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Zhu B, Zhu X, Borland MG, Ralph DH, Chiaro CR, Krausz KW, Ntambi JM, Glick AB, Patterson AD, Perdew GH, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in Keratinocytes by Endogenous Fatty Acids. Biomolecules 2024; 14:606. [PMID: 38927010 PMCID: PMC11201440 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors exist in dynamic equilibrium between transcriptionally active and inactive complexes dependent on interactions with ligands, proteins, and chromatin. The present studies examined the hypothesis that endogenous ligands activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in keratinocytes. The phorbol ester treatment or HRAS infection of primary keratinocytes increased fatty acids that were associated with enhanced PPARβ/δ activity. Fatty acids caused PPARβ/δ-dependent increases in chromatin occupancy and the expression of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4) mRNA. Analyses demonstrated that stearoyl Co-A desaturase 1 (Scd1) mediates an increase in intracellular monounsaturated fatty acids in keratinocytes that act as PPARβ/δ ligands. The activation of PPARβ/δ with palmitoleic or oleic acid causes arrest at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle of HRAS-expressing keratinocytes that is not found in similarly treated HRAS-expressing Pparb/d-null keratinocytes. HRAS-expressing Scd1-null mouse keratinocytes exhibit enhanced cell proliferation, an effect that is mitigated by treatment with palmitoleic or oleic acid. Consistent with these findings, the ligand activation of PPARβ/δ with GW0742 or oleic acid prevented UVB-induced non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis, an effect that required PPARβ/δ. The results from these studies demonstrate that PPARβ/δ has endogenous roles in keratinocytes and can be activated by lipids found in diet and cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokai Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Michael G. Borland
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Douglas H. Ralph
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Christopher R. Chiaro
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
- Department of Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.W.K.); (F.J.G.)
| | - James M. Ntambi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Adam B. Glick
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Gary H. Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.W.K.); (F.J.G.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Zhang Y, Xiao B, Liu Y, Wu S, Xiang Q, Xiao Y, Zhao J, Yuan R, Xie K, Li L. Roles of PPAR activation in cancer therapeutic resistance: Implications for combination therapy and drug development. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 964:176304. [PMID: 38142851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance is a major obstacle to successful treatment or effective containment of cancer. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play an essential role in regulating energy homeostasis and determining cell fate. Despite of the pleiotropic roles of PPARs in cancer, numerous studies have suggested their intricate relationship with therapeutic resistance in cancer. In this review, we provided an overview of the roles of excessively activated PPARs in promoting resistance to modern anti-cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The mechanisms through which activated PPARs contribute to therapeutic resistance in most cases include metabolic reprogramming, anti-oxidant defense, anti-apoptosis signaling, proliferation-promoting pathways, and induction of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In addition, we discussed the mechanisms through which activated PPARs lead to multidrug resistance in cancer, including drug efflux, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and acquisition and maintenance of the cancer stem cell phenotype. Preliminary studies investigating the effect of combination therapies with PPAR antagonists have suggested the potential of these antagonists in reversing resistance and facilitating sustained cancer management. These findings will provide a valuable reference for further research on and clinical translation of PPAR-targeting treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- School of Medicine, The South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Yunduo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Shunhong Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Yuhan Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Junxiu Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Ruanfei Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Keping Xie
- School of Medicine, The South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Linhai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
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Wang J, Wang G, Hu T, Wang H, Zhou Y. Identification of an ADME-related gene for forecasting the prognosis and responding to immunotherapy in sarcomas. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:45. [PMID: 38212774 PMCID: PMC10782529 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There are more than 170 subtypes of sarcomas (SARC), which pose a challenge for diagnosis and patient management. Relatively simple or complex karyotypes play an indispensable role in the early diagnosis and effective treatment of SARC. The genes related to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug can serve as prognostic biomarkers of cancer and potential drug targets. In this study, a risk score signature was created. The SARC cohort was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and divided into high-risk group and low-risk group according to the median value of risk score. Compared with high-risk group, low-risk group has a longer survival time, which is also verified in osteosarcoma cohort from Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) database. In addition, the relationship between the signature and immunophenotypes, including status of immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression, was explored. Then, we found that high-risk group is in immunosuppressive status. Finally, we verified that PPARD played a role as a carcinogen in osteosarcoma, which provided a direction for targeted treatment of osteosarcoma in the future. Generally speaking, the signature can not only help clinicians predict the prognosis of patients with SARC, but also provide a theoretical basis for developing more effective targeted drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Tianrui Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Medical College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Ramaraj JA, Narayan S. Anti-aging Strategies and Topical Delivery of Biopolymer-based Nanocarriers for Skin Cancer Treatment. Curr Aging Sci 2024; 17:31-48. [PMID: 36941817 DOI: 10.2174/1874609816666230320122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors like UV radiation and epigenetic changes are significant factors for skin cancer that trigger early aging. This review provides essential information on cancer development concerning aging, the receptors involved, and the therapeutic targets. Biopolymers like polysaccharide, polyphenols, proteins, and nucleic acid plays a vital role in the regulation of normal cell homeostasis. Therefore, it is pertinent to explore the role of biopolymers as antiaging formulations and the possibility of these formulations being used against cancer via topical administrations. As UV radiation is one of the predominant factors in causing skin cancer, the association of receptors between aging and cancer indicated that insulin receptor, melatonin receptor, toll-like receptor, SIRT 1 receptor, tumor-specific T cell receptor and mitochondria-based targeting could be used to direct therapeutics for suppression of cancer and prevent aging. Biopolymer-based nanoformulations have tremendously progressed by entrapment of drugs like curcumin and resveratrol which can prevent cancer and aging simultaneously. Certain protein signaling or calcium and ROS signaling pathways are different for cancer and aging. The involvement of mitochondrial DNA mutation along with telomere shortening with a change in cellular energetics leading to genomic instability in the aging process can also induce mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic alterations leading to skin cancer. Therefore, the use of biopolymers as a topical supplement during the aging process can result in the prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jino Affrald Ramaraj
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Shoba Narayan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
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5
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Liu Y, Wei D, Deguchi Y, Xu W, Tian R, Liu F, Xu M, Mao F, Li D, Chen W, Valentin LA, Deguchi E, Yao JC, Shureiqi I, Zuo X. PPARδ dysregulation of CCL20/CCR6 axis promotes gastric adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis by remodeling gastric tumor microenvironment. Gastric Cancer 2023; 26:904-917. [PMID: 37572185 PMCID: PMC10640489 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01418-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) promotes inflammation and carcinogenesis in many organs, but the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. In stomachs, PPARδ significantly increases chemokine Ccl20 expression in gastric epithelial cells while inducing gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). CCR6 is the sole receptor of CCL20. Here, we examine the role of PPARδ-mediated Ccl20/Ccr6 signaling in GAC carcinogenesis and investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The effects of PPARδ inhibition by its specific antagonist GSK3787 on GAC were examined in the mice with villin-promoter-driven PPARδ overexpression (PpardTG). RNAscope Duplex Assays were used to measure Ccl20 and Ccr6 levels in stomachs and spleens. Subsets of stomach-infiltrating immune cells were measured via flow cytometry or immunostaining in PpardTG mice fed GSK3787 or control diet. A panel of 13 optimized proinflammatory chemokines in mouse sera were quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS GSK3787 significantly suppressed GAC carcinogenesis in PpardTG mice. PPARδ increased Ccl20 level to chemoattract Ccr6+ immunosuppressive cells, including tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and T regulatory cells, but decreased CD8+ T cells in gastric tissues. GSK3787 suppressed PPARδ-induced gastric immunosuppression by inhibiting Ccl20/Ccr6 axis. Furthermore, Ccl20 protein levels increased in sera of PpardTG mice starting at the age preceding gastric tumor development and further increased with GAC progression as the mice aged. GSK3787 decreased the PPARδ-upregulated Ccl20 levels in sera of the mice. CONCLUSIONS PPARδ dysregulation of Ccl20/Ccr6 axis promotes GAC carcinogenesis by remodeling gastric tumor microenvironment. CCL20 might be a potential biomarker for the early detection and progression of GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yasunori Deguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fuyao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fei Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lovie Ann Valentin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eriko Deguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James C Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Rogel Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Zhang M, Barroso E, Ruart M, Peña L, Peyman M, Aguilar-Recarte D, Montori-Grau M, Rada P, Cugat C, Montironi C, Zarei M, Jurado-Aguilar J, Camins A, Balsinde J, Valverde ÁM, Wahli W, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M. Elafibranor upregulates the EMT-inducer S100A4 via PPARβ/δ. