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Lau NS, Furusawa G. Polysaccharide degradation in Cellvibrionaceae: Genomic insights of the novel chitin-degrading marine bacterium, strain KSP-S5-2, and its chitinolytic activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169134. [PMID: 38070563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present the genome characterization of a novel chitin-degrading strain, KSP-S5-2, and comparative genomics of 33 strains of Cellvibrionaceae. Strain KSP-S5-2 was isolated from mangrove sediment collected in Balik Pulau, Penang, Malaysia, and its 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the highest similarity (95.09%) to Teredinibacter franksiae. Genome-wide analyses including 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, and phylogenomics, suggested that KSP-S5-2 represents a novel species in the family Cellvibrionaceae. The Cellvibrionaceae pan-genome exhibited high genomic variability, with only 1.7% representing the core genome, while the flexible genome showed a notable enrichment of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and transport pathway. This observation sheds light on the genetic plasticity of the Cellvibrionaceae family and the gene pools that form the basis for the evolution of polysaccharide-degrading capabilities. Comparative analysis of the carbohydrate-active enzymes across Cellvibrionaceae strains revealed that the chitinolytic system is not universally present within the family, as only 18 of the 33 genomes encoded chitinases. Strain KSP-S5-2 displayed an expanded repertoire of chitinolytic enzymes (25 GH18, two GH19 chitinases, and five GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases) but lacked genes for agar, xylan, and pectin degradation, indicating specialized enzymatic machinery focused primarily on chitin degradation. Further, the strain degraded 90% of chitin after 10 days of incubation. In summary, our findings provided insights into strain KSP-S5-2's genomic potential, the genetics of its chitinolytic system, genomic diversity within the Cellvibrionaceae family in terms of polysaccharide degradation, and its application for chitin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Go Furusawa
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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Umasekar S, Virivinti N. Advances in modeling techniques for the production and purification of biomolecules: A comprehensive review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123945. [PMID: 38113723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In response to the growing demand for therapeutic biomolecules, there is a need for continuous and cost-effective bio-separation techniques to enhance extraction yield and efficiency. Aqueous biphasic extractive fermentation has emerged as an integrated downstream processing technique, offering selective partitioning, high productivity, and preservation of biomolecule integrity. However, the dynamic nature of this technique requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying separation mechanisms. Unfortunately, the analysis of parameters influencing this dynamic behavior can be challenging due to limited resources and time. To address this, mathematical modeling approaches can be employed to minimize the tedious trial-and-error experimentation process. This review article presents mathematical modeling approaches for both upstream and downstream processing techniques, focusing on the production of biomolecules which can be used in pharmaceutical industries in a cost-effective manner. By leveraging mathematical models, researchers can optimize the production and purification processes, leading to improved efficiency and processing cost reduction in biomolecule production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimathi Umasekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India
| | - Nagajyothi Virivinti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India.
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Ramírez-Carreto S, Miranda-Zaragoza B, Simões N, González-Muñoz R, Rodríguez-Almazán C. Marine Bioprospecting: Enzymes and Stress Proteins from the Sea Anemones Anthopleura dowii and Lebrunia neglecta. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:12. [PMID: 38248637 PMCID: PMC10821040 DOI: 10.3390/md22010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The bioprospecting of sea anemone tissues and secretions has revealed that they are natural libraries of polypeptides with diverse biological activities that can be utilized to develop of biotechnological tools with potential medical and industrial applications. This study conducted a proteomic analysis of crude venom extracts from Anthopleura dowii Verrill, 1869, and Lebrunia neglecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860. The obtained data allowed us to identify 201 polypeptides, of which 39% were present in both extracts. Among the obtained sequences, hydrolase-type enzymes, oxidoreductases, transferases, heat shock proteins, adhesion proteins, and protease inhibitors, among others, were identified. Interaction analysis and functional annotation indicated that these proteins are primarily involved in endoplasmic reticulum metabolic processes such as carbon metabolism and protein processing. In addition, several proteins related to oxidative stress were identified, including superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxin, and glutathione oxidase. Our results provide novel information on the polypeptide composition of the crude venom extract from sea anemones, which can be utilized to develop molecules for therapeutic tools and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos Ramírez-Carreto
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Av. Universidad #655, Santa María Ahuacatitlan, Cuernavaca C.P. 62100, Mexico;
| | - Beatriz Miranda-Zaragoza
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cto. Exterior S/N, C.U., Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico;
| | - Nuno Simões
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación en Sisal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Abrigo s/n, Sisal C.P. 97356, Mexico;
- International Chair for Coastal and Marine Studies, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A and M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
- Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera (LANRESC), Laboratorios Nacionales, CONACYT, Sisal C.P. 97356, Mexico
| | - Ricardo González-Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata C.P. 7600, Argentina;
| | - Claudia Rodríguez-Almazán
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cto. Exterior S/N, C.U., Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico;
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Abu-Tahon MA, Abdel-Majeed AM, Ghareib M, Housseiny MM, Abdallah WE. Thrombolytic and anticoagulant efficiencies of purified fibrinolytic enzyme produced from Cochliobolus hawaiiensis under solid-state fermentation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1954-1971. [PMID: 37463837 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis Alcorn Assiut University Mycological Centre 8606 was chosen from the screened 20 fungal species as the potent producer of fibrinolytic enzyme on skimmed-milk agar plates. The greatest enzyme yield was attained when the submerged fermentation (SmF) conditions were optimized, and it was around (39.7 U/mg protein). Moreover, upon optimization of fibrinolytic enzyme production under solid-state fermentation (SSF), the maximum productivity of fibrinolytic enzyme was greatly increased recorded a bout (405 U/mg protein) on sugarcane bagasse, incubation period of 5 days, moisture level of 100%, initial pH of salt basal medium 7.8, incubation temperature at 35°C, and supplementation of the salt basal medium with corn steep liquor (80%, v/v). The yield of fibrinolytic enzyme by C. hawaiiensis under SSF was higher than that of SmF with about 10.20-fold. The purification procedures of fibrinolytic enzyme by ammonium sulfate (70%), gel filtration, and ion-exchange columns chromatography caused a great increase in its specific activity to 2581.6 U/mg protein with an overall yield of 55.89%, 6.37 purification fold and molecular weight of 35 kDa. Maximal activity was recorded at pH 7 and 37°C. Significant pH stability was recorded at pH 6.6-7.2, and thermal stability was recorded at 33-41°C. The enzyme showed the highest affinity toward fibrin, with Vmax of 240 U/mL and an apparent Km value of 47.61 mmol. Mg2+ and Ca2+ moderately induced fibrinolytic activity, whereas Cu2+ and Zn2+ greatly suppressed the enzyme activity. The produced enzyme is categorized as serine protease and non-metalloprotease. The purified fibrinolytic enzyme showed efficient thrombolytic and antiplatelet aggregation activities by completely prevention and dissolution of the blood clot which confirmed by microscopic examination and amelioration of blood coagulation assays. These findings suggested that the produced fibrinolytic enzyme is a promising agent in management of blood coagulation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhat Ahmed Abu-Tahon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Mohammad Abdel-Majeed
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of zoology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minya City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ghareib
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal Maher Housseiny
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa E Abdallah
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
