has been developed to estimate the surface areas of the wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sun
- Department of Civil Engineering, Building 60, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
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Carty A, Scholz M, Heal K, Gouriveau F, Mustafa A. The universal design, operation and maintenance guidelines for farm constructed wetlands (FCW) in temperate climates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:6780-92. [PMID: 18359625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises the scientific justification for the Farm Constructed Wetland (FCW) Design Manual for Northern Ireland and Scotland. Moreover, this document addresses an international audience interested in applying wetland systems in the wider agricultural context. Farm constructed wetlands combine farm wastewater (predominantly farmyard runoff) treatment with landscape and biodiversity enhancements, and are a specific application and class of integrated constructed wetlands (ICW), which have wider applications in the treatment of other wastewater types such as domestic sewage. The aim of this review paper is to propose guidelines highlighting the rationale for FCW, including key water quality management and regulatory issues, important physical and biochemical wetland treatment processes, assessment techniques for characterizing potential FCW sites and discharge options to water bodies. The paper discusses universal design, construction, planting, maintenance and operation issues relevant specifically for FCW in a temperate climate, but highlights also catchment-specific requirements to protect the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aila Carty
- Independent Environmental Wetlands Consultant, County Cork, Ireland
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Babatunde AO, Zhao YQ, O'Neill M, O'Sullivan B. Constructed wetlands for environmental pollution control: a review of developments, research and practice in Ireland. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:116-26. [PMID: 17919730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of synthesizing a compendium of efforts aimed at environmental pollution control through the use of constructed wetlands systems (CWs) in Ireland, a detailed review of CWs was undertaken. Emphasis was placed on the diverse range of development, practice and researches on CWs technology, placing them in the overall context of the need for low-cost and sustainable wastewater treatment systems. The potential use of CWs in protecting estuarine quality within the current legislative framework is considered, as well as the emerging concept of integrated constructed wetlands (ICWs). In addition, an assessment of the efficiency of CWs in operation in Ireland towards abating environmental pollution was done, and compared with CWs operating in other European countries. The need for sufficient and appropriate data to assist in further development of CWs and modelling studies, and instilling confidence in the public is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Babatunde
- Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Architecture, Landscape and Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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