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115623. [PMID: 37783154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elafibranor is a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and β/δ agonist that has reached a phase III clinical trial for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Here, we examined the effects of elafibranor in mice fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CD-HFD), a model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) that presents obesity and insulin resistance. Our findings revealed that elafibranor treatment ameliorated steatosis, inflammation, and fibrogenesis in the livers of CD-HFD-fed mice. Unexpectedly, elafibranor also increased the levels of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-promoting protein S100A4 via PPARβ/δ activation. The increase in S100A4 protein levels caused by elafibranor was accompanied by changes in the levels of markers associated with the EMT program. The S100A4 induction caused by elafibranor was confirmed in the BRL-3A rat liver cells and a mouse primary hepatocyte culture. Furthermore, elafibranor reduced the levels of ASB2, a protein that promotes S100A4 degradation, while ASB2 overexpression prevented the stimulating effect of elafibranor on S100A4. Collectively, these findings reveal an unexpected hepatic effect of elafibranor on increasing S100A4 and promoting the EMT program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Maria Ruart
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lucía Peña
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mona Peyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - David Aguilar-Recarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marta Montori-Grau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Cugat
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carla Montironi
- Pathology Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Renal Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Javier Jurado-Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore; INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
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7
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Agrez M, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Mason RS, Chandler C, Piva TJ, Thurecht K, Fletcher N, Liu F, Subramaniam G, Howard CB, Blyth B, Parker S, Turner D, Rzepecka J, Knox G, Nika A, Hall A, Gooding H, Gallagher L. An immunomodulating peptide to counteract solar radiation-induced immunosuppression and DNA damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11702. [PMID: 37474630 PMCID: PMC10359417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces immunosuppression and DNA damage, both of which contribute to the rising global incidence of skin cancer including melanoma. Nucleotide excision repair, which is activated upon UVR-induced DNA damage, is linked to expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) which serves to limit immunosuppression and augment the DNA repair process. Herein, we report an immunomodulating peptide, designated IK14800, that not only elicits secretion of IL-12, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) but also reduces DNA damage in the skin following exposure to UVR. Combined with re-invigoration of exhausted CD4+ T cells, inhibition of UVR-induced MMP-1 release and suppression of B16F10 melanoma metastases, IK14800 offers an opportunity to gain further insight into mechanisms underlying the development and progression of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Agrez
- InterK Peptide Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Terrence J Piva
- Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristofer Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Feifei Liu
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gayathri Subramaniam
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Parker
- InterK Peptide Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Gavin Knox
- Concept Life Sciences Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Andrew Hall
- Concept Life Sciences Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland
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8
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Sun J, Yu L, Qu X, Huang T. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the tumor microenvironment, tumor cell metabolism, and anticancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1184794. [PMID: 37251321 PMCID: PMC10213337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been extensively studied for over 3 decades and consist of three isotypes, including PPARα, γ, and β/δ, that were originally considered key metabolic regulators controlling energy homeostasis in the body. Cancer has become a leading cause of human mortality worldwide, and the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in cancer is increasingly being investigated, especially the deep molecular mechanisms and effective cancer therapies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are an important class of lipid sensors and are involved in the regulation of multiple metabolic pathways and cell fate. They can regulate cancer progression in different tissues by activating endogenous or synthetic compounds. This review emphasizes the significance and knowledge of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the tumor microenvironment, tumor cell metabolism, and anti-cancer treatment by summarizing recent research on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. In general, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors either promote or suppress cancer in different types of tumor microenvironments. The emergence of this difference depends on various factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type, cancer type, and tumor stage. Simultaneously, the effect of anti-cancer therapy based on drug-targeted PPARs differs or even opposes among the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor homotypes and different cancer types. Therefore, the current status and challenges of the use of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists and antagonists in cancer treatment are further explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaao Sun
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liyan Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xueling Qu
- Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Center(Group), Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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9
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Zhang Y, Inoue Y, Fardous J, Doi R, Ijima T, Fujibuchi T, Yamashita YI, Aishima S, Ijima H. Prevention and Repair of Ultraviolet B-Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice via Transdermal Delivery of Growth Factors Immobilized in a Gel-in-Oil Nanoemulsion. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9239-9249. [PMID: 36936322 PMCID: PMC10018507 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources is one of the primary causes of skin damage, including sunburns, tanning, erythema, and skin cancer. Among the three different types of UV rays, UVB rays have a medium wavelength that can penetrate the epidermal layer of the skin, resulting in sunburn, suntan, blistering, and melanoma in case of chronic exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic effects of a gel-in-oil nanogel dispersion (G/O-NGD) as a transdermal delivery biomolecular carrier for skin damage caused by UVB light. The efficacy of this carrier against UVB-induced skin damage was investigated in vivo by delivering different growth factors (GFs) encapsulated in a G/O-NGD. Artificial UVB light was used to induce skin damage in nude mice, followed by the transdermal application of five GF [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-1, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-α]-immobilized G/O-NGD. Among these GFs, VEGF and bFGF promoted angiogenesis, while EGF, TGF-1, and IGF-α promoted the repair and regeneration of damaged cells. The results showed that G/O-NGD was superior to heparin-immobilized G/O-NGD in reducing UVB-induced skin damage, such as erythema, epidermal water reduction, inflammation, and dermis thickening. In addition, G/O-NGD could prevent and treat abnormal follicle proliferation caused by UVB rays and exhibited potential to repair lipid glands. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of G/O-NGDs for the treatment of UVB-induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuuta Inoue
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jannatul Fardous
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Comilla
University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh
| | - Ryota Doi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ijima
- Department
of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-01-2, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshioh Fujibuchi
- Department
of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Yo-ichi Yamashita
- Aso
Iizuka Hospital, 3-83,
Yoshio-machi, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8505 Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department
of Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1
Nabeshima, Saga-city, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ijima
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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10
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The Role of PPARs in Breast Cancer. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010130. [PMID: 36611922 PMCID: PMC9818187 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and lethality. Its pathogenesis is related to the abnormal expression of many genes. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-dependent transcription factors in the nuclear receptor superfamily. They can regulate the transcription of a large number of target genes, which are involved in life activities such as cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis, and regulate physiological processes such as glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and wound healing. Further, the changes in its expression are associated with various diseases, including breast cancer. The experimental reports related to "PPAR" and "breast cancer" were retrieved from PubMed since the discovery of PPARs and summarized in this paper. This review (1) analyzed the roles and potential molecular mechanisms of non-coordinated and ligand-activated subtypes of PPARs in breast cancer progression; (2) discussed the correlations between PPARs and estrogen receptors (ERs) as the nuclear receptor superfamily; and (3) investigated the interaction between PPARs and key regulators in several signaling pathways. As a result, this paper identifies PPARs as targets for breast cancer prevention and treatment in order to provide more evidence for the synthesis of new drugs targeting PPARs or the search for new drug combination treatments.