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de Oliveira EG, Filho CADC, Rodrigues RAL. An overview of viral chitinases: General properties and biotechnological potential. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2053-2061. [PMID: 38057942 PMCID: PMC10800131 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231208408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a biopolymer profusely present in nature and of pivotal importance as a structural component in cells. It is degraded by chitinases, enzymes naturally produced by different organisms. Chitinases are proteins enrolled in many cellular mechanisms, including the remodeling process of the fungal cell wall, the cell growth process, the autolysis of filamentous fungi, and cell separation of yeasts, among others. These enzymes also have properties with different biotechnological applications. They are used to produce polymers, for biological control, biofilm formation, and as antitumor and anti-inflammatory target molecules. Chitinases are classified into different glycoside hydrolase (GH) families and are widespread in microorganisms, including viruses. Among them, the GH18 family is highly predominant in the viral genomes, being present and active enzymes in baculoviruses and nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV), especially chloroviruses from the Phycodnaviridae family. These viral enzymes contain one or more GH domains and seem to be involved during the viral replication cycle. Curiously, only a few DNA viruses have these enzymes, and studying their properties could be a key feature for biological and biotechnological novelties. Here, we provide an overview of viral chitinases and their probable function in viral infection, showing evidence of at least two distinct origins for these enzymes. Finally, we discuss how these enzymes can be applied as biotechnological tools and what one can expect for the coming years on these GHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Clécio Alonso da Costa Filho
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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Cardozo FA, Feitosa V, Mendonça CMN, da Silva FVS, Converti A, de Souza Oliveira RP, Pessoa A. Enhanced production of N-acetyl-glucosaminidase by marine Aeromonas caviae CHZ306 in bioreactor. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1533-1545. [PMID: 37610567 PMCID: PMC10485184 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetyl-glucosaminidases (GlcNAcases) are exoenzymes found in a wide range of living organisms, which have gained great attention in the treatment of disorders related to diabetes, Alzheimer's, Tay-Sachs', and Sandhoff's diseases; the control of phytopathogens; and the synthesis of bioactive GlcNAc-containing products. Aiming at future industrial applications, in this study, GlcNAcase production by marine Aeromonas caviae CHZ306 was enhanced first in shake flasks in terms of medium composition and then in bench-scale stirred-tank bioreactor in terms of physicochemical conditions. Stoichiometric balance between the bioavailability of carbon and nitrogen in the formulated culture medium, as well as the use of additional carbon and nitrogen sources, played a central role in improving the bioprocess, considerably increasing the enzyme productivity. The optimal cultivation medium was composed of colloidal α-chitin, corn steep liquor, peptone A, and mineral salts, in a 5.2 C:N ratio. Optimization of pH, temperature, colloidal α-chitin concentration, and kLa conditions further increased GlcNAcase productivity. Under optimized conditions in bioreactor (i.e., 34 °C, pH 8 and kLa 55.2 h-1), GlcNAcase activity achieved 173.4 U.L-1 after 12 h of cultivation, and productivity no less than 14.45 U.L-1.h-1 corresponding to a 370-fold enhancement compared to basal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Augusto Cardozo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Valker Feitosa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brasil
| | - Carlos Miguel Nóbrega Mendonça
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- CICECO - Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Vitor Santos da Silva
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Attilio Converti
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e Ambientale, Università di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | | | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Zhao J, Pedersen CM, Chang H, Hou X, Wang Y, Qiao Y. Switchable product selectivity in dehydration of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine promoted by choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents. iScience 2023; 26:106980. [PMID: 37332676 PMCID: PMC10276235 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) promoted conversion of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) into nitrogen-containing compounds, i.e., 3-acetamido-5-(1',2'-dihydroxyethyl) furan (Chromogen III) and 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran (3A5AF). The binary deep eutectic solvent choline chloride-glycerin (ChCl-Gly), was found to promote the dehydration of GlcNAc to form Chromogen III, which reaches a maximum yield of 31.1%. On the other hand, the ternary deep eutectic solvent, choline chloride-glycerol-B(OH)3 (ChCl-Gly-B(OH)3), promoted the further dehydration of GlcNAc into 3A5AF with a maximum yield of 39.2%. In addition, the reaction intermediate, 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-d-erythro-hex-2-enofuranose (Chromogen I), was detected by in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques when promoted by ChCl-Gly-B(OH)3. The experimental results of the 1H NMR chemical shift titration showed ChCl-Gly interactions with α-OH-3 and α-OH-4 of GlcNAc, which is responsible for promoting the dehydration reaction. Meanwhile, the strong interaction between Cl- and GlcNAc was demonstrated by 35Cl NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Zhao
- Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Biorefinery, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 27 South Taoyuan Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Honghong Chang
- Shanxi Tihondan Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Xianglin Hou
- Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Biorefinery, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 27 South Taoyuan Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Biorefinery, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 27 South Taoyuan Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze West Street, Taiyuan, Wanbailin District 030024, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Biorefinery, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 27 South Taoyuan Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Renaud S, Dussutour A, Daboussi F, Pompon D. Characterization of chitinases from the GH18 gene family in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130343. [PMID: 36933625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physarum polycephalum is an unusual macroscopic myxomycete expressing a large range of glycosyl hydrolases. Among them, enzymes from the GH18 family can hydrolyze chitin, an important structural component of the cell walls in fungi and in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans. METHODS Low stringency sequence signature search in transcriptomes was used to identify GH18 sequences related to chitinases. Identified sequences were expressed in E. coli and corresponding structures modelled. Synthetic substrates and in some cases colloidal chitin were used to characterize activities. RESULTS Catalytically functional hits were sorted and their predicted structures compared. All share the TIM barrel structure of the GH18 chitinase catalytic domain, optionally fused to binding motifs, such as CBM50, CBM18, and CBM14, involved in sugar recognition. Assessment of the enzymatic activities following deletion of the C-terminal CBM14 domain of the most active clone evidenced a significant contribution of this extension to the chitinase activity. A classification based on module organization, functional and structural criteria of characterized enzymes was proposed. CONCLUSIONS Physarum polycephalum sequences encompassing a chitinase like GH18 signature share a modular structure involving a structurally conserved catalytic TIM barrels decorated or not by a chitin insertion domain and optionally surrounded by additional sugar binding domains. One of them plays a clear role in enhancing activities toward natural chitin. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Myxomycete enzymes are currently poorly characterized and constitute a potential source for new catalysts. Among them glycosyl hydrolases have a strong potential for valorization of industrial waste as well as in therapeutic field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Dussutour
- Centre de Recherche en Cognition Animale, UMR 5169 CNRS, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Denis Pompon
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, UMR CNRS / INRAE / INSA, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Synergic chitin degradation by Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3 chitinases and their applications in chitinous waste recycling and pathogenic fungi biocontrol. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:987-996. [PMID: 36403764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Streptomyces comprises the most important chitin decomposers in soil and revealing their chitinolytic machinery is beneficial for the conversion of chitinous wastes. Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3, a chitin-hydrolyzing and a robust feather-degrading bacterium, was isolated previously. The potential chitin-degrading enzymes produced by SCUT-3 were analyzed in the present study. Among these enzymes, three chitinases were successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris at comparatively high yields of 4.8 U/mL (SsExoChi18A), 11.2 U/mL (SsExoChi18B), and 17.8 U/mL (SsEndoChi19). Conserved motifs and constructive 3D structures of these three exo- and endochitinases were also analyzed. These chitinases hydrolyzed colloidal chitin to chitin oligomers. SsExoChi18A showed apparent synergic effects with SsEndoChi19 in colloidal chitin and shrimp shell hydrolysis, with an improvement of 29.3 % and 124.9 %, respectively. Compared with SsExoChi18B and SsEndoChi19, SsExoChi18A exhibited the strongest antifungal effects against four plant pathogens by inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination. This study provided good candidates for chitinous waste-processing enzymes and antifungal biocontrol agents. These synergic chitin-degrading enzymes of SCUT-3 are good targets for its further genetical modification to construct super chitinous waste-degrading bacteria with strong abilities to hydrolyze both protein and chitin, thereby providing a direction for the future path of the chitinous waste recycling industry.
