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Honda K, Takahashi H, Hata S, Abe R, Saito T, Saido TC, Taru H, Sobu Y, Ando K, Yamamoto T, Suzuki T. Suppression of the amyloidogenic metabolism of APP and the accumulation of Aβ by alcadein α in the brain during aging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18471. [PMID: 39122814 PMCID: PMC11316129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Generation and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein in the brain are the primary causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alcadeins (Alcs composed of Alcα, Alcβ and Alcγ family) are a neuronal membrane protein that is subject to proteolytic processing, as is Aβ protein precursor (APP), by APP secretases. Previous observations suggest that Alcs are involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we generated new mouse AppNL-F (APP-KI) lines with either Alcα- or Alcβ-deficient background and analyzed APP processing and Aβ accumulation through the aging process. The Alcα-deficient APP-KI (APP-KI/Alcα-KO) mice enhanced brain Aβ accumulation along with increased amyloidogenic β-site cleavage of APP through the aging process whereas Alcβ-deficient APP-KI (APP-KI/Alcβ-KO) mice neither affected APP metabolism nor Aβ accumulation at any age. More colocalization of APP and BACE1 was observed in the endolysosomal pathway in neurons of APP-KI/Alcα-KO mice compared to APP-KI and APP-KI/Alcβ-KO mice. These results indicate that Alcα plays an important role in the neuroprotective function by suppressing the amyloidogenic cleavage of APP by BACE1 in the brain, which is distinct from the neuroprotective function of Alcβ, in which p3-Alcβ peptides derived from Alcβ restores the viability in neurons impaired by toxic Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Honda
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroo Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan
| | - Ruriko Abe
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Laboratory of Neuronal Regeneration, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kanae Ando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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2
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Selkoe DJ. The advent of Alzheimer treatments will change the trajectory of human aging. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:453-463. [PMID: 38641654 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Slowing neurodegenerative disorders of late life has lagged behind progress on other chronic diseases. But advances in two areas, biochemical pathology and human genetics, have now identified early pathogenic events, enabling molecular hypotheses and disease-modifying treatments. A salient example is the discovery that antibodies to amyloid ß-protein, long debated as a causative factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD), clear amyloid plaques, decrease levels of abnormal tau proteins and slow cognitive decline. Approval of amyloid antibodies as the first disease-modifying treatments means a gradually rising fraction of the world's estimated 60 million people with symptomatic disease may decline less or even stabilize. Society is entering an era in which the unchecked devastation of AD is no longer inevitable. This Perspective considers the impact of slowing AD and other neurodegenerative disorders on the trajectory of aging, allowing people to survive into late life with less functional decline. The implications of this moment for medicine and society are profound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Area-Gomez E, Schon EA. Towards a Unitary Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1243-1275. [PMID: 38578892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The "amyloid cascade" hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis invokes the accumulation in the brain of plaques (containing the amyloid-β protein precursor [AβPP] cleavage product amyloid-β [Aβ]) and tangles (containing hyperphosphorylated tau) as drivers of pathogenesis. However, the poor track record of clinical trials based on this hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of these peptides is not the only cause of AD. Here, an alternative hypothesis is proposed in which the AβPP cleavage product C99, not Aβ, is the main culprit, via its role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism. C99, which is a cholesterol sensor, promotes the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM), a cholesterol-rich lipid raft-like subdomain of the ER that communicates, both physically and biochemically, with mitochondria. We propose that in early-onset AD (EOAD), MAM-localized C99 is elevated above normal levels, resulting in increased transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to membranes of intracellular organelles, such as ER/endosomes, thereby upregulating MAM function and driving pathology. By the same token, late-onset AD (LOAD) is triggered by any genetic variant that increases the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol that, in turn, boosts the levels of C99 and again upregulates MAM function. Thus, the functional cause of AD is upregulated MAM function that, in turn, causes the hallmark disease phenotypes, including the plaques and tangles. Accordingly, the MAM hypothesis invokes two key interrelated elements, C99 and cholesterol, that converge at the MAM to drive AD pathogenesis. From this perspective, AD is, at bottom, a lipid disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development>, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Wang M, Zhang H, Liang J, Huang J, Chen N. Exercise suppresses neuroinflammation for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 36935511 PMCID: PMC10026496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, with the characteristics of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and senile plaque (SP) formation. Although great progresses have been made in clinical trials based on relevant hypotheses, these studies are also accompanied by the emergence of toxic and side effects, and it is an urgent task to explore the underlying mechanisms for the benefits to prevent and treat AD. Herein, based on animal experiments and a few clinical trials, neuroinflammation in AD is characterized by long-term activation of pro-inflammatory microglia and the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. Damaged signals from the periphery and within the brain continuously activate microglia, thus resulting in a constant source of inflammatory responses. The long-term chronic inflammatory response also exacerbates endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress in microglia, which triggers microglia-dependent immune responses, ultimately leading to the occurrence and deterioration of AD. In this review, we systematically summarized and sorted out that exercise ameliorates AD by directly and indirectly regulating immune response of the central nervous system and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis to provide a new direction for exploring the neuroinflammation activity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jiling Liang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jielun Huang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Liu L, Lauro BM, He A, Lee H, Bhattarai S, Wolfe MS, Bennett DA, Karch CM, Young-Pearse T, Selkoe DJ. Identification of the Aβ37/42 peptide ratio in CSF as an improved Aβ biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:79-96. [PMID: 35278341 PMCID: PMC9464800 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identifying CSF-based biomarkers for the β-amyloidosis that initiates Alzheimer's disease (AD) could provide inexpensive and dynamic tests to distinguish AD from normal aging and predict future cognitive decline. METHODS We developed immunoassays specifically detecting all C-terminal variants of secreted amyloid β-protein and identified a novel biomarker, the Aβ 37/42 ratio, that outperforms the canonical Aβ42/40 ratio as a means to evaluate the γ-secretase activity and brain Aβ accumulation. RESULTS We show that Aβ 37/42 can distinguish physiological and pathological status in (1) presenilin-1 mutant vs wild-type cultured cells, (2) AD vs control brain tissue, and (3) AD versus cognitively normal (CN) subjects in CSF, where 37/42 (AUC 0.9622) outperformed 42/40 (AUC 0.8651) in distinguishing CN from AD. DISCUSSION We conclude that the Aβ 37/42 ratio sensitively detects presenilin/γ-secretase dysfunction and better distinguishes CN from AD than Aβ42/40 in CSF. Measuring this novel ratio alongside promising phospho-tau analytes may provide highly discriminatory fluid biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Bianca M. Lauro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Amy He
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Hyo Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sanjay Bhattarai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Michael S. Wolfe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Tracy Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Dennis J. Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Kawarabayashi T, Nakamura T, Sato K, Seino Y, Ichii S, Nakahata N, Takatama M, Westaway D, George-Hyslop PS, Shoji M. Lipid Rafts Act as a Common Platform for Amyloid-β Oligomer-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1189-1203. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers induce the overproduction of phosphorylated tau and neurodegeneration. These cascades gradually cause cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While each pathological event in AD has been studied in detail separately, the spatial and temporal relationships between pathological events in AD remain unclear. Objective: We demonstrated that lipid rafts function as a common platform for the pathological cascades of AD. Methods: Cellular and synaptosomal lipid rafts were prepared from the brains of Aβ amyloid model mice (Tg2576 mice) and double transgenic mice (Tg2576 x TgTauP301L mice) and longitudinally analyzed. Results: Aβ dimers, the cellular prion protein (PrPc), and Aβ dimer/PrPc complexes were detected in the lipid rafts. The levels of Fyn, the phosphorylated NR2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, total tau, phosphorylated tau, and tau oligomers increased with Aβ dimer accumulation in both the cellular and synaptosomal lipid rafts. Increases in the levels of these molecules were first seen at 6 months of age and corresponded with the early stages of Aβ accumulation in the amyloid model mice. Conclusion: Lipid rafts act as a common platform for the progression of AD pathology. The findings of this study suggest a novel therapeutic approach to AD, involving the modification of lipid raft components and the inhibition of their roles in the sequential pathological events of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawarabayashi
- Department of Neurology, Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takumi Nakamura
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki National Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Sadanobu Ichii
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakahata
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Speech and Hearing, Hirosaki University of Health and Welfare/JuniorCollege, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Takatama
- Department of Neurology, Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Peter St. George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Departments of Medicine, Medical Biophysics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Department of Neurology, Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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7
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Suzuki T, Sobu Y, Hata S. γ-Secretase structure and activity are modified by alterations in its membrane localization and ambient environment. J Biochem 2021; 171:253-256. [PMID: 34865063 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase cleaves type I transmembrane proteins in a hydrophobic membrane environment following ectodomain shedding. Mutations in PSEN genes, encoding the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase, presenilins, are the most common cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathogenic mutations in PSEN genes increase production of longer and neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) by intramembrane cleavage of membrane-associated amyloid-β protein precursor (APP) carboxy-terminal fragment β (APP CTFβ), which is generated via primary cleavage of APP by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1. The longer Aβ is prone to aggregate and accumulate in the brain, however, the accumulation of Aβ in brain is also a pathological feature of sporadic AD. Increased pathogenic Aβ generation, even in the absence of pathogenic PSEN gene mutations, is one of proposed mechanisms for sporadic AD pathogenesis. γ-Secretase digests substrates in the transmembrane region, generating Aβ peptide intermediates of various lengths. The end-products, shorter Aβ40 and Aβ38 peptides, are less neurotoxic, whereas PSEN gene mutations increase the production ratio of longer, neurotoxic Aβ species such as Aβ42, an intermediate in Aβ38 production. γ-Secretase activity or structures is altered because of its aberrant membrane localization or changes in the ambient environment such as luminal acidification. Interestingly, γ-secretase has a pH sensor in presenilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Suzuki
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
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8
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Switched Aβ43 generation in familial Alzheimer's disease with presenilin 1 mutation. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:558. [PMID: 34728605 PMCID: PMC8564532 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin (PS) with a genetic mutation generates abundant β-amyloid protein (Aβ) 43. Senile plaques are formed by Aβ43 in the cerebral parenchyma together with Aβ42 at middle ages. These brains cause the early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is known as familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Based on the stepwise processing model of Aβ generation by γ-secretase, we reassessed the levels of Aβs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of FAD participants. While low levels of Aβ38, Aβ40, and Aβ42 were generated in the CSF of FAD participants, the levels of Aβ43 were unchanged in some of them compared with other participants. We sought to investigate why the level of Aβ43 was unchanged in FAD participants. These characteristics of Aβ generation were observed in the γ-secretase assay in vitro using cells, which express FAD mutations in PS1. Aβ38 and Aβ40 generation from their precursors, Aβ42 and Aβ43, was decreased in PS1 mutants compared with wild-type (WT) PS1, as observed in the CSF. Both the ratios of Aβ38/Aβ42 and Aβ40/Aβ43 in PS1 mutants were lower than those in the WT. However, the ratio of Aβ43/amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain (AICD) increased in the PS1 mutants in an onset age dependency, while other Aβ/AICD ratios were decreased or unchanged. Importantly, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry found that the generation of Aβ43 was stimulated from Aβ48 in PS1 mutants. This result indicates that PS1 mutants switched the Aβ43 generating line, which reflects the level of Aβ43 in the CSF and forming senile plaques.