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11
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Cheng YY, Gregorich Z, Prajnamitra RP, Lundy DJ, Ma TY, Huang YH, Lee YC, Ruan SC, Lin JH, Lin PJ, Kuo CW, Chen P, Yan YT, Tian R, Kamp TJ, Hsieh PC. Metabolic Changes Associated With Cardiomyocyte Dedifferentiation Enable Adult Mammalian Cardiac Regeneration. Circulation 2022; 146:1950-1967. [PMID: 36420731 PMCID: PMC9808601 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac regeneration after injury is limited by the low proliferative capacity of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes (CMs). However, certain animals readily regenerate lost myocardium through a process involving dedifferentiation, which unlocks their proliferative capacities. METHODS We bred mice with inducible, CM-specific expression of the Yamanaka factors, enabling adult CM reprogramming and dedifferentiation in vivo. RESULTS Two days after induction, adult CMs presented a dedifferentiated phenotype and increased proliferation in vivo. Microarray analysis revealed that upregulation of ketogenesis was central to this process. Adeno-associated virus-driven HMGCS2 overexpression induced ketogenesis in adult CMs and recapitulated CM dedifferentiation and proliferation observed during partial reprogramming. This same phenomenon was found to occur after myocardial infarction, specifically in the border zone tissue, and HMGCS2 knockout mice showed impaired cardiac function and response to injury. Finally, we showed that exogenous HMGCS2 rescues cardiac function after ischemic injury. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the importance of HMGCS2-induced ketogenesis as a means to regulate metabolic response to CM injury, thus allowing cell dedifferentiation and proliferation as a regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Zachery Gregorich
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - David J. Lundy
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yun Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chan Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chian Ruan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hao Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ju Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chiung Wen Kuo
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Rong Tian
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Timothy J. Kamp
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Patrick C.H. Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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12
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152432. [PMID: 35954274 PMCID: PMC9368267 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) function as nuclear transcription factors upon the binding of physiological or pharmacological ligands and heterodimerization with retinoic X receptors. Physiological ligands include fatty acids and fatty-acid-derived compounds with low specificity for the different PPAR subtypes (alpha, beta/delta, and gamma). For each of the PPAR subtypes, specific pharmacological agonists and antagonists, as well as pan-agonists, are available. In agreement with their natural ligands, PPARs are mainly focused on as targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Nevertheless, many publications are available that implicate PPARs in malignancies. In several instances, they are controversial for very similar models. Thus, to better predict the potential use of PPAR modulators for personalized medicine in therapies against malignancies, it seems necessary and timely to review the three PPARs in relation to the didactic concept of cancer hallmark capabilities. We previously described the functions of PPAR beta/delta with respect to the cancer hallmarks and reviewed the implications of all PPARs in angiogenesis. Thus, the current review updates our knowledge on PPAR beta and the hallmarks of cancer and extends the concept to PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wagner
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (K.-D.W.); Tel.: +33-489-153-713 (K.-D.W.)
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13
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Li W, Yu Y, Cheng H, Liu S, Gong T, Ma J, Tang Q. Quercetin Inhibits KBM7R Cell Proliferation through Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:1378976. [PMID: 35783534 PMCID: PMC9249478 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1378976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Tyrosine kinase inhibitors could treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) effectively, but they have no effect on patients with T315I mutation. It is necessary to find drugs to overcome the resistance. Quercetin (Qu) is a kind of bioflavonoid with an antitumor effect. In this study, we observed the effect of Qu on proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in KBM7R cells, an imatinib-resistant cell with T315I mutation. Methods The IC50 of Qu was detected by trypan blue staining. The KBM7R cell apoptosis and cycle were detected through the method of flow cytometry (FCM). The expression of the related mRNA and protein was evaluated by means of an RT-PCR assay and western blot in KBM7 (sensitive to IM) and KBM7R cells. Results These results showed that in the KBM7R cell, the proliferation inhibition effect was increased after 48 h administration with different Qu concentrations. The IC50 to Qu was 241.7 μmol/L. The different doses of Qu (50, 100, and 200 μmol/L) would raise apoptosis and depress the cell cycle at the G1 phase. Dealing with a median Qu concentration (100 μmol/L) for 48 h, the mRNA and the protein level of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 along with p21 and p27 raised compared with the control. The median concentration of Qu could inhibit both the mRNA and protein levels of GSK-3β, β-catenin, and Lef-1 in the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway and also the downstream targets PPAR-δ and cyclin D1 in both KBM7 and KBM7R cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that Qu could inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and arrest the cell cycle on IM-resistant KBM7R cells with T315I mutation. And this effect could be related with the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway and downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Harbin Hematology & Oncology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150010, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Harbin Hematology & Oncology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150010, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huanchen Cheng
- Institute of Harbin Hematology & Oncology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150010, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shengwei Liu
- Institute of Harbin Hematology & Oncology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150010, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tiejun Gong
- Institute of Harbin Hematology & Oncology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150010, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Harbin Hematology & Oncology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150010, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qinghua Tang
- Institute of Harbin Hematology & Oncology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150010, Heilongjiang, China
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14
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Identifying the Metabolic Signatures of PPARD-Overexpressing Gastric Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031645. [PMID: 35163565 PMCID: PMC8835946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) is a nuclear receptor known to play an essential role in regulation of cell metabolism, cell proliferation, inflammation, and tumorigenesis in normal and cancer cells. Recently, we found that a newly generated villin-PPARD mouse model, in which PPARD is overexpressed in villin-positive gastric progenitor cells, demonstrated spontaneous development of large, invasive gastric tumors as the mice aged. However, the role of PPARD in regulation of downstream metabolism in normal gastric and tumor cells is elusive. The aim of the present study was to find PPARD-regulated downstream metabolic changes and to determine the potential significance of those changes to gastric tumorigenesis in mice. Hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed for metabolic profiling to determine the PPARD-regulated metabolite changes in PPARD mice at different ages during the development of gastric cancer, and the changes were compared to corresponding wild-type mice. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomic screening results showed higher levels of inosine monophosphate (p = 0.0054), uracil (p = 0.0205), phenylalanine (p = 0.017), glycine (p = 0.014), and isocitrate (p = 0.029) and lower levels of inosine (p = 0.0188) in 55-week-old PPARD mice than in 55-week-old wild-type mice. As the PPARD mice aged from 10 weeks to 35 weeks and 55 weeks, we observed significant changes in levels of the metabolites inosine monophosphate (p = 0.0054), adenosine monophosphate (p = 0.009), UDP-glucose (p = 0.0006), and oxypurinol (p = 0.039). Hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy performed to measure lactate flux in live 10-week-old PPARD mice with no gastric tumors and 35-week-old PPARD mice with gastric tumors did not reveal a significant difference in the ratio of lactate to total pyruvate plus lactate, indicating that this PPARD-induced spontaneous gastric tumor development does not require glycolysis as the main source of fuel for tumorigenesis. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based measurement of fatty acid levels showed lower linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and steric acid levels in 55-week-old PPARD mice than in 10-week-old PPARD mice, supporting fatty acid oxidation as a bioenergy source for PPARD-expressing gastric tumors.
