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Khan MI, Bouyahya A, Hachlafi NEL, Menyiy NE, Akram M, Sultana S, Zengin G, Ponomareva L, Shariati MA, Ojo OA, Dall'Acqua S, Elebiyo TC. Anticancer properties of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds against breast cancer: a review on recent investigations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24411-24444. [PMID: 35064485 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common and recurring diseases and the second leading cause of death in women. Despite prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutic options such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, the number of occurrences increases every year. Therefore, novel therapeutic drugs targeting specifically different checkpoints should be developed against breast cancer. Among drugs that can be developed to treat breast cancer, natural products, such as plant-derived compounds, showed significant anti-breast cancer properties. These substances belong to different chemical classes such as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. They exert their in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activities against breast cancer cell lines via different mechanisms, including the inhibition of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, the arrest of the cell cycle, and the activation of autophagy. Moreover, they also exhibit anti-angiogenesis and antimetastatic action. Moreover, chemoprevention effects of these bioactive compounds were signaled only for certain drugs. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the pharmacological actions of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds on breast cancer. Moreover, the role of these substances in breast cancer chemoprevention was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idrees Khan
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Naoufal E L Hachlafi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules Laboratory, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road, P.O. Box-2002, Fez, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Pharmacology & Environmental Health, Fez, Morocco
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sabira Sultana
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Lilya Ponomareva
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), 73 Zemlyanoy Val, Moscow, 109004, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), 73 Zemlyanoy Val, Moscow, 109004, Russian Federation
| | | | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Ghazi S. Do the polyphenolic compounds from natural products can protect the skin from ultraviolet rays? RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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3
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Pérez-Báez AJ, Valenzuela-Melendres M, Camou JP, González-Aguilar G, Tortoledo-Ortiz O, González-Ríos H, Viuda-Martos M. Modelling the Effects of Roselle Extract, Potato Peel Flour, and Beef Fat on the Sensory Properties and Heterocyclic Amines Formation of Beef Patties Studied by Using Response Surface Methodology. Foods 2021; 10:1184. [PMID: 34070238 PMCID: PMC8225005 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are compounds with carcinogenic potential formed during high-temperature processing of meat and meat products. Vegetables or their extracts with high antioxidant capacity can be incorporated into the meat matrix to reduce their formation, but it is necessary to find the optimal levels to achieve maximum inhibition without affecting the sensory properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of roselle extract (RE, 0-1%), potato peel flour (PP, 0-2%), and beef fat (BF, 0-15%) on the sensory properties and formation of HCAs in beef patties using response surface methodology. IQx, IQ, MeIQx, MeIQ, 4,8-DiMeIQx, and PhIP were identified and quantified by HPLC. Regression models were developed to predict sensory properties and HCAs' formation. All models were significant (p < 0.05) and showed a R2 > 0.70. Roselle extract and beef fat had a negative linear effect on the formation of the total HCAs, while PP had a positive linear effect. The optimal formula that minimizes the formation of HCAs included 0.63% RE, 0.99% PP, and 11.96% BF. RE and PP are foods that can be used as ingredients in low-fat beef patties to minimize the formation of HCAs without affecting their sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Judith Pérez-Báez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Martin Valenzuela-Melendres
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Juan Pedro Camou
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Gustavo González-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Orlando Tortoledo-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Humberto González-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Manuel Viuda-Martos
- Grupo de Industrialización de Productos de Origen Animal, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Carretera Beniel, Km 3.2, E-Orihuela, 03312 Alicante, Spain
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Hsiao YH, Lin CW, Wang PH, Hsin MC, Yang SF. The Potential of Chinese Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of Cervical Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 18:1534735419861693. [PMID: 31271066 PMCID: PMC6611015 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419861693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a global health issue and places a considerable economic and medical burden on society. Thus, a concerted effort to improve the treatment of cervical cancer is warranted. Although several treatment options are currently available for treating patients with cervical cancer, such as chemoradiation and neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy, more aggressive systemic therapies and newer therapeutic agents are under investigation. Medicinal herbs have long been used to treat diseases. In this review, we summarize studies analyzing the antitumor effects and underlying mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicines, including the effects of crude extracts and compounds in vitro or in animal models for inducing apoptosis and inhibiting invasion or metastasis. Chinese herbal medicines with therapeutic targeting, such as those that interfere with tumor growth and progression in cervical cancer, have been widely investigated. To apply Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of cervical cancer, adequate clinical studies are required to confirm its clinical safety and efficiency. Further investigations focused on the purification, pharmacokinetics, and identification of compounds from Chinese herbal medicines in cervical cancer treatment are necessary to achieve the aforementioned treatment goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Hsiao
- 1 Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung.,2 School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung.,3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- 4 Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung.,5 Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Po-Hui Wang
- 1 Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung.,2 School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung.,6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Min-Chien Hsin
- 1 Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- 1 Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung.,7 Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung
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Shojaei-Zarghani S, Yari Khosroushahi A, Rafraf M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Azami-Aghdash S. Dietary natural methylxanthines and colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Funct 2020; 11:10290-10305. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02518f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, as natural methylxanthines (MTXs), possess anti-cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shojaei-Zarghani
- Student Research Committee
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology
| | - Maryam Rafraf
- Nutrition Research Center
- Department of Community Nutrition
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
| | | | - Saber Azami-Aghdash
- Faculty of Management and Medical Informatics
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
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Cytotoxic Effects of Chlorophyllides in Ethanol Crude Extracts from Plant Leaves. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:9494328. [PMID: 31379971 PMCID: PMC6662445 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9494328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyllide (chlide) is a natural catabolic product of chlorophyll (Chl), produced through the activity of chlorophyllase (chlase). The growth inhibitory and antioxidant effects of chlide from different plant leaf extracts have not been reported. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that chlide in crude extracts from leaves has the potential to exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines. The potential inhibitory and antioxidant effects of chlide in crude extracts from 10 plant leaves on breast cancer cells (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231), hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep G2), colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco2), and glioblastoma cells (U-118 MG) were studied using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays. The results of the MTT assay showed that chlide in crude extracts from sweet potato were the most effective against all cancer cell lines tested. U-118 MG cells were the most sensitive, while Caco2 cells were the most resistant to the tested crude extracts. The cytotoxic effects of chlide and Chl in crude extracts from sweet potato and of commercial chlorophyllin (Cu-chlin), in descending order, were as follows: chlide > Chl > Cu-chlin. Notably, the IC50 of sweet potato in U-118 MG cells was 45.65 μg/mL while those of Chl and Cu-chlin exceeded 200 μg/mL. In the DPPH assay, low concentrations (100 μg/mL) of chlide and Cu-chlin from crude extracts of sweet potato presented very similar radical scavenging activity to vitamin B2. The concentration of chlide was negatively correlated with DPPH activity. The current study was the first to demonstrate that chlide in crude extracts from leaves have potential cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. Synergism between chlide and other compounds from leaf crude extracts may contribute to its cytotoxicity.