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Tofiq A, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Basun H, Cederholm T, Eriksdotter M, Faxén-Irving G, Hjorth E, Jernerén F, Schultzberg M, Wahlund LO, Palmblad J, Freund-Levi Y. Effects of Peroral Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial-The OmegAD Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1291-1301. [PMID: 34420949 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have suggested a connection between a decrease in the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to assess the effect of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) on biomarkers analyzed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients diagnosed with AD. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of daily supplementation with 2.3 g of PUFAs in AD patients on the biomarkers in CSF described below. We also explored the possible correlation between these biomarkers and the performance in the cognitive test Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). METHODS Thirty-three patients diagnosed with AD were randomized to either treatment with a daily intake of 2.3 g of n-3 FAs (n = 18) or placebo (n = 15). CSF samples were collected at baseline and after six months of treatment, and the following biomarkers were analyzed: Aβ 38, Aβ 40, Aβ 42, t-tau, p-tau, neurofilament light (NfL), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), soluble IL-1 receptor type II (sIL-1RII), and IL-6. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups concerning the level of the different biomarkers in the CSF at baseline. Within the treatment group, there was a small but significant increase in both YKL-40 (p = 0.04) and NfL (p = 0.03), while the other CSF biomarkers remained stable. CONCLUSION Supplementation with n-3 FAs had a statistically significant effect on NfL and YKL-40, resulting in an increase of both biomarkers, indicating a possible increase of inflammatory response and axonal damage. This increase in biomarkers did not correlate with MMSE score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avin Tofiq
- School of Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hans Basun
- BioArctic AB, Stockholm, Sweden.,Spinemedical AB, Stockholm, Sweden.,Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Theme Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eriksdotter
- Theme Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerd Faxén-Irving
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Hjorth
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Jernerén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marianne Schultzberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olof Wahlund
- Theme Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Palmblad
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- School of Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Hata S, Kano K, Kikuchi K, Kinoshita S, Sobu Y, Saito H, Saito T, Saido TC, Sano Y, Taru H, Aoki J, Komano H, Tomita T, Natori S, Suzuki T. Suppression of amyloid-β secretion from neurons by cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid, an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid. J Neurochem 2021; 159:603-617. [PMID: 34379812 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two common conjugated linoleic acids (LAs), cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9,t11 CLA) and trans-10, cis-12 CLA (t10,c12 CLA), exert various biological activities. However, the effect of CLA on the generation of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) protein remains unclear. We found that c9,t11 CLA significantly suppressed the generation of Aβ in mouse neurons. CLA treatment did not affect the level of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), a component of active γ-secretase complex presenilin 1 amino-terminal fragment, or Aβ protein precursor (APP) in cultured neurons. BACE1 and γ-secretase activities were not directly affected by c9,t11 CLA. Localization of BACE1 and APP in early endosomes increased in neurons treated with c9,t11 CLA; concomitantly, the localization of both proteins was reduced in late endosomes, the predominant site of APP cleavage by BACE1. The level of CLA-containing phosphatidylcholine (CLA-PC) increased dramatically in neurons incubated with CLA. Incorporation of phospholipids containing c9,t11 CLA, but not t10,c12 CLA, into the membrane may affect the localization of some membrane-associated proteins in intracellular membrane compartments. Thus, in neurons treated with c9,t11 CLA, reduced colocalization of APP with BACE1 in late endosomes may decrease APP cleavage by BACE1 and subsequent Aβ generation. Our findings suggest that accumulation of c9,t11 CLA-PC/LPC in neuronal membranes suppresses production of neurotoxic Aβ in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kikuchi
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shoichi Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroto Komano
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Division of Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shunji Natori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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11
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Platelet APP Processing: Is It a Tool to Explore the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease? A Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080750. [PMID: 34440494 PMCID: PMC8401829 DOI: 10.3390/life11080750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a critical event in the formation of amyloid plaques. Platelets contain most of the enzymatic machinery required for APP processing and correlates of intracerebral abnormalities have been demonstrated in platelets of patients with AD. The goal of the present paper was to analyze studies exploring platelet APP metabolism in Alzheimer's disease patients trying to assess potential reliable peripheral biomarkers, to offer new therapeutic solutions and to understand the pathophysiology of the AD. According to the PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic review through the PubMed database up to June 2020 with the search terms: "((((((APP) OR Amyloid Precursor Protein) OR AbetaPP) OR Beta Amyloid) OR Amyloid Beta) OR APP-processing) AND platelet". Thirty-two studies were included in this systematic review. The papers included are analytic observational studies, namely twenty-nine cross sectional studies and three longitudinal studies, specifically prospective cohort study. The studies converge in an almost unitary way in affirming that subjects with AD show changes in APP processing compared to healthy age-matched controls. However, the problem of the specificity and sensitivity of these biomarkers is still at issue and would deserve to be deepened in future studies.