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15
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Cheng HS, Yip YS, Lim EKY, Wahli W, Tan NS. PPARs and Tumor Microenvironment: The Emerging Roles of the Metabolic Master Regulators in Tumor Stromal-Epithelial Crosstalk and Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092153. [PMID: 33946986 PMCID: PMC8125182 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been extensively studied for more than three decades. Consisting of three isotypes, PPARα, γ, and β/δ, these nuclear receptors are regarded as the master metabolic regulators which govern many aspects of the body energy homeostasis and cell fate. Their roles in malignancy are also increasingly recognized. With the growing interest in crosstalk between tumor stroma and epithelium, this review aims to highlight the current knowledge on the implications of PPARs in the tumor microenvironment. PPARγ plays a crucial role in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer-associated fibroblasts and adipocytes, coercing the two stromal cells to become substrate donors for cancer growth. Fibroblast PPARβ/δ can modify the risk of tumor initiation and cancer susceptibility. In endothelial cells, PPARβ/δ and PPARα are pro- and anti-angiogenic, respectively. Although the angiogenic role of PPARγ remains ambiguous, it is a crucial regulator in autocrine and paracrine signaling of cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages/immune cells. Of note, angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), a secretory protein encoded by a target gene of PPARs, triggers critical oncogenic processes such as inflammatory signaling, extracellular matrix derangement, anoikis resistance and metastasis, making it a potential drug target for cancer treatment. To conclude, PPARs in the tumor microenvironment exhibit oncogenic activities which are highly controversial and dependent on many factors such as stromal cell types, cancer types, and oncogenesis stages. Thus, the success of PPAR-based anticancer treatment potentially relies on innovative strategies to modulate PPAR activity in a cell type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (Y.S.Y.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.C.); (N.S.T.); Tel.: +65-6904-1295 (N.S.T.)
| | - Yun Sheng Yip
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (Y.S.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Eldeen Kai Yi Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (Y.S.Y.); (W.W.)
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (Y.S.Y.); (W.W.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (H.S.C.); (N.S.T.); Tel.: +65-6904-1295 (N.S.T.)
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16
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Wei Q, Qian Y, Yu J, Wong CC. Metabolic rewiring in the promotion of cancer metastasis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Oncogene 2020; 39:6139-6156. [PMID: 32839493 PMCID: PMC7515827 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the major cause of mortality from cancer. Metabolic rewiring and the metastatic cascade are highly intertwined, co-operating to promote multiple steps of cancer metastasis. Metabolites generated by cancer cells influence the metastatic cascade, encompassing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), survival of cancer cells in circulation, and metastatic colonization at distant sites. A variety of molecular mechanisms underlie the prometastatic effect of tumor-derived metabolites, such as epigenetic deregulation, induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), promotion of cancer stemness, and alleviation of oxidative stress. Conversely, metastatic signaling regulates expression and activity of rate-limiting metabolic enzymes to generate prometastatic metabolites thereby reinforcing the metastasis cascade. Understanding the complex interplay between metabolism and metastasis could unravel novel molecular targets, whose intervention could lead to improvements in the treatment of cancer. In this review, we summarized the recent discoveries involving metabolism and tumor metastasis, and emphasized the promising molecular targets, with an update on the development of small molecule or biologic inhibitors against these aberrant situations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyao Wei
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Chun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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The Emerging Role of PPAR Beta/Delta in Tumor Angiogenesis. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:3608315. [PMID: 32855630 PMCID: PMC7443046 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3608315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARs are ligand-activated transcriptional factors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Among them, PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma are prone to exert an antiangiogenic effect, whereas PPAR beta/delta has an opposite effect in physiological and pathological conditions. Angiogenesis has been known as a hallmark of cancer, and our recent works also demonstrate that vascular-specific PPAR beta/delta overexpression promotes tumor angiogenesis and progression in vivo. In this review, we will mainly focus on the role of PPAR beta/delta in tumor angiogenesis linked to the tumor microenvironment to further facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. Moreover, the crosstalk between PPAR beta/delta and its downstream key signal molecules involved in tumor angiogenesis will also be discussed, and the network of interplay between them will further be established in the review.
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18
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Kadayat TM, Shrestha A, Jeon YH, An H, Kim J, Cho SJ, Chin J. Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta (PPARδ): A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10109-10134. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Man Kadayat
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Aarajana Shrestha
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jeon
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongchan An
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Chin
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
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19
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. PPAR Beta/Delta and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051133. [PMID: 32375405 PMCID: PMC7291220 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor family. Three different isoforms, PPAR alpha, PPAR beta/delta and PPAR gamma have been identified. They all form heterodimers with retinoic X receptors to activate or repress downstream target genes dependent on the presence/absence of ligands and coactivators or corepressors. PPARs differ in their tissue expression profile, ligands and specific agonists and antagonists. PPARs attract attention as potential therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. PPAR alpha and gamma agonists are in clinical use for the treatment of dyslipidemias and diabetes. For both receptors, several clinical trials as potential therapeutic targets for cancer are ongoing. In contrast, PPAR beta/delta has been suggested as a therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. However, potential risks in the settings of cancer are less clear. A variety of studies have investigated PPAR beta/delta expression or activation/inhibition in different cancer cell models in vitro, but the relevance for cancer growth in vivo is less well documented and controversial. In this review, we summarize critically the knowledge of PPAR beta/delta functions for the different hallmarks of cancer biological capabilities, which interplay to determine cancer growth.
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20
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Deficiency in fibroblast PPARβ/δ reduces nonmelanoma skin cancers in mice. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2668-2680. [PMID: 32313198 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been increasing worldwide. Most studies have highlighted the importance of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in NMSC progression. However much less is known about the communication between normal fibroblasts and epithelia; disruption of this communication affects tumor initiation and the latency period in the emergence of tumors. Delineating the mechanism that mediates this epithelial-mesenchymal communication in NMSC could identify more effective targeted therapies. The nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ in fibroblasts has been shown to modulate adjacent epithelial cell behavior, however, its role in skin tumorigenesis remains unknown. Using chemically induced skin carcinogenesis, we showed that FSPCre-Pparb/dex4 mice, whose Pparb/d gene was selectively deleted in fibroblasts, had delayed emergence and reduced tumor burden compared with control mice (Pparb/dfl/fl). However, FSPCre-Pparb/dex4-derived tumors showed increased proliferation, with no difference in differentiation, suggesting delayed tumor initiation. Network analysis revealed a link between dermal Pparb/d and TGF-β1 with epidermal NRF2 and Nox4. In vitro investigations showed that PPARβ/δ deficiency in fibroblasts increased epidermal Nox4-derived H2O2 production, which triggered an NRF2-mediated antioxidant response. We further showed that H2O2 upregulated NRF2 mRNA via the B-Raf-MEK1/2 pathway. The enhanced NRF2 response altered the activities of PTEN, Src, and AKT. In vivo, we detected the differential phosphorylation profiles of B-Raf, MEK1/2, PTEN, Src, and AKT in the vehicle-treated and chemically treated epidermis of FSPCre-Pparb/dex4 mice compared with that in Pparb/dfl/fl mice, prior to the first appearance of tumors in Pparb/dfl/fl. Our study revealed a role for fibroblast PPARβ/δ in the epithelial-mesenchymal communication involved in cellular redox homeostasis.