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Goncalves R, Lund I, Sousa D, Skov PV. Shrimp waste meal (Pandalus borealis) as an alternative ingredient in diets for juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus, L.). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Souza KPS, Cunha MNC, Batista JMS, Oliveira VM, Nascimento TP, Conniff AES, Costa RMPB, Porto TS, Porto CS, Porto ALF. A novel collagenolytic protease from Mucor subtilissimus UCP 1262: Comparative analysis of production and extraction in submerged and stated-solid fermentation. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201438. [PMID: 35830020 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to compare the production of collagenolytic proteases produced by M. subtilissimus UCP1262 in submerged fermentation (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) as well as extracting in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). Collagenolytic protease production was performed in using MS-2 culture medium (SF) and soybean bran as substrate (SSF). Subsequently, the fermented liquid from both fermentations were used for the extraction of enzyme by ATPS, it was verified the influence of different variables from a factorial design 23. In SSF the highest protease and collagenolytic activities were achieved with 362.66 U/mL and 179.81 U/mL, respectively. When compared with SF (26.33 and 18.70 U/mL) higher values were obtained in the activities. The protease partitioning from SF and SSF in ATPS showed a similar profile showing higher affinity for the polymer rich phase. The highest value for the response variable purification factor (3.49) was obtained in the system using SSF. Thus, SSF shows promise as a bioprocess for extracellular production of collagenolytic proteases, using of soybean bran as substrate had used sustainable raw material, aiming application this possible enzyme in the treatment of burns and postoperative scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kessia P S Souza
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Tecnologia de Bioativos, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Márcia N C Cunha
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Tecnologia de Bioativos, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Juanize M S Batista
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Tecnologia de Bioativos, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Vagne M Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Tecnologia de Bioativos, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Nascimento
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR-135, Km 3, Planalto Horizonte, 64900-000 Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil
| | - Amanda E S Conniff
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, 33620, E Fowler Ave Tampa, 4202, Florida, United States
| | - Romero M P B Costa
- Universidade de Pernambuco, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Avanços em Biotecnologia e Proteína (LABIOPROT), Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Tatiana S Porto
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Tecnologia de Bioativos, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Camila S Porto
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Unidade Penedo, Av. Beira Rio, s/n, Centro, 57200-000 Penedo, AL, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia F Porto
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Laboratório de Tecnologia de Bioativos, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
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12
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Cen X, Zhang R, He L, Tang X, Wu Q, Zhou J, Huang Z. Deletion of the Loop Linking Two Domains of Exo-Inulinase InuAMN8 Diminished the Enzymatic Thermo-Halo-Alcohol Tolerance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:924447. [PMID: 35814689 PMCID: PMC9260423 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.924447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin is the rich water-soluble storage polysaccharide after starch in nature, and utilization of inulin through hydrolysis of exo-inulinases has attracted much attention. Thermo-halo-alcohol tolerance is essential for exo-inulinase applications, while no report reveals the molecular basis involved in halo-alcohol tolerance of exo-inulinases via experimental data. In this study, two loops of exo-inulinase InuAMN8, including the loop built with 360GHVRLGPQP368 linking domains of Glyco_hydro_32N and Glyco_hydro_32C and another loop built with 169GGAG172 in the catalytic domain, were deleted to generate mutants MutG360Δ9 and MutG169Δ4, respectively. After heterologous expression, purification, and dialysis, InuAMN8, MutG169Δ4, and MutG360Δ9 showed half-lives of 144, 151, and 7 min at 50°C, respectively. InuAMN8 and MutG169Δ4 were very stable, while MutG360Δ9 showed a half-life of approximately 60 min in 5.0% (w/v) NaCl, and they showed half-lives of approximately 60 min in 25.0, 25.0, and 5.0% (w/v) ethanol, respectively. Structural analysis indicated that two cation-π bonds, which contributed to thermal properties of InuAMN8 at high temperatures, broke in MutG360Δ9. Four basic amino acid residues were exposed to the structural surface of MutG360Δ9 and formed positive and neutral electrostatic potential that caused detrimental effects on halo-alcohol tolerance. The study may provide a better understanding of the loop-function relationships that are involved in thermo-halo-alcohol adaptation of enzymes in extreme environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Cen
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Limei He
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Junpei Zhou, ,
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Zunxi Huang,
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Akram F, Jabbar Z, Aqeel A, Haq IU, Tariq S, Malik K. A Contemporary Appraisal on Impending Industrial and Agricultural Applications of Thermophilic-Recombinant Chitinolytic Enzymes from Microbial Sources. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1055-1075. [PMID: 35397055 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of chitinases to degrade the second most abundant polymer, chitin, into potentially useful chitooligomers and chitin derivatives has not only rendered them fit for chitinous waste management but has also made them important from industrial point of view. At the same time, they have also been recognized to have an imperative role as promising biocontrol agents for controlling plant diseases. As thermostability is an important property for an industrially important enzyme, various bacterial and fungal sources are being exploited to obtain such stable enzymes. These stable enzymes can also play a role in agriculture by maintaining their stability under adverse environmental conditions for longer time duration when used as biocontrol agent. Biotechnology has also played its role in the development of recombinant chitinases with enhanced activity, thermostability, fungicidal and insecticidal activity via recombinant DNA techniques. Furthermore, a relatively new approach of generating pathogen-resistant transgenic plants has opened new ways for sustainable agriculture by minimizing the yield loss of valuable crops and plants. This review focuses on the potential applications of thermostable and recombinant microbial chitinases in industry and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahbaz Tariq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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14
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Plant chitinases and their role in plant defense – a comprehensive review. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 159:110055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Non-conventional expression of recombinant chitinase A originated from Bacillus licheniformis DSM8785, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSc1. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc210913017m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are glycosyl hydrolases, that cleave the ?-1,4 linkage between
N-acetyl glucosamines present in chitin chains. Chitin is the second most
abundant polysaccharide on Earth after cellulose, and it is produced in the
exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, and in some parts of the cell walls
of fungi. Enzymatic development and the extraction of superior derivatives
from chitin wastes - such as chitooligosaccharides with vast importance in
the medical and biofuels industry - lead to the necessity of creating
chitinases using different strains of organisms. In this paper, the chiA
gene from the Bacillus licheniformis DSM8785 encoding chitinase A (ChiA)
with C-terminal hexahistidine tag was cloned and expressed in the
extracellular expression system pYES2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSc1
as a hyperglycosylated enzyme. The production of recombinant ChiA was
successfully confirmed by dot blotting, using anti-His antibodies. The
optimal time of expression was identified to be 24 h when galactose was
added only at the beginning of fermentation, the chitinase activity starting
to decrease after this threshold. Nevertheless, in another experiment, when
galactose was added every 24 h for 72 h, the expression continued for the
entire period. The purified enzyme was detected, using sodium dodecyl
sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), as a heterogeneous
diffuse band between 80 and 180 kDa. The molecular mass of the same ChiA
enzyme expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71H and Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)
was compared using SDS-PAGE with ChiA expressed in Saccharo-myces cerevisiae
INVSc1. The activity of ChiA was determined using the fluorogenic substrate,
4-methylumbelliferyl ?-D-N,N,N-triacetylchitotrioside (4MUTC). Using a
bioinformatics simulation, the number of the glycolsylation sites of the
chiA gene sequence and the proximity of these sites to the alpha factor
sequence were hypothesized to be a possible reason for which ChiA enzyme was
internally expressed.
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Poria V, Rana A, Kumari A, Grewal J, Pranaw K, Singh S. Current Perspectives on Chitinolytic Enzymes and Their Agro-Industrial Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1319. [PMID: 34943233 PMCID: PMC8698876 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are a large and diversified category of enzymes that break down chitin, the world's second most prevalent polymer after cellulose. GH18 is the most studied family of chitinases, even though chitinolytic enzymes come from a variety of glycosyl hydrolase (GH) families. Most of the distinct GH families, as well as the unique structural and catalytic features of various chitinolytic enzymes, have been thoroughly explored to demonstrate their use in the development of tailor-made chitinases by protein engineering. Although chitin-degrading enzymes may be found in plants and other organisms, such as arthropods, mollusks, protozoans, and nematodes, microbial chitinases are a promising and sustainable option for industrial production. Despite this, the inducible nature, low titer, high production expenses, and susceptibility to severe environments are barriers to upscaling microbial chitinase production. The goal of this study is to address all of the elements that influence microbial fermentation for chitinase production, as well as the purifying procedures for attaining high-quality yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Poria
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Anuj Rana
- Department of Microbiology (COBS & H), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - Arti Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Jasneet Grewal
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, 102-096 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Kumar Pranaw
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, 102-096 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Surender Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
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Heterologous Expression of a Thermostable Chitinase from Myxococcus xanthus and Its Application for High Yield Production of Glucosamine from Shrimp Shell. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112808. [PMID: 34829089 PMCID: PMC8619855 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) is a widely used food supplement. Hence, enormous attention has been concerned with enzymatic production of GlcN owing to its advantage over a chemical approach. In this study, a previously unstudied chitinase gene (MxChi) in the genome of Myxococcus xanthus was cloned, expressed in recombinant soluble form and purified to homogeneity. TLC-, UPLC-, and microplate-reader- based activity tests confirmed MxChi hydrolyzes colloidal chitin to chitobiose as sole product. The optimal catalytic pH and temperature of MxChi was identified as 7.0 and 55 °C, respectively. MxChi exhibited 80% activity after 72 h incubation at 37 °C. The site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the amino acids D323A, D325A, and E327A of MxChi were in the DXDXE catalytic motif of GH18. When coupled with β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (SnHex) and deacetylase (CmCBDA), the enzyme allowed one-pot extraction of GlcN from colloidal chitin and shrimp shell. The optimal condition was 37 °C, pH 8.0, and 1/3/16.5 (MxChi/SnHex/CmCBDA), conducted by orthogonal design for the enzymatic cascades. Under this condition, the yield of GlcN was 26.33 mg from 400 mg shrimp shell. Facile recombinant in E. coli, robust thermostability and pure product herein makes newly discovered chitinase a valuable candidate for the green recycling of chitin rich waste.