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Zhao M, Wang P, Li D, Shang J, Hu X, Chen F. Protection against neo-formed contaminants (NFCs)-induced toxicity by phytochemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:392-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Bak MJ, Das Gupta S, Wahler J, Suh N. Role of dietary bioactive natural products in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:170-191. [PMID: 27016037 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, including luminal-A and -B, is the most common type of breast cancer. Extended exposure to estrogen is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Both ER-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms have been implicated in estrogen-mediated carcinogenesis. The ER-dependent pathway involves cell growth and proliferation triggered by the binding of estrogen to the ER. The ER-independent mechanisms depend on the metabolism of estrogen to generate genotoxic metabolites, free radicals and reactive oxygen species to induce breast cancer. A better understanding of the mechanisms that drive ER-positive breast cancer will help optimize targeted approaches to prevent or treat breast cancer. A growing emphasis is being placed on alternative medicine and dietary approaches toward the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Many natural products and bioactive compounds found in foods have been shown to inhibit breast carcinogenesis via inhibition of estrogen induced oxidative stress as well as ER signaling. This review summarizes the role of bioactive natural products that are involved in the prevention and treatment of estrogen-related and ER-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Bak
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Soumyasri Das Gupta
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joseph Wahler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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9
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Toyoda T, Cho YM, Mizuta Y, Akagi JI, Nishikawa A, Ogawa K. A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of sodium iron chlorophyllin in F344 rats. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:109-19. [PMID: 24418715 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sodium iron chlorophyllin (SIC), a water-soluble chlorophyll derivative, has been used as a food additive for green coloration. In the present study, a subchronic toxicity study of SIC was performed in male and female F344 rats with oral administration in diet at concentrations of 0%, 0.2%, 1.0%, and 5.0% for 13 weeks. No mortalities, abnormal clinical signs, and hematological changes were observed in any of the groups during the experiment. Significant reduction of body weight gain was noted in 5.0% males. In serum biochemistry, serum transferrin levels were significantly increased in 5.0% males and females. Relative spleen weights of both sexes were markedly reduced with 5.0% SIC as compared to the controls, and absolute weights of spleen were also significantly decreased in males. On histopathological assessment, diffuse hypertrophy of acinar cells in the parotid gland was observed in all examined 5.0% males and females, but not in the other groups. Based on the histopathology of the parotid glands, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of SIC in the present study was estimated to be 1.0% (609 mg/kg bw/day for males and 678 mg/kg bw/day for females).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
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10
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Pouchieu C, Deschasaux M, Hercberg S, Druesne-Pecollo N, Latino-Martel P, Touvier M. Prospective association between red and processed meat intakes and breast cancer risk: modulation by an antioxidant supplementation in the SU.VI.MAX randomized controlled trial. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:1583-92. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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11
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Barg M, Rezin GT, Leffa DD, Balbinot F, Gomes LM, Carvalho-Silva M, Vuolo F, Petronilho F, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL, Andrade VM. Evaluation of the protective effect of Ilex paraguariensis and Camellia sinensis extracts on the prevention of oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:195-201. [PMID: 24361697 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects green and mate teas on oxidative and DNA damages in rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Were utilized 70 adult male Wistar rats that received daily oral or topic green or mate tea treatment during exposed to radiation by seven days. After, animals were killed by decapitation. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive species levels, protein oxidative damage were evaluated in skin and DNA damage in blood. Our results show that the rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation presented DNA damage in blood and increased protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation in skin. Oral and topic treatment with green tea and mate tea prevented lipid peroxidation, both treatments with mate tea also prevented DNA damage. However, only topic treatment with green tea and mate tea prevented increases in protein carbonylation. Our findings contribute to elucidate the beneficial effects of green tea and mate tea, here in demonstrated by the antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties presented by these teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Barg
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine T Rezin
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniela D Leffa
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Balbinot
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lara M Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Milena Carvalho-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francieli Vuolo
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Andrade
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Zou Q, Gu Y, Lu R, Zhang T, Zhao GR, Liu C, Si D. Development of an LC/MS/MS method in order to determine arctigenin in rat plasma: its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1123-8. [PMID: 23640910 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and sensitive LC/MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of arctigenin in rat plasma. The MS detection was performed using multiple reaction monitoring at the transitions of m/z 373.2 → 137.3 for arctigenin and m/z 187.1 → 131.0 for psoralen (internal standard) with a Turbo IonSpray electrospray in positive mode. The calibration curves fitted a good linear relationship over the concentration range of 0.2-500 ng/mL. It was found that arctigenin is not stable enough at both room temperature and -80 °C unless mixed with methanol before storage. The validated LC/MS/MS method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic study of arctigenin in rats. After intravenous injection of 0.3 mg/kg arctigenin injection to rats, the maximum concentration, half-life and area under the concentration-time curve were 323 ± 65.2 ng/mL, 0.830 ± 0.166 and 81.0 ± 22.1 h ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines Heterocomplexation with Biologically Active Aromatic Compounds and Its Possible Role in Chemoprevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/740821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) are known mutagens and carcinogens present especially in Western population diet, which contains large amount of meat and its products. HCAs are capable of interacting with DNA directly through the formation of covalent adducts, however this process requires biological activation in liver, mainly by cytochrome P450 enzymes. This process may produce mutations and in consequence may contribute to the development of cancer. However, there are many studies showing that several biologically active aromatic compounds (BACs) may protect against genotoxic effects of HCAs. Direct interactions and noncovalent heterocomplexes formation may be one of the most important mechanisms of such protection. This work describes several BACs present in human diet, which are capable of molecular complexes formation with HCAs and protect cells as well as whole organisms against HCAs action.