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21
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Chen L, Karisma VW, Liu H, Zhong L. MicroRNA-300: A Transcellular Mediator in Exosome Regulates Melanoma Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1005. [PMID: 31681565 PMCID: PMC6803498 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a common and high-mortality skin cancer. Oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light (UV) are major causative factors of melanoma formation. However, the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, 218 dysregulated genes and 104 dysregulated miRNAs in response to UV were screened by analyzing sequencing datasets. Among them, 29 up-regulated miRNAs and 28 down-regulated miRNAs were involved in the melanoma pathway. As the only differential gene in the melanoma pathway, GADD45B severely affects the prognosis of melanoma patients. MiR-300 is the only differentially expressed miRNA that regulates GADD45B. In addition, compared to normal melanocytes, miR-300 was significantly down-regulated in melanoma cells (log FC = −1.63) and exosomes (log FC = −1.34). Among the transcription factors predicted to regulate miR-300, MYC, PPARG, and ZIC2 were significantly up-regulated in melanoma cells, and TP53, JUN, JUNB, FOS, and FOSB interacted with GADD45B. We attempted to reveal the pathogenesis of melanoma and screen new biomarkers by constructing a TF-mRNA-miRNA axis in turn to provide a view for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Bioengineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Huawen Liu
- Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Bioengineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Peters JM, Kim DJ, Bility MT, Borland MG, Zhu B, Gonzalez FJ. Regulatory mechanisms mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ in skin cancer. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1612-1622. [PMID: 31062422 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made during the past 20 years towards elucidating the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in skin cancer. In 1999, the original notion that PPARβ/δ was involved with epithelial cell function was postulated based on a correlation between PPARβ/δ expression and the induction of messenger RNAs encoding proteins that mediate terminal differentiation in keratinocytes. Subsequent studies definitively revealed that PPARβ/δ could induce terminal differentiation and inhibit proliferation of keratinocytes. Molecular mechanisms have since been discovered to explain how this nuclear receptor can be targeted for preventing and treating skin cancer. This includes the regulation of terminal differentiation, mitotic signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and cellular senescence. Interestingly, the effects of activating PPARβ/δ can preferentially target keratinocytes with genetic mutations associated with skin cancer. This review provides the history and current understanding of how PPARβ/δ can be targeted for both nonmelanoma skin cancer and melanoma and postulates how future approaches that modulate PPARβ/δ signaling may be developed for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Dae J Kim
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Moses T Bility
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael G Borland
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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23
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The Role of PPARβ/δ in Melanoma Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102860. [PMID: 30241392 PMCID: PMC6213649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator⁻activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ, a ligand-activated transcription factor, is involved in diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, inflammation and energy homeostasis. Besides its well-established roles in metabolic disorders, PPARβ/δ has been linked to carcinogenesis and was reported to inhibit melanoma cell proliferation, anchorage-dependent clonogenicity and ectopic xenograft tumorigenicity. However, PPARβ/δ's role in tumour progression and metastasis remains controversial. METHODS In the present studies, the consequence of PPARβ/δ inhibition either by global genetic deletion or by a specific PPARβ/δ antagonist, 10h, on malignant transformation of melanoma cells and melanoma metastasis was examined using both in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS Our study showed that 10h promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, adhesion, invasion and trans-endothelial migration of mouse melanoma B16/F10 cells. We further demonstrated an increased tumour cell extravasation in the lungs of wild-type mice subjected to 10h treatment and in Pparβ/δ-/- mice in an experimental mouse model of blood-borne pulmonary metastasis by tail vein injection. This observation was further supported by an increased tumour burden in the lungs of Pparβ/δ-/- mice as demonstrated in the same animal model. CONCLUSION These results indicated a protective role of PPARβ/δ in melanoma progression and metastasis.
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24
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Han ZH, Wang F, Wang FL, Liu Q, Zhou J. Regulation of transforming growth factor β-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells by c-Src kinase under high glucose conditions. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1520-1528. [PMID: 30116401 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that high glucose (HG) conditions may contribute to the acceleration of renal cell apoptosis and renal fibrosis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tubular epithelial cells, in which c-Src kinase and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are key modulators. In the present study, the roles of c-Src kinase and TGF-β in EMT of lens epithelial cells (LECs) under HG conditions were investigated. Results indicated human lens epithelial B3 (HLE-B3) cells under HG conditions exhibited significantly increased protein expression levels of phosphorylated c-Src (p-Src418) (P<0.05) and secreted a significantly increased amount of TGF-β compared with HLE-B3 cells under normal glucose conditions (P<0.05). Notably the c-Src inhibitor PP1 and the activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor SB431542 suppressed EMT of HLE-B3 cells. Results indicated that PP1 significantly inhibited the activities of c-Src and ALK5 and the secretion of TGF-β, whereas SB431542 only significantly downregulated the protein expression levels and secretion of TGF-β (P<0.05). Following c-Src knockdown, the protein expression levels of p-Src418, ALK5 and TGF-β were significantly decreased, the secretion of TGF-β was significantly suppressed (both P<0.05) and EMT was decreased in HLE-B3 cells. These results suggest that c-Src and TGF-β may promote EMT of LECs under HG conditions, with c-Src as the upstream regulatory molecule. Thus, the signal axis of c-Src/TGF-β in EMT of LECs may be a potential novel therapeutic target for the prevention of diabetic subcapsular cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Lei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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25
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Smolinski MP, Bu Y, Clements J, Gelman IH, Hegab T, Cutler DL, Fang JWS, Fetterly G, Kwan R, Barnett A, Lau JYN, Hangauer DG. Discovery of Novel Dual Mechanism of Action Src Signaling and Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors (KX2-391 and KX2-361). J Med Chem 2018; 61:4704-4719. [PMID: 29617135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of potent, peptide site directed, tyrosine kinase inhibitors has remained an elusive goal. Herein we describe the discovery of two such clinical candidates that inhibit the tyrosine kinase Src. Compound 1 is a phase 3 clinical trial candidate that is likely to provide a first in class topical treatment for actinic keratosis (AK) with good efficacy and dramatically less toxicity compared to existing standard therapy. Compound 2 is a phase 1 clinical trial candidate that is likely to provide a first in class treatment of malignant glioblastoma and induces 30% long-term complete tumor remission in animal models. The discovery strategy for these compounds iteratively utilized molecular modeling, along with the synthesis and testing of increasingly elaborated proof of concept compounds, until the final clinical candidates were arrived at. This was followed with mechanism of action (MOA) studies that revealed tubulin polymerization inhibition as the second MOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Smolinski
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Yahao Bu
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - James Clements
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics , Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Elm and Carlton Streets , Buffalo , New York 14263 , United States
| | - Taher Hegab
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - David L Cutler
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Jane W S Fang
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Gerald Fetterly
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Rudolf Kwan
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Allen Barnett
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Johnson Y N Lau
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - David G Hangauer
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
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26
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Tan EHP, Sng MK, How ISB, Chan JSK, Chen J, Tan CK, Wahli W, Tan NS. ROS release by PPARβ/δ-null fibroblasts reduces tumor load through epithelial antioxidant response. Oncogene 2018; 37:2067-2078. [PMID: 29367760 PMCID: PMC5895604 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor stroma has an active role in the initiation, growth, and propagation of many tumor types by secreting growth factors and modulating redox status of the microenvironment. Although PPARβ/δ in fibroblasts was shown to modulate oxidative stress in the wound microenvironment, there has been no evidence of a similar effect in the tumor stroma. Here, we present evidence of oxidative stress modulation by intestinal stromal PPARβ/δ, using a FSPCre-Pparb/d−/− mouse model and validated it with immortalized cell lines. The FSPCre-Pparb/d−/− mice developed fewer intestinal polyps and survived longer when compared with Pparb/dfl/fl mice. The pre-treatment of FSPCre-Pparb/d−/− and Pparb/dfl/fl with antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine prior DSS-induced tumorigenesis resulted in lower tumor load. Gene expression analyses implicated an altered oxidative stress processes. Indeed, the FSPCre-Pparb/d−/− intestinal tumors have reduced oxidative stress than Pparb/dfl/fl tumors. Similarly, the colorectal cancer cells and human colon epithelial cells also experienced lower oxidative stress when co-cultured with fibroblasts depleted of PPARβ/δ expression. Therefore, our results establish a role for fibroblast PPARβ/δ in epithelial–mesenchymal communication for ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Han Pin Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ming Keat Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ivan Shun Bo How