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18
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Exploring the Diversity and Biotechnological Potential of Cultured and Uncultured Coral-Associated Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112235. [PMID: 34835361 PMCID: PMC8622030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral-associated microbes are crucial for the biology of their hosts, contributing to nutrient cycling, adaptation, mitigation of toxic compounds, and biological control of pathogens. Natural products from coral-associated micro-organisms (CAM) may possess unique traits. Despite this, the use of CAM for biotechnological purposes has not yet been adequately explored. Here, we investigated the production of commercially important enzymes by 37 strains of bacteria isolated from the coral species Mussismilia braziliensis, Millepora alcicornis, and Porites astreoides. In-vitro enzymatic assays showed that up to 56% of the isolates produced at least one of the seven enzymes screened (lipase, caseinase, keratinase, cellulase, chitinase, amylase, and gelatinase); one strain, identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens produced all these enzymes. Additionally, coral species-specific cultured and uncultured microbial communities were identified. The phylum Firmicutes predominated among the isolates, including the genera Exiguobacterium, Bacillus, and Halomonas, among others. Next-generation sequencing and bacteria culturing produced similar but also complementary data, with certain genera detected only by one or the other method. Our results demonstrate the importance of exploring different coral species as sources of specific micro-organisms of biotechnological and industrial interest, at the same time reinforcing the economic and ecological importance of coral reefs as reservoirs of such diversity.
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19
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Morales-Ruiz E, Priego-Rivera R, Figueroa-López AM, Cazares-Álvarez JE, Maldonado-Mendoza IE. Biochemical characterization of two chitinases from Bacillus cereus sensu lato B25 with antifungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides P03. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6044226. [PMID: 33351136 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial chitinases are a subject of intense scientific research due to their biotechnological applications, particularly their use as biological pesticides against phytopathogenic fungi as a green alternative to avoid the use of synthetic pesticides. Bacillus cereus sensu lato B25 is a rhizospheric bacterium that is a proven antagonist of Fusarium verticillioides, a major fungal pathogen of maize. This bacterium produces two chitinases that degrade the fungal cell wall and inhibit its growth. In this work, we used a heterologous expression system to purify both enzymes to investigate their biochemical traits in terms of Km, Vmax, optimal pH and temperature. ChiA and ChiB work as exochitinases, but ChiB exhibited a dual substrate activity and it is also an endochitinase. In this work, the direct addition of these chitinases inhibited fungal conidial germination and therefore they may play a major role in the antagonism against F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Morales-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes 250, 81101, Col. San Joachin, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Priego-Rivera
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes 250, 81101, Col. San Joachin, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Miguel Figueroa-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Col. Centro, 85000, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Jesús Eduardo Cazares-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes 250, 81101, Col. San Joachin, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Ignacio E Maldonado-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes 250, 81101, Col. San Joachin, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
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20
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21
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Monge EC, Gardner JG. Efficient chito-oligosaccharide utilization requires two TonB-dependent transporters and one hexosaminidase in Cellvibrio japonicus. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:366-380. [PMID: 33735458 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitin utilization by microbes plays a significant role in biosphere carbon and nitrogen cycling, and studying the microbial approaches used to degrade chitin will facilitate our understanding of bacterial strategies to degrade a broad range of recalcitrant polysaccharides. The early stages of chitin depolymerization by the bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus have been characterized and are dependent on one chitin-specific lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and nonredundant glycoside hydrolases from the family GH18 to generate chito-oligosaccharides for entry into metabolism. Here, we describe the mechanisms for the latter stages of chitin utilization by C. japonicus with an emphasis on the fate of chito-oligosaccharides. Our systems biology approach combined transcriptomics and bacterial genetics using ecologically relevant substrates to determine the essential mechanisms for chito-oligosaccharide transport and catabolism in C. japonicus. Using RNAseq analysis we found a coordinated expression of genes that encode polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Mutational analysis determined that the hex20B gene product, predicted to encode a hexosaminidase, was required for efficient utilization of chito-oligosaccharides. Furthermore, two gene loci (CJA_0353 and CJA_1157), which encode putative TonB-dependent transporters, were also essential for chito-oligosaccharides utilization. This study further develops our model of C. japonicus chitin metabolism and may be predictive for other environmentally or industrially important bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela C Monge
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Gardner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Akram F, Akram R, Ikram Ul Haq, Nawaz A, Jabbar Z, Ahmed Z. Biotechnological Eminence of Chitinases: A Focus on Thermophilic Enzyme Sources, Production Strategies and Prominent Applications. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1009-1022. [PMID: 33602064 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210218215359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, is a constantly valuable and renewable raw material after cellulose. Due to advancement in technology, industrial interest has grown to take advantage of the chitin. OBJECTIVE Now, biomass is being treated with diverse microbial enzymes or cells for the production of desired products under best industrial conditions. Glycosidic bonds in chitin structure are degraded by chitinase enzymes, which are characterized into number of glycoside hydrolase (GHs) families. METHODS Thermophilic microorganisms are remarkable sources of industrially important thermostable enzymes, having ability to survive harsh industrial processing conditions. Thermostable chitinases have an edge over mesophilic chitinases as they can hydrolyse the substrate at relatively high temperatures and exhibit decreased viscosity, significantly reduced contamination risk, thermal and chemical stability and increased solubility. Various methods are employed to purify the enzyme and increase its yield by optimizing various parameters such as temperature, pH, agitation, and by investigating the effect of different chemicals and metal ions etc. Results: Thermostable chitinase enzymes show high specific activity at elevated temperature which distinguish them from mesophiles. Genetic engineering can be used for further improvement of natural chitinases, and unlimited potential for the production of thermophilic chitinases has been highlighted due to advancement in synthetic biological techniques. Thermostable chitinases are then used in different fields such as bioremediation, medicine, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION This review will provide information about chitinases, biotechnological potential of thermostable enzyme and the methods by which they are being produced and optimized for several industrial applications. Some of the applications of thermostable chitinases have also been briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
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Singh RV, Sambyal K, Negi A, Sonwani S, Mahajan R. Chitinases production: A robust enzyme and its industrial applications. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1883004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Shubham Sonwani
- Department of Biosciences, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India
| | - Ritika Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India
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Symbiotic chitin degradation by a novel anaerobic thermophilic bacterium Hydrogenispora sp. UUS1-1 and the bacterium Tepidanaerobacter sp. GT38. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 144:109740. [PMID: 33541575 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant organic compound in nature. Although mesophilic bacteria degrade insoluble chitin, there is a paucity of data describing degradation of insoluble chitin by anaerobic thermophilic bacteria. In this report, we screened cow manure compost for new chitin degradation systems, and identified a chitinolytic bacterial community (CBC) that showed high chitin degradation activity under thermophilic conditions, i.e., 1% (w/v) chitin powder degraded completely within 7 days at 60 °C. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the CBC was dominated by two bacterial genera from Hydrogenispora, an uncultured taxonomic group, and Tepidanaerobacter. Hydrogenispora were abundant in the early-to-mid stages of culturing with chitin, whereas the population of Tepidanaerobacter increased during the later stages of culturing. Strains UUS1-1 and GT38, which were isolated as pure cultures using the roll-tube method with colloidal chitin, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, and glucose as carbon sources, were found to be closely related to H. ethanolica and T. acetatoxydans, respectively. Strain UUS1-1 readily degraded chitin and is the first anaerobic thermophilic chitinolytic bacterium reported, whereas strain GT38 showed no chitinolytic activity. Based on phylogenetic analysis, UUS1-1 and GT38 should be classified as novel genera and species. Zymogram analysis revealed that UUS1-1 produces at least two chitinases with molecular weights of 150 and 40 kDa. A coculture of UUS1-1 and GT38 degraded crystalline chitin faster with lower accumulation of lactate compared with UUS1-1 alone, indicating that the strains maintained a symbiotic association through assimilation of organic acids in chitin degradation and that strain GT38 consumed end-products to reduce end-product inhibition and enhance the degradation of crystalline chitin.