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Weisburger JH. Prevention of coronary heart disease and cancer by tea, a review. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 7:283-8. [PMID: 21432397 DOI: 10.1007/bf02908887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2002] [Accepted: 11/14/2002] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research has uncovered the mechanisms whereby tea promotes good health and lowers the risk of major chronic diseases, such as heart disease and many types of cancer. The active components in tea are polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate in green tea, theaflavins and thearubigins in black tea. Green and black tea and the polyphenols have similar beneficial effects. The mechanisms are categorized into 5 groups. 1) Tea polyphenols are powerful antioxidants. They decrease the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and lower the risk of heart disease, and also inhibit action of reactive oxygen species mediating the oxidation of DNA associated with carcinogenesis 2) Tea polyphenols induce detoxifying enzymes, glucuronosyl transferases, eliminating active forms of carcinogens and other toxicants, accounting for the lower cancer risk. 3) Tea polyphenols lower duplication rates of cancer cells and inhibit the growth of cancer, increase apoptosis and lower angiogenesis. 4) Tea polyphenols alter the intestinal bacterial flora, suppressing undesirable bacteria and favoring growth of beneficial bacteria. 5) Aging phenomena, and diseases associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Weisburger
- Institute for Cancer Prevention, American Health Foundation, 1 Dana Road, 10595, Valhalla, NY, USA,
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15
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Ingested nitrate and nitrite and stomach cancer risk: An updated review. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3646-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nagini S, Siddavaram N, Vidya Priyadarsini R, Ramamurthi VP, Veeravarmal V, Veeran V, Mishra R. Chlorophyllin abrogates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and angiogenesis to inhibit the development of DMBA-induced hamster cheek pouch carcinomas. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 35:385-95. [PMID: 22983718 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorophyllin, a water soluble semi-synthetic food-grade derivative is reported to exhibit a wide range of beneficial health effects. We investigated the effect of chlorophyllin supplementation on Wnt/β-catenin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis model. METHODS AND RESULTS Hamsters were divided into 4 groups. The right buccal pouches of group 1 and 2 hamsters were painted with 0.5 % DMBA for 14 weeks. Group 2 animals received in addition chlorophyllin (4 mg/kg bw) in the diet. Group 3 animals received chlorophyllin alone and group 4 animals served as control. mRNA and protein expression of components of Wnt, VEGF, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Dietary chlorophyllin administration suppressed the development of HBP carcinomas by altering the expression of several components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This was associated with inhibition of angiogenesis as evidenced by decreased expression of the proangiogenic factors HIF-1α, VEGF, and VEGFR2. Chlorophyllin administration also downregulated the expression of histone deacetylases involved in epigenetic regulation of tumor angiogenesis. CONCLUSION Dietary chlorophyllin that abrogates Wnt/β-catenin and VEGF signaling by targeting a multitude of key signaling molecules is an attractive candidate for preventing tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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McQuistan TJ, Simonich MT, Pratt MM, Pereira CB, Hendricks JD, Dashwood RH, Williams DE, Bailey GS. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary chlorophylls: a 12,000-animal dose-dose matrix biomarker and tumor study. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:341-52. [PMID: 22079312 PMCID: PMC3486520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent pilot studies found natural chlorophyll (Chl) to inhibit carcinogen uptake and tumorigenesis in rodent and fish models, and to alter uptake and biodistribution of trace (14)C-aflatoxin B1 in human volunteers. The present study extends these promising findings, using a dose-dose matrix design to examine Chl-mediated effects on dibenzo(def,p)chrysene (DBC)-induced DNA adduct formation, tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity, and changes in gene regulation in the trout. The dose-dose matrix design employed an initial 12,360 rainbow trout, which were treated with 0-4000ppm dietary Chl along with 0-225ppm DBC for up to 4weeks. Dietary DBC was found to induce dose-responsive changes in gene expression that were abolished by Chl co-treatment, whereas Chl alone had no effect on the same genes. Chl co-treatment provided a dose-responsive reduction in total DBC-DNA adducts without altering relative adduct intensities along the chromatographic profile. In animals receiving DBC alone, liver tumor incidence (as logit) and tumor multiplicity were linear in DBC dose (as log) up to their maximum-effect dose, and declined thereafter. Chl co-treatment substantially inhibited incidence and multiplicity at DBC doses up to their maximum-effect dose. These results show that Chl concentrations encountered in Chl-rich green vegetables can provide substantial cancer chemoprotection, and suggest that they do so by reducing carcinogen bioavailability. However, at DBC doses above the optima, Chl co-treatments failed to inhibit tumor incidence and significantly enhanced multiplicity. This finding questions the human relevance of chemoprevention studies carried out at high carcinogen doses that are not proven to lie within a linear, or at least monotonic, endpoint dose-response range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie J McQuistan
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have suggested that a low vitamin E nutritional status is associated with increased cancer risk. However, several recent large-scale human trials with high doses of α-tocopherol (α-T) have produced disappointing results. This points out the need for a better understanding of the biological activities of the different forms of tocopherols. Using a naturally occurring tocopherol mixture (γ-TmT) that is rich in γ-T, we demonstrated the inhibition of chemically induced lung, colon, and mammary cancer formation as well as the growth of xenograft tumors derived from human lung and prostate cancer cells. This broad anticancer activity of γ-TmT has been attributed mainly to the trapping of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and the inhibition of estrogen signaling have also been observed in the inhibition of mammary cancer development. δ-T has been shown to be more active than γ-T in inhibiting the growth of human lung cancer cells in a xenograft tumor model and the development of aberrant crypt foci in azoxymethane-treated rats, whereas α-T is not effective in these models. The higher inhibitory activities of δ-T and γ-T (than α-T) are proposed to be due to their trapping of reactive nitrogen species and their capacity to generate side-chain degradation products, which retain the intact chromanol ring structure and could have cancer preventive activities.