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Soon Kiat Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiapeng Chen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chek Kun Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, Singapore, Singapore.,INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, Singapore, Singapore. .,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Agency for Science Technology & Research, Singapore, Singapore. .,KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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27
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Teo Z, Sng MK, Chan JSK, Lim MMK, Li Y, Li L, Phua T, Lee JYH, Tan ZW, Zhu P, Tan NS. Elevation of adenylate energy charge by angiopoietin-like 4 enhances epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inducing 14-3-3γ expression. Oncogene 2017; 36:6408-6419. [PMID: 28745316 PMCID: PMC5701092 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells acquire energy-intensive processes including increased invasiveness and chemoresistance. However, how the energy demand is met and the molecular drivers that coordinate an increase in cellular metabolic activity to drive epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), the first step of metastasis, remain unclear. Using different in vitro and in vivo EMT models with clinical patient’s samples, we showed that EMT is an energy-demanding process fueled by glucose metabolism-derived adenosine triphosphate (ATP). We identified angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) as a key player that coordinates an increase in cellular energy flux crucial for EMT via an ANGPTL4/14-3-3γ signaling axis. This augmented cellular metabolic activity enhanced metastasis. ANGPTL4 knockdown suppresses an adenylate energy charge elevation, delaying EMT. Using an in vivo dual-inducible EMT model, we found that ANGPTL4 deficiency reduces cancer metastasis to the lung and liver. Unbiased kinase inhibitor screens and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that ANGPTL4 regulates the expression of 14-3-3γ adaptor protein via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways that culminate to activation of transcription factors, CREB, cFOS and STAT3. Using a different mode of action, as compared with protein kinases, the ANGPTL4/14-3-3γ signaling axis consolidated cellular bioenergetics and stabilized critical EMT proteins to coordinate energy demand and enhanced EMT competency and metastasis, through interaction with specific phosphorylation signals on target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Teo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - M K Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - J S K Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - M M K Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Y Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - L Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - T Phua
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Y H Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Z W Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - P Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - N S Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore.,KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
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28
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Zuo X, Xu W, Xu M, Tian R, Moussalli MJ, Mao F, Zheng X, Wang J, Morris JS, Gagea M, Eng C, Kopetz S, Maru DM, Rashid A, Broaddus R, Wei D, Hung MC, Sood AK, Shureiqi I. Metastasis regulation by PPARD expression in cancer cells. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91419. [PMID: 28097239 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARD) is upregulated in many major human cancers, but the role that its expression in cancer cells has in metastasis remains poorly understood. Here, we show that specific PPARD downregulation or genetic deletion of PPARD in cancer cells significantly repressed metastasis in various cancer models in vivo. Mechanistically, PPARD promoted angiogenesis via interleukin 8 in vivo and in vitro. Analysis of transcriptome profiling of HCT116 colon cancer cells with or without genetic deletion of PPARD and gene expression patterns in The Cancer Genome Atlas colorectal adenocarcinoma database identified novel pro-metastatic genes (GJA1, VIM, SPARC, STC1, SNCG) as PPARD targets. PPARD expression in cancer cells drastically affected epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion, further underscoring its necessity for metastasis. Clinically, high PPARD expression in various major human cancers (e.g., colorectal, lung, breast) was associated with significantly reduced metastasis-free survival. Our results demonstrate that PPARD, a druggable protein, is an important molecular target in metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Fei Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | | | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
| | - Cathy Eng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, and.,Department of Cancer Biology and.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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29
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Müller R. PPARβ/δ in human cancer. Biochimie 2016; 136:90-99. [PMID: 27916645 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARβ/δ) can regulate its target genes by transcriptional activation or repression through both ligand-dependent and independent mechanism as well as by interactions with other transcription factors. PPARβ/δ exerts essential regulatory functions in intermediary metabolism that have been elucidated in detail, but clearly also plays a role in inflammation, differentiation, apoptosis and other cancer-associated processes, which is, however, mechanistically only partly understood. Consistent with these functions clinical associations link the expression of PPARβ/δ and its target genes to an unfavorable outcome of several human cancers. However, the available data do not yield a clear picture of PPARβ/δ's role in cancer-associated processes and are in fact partly controversial. This article provides an overview of this research area and discusses the role of PPARβ/δ in cancer in light of the complex mechanisms of its transcriptional regulation and its potential as a druggable anti-cancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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30
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Beyaz S, Yilmaz ÖH. Molecular Pathways: Dietary Regulation of Stemness and Tumor Initiation by the PPAR-δ Pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5636-5641. [PMID: 27702819 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-δ) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates gene expression during development and disease states, such as cancer. However, the precise role of PPAR-δ during tumorigenesis is not well understood. Recent data suggest that PPAR-δ may have context-specific oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles depending on the tissue, cell-type, or diet-induced physiology in question. For example, in the intestine, pro-obesity diets, such as a high-fat diet (HFD), are associated with increased colorectal cancer incidence. Interestingly, many of the effects of an HFD in the stem and progenitor cell compartment are driven by a robust PPAR-δ program and contribute to the early steps of intestinal tumorigenesis. Importantly, the PPAR-δ pathway or its downstream mediators may serve as therapeutic intervention points or biomarkers in colon cancer that arise in patients who are obese. Although potent PPAR-δ agonists and antagonists exist, their clinical utility may be enhanced by uncovering how PPAR-δ mediates tumorigenesis in diverse tissues and cell types as well as in response to diet. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5636-41. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Beyaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts. .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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31
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Tan NS, Vázquez-Carrera M, Montagner A, Sng MK, Guillou H, Wahli W. Transcriptional control of physiological and pathological processes by the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:98-122. [PMID: 27665713 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Agency for Science Technology & Research, 138673, Singapore; KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore.
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ming Keat Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore
| | - Hervé Guillou
- INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Skin-Derived Precursors against UVB-Induced Apoptosis via Bcl-2 and Nrf2 Upregulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6894743. [PMID: 27635399 PMCID: PMC5011201 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6894743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 and Nrf2 are critical factors in protecting cells against UVB-induced apoptosis. Hair-follicle-bulge stem cells could resist ionization through Bcl-2 upregulation. Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) dwelling on the bulge may be against UVB irradiation. Initially, SKPs were isolated and identified. Then, SKPs were exposed to UVB and grew in medium for 24 hours. CCK-8 assay, TUNEL, and Ki67 staining evaluated cells apoptosis/proliferation, while SA-βgal staining evaluated cells senescence and pH2AX immunostaining evaluated DNA damage. Meanwhile, Bcl-2, Nrf2, HO-1, Bax, and Bak expressions were assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Two weeks later, floating spheres appeared and were identified as SKPs. After UVB radiation, SKPs maintained spherical colonies and outnumbered unirradiated ones, showing high Ki67 expression and low TUNEL, SA-βgal, and pH2AX expression. Fibroblasts (FBs), however, displayed deformation, senescence, and reduction, with increased TUNEL, SA-βgal, and pH2AX expression. Moreover, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 mRNA expression were significantly higher than Bak and Bax in irradiated SKPs. Conversely, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 mRNA levels greatly decreased compared with Bax and Bak in irradiated FBs. Interestingly, SKPs showed higher protein levels of Bcl-2, Nrf2, and HO-1 than FBs. SKPs exert a beneficial effect on resisting UVB-induced apoptosis, which may be associated with Bcl-2 and Nrf2 upregulation.