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12
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Hata S, Hu A, Piao Y, Nakaya T, Taru H, Morishima-Kawashima M, Murayama S, Nishimura M, Suzuki T. Enhanced amyloid-β generation by γ-secretase complex in DRM microdomains with reduced cholesterol levels. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:382-393. [PMID: 31841137 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuropathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of senile plaques that contain neurotoxic amyloid-β protein (Aβ) species, which are generated by the cleavage of amyloid β-protein precursor by secretases such as the γ-secretase complex, preferentially located in detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) regions and comprising endoproteolysed amino- and carboxy-terminal fragments of presenilin, nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective 1 and presenilin enhancer 2. Whereas some of familial AD patients harbor causative PSEN mutations that lead to more generation of neurotoxic Aβ42, the contribution of Aβ generation to sporadic/late-onset AD remains unclear. We found that the carboxy-terminal fragment of presenilin 1 was redistributed from DRM regions to detergent-soluble membrane (non-DRM) regions in brain tissue samples from individuals with sporadic AD. DRM fractions from AD brain sample had the ability to generate significantly more Aβ and had a lower cholesterol content than DRM fractions from non-demented control subjects. We further demonstrated that lowering the cholesterol content of DRM regions from cultured cells contributed to the redistribution of γ-secretase components and Aβ production. Taken together, the present analyses suggest that the lowered cholesterol content in DRM regions may be a cause of sporadic/late-onset AD by enhancing overall Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Anqi Hu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yi Piao
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakaya
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Maho Morishima-Kawashima
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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13
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Sepulveda-Falla D, Chavez-Gutierrez L, Portelius E, Vélez JI, Dujardin S, Barrera-Ocampo A, Dinkel F, Hagel C, Puig B, Mastronardi C, Lopera F, Hyman BT, Blennow K, Arcos-Burgos M, de Strooper B, Glatzel M. A multifactorial model of pathology for age of onset heterogeneity in familial Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:217-233. [PMID: 33319314 PMCID: PMC7847436 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) mutations cause familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) characterized by early age of onset (AoO). Examination of a large kindred harboring the PSEN1-E280A mutation reveals a range of AoO spanning 30 years. The pathophysiological drivers and clinical impact of AoO variation in this population are unknown. We examined brains of 23 patients focusing on generation and deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and Tau pathology profile. In 14 patients distributed at the extremes of AoO, we performed whole-exome capture to identify genotype-phenotype correlations. We also studied kinome activity, proteasome activity, and protein polyubiquitination in brain tissue, associating it with Tau phosphorylation profiles. PSEN1-E280A patients showed a bimodal distribution for AoO. Besides AoO, there were no clinical differences between analyzed groups. Despite the effect of mutant PSEN1 on production of Aβ, there were no relevant differences between groups in generation and deposition of Aβ. However, differences were found in hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) pathology, where early onset patients showed severe pathology with diffuse aggregation pattern associated with increased activation of stress kinases. In contrast, late-onset patients showed lesser pTau pathology and a distinctive kinase activity. Furthermore, we identified new protective genetic variants affecting ubiquitin-proteasome function in early onset patients, resulting in higher ubiquitin-dependent degradation of differentially phosphorylated Tau. In PSEN1-E280A carriers, altered γ-secretase activity and resulting Aβ accumulation are prerequisites for early AoO. However, Tau hyperphosphorylation pattern, and its degradation by the proteasome, drastically influences disease onset in individuals with otherwise similar Aβ pathology, hinting toward a multifactorial model of disease for FAD. In sporadic AD (SAD), a wide range of heterogeneity, also influenced by Tau pathology, has been identified. Thus, Tau-induced heterogeneity is a common feature in both AD variants, suggesting that a multi-target therapeutic approach should be used to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Lucia Chavez-Gutierrez
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy At the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jorge I Vélez
- Department of Genome Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Simon Dujardin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, USA
| | - Alvaro Barrera-Ocampo
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidad Icesi, Grupo Natura, Calle 18 No. 122 -135, Cali, Colombia
| | - Felix Dinkel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hagel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Mastronardi
- Department of Genome Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- GIPSI Group, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Research Institute, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy At the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- GIPSI Group, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Research Institute, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Bart de Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Seino Y, Nakamura T, Harada T, Nakahata N, Kawarabayashi T, Ueda T, Takatama M, Shoji M. Quantitative Measurement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-β Species by Mass Spectrometry. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 79:573-584. [PMID: 33337370 PMCID: PMC7902963 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: High sensitivity liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was recently introduced to measure amyloid-β (Aβ) species, allowing for a simultaneous assay that is superior to ELISA, which requires more assay steps with multiple antibodies. Objective: We validated the Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-43 assay by LC-MS/MS and compared it with ELISA using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples to investigate its feasibility for clinical application. Methods: CSF samples from 120 subjects [8 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with dementia (ADD), 2 mild cognitive dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADMCI), 14 cognitively unimpaired (CU), and 96 neurological disease subjects] were analyzed. Aβ species were separated using the Shimadzu Nexera X2 system and quantitated using a Qtrap 5500 LC-MS/MS system. Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels were validated using ELISA. Results: CSF levels in CU were 666±249 pmol/L in Aβ1-38, 2199±725 pmol/L in Aβ1-40, 153.7±79.7 pmol/L in Aβ1-42, and 9.78±4.58 pmol/L in Aβ1-43. The ratio of the amounts of Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-43 was approximately 68:225:16:1. Linear regression analyses showed correlations among the respective Aβ species. Both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 values were strongly correlated with ELISA measurements. No significant differences were observed in Aβ1-38 or Aβ1-40 levels between AD and CU. Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 levels were significantly lower, whereas the Aβ1-38/1-42, Aβ1-38/1-43, and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-43 ratios were significantly higher in AD than in CU. The basic assay profiles of the respective Aβ species were adequate for clinical usage. Conclusion: A quantitative LC-MS/MS assay of CSF Aβ species is as reliable as specific ELISA for clinical evaluation of CSF biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Seino
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki National Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takumi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomoo Harada
- Bioanalysis Department, LSI Medience Corporation, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakahata
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Therapy, Hirosaki University of Health and Welfare, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Ueda
- Bioanalysis Department, LSI Medience Corporation, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Takatama
- Dementia Center, Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Dementia Center, Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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15
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Perrone F, Bjerke M, Hens E, Sieben A, Timmers M, De Roeck A, Vandenberghe R, Sleegers K, Martin JJ, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S, van der Zee J, Van Broeckhoven C, Cacace R. Amyloid-β 1-43 cerebrospinal fluid levels and the interpretation of APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 mutations. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:108. [PMID: 32917274 PMCID: PMC7488767 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins (PSENs) could potentially lead to the production of longer amyloidogenic Aβ peptides. Amongst these, Aβ1–43 is more prone to aggregation and has higher toxic properties than the long-known Aβ1–42. However, a direct effect on Aβ1–43 in biomaterials of individuals carrying genetic mutations in the known AD genes is yet to be determined. Methods N = 1431 AD patients (n = 280 early-onset (EO) and n = 1151 late-onset (LO) AD) and 809 control individuals were genetically screened for APP and PSENs. For the first time, Aβ1–43 levels were analysed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 38 individuals carrying pathogenic or unclear rare mutations or the common PSEN1 p.E318G variant and compared with Aβ1–42 and Aβ1–40 CSF levels. The soluble sAPPα and sAPPβ species were also measured for the first time in mutation carriers. Results A known pathogenic mutation was identified in 5.7% of EOAD patients (4.6% PSEN1, 1.07% APP) and in 0.3% of LOAD patients. Furthermore, 12 known variants with unclear pathogenicity and 11 novel were identified. Pathogenic and unclear mutation carriers showed a significant reduction in CSF Aβ1–43 levels compared to controls (p = 0.037; < 0.001). CSF Aβ1–43 levels positively correlated with CSF Aβ1–42 in both pathogenic and unclear carriers and controls (all p < 0.001). The p.E318G carriers showed reduced Aβ1–43 levels (p < 0.001), though genetic association with AD was not detected. sAPPα and sAPPβ CSF levels were significantly reduced in the group of unclear (p = 0.006; 0.005) and p.E318G carriers (p = 0.004; 0.039), suggesting their possible involvement in AD. Finally, using Aβ1–43 and Aβ1–42 levels, we could re-classify as “likely pathogenic” 3 of the unclear mutations. Conclusion This is the first time that Aβ1–43 levels were analysed in CSF of AD patients with genetic mutations in the AD causal genes. The observed reduction of Aβ1–43 in APP and PSENs carriers highlights the pathogenic role of longer Aβ peptides in AD pathogenesis. Alterations in Aβ1–43 could prove useful in understanding the pathogenicity of unclear APP and PSENs variants, a critical step towards a more efficient genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Perrone
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Reference Centre for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Center for Neurosciences, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Hens
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp, Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Brussel and Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Timmers
- Reference Centre for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Janssen Research and Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Arne De Roeck
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Peter P De Deyn
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp, Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Centre for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Brussel and Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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16
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Gotoh N, Saito Y, Hata S, Saito H, Ojima D, Murayama C, Shigeta M, Abe T, Konno D, Matsuzaki F, Suzuki T, Yamamoto T. Amyloidogenic processing of amyloid β protein precursor (APP) is enhanced in the brains of alcadein α-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9650-9662. [PMID: 32467230 PMCID: PMC7363152 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very common neurodegenerative disorder, chiefly caused by increased production of neurotoxic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide generated from proteolytic cleavage of β-amyloid protein precursor (APP). Except for familial AD arising from mutations in the APP and presenilin (PSEN) genes, the molecular mechanisms regulating the amyloidogenic processing of APP are largely unclear. Alcadein α/calsyntenin1 (ALCα/CLSTN1) is a neuronal type I transmembrane protein that forms a complex with APP, mediated by the neuronal adaptor protein X11-like (X11L or MINT2). Formation of the ALCα-X11L-APP tripartite complex suppresses Aβ generation in vitro, and X11L-deficient mice exhibit enhanced amyloidogenic processing of endogenous APP. However, the role of ALCα in APP metabolism in vivo remains unclear. Here, by generating ALCα-deficient mice and using immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and co-immunoprecipitation analyses, we verified the role of ALCα in the suppression of amyloidogenic processing of endogenous APP in vivo We observed that ALCα deficiency attenuates the association of X11L with APP, significantly enhances amyloidogenic β-site cleavage of APP, especially in endosomes, and increases the generation of endogenous Aβ in the brain. Furthermore, we noted amyloid plaque formation in the brains of human APP-transgenic mice in an ALCα-deficient background. These results unveil a potential role of ALCα in protecting cerebral neurons from Aβ-dependent pathogenicity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Gotoh