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Ju J, Picinich SC, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Suh N, Kong AN, Yang CS. Cancer-preventive activities of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:533-42. [PMID: 19748925 PMCID: PMC2860705 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer-preventive activity of vitamin E has been studied. Whereas some epidemiological studies have suggested a protective effect of vitamin E against cancer formation, many large-scale intervention studies with alpha-tocopherol (usually large doses) have not demonstrated a cancer-preventive effect. Studies on alpha-tocopherol in animal models also have not demonstrated robust cancer prevention effects. One possible explanation for the lack of demonstrable cancer-preventive effects is that high doses of alpha-tocopherol decrease the blood and tissue levels of delta-tocopherols. It has been suggested that gamma-tocopherol, due to its strong anti-inflammatory and other activities, may be the more effective form of vitamin E in cancer prevention. Our recent results have demonstrated that a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols inhibits colon, prostate, mammary and lung tumorigenesis in animal models, suggesting that this mixture may have a high potential for applications in the prevention of human cancer. In this review, we discuss biochemical properties of tocopherols, results of possible cancer-preventive effects in humans and animal models and possible mechanisms involved in the inhibition of carcinogenesis. Based on this information, we propose that a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols is a very promising cancer-preventive agent and warrants extensive future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeung Ju
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Present address: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Chungbuk National University, 410 Sungbong-Ro, Heungduk-Gu, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Sonia C. Picinich
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Chung S. Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Puangsombat K, Smith JS. Inhibition of Heterocyclic Amine Formation in Beef Patties by Ethanolic Extracts of Rosemary. J Food Sci 2010; 75:T40-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Friedman M, Zhu L, Feinstein Y, Ravishankar S. Carvacrol facilitates heat-induced inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and inhibits formation of heterocyclic amines in grilled ground beef patties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:1848-1853. [PMID: 19222201 DOI: 10.1021/jf8022657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heating meat at high temperature and/or for a long time to kill foodborne pathogens increases the formation of potentially carcinogenic heterocyclic amines. To overcome this problem, 1% carvacrol, the main ingredient of oregano oil widely used in salad dressings, was added to ground beef, which was mixed well and then inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Beef patties were then prepared and heat-treated on a preheated electrical skillet to reach an internal temperature of 65, 70, or 80 degrees C at the cold spot. Samples were enumerated for surviving E. coli O157:H7 population by plating on appropriate media. Heterocyclic amines (MeIQ, MeIQx, and PhIP) were extracted from ground beef using solid phase extraction and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan type in positive mode was used to monitor the amines of interest. Compared to controls, the population of E. coli O157:H7 was reduced by 2.5-5 logs. The corresponding highest reductions in the three major amines were MeIQ, 58%; MeIQx, 72%; and PhIP, 78%. The results show that carvacrol concurrently reduced E. coli O157:H7 and amines in a widely consumed meat product. Possible mechanisms of the beneficial effects and dietary significance of the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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22
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Ju J, Hao X, Lee MJ, Lambert JD, Lu G, Xiao H, Newmark HL, Yang CS. A gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols inhibits colon inflammation and carcinogenesis in azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:143-52. [PMID: 19155443 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols (gamma-TmT, containing 57% gamma-T, 24% delta-T, and 13% alpha-T) on colon carcinogenesis in azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice. In experiment 1, 6-week-old male CF-1 mice were given a dose of AOM (10 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), and 1 week later, 1.5% DSS in drinking water for 1 week. The mice were maintained on either a gamma-TmT (0.3%)-enriched or a standard AIN93M diet, starting 1 week before the AOM injection, until the termination of experiment. In the AOM/DSS-treated mice, dietary gamma-TmT treatment resulted in a significantly lower colon inflammation index (52% of the control) on day 7 and number of colon adenomas (9% of the control) on week 7. gamma-TmT treatment also resulted in higher apoptotic index in adenomas, lower prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, and nitrotyrosine levels in the colon, and lower prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, and 8-isoprostane levels in the plasma on week 7. Some of the decreases were observed even on day 7. In experiment 2 with AOM/DSS- treated mice sacrificed on week 21, dietary 0.17% or 0.3% gamma-TmT treatment, starting 1 week before the AOM injection, significantly inhibited adenocarcinoma and adenoma formation in the colon (to 17-33% of the control). Dietary 0.3% gamma-TmT that was initiated after DSS treatment also exhibited a similar inhibitory activity. The present study showed that gamma-TmT effectively inhibited colon carcinogenesis in AOM/DSS-treated mice, and the inhibition may be due to the apoptosis-inducing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and reactive nitrogen species-trapping activities of tocopherols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeung Ju
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, and Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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23