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Degueurce G, D'Errico I, Pich C, Ibberson M, Schütz F, Montagner A, Sgandurra M, Mury L, Jafari P, Boda A, Meunier J, Rezzonico R, Brembilla NC, Hohl D, Kolios A, Hofbauer G, Xenarios I, Michalik L. Identification of a novel PPARβ/δ/miR-21-3p axis in UV-induced skin inflammation. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:919-36. [PMID: 27250636 PMCID: PMC4967944 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although excessive exposure to UV is widely recognized as a major factor leading to skin perturbations and cancer, the complex mechanisms underlying inflammatory skin disorders resulting from UV exposure remain incompletely characterized. The nuclear hormone receptor PPARβ/δ is known to control mouse cutaneous repair and UV-induced skin cancer development. Here, we describe a novel PPARβ/δ-dependent molecular cascade involving TGFβ1 and miR-21-3p, which is activated in the epidermis in response to UV exposure. We establish that the passenger miRNA miR-21-3p, that we identify as a novel UV-induced miRNA in the epidermis, plays a pro-inflammatory function in keratinocytes and that its high level of expression in human skin is associated with psoriasis and squamous cell carcinomas. Finally, we provide evidence that inhibition of miR-21-3p reduces UV-induced cutaneous inflammation in ex vivo human skin biopsies, thereby underlining the clinical relevance of miRNA-based topical therapies for cutaneous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Degueurce
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilenia D'Errico
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Pich
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ibberson
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Schütz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- INRA ToxAlim, Integrative Toxicology and Metabolism, UMR1331, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Sgandurra
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Mury
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paris Jafari
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Service of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery CHUV, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Akash Boda
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Meunier
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roger Rezzonico
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, UMR 7275, Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolò Costantino Brembilla
- Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Service de dermatologie et venereology, Hôpital de Beaumont CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonios Kolios
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Günther Hofbauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liliane Michalik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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The role of barrier genes in epidermal malignancy. Oncogene 2016; 35:5705-5712. [PMID: 27041586 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The outermost layer of the mammalian skin, the epidermis, forms a protective barrier against pathogenic microbes and tissue dehydration. This barrier is formed and maintained by complex genetic networks that connect cellular differentiation processes, enzymatic activities and cellular junctions. Disruption in these networks affects the balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation resulting in barrier function impairment, epidermal hyperproliferation and in some cases, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recent studies in wound-induced inflammation-mediated cancers in mice have identified dysregulation of core barrier components as tumor drivers. We therefore propose a hypothesis in which loss of key barrier genes, induce barrier dysfunction, and promote inflammation-driven epidermal hyperplasia and carcinogenesis over time. This emerging vision suggests that under specific genetic circumstances, localized barrier impairment could be considered as a hallmark of initiating lesions in epidermal SCC.
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35
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Pan Y, Zhou C, Yuan D, Zhang J, Shao C. Radiation Exposure Promotes Hepatocarcinoma Cell Invasion through Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Mediated by H2S/CSE Pathway. Radiat Res 2016; 185:96-105. [PMID: 26727544 DOI: 10.1667/rr14177.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence to suggest that radiotherapy can paradoxically promote tumor invasion and metastatic processes, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, we found that exposure to X rays promoted cell invasion by triggering the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in two hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5. This was made evident by a reduced expression of E-cadherin and enhanced expressions of N-cadherin, Vimentin and Snail. Moreover, exposure to radiation stimulated the signaling of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a newly found gas transmitter, by upregulating the expressions of H2S-producing proteins of cysthionine-γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS). Inhibition of CSE by siRNA or inhibitor not only increased the radiosensitivity but also strongly suppressed radiation-enhanced invasive properties of HCC cells. Interestingly, we found that H2S/CSE inhibition attenuated radiation-enhanced EMT, and the above effect was an end result of blockage of the radiation-activated pathway of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK). Collectively, our findings indicate that radiation could promote HCC cell invasion through EMT mediated by endogenous H2S/CSE signaling via the p38MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cuiping Zhou
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dexiao Yuan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianghong Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Abstract
It has long been established that the transcriptional activity of retinoic acid (RA) is mediated by members of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors termed RA receptors (RARs). More recent observations have established that RA also activates an additional nuclear receptor, PPARβ/δ. Partitioning RA between RARs and PPARβ/δ is governed by different intracellular lipid-binding proteins: cellular RA binding protein 2 (CRABP2) delivers RA to nuclear RARs and a fatty acid binding protein (FABP5) delivers the hormone from the cytosol to nuclear PPARβ/δ. Consequently, RA signals through RARs in CRABP2-expressing cells, but activates PPARβ/δ in cells that express a high level of FABP5. RA elicits different and sometimes opposing responses in cells that express different FABP5/CRABP2 ratios because PPARβ/δ and RARs regulate the expression of distinct sets of genes. An overview of the observations that led to the discovery of this non-classical activity of RA are presented here, along with a discussion of evidence demonstrating the involvement of the dual transcriptional activities of RA in regulating energy homeostasis, insulin responses, and adipocyte and neuron differentiation.
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Zhang W, Levi L, Banerjee P, Jain M, Noy N. Kruppel-like factor 2 suppresses mammary carcinoma growth by regulating retinoic acid signaling. Oncotarget 2015; 6:35830-42. [PMID: 26416422 PMCID: PMC4742144 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) displays anticarcinogenic activities but the mechanism that underlies this activity is unknown. We show here that KLF2 is markedly downregulated in human breast cancers and that its expression positively correlates with breast cancer patient survival. We show further that KLF2 suppresses tumor development by controlling the transcriptional activity of the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA). RA regulates gene transcription by activating two types of nuclear receptors: RA receptors (RARs), which inhibit tumor development, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ), which promotes tumorigenesis. The partitioning of RA between these receptors is regulated by two carrier proteins: cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 (CRABP2), which delivers RA to RARs, and fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5), which shuttles ligands to PPARβ/δ. We show that KLF2 induces the expression of CRABP2 and RARγ and inhibits the expression FABP5 and PPARβ/δ thereby shifting RA signaling from the pro-carcinogenic FABP5/PPARβ/δ to the growth-suppressing CRABP2/RAR path. The data thus reveal that KLF2 suppresses tumor growth by controlling the transcriptional activities of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Liraz Levi
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Mukesh Jain
- The Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Noa Noy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ, Müller R. Establishing the Role of PPARβ/δ in Carcinogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:595-607. [PMID: 26490384 PMCID: PMC4631629 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in carcinogenesis is controversial because conflicting studies indicate that it both inhibits and promotes tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on recent studies on PPARβ/δ including the significance of increased or decreased PPARβ/δ expression in cancers; a range of opposing mechanisms describing how PPARβ/δ agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists regulate tumorigenesis and/or whether there may be cell context-specific mechanisms; and whether activating or inhibiting PPARβ/δ is feasible for cancer chemoprevention and/or therapy. Research questions that need to be addressed are highlighted to establish whether PPARβ/δ can be effectively targeted for cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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39
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Wawrzyniak M, Pich C, Gross B, Schütz F, Fleury S, Quemener S, Sgandurra M, Bouchaert E, Moret C, Mury L, Rommens C, Mottaz H, Dombrowicz D, Michalik L. Endothelial, but not smooth muscle, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ regulates vascular permeability and anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1625-35.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Giordano Attianese GMP, Desvergne B. Integrative and systemic approaches for evaluating PPARβ/δ (PPARD) function. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2015; 13:e001. [PMID: 25945080 PMCID: PMC4419664 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptors that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes involved in cellular differentiation, development, metabolism and also tumorigenesis. Three PPAR isotypes (α, β/δ and γ) have been identified, among which PPARβ/δ is the most difficult to functionally examine due to its tissue-specific diversity in cell fate determination, energy metabolism and housekeeping activities. PPARβ/δ acts both in a ligand-dependent and -independent manner. The specific type of regulation, activation or repression, is determined by many factors, among which the type of ligand, the presence/absence of PPARβ/δ-interacting corepressor or coactivator complexes and PPARβ/δ protein post-translational modifications play major roles. Recently, new global approaches to the study of nuclear receptors have made it possible to evaluate their molecular activity in a more systemic fashion, rather than deeply digging into a single pathway/function. This systemic approach is ideally suited for studying PPARβ/δ, due to its ubiquitous expression in various organs and its overlapping and tissue-specific transcriptomic signatures. The aim of the present review is to present in detail the diversity of PPARβ/δ function, focusing on the different information gained at the systemic level, and describing the global and unbiased approaches that combine a systems view with molecular understanding.