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuhki Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daiki Ojima
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murayama
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Mayo Shigeta
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daijiro Konno
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
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17
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Chávez-Gutiérrez L, Szaruga M. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration - Insights from familial Alzheimer's disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:75-85. [PMID: 32418657 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), together with the lack of effective treatments, portray it as one of the major health challenges of our times. Untangling AD implies advancing the knowledge of the biology that gets disrupted during the disease while deciphering the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to AD-related neurodegeneration. In fact, a solid mechanistic understanding of the disease processes stands as an essential prerequisite for the development of safe and effective treatments. Genetics has provided invaluable clues to the genesis of the disease by revealing deterministic genes - Presenilins (PSENs) and the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) - that, when affected, lead in an autosomal dominant manner to early-onset, familial AD (FAD). PSEN is the catalytic subunit of the membrane-embedded γ-secretase complexes, which act as proteolytic switches regulating key cell signalling cascades. Importantly, these intramembrane proteases are responsible for the production of Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides from APP. The convergence of pathogenic mutations on one functional pathway, the amyloidogenic cleavage of APP, strongly supports the significance of this process in AD pathogenesis. Here, we review and discuss the state-of-the-art knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying FAD, their implications for the sporadic form of the disease and for the development of safe AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Maria Szaruga
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Li S, Selkoe DJ. A mechanistic hypothesis for the impairment of synaptic plasticity by soluble Aβ oligomers from Alzheimer's brain. J Neurochem 2020; 154:583-597. [PMID: 32180217 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly accepted that early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease results in considerable part from synaptic dysfunction caused by the accumulation of a range of oligomeric assemblies of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Most studies have used synthetic Aβ peptides to explore the mechanisms of memory deficits in rodent models, but recent work suggests that Aβ assemblies isolated from human (AD) brain tissue are far more potent and disease-relevant. Although reductionist experiments show Aβ oligomers to impair synaptic plasticity and neuronal viability, the responsible mechanisms are only partly understood. Glutamatergic receptors, GABAergic receptors, nicotinic receptors, insulin receptors, the cellular prion protein, inflammatory mediators, and diverse signaling pathways have all been suggested. Studies using AD brain-derived soluble Aβ oligomers suggest that only certain bioactive forms (principally small, diffusible oligomers) can disrupt synaptic plasticity, including by binding to plasma membranes and changing excitatory-inhibitory balance, perturbing mGluR, PrP, and other neuronal surface proteins, down-regulating glutamate transporters, causing glutamate spillover, and activating extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. We synthesize these emerging data into a mechanistic hypothesis for synaptic failure in Alzheimer's disease that can be modified as new knowledge is added and specific therapeutics are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kakuda N, Yamaguchi H, Akazawa K, Hata S, Suzuki T, Hatsuta H, Murayama S, Funamoto S, Ihara Y. γ-Secretase Activity Is Associated with Braak Senile Plaque Stages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1323-1331. [PMID: 32201261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β-proteins (Aβs) Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 are converted via two product lines of γ-secretase to Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-40. This parallel stepwise processing model of γ-secretase predicts that Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43, and Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-40 are proportional to each other, respectively. To obtain further insight into the mechanisms of parenchymal Aβ deposition, these four Aβ species were quantified in insoluble fractions of human brains (Brodmann areas 9 to 11) at various Braak senile plaque (SP) stages, using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. With advancing SP stages, the amounts of deposited Aβ1-43 in the brain increased proportionally to those of Aβ1-42. Similarly, the amounts of deposited Aβ1-38 correlated with those of Aβ1-40. Surprisingly, the ratios of deposited Aβ1-38/Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-43 were proportional and discriminated the Braak SP stages accurately. This result indicates that the generation of Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-40 decreased and the generation of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 increased with advancing SP stages. Thus, Aβs deposition might depend on γ-secretase activity, as it does in the cerebrospinal fluid. Here, the extracted γ-secretase from Alzheimer disease brains generates an amount of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 compared with cognitively normal brains. This refractory γ-secretase localized in detergent-solubilized fractions from brain cortices. But activity modulated γ-secretase, which decreases Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 in the cerebrospinal fluid, localized in detergent-insoluble fractions. These drastic alterations reflect Aβ situation in Alzheimer disease brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Kakuda
- Department of Neuropathology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Neurologic Research in Neurodegenerative, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Haruyasu Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kohei Akazawa
- Department of Medical Informatics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoru Funamoto
- Department of Neuropathology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Neurologic Research in Neurodegenerative, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ihara
- Department of Neuropathology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Neurologic Research in Neurodegenerative, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Brain Science and Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
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20
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Lipid class composition of membrane and raft fractions from brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 20:100704. [PMID: 31867447 PMCID: PMC6895748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of the homeostasis of brain membrane lipids has been implicated in the pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) confers an increased risk, in a dosage-dependent manner, for brain amyloid-β accumulation and the development of sporadic AD. An effect of the APOE genotype on brain lipid homeostasis may underlie the AD risk associated with the ε4 allele. In this research, we examined an effect of APOE ε4 on the lipid class composition of crude membranes and raft-enriched fractions of brains. We applied enzymatic reaction-based methods for the quantification of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, and sphingomyelin. Our results indicate that brain lipid class composition was neither significantly altered in AD subjects nor affected by the presence of the APOE ε4 allele. No change was found in the composition of lipid classes of brains with Alzheimer's disease. The APOE ε4 allele did not affect lipid class composition of the brain membrane or rafts. The enzymatic measurement of phospholipids is applicable to brain tissues.
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Bram JMDF, Talib LL, Joaquim HPG, Sarno TA, Gattaz WF, Forlenza OV. Protein levels of ADAM10, BACE1, and PSEN1 in platelets and leukocytes of Alzheimer's disease patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:963-972. [PMID: 29845446 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a probabilistic formulation that may lack accuracy particularly at early stages of the dementing process. Abnormalities in amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) metabolism and in the level of APP secretases have been demonstrated in platelets, and to a lesser extent in leukocytes, of AD patients, with conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to compare the protein level of the APP secretases A-disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and presenilin-1 (PSEN1) in platelets and leukocytes from 20 non-medicated older adults with AD and 20 healthy elders, and to determine the potential use of these biomarkers to discriminate cases of AD from controls. The protein levels of all APP secretases were significantly higher in platelets compared to leukocytes. We found statistically a significant decrease in ADAM10 (52.5%, p < 0.0001) and PSEN1 (32%, p = 0.02) in platelets from AD patients compared to controls, but not in leukocytes. Combining all three secretases to generate receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we found a good discriminatory effect (AD vs. controls) when using platelets (the area under the curve-AUC-0.90, sensitivity 88.9%, specificity 66.7%, p = 0.003), but not in leukocytes (AUC 0.65, sensitivity 77.8%, specificity 50.0%, p = 0.2). Our findings indicate that platelets represent a better biological matrix than leukocytes to address the peripheral level of APP secretases. In addition, combining the protein level of ADAM10, BACE1, and PSEN1 in platelets, yielded a good accuracy to discriminate AD from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessyka Maria de França Bram
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Leda Leme Talib
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Helena Passarelli Giroud Joaquim
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Tamires Alves Sarno
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Wagner Farid Gattaz
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Orestes Vicente Forlenza
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil.
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Hata S, Omori C, Kimura A, Saito H, Kimura N, Gupta V, Pedrini S, Hone E, Chatterjee P, Taddei K, Kasuga K, Ikeuchi T, Waragai M, Nishimura M, Hu A, Nakaya T, Meijer L, Maeda M, Yamamoto T, Masters CL, Rowe CC, Ames D, Yamamoto K, Martins RN, Gandy S, Suzuki T. Decrease in p3-Alcβ37 and p3-Alcβ40, products of Alcadein β generated by γ-secretase cleavages, in aged monkeys and patients with Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2019; 5:740-750. [PMID: 31754625 PMCID: PMC6854065 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Neuronal p3-Alcβ peptides are generated from the precursor protein Alcadein β (Alcβ) through cleavage by α- and γ-secretases of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein precursor (APP). To reveal whether p3-Alcβ is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) contributes for the development of novel therapy and/or drug targets. Methods We developed new sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sELISA) systems to quantitate levels of p3-Alcβ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Results In monkeys, CSF p3-Alcβ decreases with age, and the aging is also accompanied by decreased brain expression of Alcβ. In humans, CSF p3-Alcβ levels decrease to a greater extent in those with AD than in age-matched controls. Subjects carrying presenilin gene mutations show a significantly lower CSF p3-Alcβ level. A cell study with an inverse modulator of γ-secretase remarkably reduces the generation of p3-Alcβ37 while increasing the production of Aβ42. Discussion Aging decreases the generation of p3-Alcβ, and further significant decrease of p3-Alcβ caused by aberrant γ-secretase activity may accelerate pathogenesis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel.:+81-11-706-3250; Fax: +81-11-706-4991.
| | - Chiori Omori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ayano Kimura
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kimura
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Veer Gupta
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Edith Cowan University, Joodalup, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Steve Pedrini
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kensaku Kasuga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Waragai
- Department of Neurology, Higashi Matsudo Municipal Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Anqi Hu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakaya
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Masahiro Maeda
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd. (IBL), Fujioka, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Colin L. Masters
- Neurodegeneration Division, The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris C. Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old age, St. George's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Edith Cowan University, Joodalup, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sam Gandy
- Mount Sinai Center for Cognitive Health and NFL Neurological Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel.:+81-11-706-3250; Fax: +81-11-706-4991.