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Hou F, He L, Ma X, Wang D, Ding T, Ye X, Liu D. Ultrasound enhanced the binding ability of chitinase onto chitin: From an AFM insight. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 67:105117. [PMID: 32283493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of ultrasound to chitinase from a molecular level, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to investigate the interaction force of chitinase binding onto chitin surface. In the measurement of force-distance curve, a series of pull-off events were discovered using the immobilized AFM tips with chitinase either treated by ultrasound or not, whereas no interaction peak was observed by the AFM tips without chitinase, indicating that the obtained adhesion forces were coming from the binding functions between chitinase and chitin. Through the analysis of these force curves, at the loading velocity of 0.3 μm/s, the maximum binding force of the chitinase treated by ultrasound for 20 min onto chitin was measured to be 105.33 ± 23.51 pN, while the untreated onto chitin was 71.05 ± 12.73 pN, suggesting the stronger binding force between ultrasonic treated chitinase and chitin substrate. Therefore, AFM has provided a useful method to directly and quantitatively characterize the interactions between chitinase and chitin, and successfully proved that ultrasound could activate chitinase by enhancing the binding ability of chitinase onto chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Hou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang He
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xiaobin Ma
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Danli Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R&D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R&D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R&D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Chitinase production by Trichoderma koningiopsis UFSMQ40 using solid state fermentation. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1897-1908. [PMID: 32737868 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The chitinases have extensive biotechnological potential but have been little exploited commercially due to the low number of good chitinolytic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to identify a chitinolytic fungal and optimize its production using solid state fermentation (SSF) and agroindustry substrate, to evaluate different chitin sources for chitinase production, to evaluate different solvents for the extraction of enzymes produced during fermentation process, and to determine the nematicide effect of enzymatic extract and biological control of Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne incognita nematodes. The fungus was previously isolated from bedbugs of Tibraca limbativentris Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and selected among 51 isolated fungal as the largest producer of chitinolytic enzymes in SSF. The isolate UFSMQ40 has been identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis by the amplification of tef1 gene fragments. The greatest chitinase production (10.76 U gds-1) occurred with wheat bran substrate at 55% moisture, 15% colloidal chitin, 100% of corn steep liquor, and two discs of inoculum at 30 °C for 72 h. Considering the enzymatic inducers, the best chitinase production by the isolated fungus was achieved using chitin in colloidal, powder, and flakes. The usage of 1:15 g/mL of sodium citrate-phosphate buffer was the best ratio for chitinase extraction of SSF. The Trichoderma koningiopsis UFSMQ40 showed high mortality of M. javanica and M. incognita when applied to treatments with enzymatic filtrated and the suspension of conidia.
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Liu C, Shen N, Wu J, Jiang M, Shi S, Wang J, Wei Y, Yang L. Cloning, expression and characterization of a chitinase from Paenibacillus chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8964. [PMID: 32411515 PMCID: PMC7207210 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chitinases are enzymes which degrade β-1,4-glycosidid linkages in chitin. The enzymatic degradation of shellfish waste (containing chitin) to chitooligosaccharides is used in industrial applications to generate high-value-added products from such waste. However, chitinases are currently produced with low efficiency and poor tolerance, limiting the industrial utility. Therefore, identifying chitinases with higher enzymatic activity and tolerance is of great importance. Methods Primers were designed using the genomic database of Paenibacillus chitinolyticus NBRC 15660. An exochitinase (CHI) was cloned into the recombinant plasmid pET-22b (+) to form pET-22b (+)-CHI, which was transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10 to construct a genomic library. Transformation was confirmed by colony-polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis. The target sequence was verified by sequencing. Recombinant pET-22b (+)-CHI was transformed into E. coli Rosetta-gami B (DE3) for expression of chitinase. Recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and enzymatic analysis was carried out. Results The exochitinase CHI from P. chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002 was successfully cloned and heterologously expressed in E. coli Rosetta-gami B (DE3). Purification yielded a 13.36-fold enrichment and recovery yield of 72.20%. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 750.64 mU mg-1. The optimum pH and temperature for degradation of colloidal chitin were 5.0 and 45 °C, respectively. The enzyme showed high stability, retaining >70% activity at pH 4.0-10.0 and 25-45 °C (maximum of 90 min). The activity of CHI strongly increased with the addition of Ca2+, Mn2+, Tween 80 and urea. Conversely, Cu2+, Fe3+, acetic acid, isoamyl alcohol, sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-mercaptoethanol significantly inhibited enzyme activity. The oligosaccharides produced by CHI from colloidal chitin exhibited a degree of polymerization, forming N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and (GlcNAc)2 as products. Conclusions This is the first report of the cloning, heterologous expression and purification of a chitinase from P. chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002. The results highlight CHI as a good candidate enzyme for green degradation of chitinous waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Naikun Shen
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Jiafa Wu
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Songbiao Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Jinzi Wang
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Yanye Wei
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
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Giovannoni M, Gramegna G, Benedetti M, Mattei B. Industrial Use of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes: The Fine Line Between Production Strategy and Economic Feasibility. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:356. [PMID: 32411686 PMCID: PMC7200985 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes (CWDEs) are a heterogeneous group of enzymes including glycosyl-hydrolases, oxidoreductases, lyases, and esterases. Microbes with degrading activities toward plant cell wall polysaccharides are the most relevant source of CWDEs for industrial applications. These organisms secrete a wide array of CWDEs in amounts strictly necessary for their own sustenance, nonetheless the production of CWDEs from wild type microbes can be increased at large-scale by using optimized fermentation strategies. In the last decades, advances in genetic engineering allowed the expression of recombinant CWDEs also in lab-domesticated organisms such as E. coli, yeasts and plants, dramatically increasing the available options for the large-scale production of CWDEs. The optimization of a CWDE-producing biofactory is a hard challenge that biotechnologists tackle by testing different expression strategies and expression-hosts. Although both the yield and production costs are critical factors to produce biomolecules at industrial scale, these parameters are often disregarded in basic research. This review presents the main characteristics and industrial applications of CWDEs directed toward the cell wall of plants, bacteria, fungi and microalgae. Different biofactories for CWDE expression are compared in order to highlight strengths and weaknesses of each production system and how these aspects impact the final enzyme cost and, consequently, the economic feasibility of using CWDEs for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Giovannoni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gramegna
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Dual Extraction of Crustacean and Fungal Chitosan from a Single Mucor circinelloides Fermentation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation6020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides is a fungus that has been reported to produce ethanol, oil, protein, phosphate and glucosamine, depending on the available nutrients and cultivation conditions. Due to its ability to produce extracellular proteases, it is able to ferment polypeptides and amino acids broken down from various protein sources. In this study, we attempted to culture the Mucor circinelloides on waste substrates to deproteinize prawn shells for the extraction of chitin and subsequently extract chitosan from its fungal cell wall in a concurrent fermentation. The physio-chemical properties of the extracted crustacean chitin and fungal chitosan were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Elemental Analysis (EA). We found that Mucor circinelloides grown on okara and coffee waste behaved as an excellent protease producer and successfully extracted chitin from prawn shells with a degree of deacetylation of 69.94% and 68.82%, respectively, comparable to commercial chitin (70.46%). The fungal chitosan extracted from the fermentation of Mucor circinelloides on red grape pomace substrate showed a degree of deacetylation of 61.05%, comparable to commercial chitosan (64.00%). Our results suggested feasibility of extracting chitosan from seafood waste-streams using cost-effective microbial fermentation.
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He X, Yu M, Wu Y, Ran L, Liu W, Zhang XH. Two Highly Similar Chitinases from Marine Vibrio Species have Different Enzymatic Properties. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E139. [PMID: 32120805 PMCID: PMC7143101 DOI: 10.3390/md18030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase, as one of the most important extracellular enzymes in the marine environment, has great ecological and applied values. In this study, two chitinases (Chi1557 and Chi4668) with 97.33% amino acid sequences identity were individually found in Vibrio rotiferianus and Vibrio harveyi. They both were encoding by 561 amino acids, but differed in 15 amino acids and showed different enzymatic properties. The optimal temperature and pH ranges were 45-50 °C and pH 5.0-7.0 for Chi1557, while ~50 °C and pH 3.0-6.0 for Chi4668. K+, Mg2+, and EDTA increased the enzymatic activity of Chi4668 significantly, yet these factors were inhibitory to Chi1557. Moreover, Chi1557 degraded colloidal chitin to produce (GlcNAc)2 and minor GlcNAc, whereas Chi4668 produce (GlcNAc)2 with minor (GlcNAc)3 and (GlcNAc)4. The Kcat/Km of Chi4668 was ~4.7 times higher than that of Chi1557, indicating that Chi4668 had stronger catalytic activity than Chi1557. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis was performed on Chi1557 focusing on seven conserved amino acid residues of family GH18 chitinases. Chi1557 was almost completely inactive after Glu154, Gln219, Tyr221, or Trp312 was individually mutated, retained ~50% activity after Tyr37 was mutated, and increased two times activity after Asp152 was mutated, indicating that these six amino acids were key sites for Chi1557.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin He
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (W.L.)