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41
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Wang D, DuBois RN. PPARδ and PGE 2 signaling pathways communicate and connect inflammation to colorectal cancer. INFLAMMATION AND CELL SIGNALING 2014; 1. [PMID: 26290896 DOI: 10.14800/ics.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that is involved in fatty acid metabolism, obesity, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer. Despite decades of research, the role of PPARδ in inflammation and colorectal cancer remains unclear and somewhat controversial. Our recent work presented the first genetic evidence demonstrating that PPARδ is required for chronic colonic inflammation and colitis-associated carcinogenesis. We also found that a PPARδ downstream pathway, namely the COX-2-derived PGE2 signaling, mediated crosstalk between tumor epithelial cells and macrophages to promote chronic inflammation and colitis-associated tumor genesis. In this brief review, we summarize recent studies on the role of PPARδ in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) and highlight recent advances in our understanding of how PPARδ and COX-2-drevided PGE2 signaling coordinately promote chronic colonic inflammation and colitis-associate tumorigenesis. Elucidating the role of PPARδ in inflammation and CRC may provide a rationale for development of PPARδ antagonists as new therapeutic agents in treatment of IBD and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 ; Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259
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42
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Vreeland AC, Levi L, Zhang W, Berry DC, Noy N. Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 inhibits tumor growth by two distinct mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34065-73. [PMID: 25320093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.604041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 (CRABP2) potently suppresses the growth of various carcinomas, but the mechanism(s) that underlies this activity remains incompletely understood. CRABP2 displays two distinct functions. The classical function of this protein is to directly deliver retinoic acid (RA) to RA receptor (RAR), a nuclear receptor activated by this hormone, in turn inducing the expression of multiple antiproliferative genes. The other function of the protein is exerted in the absence of RA and mediated by the RNA-binding and stabilizing protein HuR. CRABP2 directly binds to HuR, markedly strengthens its interactions with target mRNAs, and thus increases their stability and up-regulates their expression. Here we show that the anticarcinogenic activities of CRABP2 are mediated by both of its functions. Transcriptome analyses revealed that, in the absence of RA, a large cohort of transcripts is regulated in common by CRABP2 and HuR, and many of these are involved in regulation of oncogenic properties. Furthermore, both in cultured cells and in vivo, CRABP2 or a CRABP2 mutant defective in its ability to cooperate with RAR but competent in interactions with HuR suppressed carcinoma growth and did so in the absence of RA. Hence, transcript stabilization by the CRABP2-HuR complex significantly contributes to the ability of CRABP2 to inhibit tumorigenesis. Surprisingly, the observations also revealed that HuR regulates the expression of multiple genes involved in nuclear pore formation and is required for nuclear import of CRABP2 and for transcriptional activation by RAR. The data thus point at a novel function for this important protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Vreeland
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Liraz Levi
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | | | - Noa Noy
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and
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An endoplasmic reticulum stress-initiated sphingolipid metabolite, ceramide-1-phosphate, regulates epithelial innate immunity by stimulating β-defensin production. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:4368-78. [PMID: 25312644 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00599-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are ubiquitous innate immune elements in epithelial tissues. We recently discovered that a signaling lipid, the ceramide metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), regulates production of a major AMP, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), in response to a subtoxic level of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that can be induced by external perturbants in keratinocytes. We hypothesized that an ER stress-initiated signal could also regulate production of another major class of AMPs: i.e., the human beta-defensins 2 (hBD2) and 3 (hBD3). Keratinocytes stimulated with a pharmacological ER stressor, thapsigargin (Tg), increased hBD2/hBD3 as well as CAMP mRNA expression. While inhibition of sphingosine-1-phosphate production did not alter hBD expression following ER stress, blockade of ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) suppressed Tg-induced hBD2/hBD3 but not CAMP expression. Exogenous C1P also increased hBD2/hBD3 production, indicating that C1P stimulates hBD expression. We showed further that C1P-induced hBD2/hBD3 expression is regulated by a novel pathway in which C1P stimulates downstream hBD via a cPLA2a→15d-PGJ2→PPARα/PPARβ/δ→Src kinase→STAT1/STAT3 transcriptional mechanism. Finally, conditioned medium from C1P-stimulated keratinocytes showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In summary, our present and recent studies discovered two new regulatory mechanisms of key epidermal AMP, hBD2/hBD3 and CAMP. The C1P and S1P pathways both signal to enhance innate immunity in response to ER stress.
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44
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Neels JG, Grimaldi PA. Physiological functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:795-858. [PMID: 24987006 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ, are a family of transcription factors activated by a diversity of molecules including fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. PPARs regulate the transcription of a large variety of genes implicated in metabolism, inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation in different cell types. These transcriptional regulations involve both direct transactivation and interaction with other transcriptional regulatory pathways. The functions of PPARα and PPARγ have been extensively documented mainly because these isoforms are activated by molecules clinically used as hypolipidemic and antidiabetic compounds. The physiological functions of PPARβ remained for a while less investigated, but the finding that specific synthetic agonists exert beneficial actions in obese subjects uplifted the studies aimed to elucidate the roles of this PPAR isoform. Intensive work based on pharmacological and genetic approaches and on the use of both in vitro and in vivo models has considerably improved our knowledge on the physiological roles of PPARβ in various cell types. This review will summarize the accumulated evidence for the implication of PPARβ in the regulation of development, metabolism, and inflammation in several tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and intestine. Some of these findings indicate that pharmacological activation of PPARβ could be envisioned as a therapeutic option for the correction of metabolic disorders and a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, other experimental data suggesting that activation of PPARβ could result in serious adverse effects, such as carcinogenesis and psoriasis, raise concerns about the clinical use of potent PPARβ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G Neels
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul A Grimaldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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45
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Wu J, Lu WY, Cui LL. Clinical significance of STAT3 and MAPK phosphorylation, and the protein expression of cyclin D1 in skin squamous cell carcinoma tissues. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:8129-34. [PMID: 26497194 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the significance of the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the protein expression of cyclin D1, in skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissues. SCC specimens from the skin were collected from 30 patients, and normal skin tissues were collected from 10 individuals as a control. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the protein expression levels of phosphorylated (p‑)STAT3, p‑MAPK and cyclin D1 in the SCC tissues. The levels of p‑STAT3 protein were abnormally increased in SCC (P<0.05); however, no significant differences in the protein expression of p‑MAPK were identified between the normal skin and the SCC specimens. The extent of the upregulation of the expression of p‑STAT3 and cyclin D1 correlated with the depth of tumor invasion (P<0.05). A positive correlation existed between the expression of p‑STAT3 and cyclin D1 in SCC. However, no association between the expression intensity of p‑MAPK and cyclin D1 was identified in SCC. It is postulated that the activation of STAT3 may induce the overexpression of cyclin D1, which results in the persistent proliferation of these tumor cells in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ying Lu
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, P.R. China
| | - Lei-Lei Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
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