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Xue C, Tran J, Wang H, Park G, Hsu F, Guo Z. Aβ42 fibril formation from predominantly oligomeric samples suggests a link between oligomer heterogeneity and fibril polymorphism. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190179. [PMID: 31417723 PMCID: PMC6689619 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Oligomers of different sizes, morphology and structures have been reported in both in vivo and in vitro studies, but there is a general lack of understanding about where to place these oligomers in the overall process of Aβ aggregation and fibrillization. Here, we show that Aβ42 spontaneously forms oligomers with a wide range of sizes in the same sample. These Aβ42 samples contain predominantly oligomers, and they quickly form fibrils upon incubation at 37°C. When fractionated using ultrafiltration filters, the samples enriched with smaller oligomers form fibrils at a faster rate than the samples enriched with larger oligomers, with both a shorter lag time and faster fibril growth rate. This observation is independent of Aβ42 batches and hexafluoroisopropanol treatment. Furthermore, the fibrils formed by the samples enriched with larger oligomers are more readily solubilized by epigallocatechin gallate, a main catechin component of green tea. These results suggest that the fibrils formed by larger oligomers may adopt a different structure from fibrils formed by smaller oligomers, pointing to a link between oligomer heterogeneity and fibril polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhefeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Li S, Jin M, Liu L, Dang Y, Ostaszewski BL, Selkoe DJ. Decoding the synaptic dysfunction of bioactive human AD brain soluble Aβ to inspire novel therapeutic avenues for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:121. [PMID: 30409172 PMCID: PMC6225562 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic, biochemical and genetic evidence indicates that accumulation and aggregation of amyloid β-proteins (Aβ) is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several therapeutic interventions attempting to lower Aβ have failed to ameliorate cognitive decline in patients with clinical AD significantly, but most such approaches target only one or two facets of Aβ production/clearance/toxicity and do not consider the heterogeneity of human Aβ species. As synaptic dysfunction may be among the earliest deficits in AD, we used hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) as a sensitive indicator of the early neurotoxic effects of Aβ species. Here we confirmed prior findings that soluble Aβ oligomers, much more than fibrillar amyloid plaque cores or Aβ monomers, disrupt synaptic function. Interestingly, not all (84%) human AD brain extracts are able to inhibit LTP and the degree of LTP impairment by AD brain extracts does not correlate with Aβ levels detected by standard ELISAs. Bioactive AD brain extracts also induce neurotoxicity in iPSC-derived human neurons. Shorter forms of Aβ (including Aβ1-37, Aβ1-38, Aβ1-39), pre-Aβ APP fragments (- 30 to - 1) and N-terminally extended Aβs (- 30 to + 40) each showed much less synaptotoxicity than longer Aβs (Aβ1-42 - Aβ1-46). We found that antibodies which target the N-terminus, not the C-terminus, efficiently rescued Aβ oligomer-impaired LTP and oligomer-facilitated LTD. Our data suggest that preventing soluble Aβ oligomer formation and targeting their N-terminal residues with antibodies could be an attractive combined therapeutic approach.
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Alasmari F, Alshammari MA, Alasmari AF, Alanazi WA, Alhazzani K. Neuroinflammatory Cytokines Induce Amyloid Beta Neurotoxicity through Modulating Amyloid Precursor Protein Levels/Metabolism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3087475. [PMID: 30498753 PMCID: PMC6222241 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3087475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been observed in association with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, a positive correlation has been documented between neuroinflammatory cytokine release and the progression of the AD, which suggests these cytokines are involved in AD pathophysiology. A histological hallmark of the AD is the presence of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Beta-amyloid is generated by the sequential cleavage of beta (β) and gamma (γ) sites in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase enzymes and its accumulation can result from either a decreased Aβ clearance or increased metabolism of APP. Previous studies reported that neuroinflammatory cytokines reduce the efflux transport of Aβ, leading to elevated Aβ concentrations in the brain. However, less is known about the effects of neuroinflammatory mediators on APP expression and metabolism. In this article, we review the modulatory role of neuroinflammatory cytokines on APP expression and metabolism, including their effects on β- and γ-secretase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad A. Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F. Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hsu F, Park G, Guo Z. Key Residues for the Formation of Aβ42 Amyloid Fibrils. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8401-8407. [PMID: 30087945 PMCID: PMC6068601 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Formation of amyloid fibrils by Aβ42 protein is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Aβ42 fibrillization is a nucleation-dependent polymerization process, in which nucleation is the rate-limiting step. Structural knowledge of the fibril nucleus is important to understand the molecular mechanism of Aβ aggregation and is also critical for successful modulation of the fibrillization process. Here, we used a scanning mutagenesis approach to study the role of each residue position in Aβ42 fibrillization kinetics. The side chain we used to replace the native residue is a nitroxide spin label called R1, which was introduced using site-directed spin labeling. In this systematic study, all residue positions of Aβ42 sequence were studied, and we identified six key residues for the Aβ42 fibril formation: H14, E22, D23, G33, G37, and G38. Our results suggest that charges at positions 22 and 23 and backbone flexibilities at positions 33, 37, and 38 play key roles in Aβ42 fibrillization kinetics. Our results also suggest that the formation of a β-strand at residues 15-21 is an important feature in Aβ42 fibril nucleus. In overall evaluation of all of the mutational effects on fibrillization kinetics, we found that the thioflavin T fluorescence at the aggregation plateau is a poor indicator of aggregation rates.
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Kakuda N, Miyasaka T, Iwasaki N, Nirasawa T, Wada-Kakuda S, Takahashi-Fujigasaki J, Murayama S, Ihara Y, Ikegawa M. Distinct deposition of amyloid-β species in brains with Alzheimer's disease pathology visualized with MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:73. [PMID: 29037261 PMCID: PMC5641992 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) deposition in the brain is an early and invariable feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Aβ peptides are composed of about 40 amino acids and are generated from amyloid precursor proteins (APP), by β- and γ-secretases. The distribution of individual Aβ peptides in the brains of aged people, and those suffering from AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is not fully characterized. We employed the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) to illustrate the spatial distribution of a broad range of Aβ species in human autopsied brains. With technical advancements such as formic acid pretreatment of frozen autopsied brain samples, we have: i) demonstrated that Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 were selectively deposited in senile plaques while full-length Aβ peptides such as Aβ1-36, 1-37, 1-38, 1-39, 1-40, and Aβ1-41 were deposited in leptomeningeal blood vessels. ii) Visualized distinct depositions of N-terminal truncated Aβ40 and Aβ42, including pyroglutamate modified at Glu-3 (N3pE), only with IMS for the first time. iii) Demonstrated that one single amino acid alteration at the C-terminus between Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-41 results in profound changes in their distribution pattern. In vitro, this can be attributed to the difference in the self-aggregation ability amongst Aβ1-40, Aβ1-41, and Aβ1-42. These observations were further confirmed with immunohistochemistry (IHC), using the newly developed anti-Aβ1-41 antibody. Here, distinct depositions of truncated and/or modified C- and N-terminal fragments of Aβs in AD and CAA brains with MALDI-IMS were visualized in a spacio-temporal specific manner. Specifically, Aβ1-41 was detected both with MALDI-IMS and IHC suggesting that a single amino acid alteration at the C-terminus of Aβ results in drastic distribution changes. These results suggest that MALDI-IMS could be used as a standard approach in combination with clinical, genetic, and pathological observations in understanding the pathology of AD and CAA.
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Alzheimer’s-Causing Mutations Shift Aβ Length by Destabilizing γ-Secretase-Aβn Interactions. Cell 2017; 170:443-456.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Almdahl IS, Lauridsen C, Selnes P, Kalheim LF, Coello C, Gajdzik B, Møller I, Wettergreen M, Grambaite R, Bjørnerud A, Bråthen G, Sando SB, White LR, Fladby T. Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid Beta 1-43 Mirror 1-42 in Relation to Imaging Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:9. [PMID: 28223932 PMCID: PMC5293760 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Amyloid beta 1-43 (Aβ43), with its additional C-terminal threonine residue, is hypothesized to play a role in early Alzheimer’s disease pathology possibly different from that of amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ42). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ43 has been suggested as a potential novel biomarker for predicting conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia in Alzheimer’s disease. However, the relationship between CSF Aβ43 and established imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease has never been assessed. Materials and Methods: In this observational study, CSF Aβ43 was measured with ELISA in 89 subjects; 34 with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), 51 with MCI, and four with resolution of previous cognitive complaints. All subjects underwent structural MRI; 40 subjects on a 3T and 50 on a 1.5T scanner. Forty subjects, including 24 with SCD and 12 with MCI, underwent 18F-Flutemetamol PET. Seventy-eight subjects were assessed with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET (21 SCD/7 MCI and 11 SCD/39 MCI on two different scanners). Ten subjects with SCD and 39 with MCI also underwent diffusion tensor imaging. Results: Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ43 was both alone and together with p-tau a significant predictor of the distinction between SCD and MCI. There was a marked difference in CSF Aβ43 between subjects with 18F-Flutemetamol PET scans visually interpreted as negative (37 pg/ml, n = 27) and positive (15 pg/ml, n = 9), p < 0.001. Both CSF Aβ43 and Aβ42 were negatively correlated with standardized uptake value ratios for all analyzed regions; CSF Aβ43 average rho -0.73, Aβ42 -0.74. Both CSF Aβ peptides correlated significantly with hippocampal volume, inferior parietal and frontal cortical thickness and axial diffusivity in the corticospinal tract. There was a trend toward CSF Aβ42 being better correlated with cortical glucose metabolism. None of the studied correlations between CSF Aβ43/42 and imaging biomarkers were significantly different for the two Aβ peptides when controlling for multiple testing. Conclusion: Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ43 appears to be strongly correlated with cerebral amyloid deposits in the same way as Aβ42, even in non-demented patients with only subjective cognitive complaints. Regarding imaging biomarkers, there is no evidence from the present study that CSF Aβ43 performs better than the classical CSF biomarker Aβ42 for distinguishing SCD and MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina S Almdahl
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway
| | - Camilla Lauridsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Selnes
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway
| | - Lisa F Kalheim
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway
| | - Christopher Coello
- Preclinical PET/CT, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ina Møller
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Trondheim Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Wettergreen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo - Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway
| | - Ramune Grambaite
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Atle Bjørnerud
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of TrondheimTrondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid B Sando
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of TrondheimTrondheim, Norway
| | - Linda R White
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of TrondheimTrondheim, Norway
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway
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30
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Higashide H, Ishihara S, Nobuhara M, Ihara Y, Funamoto S. Alanine substitutions in the GXXXG motif alter C99 cleavage by γ-secretase but not its dimerization. J Neurochem 2017; 140:955-962. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Higashide
- Laboratory of Cognition and Aging; Graduate School of Brain Science; Doshisha University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Seiko Ishihara
- Department of Neuropathology; Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences; Doshisha University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Mika Nobuhara
- Department of Neuropathology; Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences; Doshisha University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Yasuo Ihara
- Laboratory of Cognition and Aging; Graduate School of Brain Science; Doshisha University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Satoru Funamoto
- Department of Neuropathology; Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences; Doshisha University; Kyoto Japan
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31