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Tasaki M, Umemura T, Maeda M, Ishii Y, Okamura T, Inoue T, Kuroiwa Y, Hirose M, Nishikawa A. Safety assessment of ellagic acid, a food additive, in a subchronic toxicity study using F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Cao X, Tsukamoto T, Seki T, Tanaka H, Morimura S, Cao L, Mizoshita T, Ban H, Toyoda T, Maeda H, Tatematsu M. 4-Vinyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol (canolol) suppresses oxidative stress and gastric carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori-infected carcinogen-treated Mongolian gerbils. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1445-54. [PMID: 18059022 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is linked to gastric carcinogenesis because of its ability to damage DNA. Here we examined antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of 4-vinyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol (canolol), a recently identified potent antioxidative compound obtained from crude canola oil, on Helicobacter (H.) pylori-induced gastritis and gastric carcinogenesis using a Mongolian gerbil model. The animals were allocated to H. pylori-infection alone (12 weeks) or H.pylori + N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) administration (52 weeks). After oral inoculation of H. pylori, they were fed for 10 and 44 weeks with or without 0.1% canolol. H. pylori-induced gastritis, 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and scores for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunohistochemistry were attenuated in the canolol-treated groups. Expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), COX-2 and iNOS mRNA in the gastric mucosa, and serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), anti-H. pylori IgG and gastrin levels were also significantly lower in canolol-treated groups. Furthermore, the incidence of gastric adenocarcinomas was markedly reduced in the H. pylori + MNU + canolol-treated group [15.0% (6/40)] compared to the control group [39.4% (13/33)] (p < 0.05). These data indicate canolol to be effective for suppressing inflammation, gastric epithelial cell proliferation and gastric carcinogenesis in H. pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils. Interestingly, the viable H. pylori count was not changed by the canolol containing diet. Thus, the data point to the level of inflammation because of H. pylori rather than the existence of the bacteria as the determining factor. Importantly, canolol appears to suppress induction of mRNAs for inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Cao
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
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25
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Woo GH, Shibutani M, Kuroiwa K, Lee KY, Takahashi M, Inoue K, Fujimoto H, Hirose M. Lack of preventive effects of dietary fibers or chlorophyllin against acrylamide toxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1507-15. [PMID: 17391825 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibers and chlorophyllin have shown to exert anti-carcinogenic effects against co-administered carcinogens. To test the possibility of chemoprevention by such dietary supplements on subacutely induced acrylamide (ACR) toxicity, Sprague-Dawley male rats were administered 2.5% sodium alginate, 5% glucomannan, 5% digestion resistant maltodextrin, 2.5% chitin or 1% chlorophyllin in the diet, and starting one week later, co-administered 0.02% ACR in the drinking water for 4 weeks. For comparison, untreated control animals given basal diet and tap water were also included. Neurotoxicity was examined with reference to gait abnormalities and by quantitative assessment of histopathological changes in the sciatic and trigeminal nerves, as well as aberrant dot-like immunoreactivity for synaptophysin in the cerebellar molecular layer. Testicular toxicity was assessed by quantitation of seminiferous tubules with exfoliation of germ cells into the lumen and cell debris in the ducts of the epididymides. Development of testicular toxicity as well as neurotoxicity was evident with ACR-treatment, but was not suppressed by dietary addition of fibers or chlorophyllin, suggesting no apparent beneficial influence of these dietary supplements on experimentally induced subacute ACR toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gye-Hyeong Woo
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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26
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Stuart EC, Scandlyn MJ, Rosengren RJ. Role of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer. Life Sci 2006; 79:2329-36. [PMID: 16945390 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Green tea and its major constituent epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been extensively studied as a potential treatment for a variety of diseases, including cancer. Epidemiological data have suggested that EGCG may provide protective effects against hormone related cancers, namely breast or prostate cancer. Extensive in vitro investigations using both hormone responsive and non-responsive cell lines have shown that EGCG induces apoptosis and alters the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins that are critical for cell survival and apoptosis. This review will highlight the important in vitro mechanistic actions elicited by EGCG in various breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Additionally, the actions of green tea/EGCG in in vivo models for these cancers as well as in clinical trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Stuart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 18 Frederick Street, Adams Building, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Nozawa H, Nakao W, Takata J, Arimoto-Kobayashi S, Kondo K. Inhibition of PhIP-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female rats by ingestion of freeze-dried beer. Cancer Lett 2005; 235:121-9. [PMID: 15946793 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the modulating effect of non-alcoholic constituents of beer on 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 6 weeks of age were divided into four groups (n=26-30) and fed either a high fat diet or high fat diets containing 1, 2 or 4% freeze-dried beer (FD beer). One week after the start of feeding, rats received PhIP at a dose of 85 mg/kg by gavage four times weekly for 2 weeks. There were no differences in the body weights or diet intakes of rats between the control and the experimental groups. Weekly observation of palpable tumors indicated that tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity in the 2 and 4% FD beer groups were lower than in the control group throughout the experiment. Neoplastic lesions were pathologically examined at the end of the 22-weeks experiment. Tumor development was inhibited by FD beer intake in a dose-dependent manner. Tumor incidence (38.5%) and tumor multiplicity (0.8+/-0.4) for the group fed with a diet containing 4% FD were significantly reduced as compared with the control group (73.3% and 1.8+/-0.7). Supplementation with FD beer for 3 weeks together with the PhIP treatments resulted in increased liver GST activity, decreased liver CYP1A2 activity and a decrease in the number of DNA adducts in the mammary tissue, though these values were not significant. In conclusion, our results suggest that intake of FD beer may reduce the risk of carcinogenesis caused by heterocyclic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Nozawa
- Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd, 1-13-5 Fukuura, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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28
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Gonzalez de Mejia E, Song YS, Ramirez-Mares MV, Kobayashi H. Effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tea on topoisomerase inhibition and oral carcinoma cell proliferation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:1966-1973. [PMID: 15769122 DOI: 10.1021/jf048158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tea flavonoids have antitopoisomerase activity and can inhibit cell proliferation. The objectives of this study were to determine the phenolic content of yerba mate tea products (MT) (Ilex paraguariensis) and evaluate their capacity to inhibit topoisomerase I (Topo I) and II (Topo II) activities and oral carcinoma cell proliferation. Total polyphenols of aqueous extracts of dried MT leaves were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay, using chlorogenic (CH) and gallic (GA) acids as standards. Topoisomerase inhibition was determined by a clone-forming assay, which uses yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strains as a model. Controls included dimethyl sulfoxide (1.66%); camptothecin (50 microg/mL), a Topo I inhibitor; and amsacrine (100 microg/mL), a Topo II inhibitor. Cytotoxicity studies were conducted using a nontumorigenic human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and two human squamous cancer cell lines (SCC-61 and OSCC-3). MT was found to be a rich source of phenolic compounds. Total polyphenol content of various commercially available traditional MT products ranged from 236 to 490 mg equiv of CH/g of dry leaves. Such levels were significantly different among products depending on their origin (P < 0.001). Higher anti-topoisomerase II activity was observed against JN394t(2-4) strain for Nobleza Gaucha MT (IC50 = 0.43 microg equiv of CH) in comparison to GA (IC50 = 112 mM) and CH (IC50 > 1500 mM). MT showed catalytic anti-topoisomerase activity against Topo II but not against Topo I. In addititon, MT exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against all squamous cell lines tested. In comparison to premalignant cell line HaCaT [28 microg equiv of (+)-catechin mL(-1)], the cell line SCC-61 [21 microg equiv of (+)-catechin mL(-1)] was the most sensitive to MT, resulting in 50% inhibition of net cell growth. It is concluded that MT is rich in phenolic constituents and can also inhibit oral cancer proliferation. The effect on cancer cell proliferation may be mediated via inhibition of topoisomerase II. The lack of correlation between polyphenol content and the inhibition of topoisomerases suggests that the effect of MT on topoisomerase inhibition may be due to other still unidentified biologically active phytochemicals constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, MC-051, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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29
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Sugie S, Ohnishi M, Ushida J, Yamamoto T, Hara A, Koide A, Mori Y, Kohno H, Suzuki R, Tanaka T, Wakabayashi K, Mori H. Effect of α-naphthyl isothiocyanate on 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Int J Cancer 2005; 115:346-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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Huber WW, Parzefall W. Modification of N‐Acetyltransferases and Glutathione S‐Transferases by Coffee Components: Possible Relevance for Cancer Risk. Methods Enzymol 2005; 401:307-41. [PMID: 16399395 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(05)01020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism are involved in the activation and detoxification of carcinogens and can play a pivotal role in the susceptibility of individuals toward chemically induced cancer. Differences in such susceptibility are often related to genetically predetermined enzyme polymorphisms but may also be caused by enzyme induction or inhibition through environmental factors or in the frame of chemopreventive intervention. In this context, coffee consumption, as an important lifestyle factor, has been under thorough investigation. Whereas the data on a potential procarcinogenic effect in some organs remained inconclusive, epidemiology has clearly revealed coffee drinkers to be at a lower risk of developing cancers of the colon and the liver and possibly of several other organs. The underlying mechanisms of such chemoprotection, modifications of xenobiotic metabolism in particular, were further investigated in rodent and in vitro models, as a result of which several individual chemoprotectants out of the >1000 constituents of coffee were identified as well as some strongly metabolized individual carcinogens against which they specifically protected. This chapter discusses the chemoprotective effects of several coffee components and whole coffee in association with modifications of the usually protective glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the more ambivalent N-acetyltransferase (NAT). A key role is played by kahweol and cafestol (K/C), two diterpenic constituents of the unfiltered beverage that were found to reduce mutagenesis/tumorigenesis by strongly metabolized compounds, such as 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-[4,5-b]pyridine, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, and aflatoxin B(1), and to cause various modifications of xenobiotic metabolism that were overwhelmingly beneficial, including induction of GST and inhibition of NAT. Other coffee components such as polyphenols and K/C-free coffee are also capable of increasing GST and partially of inhibiting NAT, although to a somewhat lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Huber
- Institut für Krebsforchung, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Sugiura S, Asamoto M, Hokaiwado N, Hirose M, Shirai T. Harman and Norharman Suppressed but NaNO2 Enhanced the Development of Preneoplastic Liver Cell Foci in 2-Amino-3,8-Dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]Quinoxaline (MeIQx)-Treated Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2005. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.18.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sugiura
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Makoto Asamoto
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Naomi Hokaiwado
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Masao Hirose
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Tomoyuki Shirai