| | - Min Yu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (W.L.)
| | - Yanhong Wu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (W.L.)
| | - Lingman Ran
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (W.L.)
| | - Weizhi Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (W.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Eid KE, Abbas MHH, Mekawi EM, ElNagar MM, Abdelhafez AA, Amin BH, Mohamed I, Ali MM. Arbuscular mycorrhiza and environmentally biochemicals enhance the nutritional status of Helianthus tuberosus and induce its resistance against Sclerotium rolfsii. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109783. [PMID: 31629192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical fungicides are effective tools in controlling plant pathogens; however, these chemicals can, on the other hand, distress the ecosystem. Accordingly, the current research investigates the potentiality of substituting traditional chemical fungicides by inducing plant resistance against infection with soil-born pathogens i.e. Sclerotium rolfsii in the presence of mycorrhizae (AMF) as plant inoculants and one of the following amendments: humic acid, sulphex (a mixture of canola oil and diluted sulphuric acid) and paclobutrazol (ABZ). To attain the abovementioned objective, a field (mildly infected with S. rolfsii) was cultivated with Helianthus tuberosus (a perennial plant belongs to the Asteraceae family) for two successive seasons (2014 and 2015) and the above-mentioned treatments were tested for their feasibilities in controlling S. rolfsii infection against the chemical fungicide "Vitavax-200" either solely or in combinations in a complete randomized block design. Inoculating plants with AMF or amending soils with either humic acid, Sulphex or ABZ solely increased significantly the activities of plant defense enzymes by approximately 1.5-2.1 folds higher than the control treatment. These treatments also improved NPK availability in soil and; hence, increased their contents within plant tubers. Consequently, these treatments decreased the disease incidence and severity caused by S. rolfsii while improved shoot biomass and tuber yield. In spite of that, these results stood below the prospective of the fungicide treatment. The integrated treatments i.e. "humic acid + AMF", "Sulphex + AMF" and "ABZ + AMF" caused further significant improvements in both NPK availabilities in soil and plant areal bio-masses. This probably induced further plant resistance against the investigated soil-borne pathogen while recorded insignificant variations in disease incidence and severity when compared with the fungicide treatment. Moreover, the integrated treatments increased the tuber yields beyond those attained for the fungicide treatment. Accordingly, such integrated strategies can completely substitute the chemical fungicides; thus, minimize their negative impacts on the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled E Eid
- Benha University, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Department, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed H H Abbas
- Benha University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soils and Water Department, Egypt.
| | - Enas M Mekawi
- Benha University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Egypt
| | - Mahran M ElNagar
- Benha University, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture Department, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Abdelhafez
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science (SAAS) , China; The New Valley University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soils and Water Department, Egypt
| | - Basma H Amin
- Al- Azhar University, The Regional Centre for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB) , Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Mohamed
- Benha University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soils and Water Department, Egypt.
| | - Maha M Ali
- Benha University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soils and Water Department, Egypt
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Kaczmarek MB, Struszczyk-Swita K, Li X, Szczęsna-Antczak M, Daroch M. Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:243. [PMID: 31612131 PMCID: PMC6776590 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan are two biological polymers that have found numerous applications in recent years, but their further deployment suffers from limitations in obtaining a defined structure of the polymers using traditional conversion methods. The disadvantages of the currently used industrial methods of chitosan manufacturing and the increasing demand for a broad range of novel chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) with a fully defined architecture increase interest in chitin and chitosan-modifying enzymes. Enzymes such as chitinases, chitosanases, chitin deacetylases, and recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases had attracted considerable interest in recent years. These proteins are already useful tools toward the biotechnological transformation of chitin into chitosan and chitooligosaccharides, especially when a controlled non-degradative and well-defined process is required. This review describes traditional and novel enzymatic methods of modification of chitin and its derivatives. Recent advances in chitin processing, discovery of increasing number of new, well-characterized enzymes and development of genetic engineering methods result in rapid expansion of the field. Enzymatic modification of chitin and chitosan may soon become competitive to conventional conversion methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benedykt Kaczmarek
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland.,School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Xingkang Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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Le B, Yang SH. Microbial chitinases: properties, current state and biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:144. [PMID: 31493195 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze chitin, nd are synthesized by a wide variety of organisms. In nature, microbial chitinases are primarily responsible for chitin decomposition. Several chitinases have been reported and characterized, and they are garnering increasing attention for their uses in a wide range of applications. In the food industry, the direct fermentation of seafood, such as crab and shrimp shells, using chitinolytic microorganisms has contributed to increased nutritional benefits through the enhancement of chitin degradation into chitooligosaccharides. These compounds have been demonstrated to improve human health through their antitumor, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, chitinase and chitinous materials are used in the food industry for other purposes, such as the production of single-cell proteins, chitooligosaccharides, N-acetyl D-glucosamines, biocontrol, functional foods, and various medicines. The functional properties and hydrolyzed products of chitinase, however, depend upon its source and physicochemical characteristics. The present review strives to clarify these perspectives and critically discusses the advances and limitations of microbial chitinase in the further production of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Le
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea.
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Microbial Succession of Anaerobic Chitin Degradation in Freshwater Sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00963-19. [PMID: 31285190 PMCID: PMC6715849 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00963-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the most abundant biopolymer in aquatic environments, with a direct impact on the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Despite its massive production as a structural element of crustaceans, insects, or algae, it does not accumulate in sediments. Little is known about its turnover in predominantly anoxic freshwater sediments and the responsible microorganisms. We proved that chitin is readily degraded under anoxic conditions and linked this to a succession of the members of the responsible microbial community over a 43-day period. While Fibrobacteres and Firmicutes members were driving the early and late phases of chitin degradation, respectively, a more diverse community was involved in chitin degradation in the intermediate phase. Entirely different microorganisms responded toward the chitin monomer N-acetylglucosamine, which underscores that soluble monomers are poor and misleading substrates to study polymer-utilizing microorganisms. Our study provides quantitative insights into the microbial ecology driving anaerobic chitin degradation in freshwater sediments. Chitin is massively produced by freshwater plankton species as a structural element of their exoskeleton or cell wall. At the same time, chitin does not accumulate in the predominantly anoxic sediments, underlining its importance as carbon and nitrogen sources for sedimentary microorganisms. We studied chitin degradation in littoral sediment of Lake Constance, Central Europe’s third largest lake. Turnover of the chitin analog methyl-umbelliferyl-N,N-diacetylchitobioside (MUF-DC) was highest in the upper oxic sediment layer, with 5.4 nmol MUF-DC h−1 (g sediment [dry weight])−1. In the underlying anoxic sediment layers, chitin hydrolysis decreased with depth from 1.1 to 0.08 nmol MUF-DC h−1 (g sediment [dry weight])−1. Bacteria involved in chitin degradation were identified by 16S rRNA (gene) amplicon sequencing of anoxic microcosms incubated in the presence of chitin compared to microcosms amended either with N-acetylglucosamine as the monomer of chitin or no substrate. Chitin degradation was driven by a succession of bacteria responding specifically to chitin only. The early phase (0 to 9 days) was dominated by Chitinivibrio spp. (Fibrobacteres). The intermediate phase (9 to 21 days) was characterized by a higher diversity of chitin responders, including, besides Chitinivibrio spp., also members of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Chloroflexi. In the late phase (21 to 43 days), the Chitinivibrio populations broke down with a parallel strong increase of Ruminiclostridium spp. (formerly Clostridium cluster III, Firmicutes), which became the dominating chitin responders. Our study provides quantitative insights into anaerobic chitin degradation in lake sediments and linked this to a model of microbial succession associated with this activity. IMPORTANCE Chitin is the most abundant biopolymer in aquatic environments, with a direct impact on the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Despite its massive production as a structural element of crustaceans, insects, or algae, it does not accumulate in sediments. Little is known about its turnover in predominantly anoxic freshwater sediments and the responsible microorganisms. We proved that chitin is readily degraded under anoxic conditions and linked this to a succession of the members of the responsible microbial community over a 43-day period. While Fibrobacteres and Firmicutes members were driving the early and late phases of chitin degradation, respectively, a more diverse community was involved in chitin degradation in the intermediate phase. Entirely different microorganisms responded toward the chitin monomer N-acetylglucosamine, which underscores that soluble monomers are poor and misleading substrates to study polymer-utilizing microorganisms. Our study provides quantitative insights into the microbial ecology driving anaerobic chitin degradation in freshwater sediments.