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Tran J, Chang D, Hsu F, Wang H, Guo Z. Cross-seeding between Aβ40 and Aβ42 in Alzheimer's disease. FEBS Lett 2016; 591:177-185. [PMID: 27981583 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aβ42 is the major component of parenchymal plaques in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, while Aβ40 is the major component of cerebrovascular plaques. Since Aβ40 and Aβ42 coexist in the brain, understanding the interaction between Aβ40 and Aβ42 during their aggregation is important to delineate the molecular mechanism underlying Alzheimer's disease. Here, we present a rigorous and systematic study of the cross-seeding effects between Aβ40 and Aβ42. We show that Aβ40 fibril seeds can promote Aβ42 aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner, and vice versa. Our results also suggest that seeded aggregation and spontaneous aggregation may be two separate pathways. These findings may partly resolve conflicting observations in the literature regarding the cross-seeding effects between Aβ40 and Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Tran
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Chang
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frederick Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hongsu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhefeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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32
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Sarajärvi T, Marttinen M, Natunen T, Kauppinen T, Mäkinen P, Helisalmi S, Laitinen M, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Petäjä-Repo U, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Genetic Variation in δ-Opioid Receptor Associates with Increased β- and γ-Secretase Activity in the Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:507-16. [PMID: 26402014 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The agonist-induced activation of human δ-opioid receptor (δOR) has been shown to increase β- (BACE1) and γ-secretase activities leading to increased production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. We have recently shown that phenylalanine to cysteine substitution at amino acid 27 in δOR (δOR-Phe27Cys) increases amyloid-β protein precursor processing through altered endocytic trafficking. Also, a genetic meta-analysis of the δOR-Phe27Cys variation (rs1042114) in two independent Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient cohorts indicated that the heterozygosity of δOR-Phe27Cys increases the risk of AD. Here, we investigated α-, β-, and γ-secretase activities in human brain with respect to δOR-Phe27Cys variation in the temporal cortex of 71 subjects with varying degree of AD-related neurofibrillary pathology (Braak stages I-VI). As a result, a significant increase in β- (p = 0.03) and γ- (p = 0.01), but not α-secretase, activities was observed in late stage AD samples (Braak stages V-VI), which were heterozygous for δOR-Phe27Cys as compared to the δOR-Phe27 and δOR-Cys27 homozygotes. The augmented β-secretase activity was not associated with increased mRNA expression or protein levels of BACE1 in the late stage AD patients, who were heterozygous for the δOR-Phe27Cys variation. These findings suggest that δOR-Phe27Cys variation modulates β- and γ-secretase activity in the late stages of AD likely via post-translational mechanisms other than alterations in the mRNA or protein levels of BACE1, or, in the expression of γ-secretase complex components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Kauppinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Laitinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulla Petäjä-Repo
- Medical Research Center Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Lauridsen C, Sando SB, Shabnam A, Møller I, Berge G, Grøntvedt GR, Bakken IJ, Salvesen Ø, Bråthen G, White LR. Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid Beta 1-43 in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment or Early Alzheimer's Disease: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:30. [PMID: 26973507 PMCID: PMC4772322 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomarkers that will reliably predict the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are urgently needed. Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ42), total tau, and phosphorylated tau can be used to complement the clinical diagnosis of AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), the prodromal phase of AD, is heterogeneous. Biomarkers should be able to determine which patients with aMCI are at greatest risk of AD. Histological studies and animal models indicate that amyloid beta 1-43 (Aβ43) aggregates early, and may play a role in the pathological process of AD. We have examined levels of CSF Aβ43 in a 2-year longitudinal study of aMCI and early AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid was collected at baseline, and after one and 2 years from patients with AD (n = 19), and patients with aMCI (n = 42). Of these, 21 progressed to AD during the 2 years of study, whereas 21 did not. Controls (n = 32) were lumbar punctured at baseline only. CSF analyses of Aβ43, Aβ42, and total tau were carried out with ELISA. RESULTS At baseline, CSF Aβ43, CSF Aβ42 and ratios with total tau could be used to separate controls from all three patient groups. CSF Aβ43, but not Aβ42, could separate patients with aMCI who progressed to AD during the 2 years of follow-up, from those that did not. The CSF total tau/Aβ43 ratio had a slightly but significantly larger area under the receiver operating characteristic curve when compared to the CSF total tau/Aβ42 ratio. CSF Aβ43 levels, but not Aβ42 levels, decreased from baseline to 2 years in the AD group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION CSF Aβ43 was demonstrated to be significantly reduced in patients already by the time that aMCI or AD was diagnosed, compared to controls, and this change must have occurred during the preclinical period. Since our results suggested that CSF Aβ43 distinguishes between subgroups of patients with aMCI better than CSF Aβ42, it may prove to be a useful additional biomarker for identifying aMCI patients at greatest risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lauridsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid B Sando
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of TrondheimTrondheim, Norway
| | - Adiba Shabnam
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ina Møller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Trondheim Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guro Berge
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gøril R Grøntvedt
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of TrondheimTrondheim, Norway
| | | | - Øyvind Salvesen
- Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of TrondheimTrondheim, Norway
| | - Linda R White
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of TrondheimTrondheim, Norway
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34
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Janelidze S, Hertze J, Zetterberg H, Landqvist Waldö M, Santillo A, Blennow K, Hansson O. Cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin and YKL-40 as biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 3:12-20. [PMID: 26783546 PMCID: PMC4704480 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Widespread implementation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in clinical settings requires improved accuracy for diagnosis of prodromal disease and for distinguishing AD from non‐AD dementias. Novel and promising CSF biomarkers include neurogranin, a marker of synaptic degeneration, and YKL‐40, a marker of neuroinflammation. Methods CSF neurogranin and YKL‐40 were measured in a cohort of 338 individuals including cognitively healthy controls and patients with stable mild cognitive impairment (sMCI), MCI who later developed AD (MCI‐AD), AD dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The diagnostic accuracy of neurogranin and YKL‐40 were compared with the core AD biomarkers, β‐amyloid (Aβ42 and Aβ40) and tau. Results Neurogranin levels were increased in AD and decreased in non‐AD dementia compared with healthy controls. As a result, AD patients showed considerably higher CSF levels of neurogranin than DLB/PDD, VaD and FTD patients. CSF YKL‐40 levels were increased in AD compared with DLB/PDD but not with VaD or FTD. Neither CSF neurogranin nor YKL‐40 levels differed significantly between sMCI patients and MCI‐AD patients. Both biomarkers correlated positively with CSF Aβ40 and tau. CSF neurogranin and YKL‐40 could separate AD dementia from non‐AD dementias (neurogranin, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.761; YKL‐40, AUC = 0.604; Aβ42/neurogranin, AUC = 0.849; Aβ42/YKL‐40, AUC = 0.785), but the diagnostic accuracy was not better compared to CSF Aβ and tau (Aβ42, AUC = 0.755; tau AUC = 0.858; Aβ42/tau, AUC = 0.895; Aβ42/Aβ40, AUC = 0.881). Similar results were obtained when separating sMCI from MCI‐AD cases. Interpretation CSF neurogranin and YKL‐40 do not improve the diagnostic accuracy of either prodromal AD or AD dementia when compared to the core CSF AD biomarkers. Nevertheless, the CSF level of neurogranin is selectively increased in AD dementia, whereas YKL‐40 is increased in both AD and FTD suggesting that synaptic degeneration and glial activation may be important in these neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorena Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Joakim Hertze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden; Memory Clinic Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square London United Kingdom
| | - Maria Landqvist Waldö
- Memory Clinic Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden; Section of Geriatric Psychiatry Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Alexander Santillo
- Clinical Memory Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden; Memory Clinic Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden; Memory Clinic Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
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Szaruga M, Veugelen S, Benurwar M, Lismont S, Sepulveda-Falla D, Lleo A, Ryan NS, Lashley T, Fox NC, Murayama S, Gijsen H, De Strooper B, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Qualitative changes in human γ-secretase underlie familial Alzheimer's disease. J Exp Med 2015; 212:2003-13. [PMID: 26481686 PMCID: PMC4647268 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase complex, Presenilin, cause familial Alzheimer’s disease. Analysis of patients’ brains shows that these mutations do not result in loss of enzymatic function but in qualitative changes in Aβ product profiles. Presenilin (PSEN) pathogenic mutations cause familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD [FAD]) in an autosomal-dominant manner. The extent to which the healthy and diseased alleles influence each other to cause neurodegeneration remains unclear. In this study, we assessed γ-secretase activity in brain samples from 15 nondemented subjects, 22 FAD patients harboring nine different mutations in PSEN1, and 11 sporadic AD (SAD) patients. FAD and control brain samples had similar overall γ-secretase activity levels, and therefore, loss of overall (endopeptidase) γ-secretase function cannot be an essential part of the pathogenic mechanism. In contrast, impaired carboxypeptidase-like activity (γ-secretase dysfunction) is a constant feature in all FAD brains. Significantly, we demonstrate that pharmacological activation of the carboxypeptidase-like γ-secretase activity with γ-secretase modulators alleviates the mutant PSEN pathogenic effects. Most SAD cases display normal endo- and carboxypeptidase-like γ-secretase activities. However and interestingly, a few SAD patient samples display γ-secretase dysfunction, suggesting that γ-secretase may play a role in some SAD cases. In conclusion, our study highlights qualitative shifts in amyloid-β (Aβ) profiles as the common denominator in FAD and supports a model in which the healthy allele contributes with normal Aβ products and the diseased allele generates longer aggregation-prone peptides that act as seeds inducing toxic amyloid conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Szaruga
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics (CME) and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Veugelen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics (CME) and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manasi Benurwar
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics (CME) and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Lismont
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics (CME) and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 1226, Colombia
| | - Alberto Lleo
- Unidad de Memoria, Departamento de Neurología, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, England, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, England, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, England, UK
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Harrie Gijsen
- Janssen Research and Development Division, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics (CME) and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, England, UK
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics (CME) and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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C-terminal neurogranin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid but unchanged in plasma in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1461-1469. [PMID: 26092348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomarkers monitoring synaptic degeneration/loss would be valuable for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. Postsynaptic protein neurogranin may be a promising cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker but has not yet been evaluated as a plasma biomarker. METHODS Using an in-house designed prototype enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) targeting neurogranin C-terminally, we studied neurogranin in paired CSF/plasma samples of controls (n = 29) versus patients experiencing MCI, or dementia, due to AD (in total n = 59). RESULTS CSF neurogranin was increased in AD and positively correlated with CSF tau, whereas there was a negative relationship between CSF neurogranin (and tau) and CSF Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40. No differences were detected in plasma neurogranin between controls and AD. Also, there was no correlation between CSF and plasma neurogranin, excluding confounding effects of the latter. DISCUSSION This study strengthens the potential of neurogranin as an AD CSF biomarker, which now needs validation in larger studies. As tools, straightforward immunoassays can be used, as demonstrated by the described ELISA.