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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Ramirez-Mares MV, Chandra S, de Mejia EG. In vitro chemopreventive activity of Camellia sinensis, Ilex paraguariensis and Ardisia compressa tea extracts and selected polyphenols. Mutat Res 2004; 554:53-65. [PMID: 15450404 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Several herbal teas contain bioactive compounds that have been associated with a lower risk of chronic diseases including cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemopreventive activity of tea aqueous extracts and selected constituent pure polyphenols using a battery of in vitro marker systems relevant for the prevention of cancer. The effects of (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin (Q), gallic acid (GA), green tea (GT, Camellia sinensis), ardisia tea (AT, Ardisia compressa) and mate tea (MT, Ilex paraguariensis) extracts were tested. Cytotoxicity, TPA-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and quinone reductase (QR) activities were evaluated in vitro using HepG2 cells. The topoisomerase inhibitory activity was also tested, using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast system. Results suggest that MT, AT and GT are cytotoxic to the HepG2 cells, with MT demonstrating dominant cytotoxicity. EGCG showed greater cytotoxicity than Q and GA against HepG2 cells. The greatest inhibition (82%) of TPA-induced ODC activity was shown by Q, with 25 microM (IC50 = 11.90 microM). Topoisomerase II, but not topoisomerase I, was the cellular target of MT, AT, EGCG, Q and GA, which acted mainly as true catalytic inhibitors. The cytotoxic activity and the inhibition of topoisomerase II may contribute to the overall chemopreventive activity of AT and MT extracts. Ardisia and mate teas may thus share a public health potential as chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinicio Ramirez-Mares
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, MC-051, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, 61801, USA
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Lei F, Xing DM, Xiang L, Zhao YN, Wang W, Zhang LJ, Du LJ. Pharmacokinetic study of ellagic acid in rat after oral administration of pomegranate leaf extract. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 796:189-94. [PMID: 14552830 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of ellagic acid, the principal bioactive component of pomegranate leaf extract, in rats plasma following oral administration of pomegranate leaf extract was achieved by using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The calibration curve for ellagic acid was linear (r2=0.9998) ver the concentration range 0.026-1.3 microg/ml. The intra- and inter-day assays of ellagic acid from rat plasma were less than 6.52% at concentration range from 26 to 1300 ng/ml and good overall recoveries (94.5-102.4%) were found on same concentrations. The concentration-time profile was fitted with an open two-compartment system with lag time and its max concentration of ellagic acid in plasma was 213 ng/ml only 0.55 h after oral administration extract 0.8 g/kg. The pharmacokinetic profile indicates that ellagic acid has poor absorption and rapid elimination after oral administration pomegranate leaf extract, and part of it was absorbed from stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
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Tsujita-Kyutoku M, Yuri T, Danbara N, Senzaki H, Kiyozuka Y, Uehara N, Takada H, Hada T, Miyazawa T, Ogawa Y, Tsubura A. Conjugated docosahexaenoic acid suppresses KPL-1 human breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo: potential mechanisms of action. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6:R291-9. [PMID: 15217495 PMCID: PMC468623 DOI: 10.1186/bcr789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study was conducted to examine the effect of conjugated docosahexaenoic acid (CDHA) on cell growth, cell cycle progression, mode of cell death, and expression of cell cycle regulatory and/or apoptosis-related proteins in KPL-1 human breast cancer cell line. This effect of CDHA was compared with that of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Methods KPL-1 cell growth was assessed by colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; cell cycle progression and mode of cell death were examined by flow cytometry; and levels of expression of p53, p21Cip1/Waf1, cyclin D1, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins were examined by Western blotting analysis. In vivo tumor growth was examined by injecting KPL-1 cells subcutaneously into the area of the right thoracic mammary fat pad of female athymic mice fed a CDHA diet. Results CDHA inhibited KPL-1 cells more effectively than did DHA (50% inhibitory concentration for 72 hours: 97 μmol/l and 270 μmol/l, respectively). With both CDHA and DHA growth inhibition was due to apoptosis, as indicated by the appearance of a sub-G1 fraction. The apoptosis cascade involved downregulation of Bcl-2 protein; Bax expression was unchanged. Cell cycle progression was due to G0/G1 arrest, which involved increased expression of p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1, and decreased expression of cyclin D1. CDHA modulated cell cycle regulatory proteins and apoptosis-related proteins in a manner similar to that of parent DHA. In the athymic mouse system 1.0% dietary CDHA, but not 0.2%, significantly suppressed growth of KPL-1 tumor cells; CDHA tended to decrease regional lymph node metastasis in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion CDHA inhibited growth of KPL-1 human breast cancer cells in vitro more effectively than did DHA. The mechanisms of action involved modulation of apoptosis cascade and cell cycle progression. Dietary CDHA at 1.0% suppressed KPL-1 cell growth in the athymic mouse system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Tsujita-Kyutoku
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Yuri
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Danbara
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideto Senzaki
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kiyozuka
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihisa Uehara
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideho Takada
- Division of Surgery, Kansai Medical University Kori Hospital, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hada
- R&D Division, Bizen Chemical Co., Ltd, Okayama, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Biodynamic Chemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Science and Agriculture, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ogawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Airo Tsubura
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