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Abu-Tahon MA, Isaac GS. Anticancer and antifungal efficiencies of purified chitinase produced from Trichoderma viride under submerged fermentation. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2019; 66:32-40. [PMID: 31434838 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma viride AUMC 13021 isolated from Mangrove soil of Ras Mohammed protected area at Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, was optimized to promote chitinase activity under submerged fermentation. The maximum enzyme yield (38.33 U/mg protein) was obtained at 1.4% of colloidal chitin, 96 h of incubation, 35°C, pH 6.5 and 125, rpm and using maltose (1%) and yeast extract (1%) as supplementation of salt basal medium. The enzyme has been purified with an overall yield of 73.1% and 5.48 purification fold, and a specific activity of 210.16 U/mg protein. The molecular mass of the purified chitinase was 62 kDa. Maximal activity of chitinase was recorded at pH 6.5 and 40°C. The highest activity was recorded in the case of colloidal chitin, with an apparent Km value of 6.66 mg/ml and Vmax of 90.8 U/ml. The purified chitinase was activated by Ca2+ and Mn2+ while the activity was inhibited by Hg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Co2+, dodecyl sulphate and EDTA. In vivo, the median lethal dose (LD50) was approximately 18.43 mg/kg body weight of Sprague Dawley rats. MTT assay showed that the purified chitinase has a toxic effect to MCF7 with an IC50 value 20 μg/ml, and HCT-116 cell lines with an IC50 value 44 μg/ml. Moreover, the purified enzyme showed significant antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 the causal agent of tomato wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhat Ahmed Abu-Tahon
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University
| | - George Saad Isaac
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University
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Deng JJ, Shi D, Mao HH, Li ZW, Liang S, Ke Y, Luo XC. Heterologous expression and characterization of an antifungal chitinase (Chit46) from Trichoderma harzianum GIM 3.442 and its application in colloidal chitin conversion. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:113-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Bioproduction of N-acetyl-glucosamine from colloidal α-chitin using an enzyme cocktail produced by Aeromonas caviae CHZ306. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:114. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Li Z, Xia C, Wang Y, Li X, Qiao Y, Li C, Zhou J, Zhang L, Ye X, Huang Y, Cui Z. Identification of an endo-chitinase from Corallococcus sp. EGB and evaluation of its antifungal properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:1235-1243. [PMID: 30980875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the main component of the fungal cell wall, chitin has been regarded as an optimal molecular target for the biocontrol of plant-pathogenic fungi. In this study, the chitin hydrolase CcCti1, which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH 18) and exhibits potential antifungal activity, was identified from Corallococcus sp. EGB. CcCti1 lacks a fibronectin type-III (FN3) domain that is present in similar enzymes from most genera of myxobacteria, indicating that CcCti1 may have acquired chitinase activity due to the FN3 domain deletion during myxobacterial evolution. CcCti1 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) with a specific activity of up to 10.5 U/μmol with colloidal chitin as the substrate. Product analysis showed that CcCti1 could hydrolyze chitin into N-acetylated chitohexaose (GlcNAc)6 as the major product, in addition to chitooligosaccharides. The analysis of biochemical properties indicated that the CBD and FN3 domains in CcCti1 determine the substrate affinity and pH stability. Otherwise, CcCti1 exhibited efficient biocontrol activity against the plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae in a dose-dependent manner, inhibiting the conidia germination and appressoria formation at a concentration of 0.08 mg/mL. Overall, the chitohexaose-producing chitinase CcCti1 with hydrolytic features may find potential application in chitin conversion and biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chengyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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39
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Biocontrol of Postharvest Fruit Fungal Diseases by Bacterial Antagonists: A Review. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the main mechanisms of action exerted by antagonistic bacteria, such as competition for space and nutrients, suppression via siderophores, hydrolytic enzymes, antibiosis, biofilm formation, and induction of plant resistance. These mechanisms inhibit phytopathogen growth that affects postharvest fruit since quality and safety parameters are influenced by the action of these microorganisms, which cause production losses in more than 50% of fruit tree species. The use of synthetic fungicide products has been the dominant control strategy for diseases caused by fungi. However, their excessive and inappropriate use in intensive agriculture has brought about problems that have led to environmental contamination, considerable residues in agricultural products, and phytopathogen resistance. Thus, there is a need to generate alternatives that are safe, ecological, and economically viable to face this problem. Phytopathogen inhibition in fruit utilizing antagonist microorganisms has been recognized as a type of biological control (BC), which could represent a viable and environmentally safe alternative to synthetic fungicides. Despite the ecological benefit that derives from the use of controllers and biological control agents (BCA) at a commercial level, their application and efficient use has been minimal at a global level.
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40
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Activation and conformational changes of chitinase induced by ultrasound. Food Chem 2019; 285:355-362. [PMID: 30797357 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of ultrasound on chitinase activity and conformational changes. Results revealed that ultrasound activated chitinase with a maximum enhancement of 19.17% compared with the untreated chitinase. Furthermore, an increase of Vmax and a decrease of Km after sonication were obtained, illustrating that the affinity between chitinase and substrate was intensified. No obvious effect on the tolerance to most metal ions was exhibited whether sonicated or not (p > 0.05). The conformational changes of chitinase were analyzed by circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. Results indicated that the activation of chitinase induced by ultrasound was presumably due to the decrease of tryptophan on the chitinase surface and the increase of β-sheet and random coil in chitinase secondary conformation. In brief, ultrasound is a possible way to activate chitinase to increase its application in food industry.
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41
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Singh R, Weikert T, Basa S, Moerschbacher BM. Structural and biochemical insight into mode of action and subsite specificity of a chitosan degrading enzyme from Bacillus spec. MN. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1132. [PMID: 30718524 PMCID: PMC6362164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosans, partially de-N-acetylated derivatives of chitin, are multifunctional biopolymers. In nature, biological activities of partially acetylated chitosan polymers are mediated in part by their oligomeric breakdown products, which are generated in situ by the action of chitosanolytic enzymes. Understanding chitosanolytic enzymes, therefore, can lead to the production of chitosan oligomers with fully defined structures that may confer specific bioactivities. To address whether defined oligomer products can be produced via chitosanolytic enzymes, we here characterized a GH8 family chitosanase from Bacillus spec. MN, determining its mode of action and product profiles. We found that the enzyme has higher activity towards polymers with lower degree of acetylation. Oligomeric products were dominated by GlcN3, GlcN3GlcNAc1, and GlcN4GlcNAc1. The product distribution from oligomers were GlcN3 > GlcN2. Modeling and simulations show that the binding site comprises subsites ranging from (-3) to (+3), and a putative (+4) subsite, with defined preferences for GlcN or GlcNAc at each subsite. Flexible loops at the binding site facilitate enzyme-substrate interactions and form a cleft at the active site which can open and close. The detailed insight gained here will help to engineer enzyme variants to produce tailored chitosan oligomers with defined structures that can then be used to probe their specific biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Basa
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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42
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Stumpf AK, Vortmann M, Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Moerschbacher BM, Philipp B. Identification of a novel chitinase from Aeromonas hydrophila AH-1N for the degradation of chitin within fungal mycelium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5266298. [PMID: 30596975 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defined organic waste products are ideal and sustainable secondary feedstocks for production organisms in microbial biotechnology. Chitin from mycelia of fungal fermentation processes represents a homogeneous and constantly available waste product that can, however, not be utilised by typical bacterial production strains. Therefore, enzymes that degrade chitin within fungal mycelia have to be identified and expressed in production organisms. In this study, chitin-degrading bacteria were enriched and isolated from lake water with mycelia of Aspergillus tubingensis as sole organic growth substrate. This approach yielded solely strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. Comparison of the isolated strains with other A. hydrophila strains regarding their chitinolytic activities on fungal mycelia identified strain AH-1N as the best enzyme producer. From this strain, a chitinase (EC:3.2.1.14) was identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Heterologous expression of the respective gene combined with mass spectrometry showed that the purified enzyme was capable of releasing chitobiose from fungal mycelia with a higher yield than a well-described chitinase from Serratia marcescens. Expression of the newly identified chitinase in biotechnological production strains could be the first step for making fungal mycelium accessible as a secondary feedstock. Additionally, the enrichment strategy proved to be feasible for identifying strains able to degrade fungal chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Stumpf
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marina Vortmann
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Bodo Philipp
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Tamadoni Jahromi S, Barzkar N. Marine bacterial chitinase as sources of energy, eco-friendly agent, and industrial biocatalyst. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:2147-2154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Oyeleye A, Normi YM. Chitinase: diversity, limitations, and trends in engineering for suitable applications. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR2018032300. [PMID: 30042170 PMCID: PMC6131217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinases catalyze the degradation of chitin, a ubiquitous polymer generated from the cell walls of fungi, shells of crustaceans, and cuticles of insects. They are gaining increasing attention in medicine, agriculture, food and drug industries, and environmental management. Their roles in the degradation of chitin for the production of industrially useful products and in the control of fungal pathogens and insect pests render them attractive for such purposes. However, chitinases have diverse sources, characteristics, and mechanisms of action that seem to restrain optimization procedures and render standardization techniques for enhanced practical applications complex. Hence, results of laboratory trials are not usually consistent with real-life applications. With the growing field of protein engineering, these complexities can be overcome by modifying or redesigning chitinases to enhance specific features required for specific applications. In this review, the variations in features and mechanisms of chitinases that limit their exploitation in biotechnological applications are compiled. Recent attempts to engineer chitinases for improved efficiency are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunmi Oyeleye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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45