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De Strooper B, Chávez Gutiérrez L. Learning by Failing: Ideas and Concepts to Tackle γ-Secretases in Alzheimer's Disease and Beyond. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 55:419-37. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; ,
| | - Lucía Chávez Gutiérrez
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; ,
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38
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Laiterä T, Sarajärvi T, Haapasalo A, Puli L, Kauppinen T, Mäkinen P, Rauramaa T, Tanila H, Jääskeläinen JE, Alafuzoff I, Soininen H, Leinonen V, Hiltunen M. Increased γ-secretase activity in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients with β-amyloid pathology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93717. [PMID: 24699723 PMCID: PMC3974803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential similarity between the brain pathology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and Alzheimer disease (AD) is intriguing and thus further studies focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms may offer valuable information for differential diagnostics and the development of treatments for iNPH. Here, we investigated β- and γ-secretase activities in relation to amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in the brain tissue samples collected from iNPH and AD patients. β- and γ-secretase activities were measured from the frontal cortical biopsies of 26 patients with suspected iNPH as well as post-mortem tissue samples from the inferior temporal cortex of 74 AD patients and eight subjects without neurofibrillary pathology. In iNPH samples with detectable Aβ plaques, γ-secretase activity was significantly increased (∼1.6-fold) when compared to iNPH samples without Aβ plaques (p = 0.009). In the AD samples, statistically significant differences in the γ-secretase activity were not observed with respect to disease severity (mild, moderate and severe AD according to neurofibrillary pathology). Conversely, β-secretase activity was unaltered in iNPH samples with or without Aβ plaques, while it was significantly increased in relation to disease severity in the AD patients. These results show for the first time increased γ-secretase but not β-secretase activity in the biopsy samples from the frontal cortex of iNPH patients with AD-like Aβ pathology. Conversely, the opposite was observed in these secretase activities in AD patients with respect to neurofibrillary pathology. Despite the resemblances in the Aβ pathology, iNPH and AD patients appear to have marked differences in the cellular mechanisms responsible for the production of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Laiterä
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lakshman Puli
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Kauppinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha E. Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Léger GC, Massoud F. Novel disease-modifying therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:423-42. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tagami S, Okochi M, Yanagida K, Kodama T, Arai T, Kuwano R, Ikeuchi T, Takeda M. Relative ratio and level of amyloid-β 42 surrogate in cerebrospinal fluid of familial Alzheimer disease patients with presenilin 1 mutations. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 13:166-70. [PMID: 24192669 DOI: 10.1159/000355258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations associated with familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) generally increase the amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42) to Aβ40 ratio secreted in cultured cells. Some of these mutants reduce the secretion of Aβ40 rather than increase that of Aβ42. Since it has been difficult to estimate Aβ42 secretion in brains of PS1-FAD patients due to substantial Aβ42 accumulation, it remains unknown whether the enhanced Aβ42 to Aβ40 ratio in brains of FAD patients is caused by elevated Aβ42 secretion or by reduced secretion of Aβ40. OBJECTIVE/METHODS Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of PS1-FAD patients and neurological control patients (controls) were collected. Levels of CSF amyloid precursor-like protein-1-derived Aβ-like peptide (APL1β), including APL1β28, an Aβ42 surrogate marker, were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and Aβ42 secretion in the brain was estimated. RESULTS The relative ratio of CSF APL1β28 to total APL1β was higher in PS1-FAD patients than in controls. Importantly, CSF APL1β28 was not significantly higher. However, C-terminally shorter CSF APL1β25 and APL1β27 were significantly lower in PS1-FAD patients and, as expected, so were CSF Aβ40 and Aβ42. CONCLUSION A higher relative ratio of the CSF Aβ42 surrogate in PS1-FAD patients is not due to its increase in CSF, suggesting that massive Aβ42 accumulation in the PS1-FAD brain occurs without an apparent increase in Aβ42 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tagami
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurochemistry, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Integrated Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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García-Ayllón MS, Campanari ML, Brinkmalm G, Rábano A, Alom J, Saura CA, Andreasen N, Blennow K, Sáez-Valero J. CSF Presenilin-1 complexes are increased in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:46. [PMID: 24252417 PMCID: PMC3893612 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Presenilin-1 (PS1) is the active component of the amyloid precursor protein cleaving γ-secretase complex. PS1 protein is a transmembrane protein containing multiple hydrophobic regions which presence in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has not been measured to date. This study assesses whether PS1 and other components of the γ-secretase complex are present in CSF. Results Here, we show that PS1 is present in ventricular post-mortem and lumbar ante-mortem CSF, and plasma as 100–150-kDa hetero-complexes containing both the N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF) of the protein. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with different antibodies confirmed the identity of the PS1 species. The γ-secretase components, APH-1 (anterior pharynx-defective 1) and PEN-2 (presenilin enhancer 2), as well as presenilin-2 (PS2) fragments, co-exist within these CSF complexes, while nicastrin is not detected. These CSF-PS1 complexes differ from active γ-secretase membrane-complexes, and may represent nonspecific aggregation of the PS1 protein. Levels of PS1 complexes are increased in CSF samples from autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases and were found to be more stable than complexes in CSF from control subjects. Despite similar levels of total PS1 in CSF from probable AD patients and cognitively normal subjects, an increased proportion of highly stable PS1 complexes were observed in AD CSF. Conclusions Our data suggest that fragments of the PS1 protein present in CSF as complexes may be useful as a biomarker for AD.