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González de Mejía E, Ramírez-Mares MV, Arce-Popoca E, Wallig M, Villa-Treviño S. Inhibition of liver carcinogenesis in Wistar rats by consumption of an aqueous extract from leaves of Ardisia compressa. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:509-16. [PMID: 14871594 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the chemopreventive effect of an aqueous extract of dried leaves of Ardisia compressa against liver cancer. A rat liver assay that mimics progressive forms of human disease was used as a carcinogenesis model. Forty-five male Wistar rats (180-200 g body weight) were injected intraperitoneally on day 1 with a single dose (100 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and also received via gavage 20 mg/kg acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), on days 7, 8 and 9. The rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=15). Control groups (Group 1 and Group 2) had free access to water. Group 3 received 0.5% (w/v) of A. compressa tea for 10 days before treatment and during the study as the sole source of fluid until the rats were killed. A fourth group of 15 rats received no carcinogen or promoter but did receive 0.5%, (w/v) of A. compressa tea. All animals had 70% partial hepatectomy at day 10. The incidences of hepatocellular foci, nodules and carcinoma were significantly smaller in Group 3 than in Group 2 (P<0.01). A. compressa tea consumption alone (Group 4) did not induce the development of foci, nodules or carcinomas (P<0.01). The striking observation of this study was that consumption of A. compressa tea resulted in complete inhibition of the chemically-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E González de Mejía
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, M/C 051, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Dingley KH, Ubick EA, Chiarappa-Zucca ML, Nowell S, Abel S, Ebeler SE, Mitchell AE, Burns SA, Steinberg FM, Clifford AJ. Effect of Dietary Constituents With Chemopreventive Potential on Adduct Formation of a Low Dose of the Heterocyclic Amines PhIP and IQ and Phase II Hepatic Enzymes. Nutr Cancer 2003; 46:212-21. [PMID: 14690798 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4602_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a study to evaluate dietary chemopreventive strategies to reduce genotoxic effects of the carcinogens 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). PhIP and IQ are heterocyclic amines (HCAs) that are found in cooked meat and may be risk factors for cancer. Typical chemoprevention studies have used carcinogen doses many thousand-fold higher than usual human daily intake. Therefore, we administered a low dose of [14C]PhIP and [3H]IQ and utilized accelerator mass spectrometry to quantify PhIP adducts in the liver, colon, prostate, and blood plasma and IQ adducts in the liver and blood plasma with high sensitivity. Diets supplemented with phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC), genistein, chlorophyllin, or lycopene were evaluated for their ability to decrease adduct formation of [14C]PhIP and [3H]IQ in rats. We also examined the effect of treatments on the activity of the phase II detoxification enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST), UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT), phenol sulfotransferase (SULT) and quinone reductase (QR). PEITC and chlorophyllin significantly decreased PhIP-DNA adduct levels in all tissues examined, which was reflected by similar changes in PhIP binding to albumin in the blood. In contrast, genistein and lycopene tended to increase PhIP adduct levels. The treatments did not significantly alter the level of IQ-DNA or -protein adducts in the liver. With the exception of lycopene, the treatments had some effect on the activity of one or more hepatic phase II detoxification enzymes. We conclude that PEITC and chlorophyllin are protective of PhIP-induced genotoxicity after a low exposure dose of carcinogen, possibly through modification of HCA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen H Dingley
- Biology and Biotechnology Research Program and Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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Weisburger JH. Comments on the history and importance of aromatic and heterocyclic amines in public health. Mutat Res 2002; 506-507:9-20. [PMID: 12351140 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The carcinogenic risk of aromatic amines in humans was first discovered when a physician related the occurrence of urinary bladder cancer to the occupation of his patients. They were employed in the dyestuff industry, chronically exposed to large amounts of intermediate arylamines. Laboratory investigations disclosed that rats and mice administered specific azo dyes arylamines or derivatives developed cancer, primarily in the liver. Also, at that time, a possible pesticide, 2-aminofluorene, was tested for chronic toxicity, revealing that it rapidly induced cancers in several organs of rodents. This led to investigations on the mode of action of this class of chemicals, including their metabolic conversion. Biochemical activation to more reactive N-hydroxy compounds was found to occur, mostly in the liver, through what is now known as the cytochrome p450 enzyme systems, and also through prostaglandin synthetases. There were species differences. Guinea pigs were resistant to carcinogenesis because of the low titer of the necessary activating enzymes. In target tissues, a second essential reaction was necessary, namely acylation or sulfate ester formation. The reactive compounds produced display attributes of genotoxicity in appropriate test systems. Interest in this class of compounds increased when of Sugimura and colleagues discovered the formation of mutagens at the surface of cooked meat or fish, that were identified as heterocyclic amines (HCAs). These compounds undergo the same type of activation reactions, as do other arylamines. Epidemiological data suggest that meat eaters may have a higher risk of breast and colon cancer. HCAs induced cancer in rats in these organs and also in the prostate and the pancreas. In addition, there is some evidence that they affect the vascular system. The formation of HCAs during cooking can be decreased by natural and synthetic antioxidants, by tryptophan or proline, or by removing the essential creatine through brief microwave cooking prior to frying or broiling. The amounts of HCAs in cooked foods are small, but other components in diet such as omega-6-polyunsaturated oils have powerful promoting effects in target organs of HCAs. On the other hand, the action of HCAs may be decreased by foods containing antioxidants, such as vegetables, soy, and tea. Some constituents in foods also induce phase II enzymes that detoxify reactive HCA metabolites. Additional mechanisms involved decreased growth of neoplasms by intake of protective foods. Possibly, the carcinogenic effect of HCAs is accompanied by the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are also inhibited by antioxidants. World-wide, there have been many contributors to knowledge in this field. Adequate information may permit now to adjust lifestyle and lower the risk of human disease stemming from this entire class of aryl and HCA.
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