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Kumar M, Brar A, Vivekanand V, Pareek N. Process optimization, purification and characterization of a novel acidic, thermostable chitinase from Humicola grisea. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:931-938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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46
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Ramakrishna B, Vaikuntapu P, Mallakuntla MK, Bhuvanachandra B, Sivaramakrishna D, Uikey S, Podile AR. Carboxy-terminal glycosyl hydrolase 18 domain of a carbohydrate active protein of Chitinophaga pinensis is a non-processive exochitinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:1225-1232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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47
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Toufiq N, Tabassum B, Bhatti MU, Khan A, Tariq M, Shahid N, Nasir IA, Husnain T. Improved antifungal activity of barley derived chitinase I gene that overexpress a 32kDa recombinant chitinase in Escherichia coli host. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:414-421. [PMID: 29146152 PMCID: PMC5913832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural crops suffer many diseases, including fungal and bacterial infections, causing significant yield losses. The identification and characterisation of pathogenesis-related protein genes, such as chitinases, can lead to reduction in pathogen growth, thereby increasing tolerance against fungal pathogens. In the present study, the chitinase I gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar, Haider-93. The isolated DNA was used as template for the amplification of the ∼935bp full-length chitinase I gene. Based on the sequence of the amplified gene fragment, class I barley chitinase shares 93% amino acid sequence homology with class II wheat chitinase. Interestingly, barley class I chitinase and class II chitinase do not share sequence homology. Furthermore, the amplified fragment was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta strain under the control of T7 promoter in pET 30a vector. Recombinant chitinase protein of 35kDa exhibited highest expression at 0.5mM concentration of IPTG. Expressed recombinant protein of 35kDa was purified to homogeneity with affinity chromatography. Following purification, a Western blot assay for recombinant chitinase protein measuring 35kDa was developed with His-tag specific antibodies. The purified recombinant chitinase protein was demonstrated to inhibit significantly the important phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria solani, Fusarium spp, Rhizoctonia solani and Verticillium dahliae compared to the control at concentrations of 80μg and 200μg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Toufiq
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Tabassum
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Umar Bhatti
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Khan
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naila Shahid
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
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48
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Kidibule PE, Santos-Moriano P, Jiménez-Ortega E, Ramírez-Escudero M, Limón MC, Remacha M, Plou FJ, Sanz-Aparicio J, Fernández-Lobato M. Use of chitin and chitosan to produce new chitooligosaccharides by chitinase Chit42: enzymatic activity and structural basis of protein specificity. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:47. [PMID: 29566690 PMCID: PMC5863366 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chitinases are ubiquitous enzymes that have gained a recent biotechnological attention due to their ability to transform biological waste from chitin into valued chito-oligomers with wide agricultural, industrial or medical applications. The biological activity of these molecules is related to their size and acetylation degree. Chitinase Chit42 from Trichoderma harzianum hydrolyses chitin oligomers with a minimal of three N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units. Gene chit42 was previously characterized, and according to its sequence, the encoded protein included in the structural Glycoside Hydrolase family GH18. Results Chit42 was expressed in Pichia pastoris using fed-batch fermentation to about 3 g/L. Protein heterologously expressed showed similar biochemical properties to those expressed by the natural producer (42 kDa, optima pH 5.5–6.5 and 30–40 °C). In addition to hydrolyse colloidal chitin, this enzyme released reducing sugars from commercial chitosan of different sizes and acetylation degrees. Chit42 hydrolysed colloidal chitin at least 10-times more efficiently (defined by the kcat/Km ratio) than any of the assayed chitosan. Production of partially acetylated chitooligosaccharides was confirmed in reaction mixtures using HPAEC-PAD chromatography and mass spectrometry. Masses corresponding to (d-glucosamine)1–8-GlcNAc were identified from the hydrolysis of different substrates. Crystals from Chit42 were grown and the 3D structure determined at 1.8 Å resolution, showing the expected folding described for other GH18 chitinases, and a characteristic groove shaped substrate-binding site, able to accommodate at least six sugar units. Detailed structural analysis allows depicting the features of the Chit42 specificity, and explains the chemical nature of the partially acetylated molecules obtained from analysed substrates. Conclusions Chitinase Chit42 was expressed in a heterologous system to levels never before achieved. The enzyme produced small partially acetylated chitooligosaccharides, which have enormous biotechnological potential in medicine and food. Chit42 3D structure was characterized and analysed. Production and understanding of how the enzymes generating bioactive chito-oligomers work is essential for their biotechnological application, and paves the way for future work to take advantage of chitinolytic activities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0895-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Elias Kidibule
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Santos-Moriano
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC, C/ Marie Curie, 2, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Jiménez-Ortega
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano (CSIC), C/ Serrano, 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ramírez-Escudero
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano (CSIC), C/ Serrano, 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetic, University of Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Remacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco José Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC, C/ Marie Curie, 2, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Sanz-Aparicio
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano (CSIC), C/ Serrano, 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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49
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Monge EC, Tuveng TR, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH, Gardner JG. Systems analysis of the glycoside hydrolase family 18 enzymes from Cellvibrio japonicus characterizes essential chitin degradation functions. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3849-3859. [PMID: 29367339 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the strategies used by bacteria to degrade polysaccharides constitutes an invaluable tool for biotechnological applications. Bacteria are major mediators of polysaccharide degradation in nature; however, the complex mechanisms used to detect, degrade, and consume these substrates are not well-understood, especially for recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin. It has been previously shown that the model bacterial saprophyte Cellvibrio japonicus is able to catabolize chitin, but little is known about the enzymatic machinery underlying this capability. Previous analyses of the C. japonicus genome and proteome indicated the presence of four glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) enzymes, and studies of the proteome indicated that all are involved in chitin utilization. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, we have studied the roles of these four chitinases in chitin bioconversion. Genetic analyses showed that only the chi18D gene product is essential for the degradation of chitin substrates. Biochemical characterization of the four enzymes showed functional differences and synergistic effects during chitin degradation, indicating non-redundant roles in the cell. Transcriptomic studies revealed complex regulation of the chitin degradation machinery of C. japonicus and confirmed the importance of CjChi18D and CjLPMO10A, a previously characterized chitin-active enzyme. With this systems biology approach, we deciphered the physiological relevance of the glycoside hydrolase family 18 enzymes for chitin degradation in C. japonicus, and the combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches provided a comprehensive understanding of the initial stages of chitin degradation by this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela C Monge
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 and
| | - Tina R Tuveng
- the Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- the Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- the Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Jeffrey G Gardner
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 and
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50
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Veliz EA, Martínez-Hidalgo P, Hirsch AM. Chitinase-producing bacteria and their role in biocontrol. AIMS Microbiol 2017; 3:689-705. [PMID: 31294182 PMCID: PMC6604996 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is an important component of the exteriors of insects and fungi. Upon degradation of chitin by a number of organisms, severe damage and even death may occur in pathogens and pests whose external surfaces contain this polymer. Currently, chemical fungicides and insecticides are the major means of controlling these disease-causing agents. However, due to the potential harm that these chemicals cause to the environment and to human and animal health, new strategies are being developed to replace or reduce the use of fungal- and pest-killing compounds in agriculture. In this context, chitinolytic microorganisms are likely to play an important role as biocontrol agents and pathogen antagonists and may also function in the control of postharvest rot. In this review, we discuss the literature concerning chitin and the basic knowledge of chitin-degrading enzymes, and also describe the biocontrol effects of chitinolytic microorganisms and their potential use as more sustainable pesticides and fungicides in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A Veliz
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1606, USA
| | | | - Ann M Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1606, USA
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