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Ikeda M, Yonemura K, Kakuda S, Tashiro Y, Fujita Y, Takai E, Hashimoto Y, Makioka K, Furuta N, Ishiguro K, Maruki R, Yoshida J, Miyaguchi O, Tsukie T, Kuwano R, Yamazaki T, Yamaguchi H, Amari M, Takatama M, Harigaya Y, Okamoto K. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of phosphorylated tau and Aβ1-38/Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 in Alzheimer's disease with PS1 mutations. Amyloid 2013; 20:107-12. [PMID: 23638752 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2013.790810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We studied seven cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Six of the patients had presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations (PS1AD). Three novel PS1 mutations (T99A, H131R and L219R) and three other missense mutations (M233L, H163R and V272A) were found in the PS1AD group. We measured the levels of phosphorylated tau (ptau-181, ptau-199) and Aβ (Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-38) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of PS1AD patients, early-onset sporadic AD (EOSAD), late-onset sporadic AD (LOSAD) and non-demented subjects (ND). The CSF levels of Aβ1-42 in the three AD groups were significantly lower than those of the ND group (p < 0.0001). CSF levels of Aβ1-42 in the PS1AD group were significantly lower than those in the two sporadic AD groups. The Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-38 levels in the CSF of the PS1AD group were significantly lower than those of the three other groups (p < 0.0001, respectively). The levels of Aβ1-40, Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-42 in the CSF of the PS1AD group remained lower than those of the ND group for 4 years. Not only CSF Aβ1-42, but also Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-38 decreased in the advanced stages of PS1AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Paula-Lima AC, Brito-Moreira J, Ferreira ST. Deregulation of excitatory neurotransmission underlying synapse failure in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2013; 126:191-202. [PMID: 23668663 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Memory loss in AD is increasingly attributed to soluble oligomers of the amyloid-β peptide (AβOs), toxins that accumulate in AD brains and target particular synapses. Glutamate receptors appear to be centrally involved in synaptic targeting by AβOs. Once bound to neurons, AβOs dysregulate the activity and reduce the surface expression of both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (AMPA) types of glutamate receptors, impairing signaling pathways involved in synaptic plasticity. In the extracellular milieu, AβOs promote accumulation of the excitatory amino acids, glutamate and D-serine. This leads to overactivation of glutamate receptors, triggering abnormal calcium signals with noxious impacts on neurons. Here, we review key findings linking AβOs to deregulated glutamate neurotransmission and implicating this as a primary mechanism of synapse failure in AD. We also discuss strategies to counteract the impact of AβOs on excitatory neurotransmission. In particular, we review evidence showing that inducing neuronal hyperpolarization via activation of inhibitory GABA(A) receptors prevents AβO-induced excitotoxicity, suggesting that this could comprise a possible therapeutic approach in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Paula-Lima
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Piao Y, Kimura A, Urano S, Saito Y, Taru H, Yamamoto T, Hata S, Suzuki T. Mechanism of intramembrane cleavage of alcadeins by γ-secretase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62431. [PMID: 23658629 PMCID: PMC3637299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcadein proteins (Alcs; Alcα, Alcβand Alcγ) are predominantly expressed in neurons, as is Alzheimer's β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein (APP). Both Alcs and APP are cleaved by primary α- or β-secretase to generate membrane-associated C-terminal fragments (CTFs). Alc CTFs are further cleaved by γ-secretase to secrete p3-Alc peptide along with the release of intracellular domain fragment (Alc ICD) from the membrane. In the case of APP, APP CTFβ is initially cleaved at the ε-site to release the intracellular domain fragment (AICD) and consequently the γ-site is determined, by which Aβ generates. The initial ε-site is thought to define the final γ-site position, which determines whether Aβ40/43 or Aβ42 is generated. However, initial intracellular ε-cleavage sites of Alc CTF to generate Alc ICD and the molecular mechanism that final γ-site position is determined remains unclear in Alcs. Methodology Using HEK293 cells expressing Alcs plus presenilin 1 (PS1, a catalytic unit of γ-secretase) and the membrane fractions of these cells, the generation of p3-Alc possessing C-terminal γ-cleavage site and Alc ICD possessing N-terminal ε-cleavage site were analysed with MALDI-TOF/MS. We determined the initial ε-site position of all Alcα, Alcβ and Alcγ, and analyzed the relationship between the initially determined ε-site position and the final γ-cleavage position. Conclusions The initial ε-site position does not always determine the final γ-cleavage position in Alcs, which differed from APP. No additional γ-cleavage sites are generated from artificial/non-physiological positions of ε-cleavage for Alcs, while the artificial ε-cleavage positions can influence in selection of physiological γ-site positions. Because alteration of γ-secretase activity is thought to be a pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease, Alcs are useful and sensitive substrate to detect the altered cleavage of substrates by γ-secretase, which may be induced by malfunction of γ-secretase itself or changes of membrane environment for enzymatic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Piao
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayano Kimura
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satomi Urano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuhki Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neural Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Creative Research Institute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Processing of the platelet amyloid precursor protein in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1415-23. [PMID: 23575575 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients deteriorate faster than the healthy elderly population and have an increased risk of developing dementia. Certain blood molecular biomarkers have been identified as prognostic markers in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study was aimed to assess the status of the platelet amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism in MCI and AD subjects and establish to what extent any variation could have a prognostic value suggestive of predictive AD in MCI patients. Thirty-four subjects diagnosed with MCI and 45 subjects with AD were compared to 28 healthy elderly individuals for assessing for protein levels of APP, β-APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), presenilin 1 (PS1) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-10 (ADAM-10) by western blot, and for the enzyme activities of BACE1 and γ-secretase by using specific fluorogenic substrates, in samples of platelets. A similar pattern in the healthy elderly and MCI patients was found for BACE1 and PS1 levels. A reduction of APP levels in MCI and AD patients compared with healthy elderly individuals was found. Augmented levels of ADAM-10 in both MCI and AD were displayed in comparison with age-matched control subjects. The ratio ADAM-10/BACE1 was higher for the MCI group versus AD group. Whereas BACE1 and PS1 levels were only increased in AD regarding to controls, BACE1 and γ-secretase activities augmented significantly in both MCI and AD groups. Finally, differences and similarities between MCI and AD patients were observed in several markers of platelet APP processing. Larger sample sets from diverse populations need to be analyzed to define a signature for the presence of MCI or AD pathology and to early detect AD at the MCI stage.
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Suspected limited efficacy of γ-secretase modulators. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1101-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu F, Xue ZQ, Deng SH, Kun X, Luo XG, Patrylo PR, Rose GM, Cai H, Struble RG, Cai Y, Yan XX. γ-secretase binding sites in aged and Alzheimer's disease human cerebrum: the choroid plexus as a putative origin of CSF Aβ. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1714-25. [PMID: 23432732 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of β -amyloid (Aβ) peptides, cleavage products of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase-1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase, is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). γ-Secretase inhibition is a therapeutical anti-Aβ approach, although changes in the enzyme's activity in AD brain are unclear. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ peptides are thought to derive from brain parenchyma and thus may serve as biomarkers for assessing cerebral amyloidosis and anti-Aβ efficacy. The present study compared active γ-secretase binding sites with Aβ deposition in aged and AD human cerebrum, and explored the possibility of Aβ production and secretion by the choroid plexus (CP). The specific binding density of [(3) H]-L-685,458, a radiolabeled high-affinity γ-secretase inhibitor, in the temporal neocortex and hippocampal formation was similar for AD and control cases with similar ages and post-mortem delays. The CP in post-mortem samples exhibited exceptionally high [(3) H]-L-685,458 binding density, with the estimated maximal binding sites (Bmax) reduced in the AD relative to control groups. Surgically resected human CP exhibited APP, BACE1 and presenilin-1 immunoreactivity, and β-site APP cleavage enzymatic activity. In primary culture, human CP cells also expressed these amyloidogenic proteins and released Aβ40 and Aβ42 into the medium. Overall, our results suggest that γ-secretase activity appears unaltered in the cerebrum in AD and is not correlated with regional amyloid plaque pathology. The CP appears to be a previously unrecognised non-neuronal contributor to CSF Aβ, probably at reduced levels in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Sandebring A, Welander H, Winblad B, Graff C, Tjernberg LO. The pathogenic aβ43 is enriched in familial and sporadic Alzheimer disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55847. [PMID: 23409063 PMCID: PMC3569467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid-cascade hypothesis posits that the role of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in Alzheimer disease (AD) involves polymerization into structures that eventually are deposited as amyloid plaques. During this process, neurotoxic oligomers are formed that induce synaptic loss and neuronal death. Several different isoforms of Aβ are produced, of which the 40 and 42 residue variants (Aβ40 and Aβ42) are the most common. Aβ42 has a strong tendency to form neurotoxic aggregates and is involved in AD pathogenesis. Longer Aβ isoforms, like the less studied Aβ43, are gaining attention for their higher propensity to aggregate into neurotoxic oligomers. To further investigate Aβ43 in AD, we conducted a quantitative study on Aβ43 levels in human brain. We homogenized human brain tissue and prepared fractions of various solubility; tris buffered saline (TBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and formic acid (FA). Levels of Aβ43, as well as Aβ40 and Aβ42, were quantified using ELISA. We compared quantitative data showing Aβ levels in occipital and frontal cortex from sporadic (SAD) and familial (FAD) AD cases, as well as non-demented (ND) controls. Results showed Aβ43 present in each fraction from the SAD and FAD cases, while its level was lower than the detection limit in the majority of the ND-cases. Aβ42 and Aβ43 were enriched in the less soluble fractions (SDS and FA) of SAD and FAD cases in both occipital and frontal cortex. Thus, although the total levels of Aβ43 in human brain are low compared to Aβ40 and Aβ42, we suggest that Aβ43 could initiate the formation of oligomers and amyloid plaques and thereby be crucial to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sandebring
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research center (KI-ADRC), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hedvig Welander
- Department of Public Health/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research center (KI-ADRC), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research center (KI-ADRC), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars O. Tjernberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research center (KI-ADRC), Huddinge, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Saito Y, Inoue T, Zhu G, Kimura N, Okada M, Nishimura M, Kimura N, Murayama S, Kaneko S, Shigemoto R, Imoto K, Suzuki T. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated channels: a potential molecular link between epileptic seizures and Aβ generation in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:50. [PMID: 23034178 PMCID: PMC3524764 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the best-characterized causative factors of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the generation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). AD subjects are at high risk of epileptic seizures accompanied by aberrant neuronal excitability, which in itself enhances Aβ generation. However, the molecular linkage between epileptic seizures and Aβ generation in AD remains unclear. Results X11 and X11-like (X11L) gene knockout mice suffered from epileptic seizures, along with a malfunction of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) channels. Genetic ablation of HCN1 in mice and HCN1 channel blockage in cultured Neuro2a (N2a) cells enhanced Aβ generation. Interestingly, HCN1 levels dramatically decreased in the temporal lobe of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) during aging and were significantly diminished in the temporal lobe of sporadic AD patients. Conclusion Because HCN1 associates with amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) and X11/X11L in the brain, genetic deficiency of X11/X11L may induce aberrant HCN1 distribution along with epilepsy. Moreover, the reduction in HCN1 levels in aged primates may contribute to augmented Aβ generation. Taken together, HCN1 is proposed to play an important role in the molecular linkage between epileptic seizures and Aβ generation, and in the aggravation of sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhki Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita12-Nishi6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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